托福阅读讲义—— 胡文宁

推荐：新托福阅读基础课讲义精

新托福阅读基础课讲义（1）By Vincent
Part I. Introduction and Vocabulary
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Introduction and Material Reference Features of TOEFL Reading text Material Reference Vocabulary How many? What kind? How to? Features of TOEFL iBT Reading Text 1. 2. 3. Major topics 1） psychology, political science, sociology, history, autobiography, etc. 2） painting, dancing, music, architecture, etc. 3） geology, geography, biology, science and technology, etc. Recommended books Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT（North Star） TOEFL 词汇王玉梅编著老托真题汇编 On the Road/The Kite Runner/The Black Swan… Online Resources: 科学美国人英文维基百科 / Dictionary The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary Longman Advanced American Dictionary Collins Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Lingoes!!! Vocabulary—How many? Middle School Students in China: CET-4: CET-6: Requirements by the ETS:

新东方胡文宁托福资料汇总

我是这样背单词的从一上大学起，我就执着地认为，英语问题就是单词问题。

你看，无论是精读还是泛读，大量的生词扑面而来，我想，如果这些单词都认识的话，一切不都迎刃而解了吗？刚开始背单词，我也不得其法，功夫下了不少，但是效果甚微。

又发现班里有些同学，似乎很容易地就记住了许多单词，心里有些懊恼，常想，上天不公啊，为何我的记忆力就如此这般地差。

我打小memory就很poor, 常为老师和同学所取笑，早已习以为常。

所以在中学时，对历史和地理课一筹莫展，记不住啊。

但我政治总是能考得很高，因为我很重视，考前的几天我反复背诵，直到记住为止，此所谓“驽马十驾，功在不舍”。

政治的高分给了我许多信心，让我明白意志力比记忆力更重要刚上大一，我又以这种锲而不舍的精神向单词关发起了冲锋，结果是屡背屡忘，常令人沮丧不已。

多少次，我孤独地望着窗外，觉得英语单词仿佛是遥远天际的一片片云朵，让我可望而不可即。

曾国藩“屡败屡战”的故事激励了我，也启发了我。

做任何事都要讲方法，讲策略，才能达到事半功倍的成效。

后来我就摸索出了一种独特的方法，不妨就叫“胡氏超级背单词法”。

经过我自己的亲身实践，感到效果奇佳，短短几个月时间内，让我的单词量剧增。

我常做这样的类比：李四光的新理论摘掉了中国贫油国的帽子，而我的超级单词法我成为当时数学系的walking dictionary。

在这里，我把该方法详细描绘如下，希望大家能从中有所受益。

现要声明一下，该方法不适合记忆力好的朋友，memory犹如陈寅恪、钱钟书者，就不必浪费你的眼神。

而对于记忆力差的人，不啻是一大福音；而且记忆力越差，就越能体现方法之功用。

胡氏超级背单词法1. 每天记忆单词的最佳量应在200 到 300之间2. 先选择一本托福/GRE单词书，然后以一周为一个单位，进行记忆3. 周一看每页的第一个单词，换句话说要翻200页才能完成记忆200个单词任务量4. 翻页的速度要快，每个单词就是扫一眼，不能留恋。

10A—英语1—教师B—Unit1词汇—时态综合—胡文宁

OverviewIntroduction (1)初高中英语学习的变化：高考题型:Unit 1senior(adj.) 高级的初级的(+ to)appearance(n.) 外貌，外表appear (v.) disappear expression(n.) 表情，表达express (v.) expressive (adj.) impression(n.) 印象impress (n./v.) impressive (adj.)well-dressed(adj.) 穿着讲究的副词- 动词过去分词形容词communication(n.) 交流，沟通communicate (v.)… withopposite(adj./prep.) 在…对面opposite togreet(v.) 问候，致意greeting (n.)cheerfully (adv.) 兴高采烈地cheer (n./v.) cheer up cheerful (adj.) employee (n.) 员工，职员employ (v.) employer (n.)sign (n./v.) 符号，签名sign up签约assistance (n.) 帮助assist (v.) assistant (n.) 助手remind (v.) 提醒remind sb. of doing sth/doing sth词组glance at 扫视，匆匆看get down to 开始认真对待make a good impression on…给……留下一个好印象without hesitation 毫不犹豫句型1.What’s up?=W hat’s happening?/What’s the matter?2.the way (that/in which)Presentation (1)1.well-dressed :wearing nice clothes 穿着讲究的，副词+过去分词构成的复合形容词a well-known fact 众所周知的理由 a well-paid job 高薪工作hard-earned money 挣来不易的钱2．glance:to look at for a short timeHe glanced at the menu and ordered the fish and chips.他看了一下菜单，点了鱼和薯条。

toefl阅读词汇题--新东方胡文宁出品

enroll to one = combinecomplement = supplement = add tosubstitute = replaceso far = until present = up to nowrooted in = based onmake their way = travelvulnerable--open to break—open to attack -- weak --susceptibleperishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoilSeething 沸腾的--- overflowing / excited/activefloat = stay on the topbe consistent with = be compatible withproperty 财产，特征= characteristic = attribute (名词意为“特征，属性”)simulated ---- artificialsort --- type -- kindstaggering摇晃的; 犹豫的; 压倒的(多数) =overwhelmingstring线, 绳子; 一行, 一系列=seriesswell -- enlargement --- expandtract- area – terrainsymmetric 对称的，均衡的--- balancetaper 逐渐变小--- diminish --- 收缩tenet --- principle / beliefturn = changevast - immense - extensivewith the ordinary citizen's pocketbook = affordableadvent = arrivalaffair = matterchronic --- constant –confirmed 慢性的；证实的consequence = result / importancecounter = opposecountervail 补偿，抵消; 对抗= compensate / opposedistinction = differentiation / excellence / honor distribution = dispersion = dispersalembed = implanteuphoric = extremely happyflake = fragmenthinder 阻碍，打扰= interfere withladings 船货= cargos shipmentmandatory = required, obligatorymundane 世俗的，平凡的= ordinaryprerequisite = something required (something needed to happen)rather = instead 相反地/ in some degree在某种程度上，相当地reap 收割，收获= obtainsank （sink的过去式）= descended; dropped to the bottomscant = minimumsited = locatedsophisticated = refined /elaborated / complex ubiquitous 到处存在的= commonunanimity = total agreementspectator = viewersporadic = intermittent / irregularstylus 铁笔，针状物= penunconceivable = unimaginableuniformly = evenly/ without variation/ consistently unique = sole/ distinctwarranted = authorized 授权的/ justifiedassume=take on 呈现/ suppose, posit 假设foster=promote ，encourage@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Plumage羽毛=featherComposition作文，成分，混合物＝mixturerelatively＝comparativelysubstitute=replacementpremise= assumptionwithin= insidehave nothing to do = in no relation tovigorous= strongscope=extentextraordinary非凡的，特别的= exceptional 异常的，例外的uneasy心神不安的，不稳定的=unstablebulk大小，体积，大多数=majorspeed 加速＝increase the rate ofspread=distribute 散布，分布endeavor 努力= enterprise 进取心，干事业proximity 接近= nearnessrotate=turn 转动，旋转assertion主张，断言= strongly statement evidence = proofpreeminent卓越的=foremost 最重要的barrier障碍物=obstacleprimitive = earlysort = typerudiment=basic intact未被碰过的=unaffectedprize珍视= valuelucrative 有利可图的= profitableineffectively=with out any resultmisleading =inaccuracyarchitecture =structure 结构，建筑物accomplished完成的，熟练的=skilled,embedded内含的，嵌入的=enclosed 被附上的collaboration协作=joint effectsidentical=the sameallow=enabledispersal 分散，散布= distributionhampering妨碍，牵制= restrictingcherished珍爱的=valuableprecision = accuracybroadly = extensivelyyearly = annualtracking = followingtolerant = endurerather than = instead oftransformation = conversionsample=examplecrawl爬行=movehobby业余爱好= pastime 消遣，娱乐inherent in = characteristic ofrecharge再充电=refill再装满devise设计，发明=createattest to证明--confirm,replicas复制品--copies,extant 现存的=not extinctbe closer resemblance to=. be more likeindicate =demonstratethrive=flourishfluctuating=changingmirror反映=reflectprocure获得=obtainparadoxically=seemingly contradictorycounsel劝告，忠告=advice.mock嘲弄，模仿= pretendspectacular引人入胜的= impressive 印象深刻的mimic模仿，仿制品=copyroutinely = commonlyactually = in fact = virtuallyrevolutionize = dramatic changeinitially = originallysource = origin diversity多样性=varietydepict=portraydisassemble分解=breakarchive档案= recordattribute 属性，特征= characteristicavid渴望的，热心的= enthusiastic basic = fundamentalcollision = hit each othercopious 丰富的= plentifuldelight = pleasuredisintegrate分解= tear apartdiverse = distinctdual = doubleeager = enthusiasticendeavor = enterpriseerect矗立，建立= buildexpediency便利= advantagefashioned out of = made from immigration = movementinfrastructure 基础设施= foundation locale 场所= placemean平均值；卑贱的；吝啬的= average myriad = innumerable == innumerouspeak = maximumrate估价，鉴定等级= classify分类，分等Save for 除。

新托福阅读强化阶段大纲

新托福阅读强化阶段课程大纲（7次课）一．强化阶段（总共7次课）（一）第一次课（1）新托福阅读的介绍性内容●IBT介绍●阅读部分考试介绍●阅读课程安排介绍（2）面临的挑战●挑战——词汇；长从句；文章结构●解决方法（3）阅读部分考查的能力●细节理解和推断●主旨把握●作者写作意图（4）阅读考中的十类题型介绍●事实信息题●否定事实信息●推断题●修辞题●词汇题●指代题●句子简化题●句子插入题●摘要题●表格题（5）基本阅读技能训练——Skimming跳读●Skimming: read fast to get the main idea of the paragraph and passage获取段落或者文章的主旨●判断段落的中心句——首句；特殊连接词句子等●长从句划记主干●辅以题型介绍之——Prose summary questions摘要题●考查能力——识别文章的主要观点和次要观点●解法——1. 阅读文章每段TS，比对选项进行选择。

2. 排除明显的细节信息选项，然后剩下的就是正确选项。

●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的主旨专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的prose summary题型（6）基本阅读技能训练——scanning扫读●Scanning:locate information quicky快速定位细节信息●确定关键词——显性和隐性关键词●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的专项训练题（二）第二次课（1）题型介绍之——事实信息题●题型介绍——考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。

读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。

●解法：提取题干中关键词(key words)定位原文段落中所在关键词的所有句子。

然后阅读定位句理解。

对照四个选项，正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。

●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的细节专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的细节题型（2）题型介绍之——否定事实信息题●题型介绍——考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息，判断题中的短语哪些是正确的，哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。

托福阅读强化讲义【原创】【word可编辑】

托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章？每篇有几道题目？每篇文章大约多少字？考试时间多久？✓托福阅读有哪些题型？哪种题最简单？哪种题最难？我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤？✓托福阅读满分多少分？我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分？答案十大题型Basic Information（提取信息）①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing（分析推理）⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn （学以致用）⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准（2019年8月之后）2. 托福阅读文章特点（Characteristics of TOEFL reading text）“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试，托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。

托福阅读课讲义（花花整理）

托福阅读课讲义（花花整理）阅读课讲义怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：⾼考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆⽤合理的⽅式进⾏难度的评价从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“⽤”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)托福作为语⾔考试的本质◆测试考⽣对英语的综合应⽤能⼒——包括听、说、读、写的独⽴能⼒和综合能⼒；◆测试考⽣在实际的学习、⽣活过程中的语⾔应⽤能⼒——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考⽣的英语⽔平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语⾔使⽤过程中的所有因素——词汇、句⼦、语篇、语境、交流⽅式。

新托福阅读真经10天突破

新托福阅读真经10天突破下面为大家带来《新托福阅读真经10天突破》图书介绍及下载相关资讯，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。

更多精彩尽请关注店铺!新托福阅读真经10天突破内容简介Day1：介绍TOEFL阅读考试的基本信息，讲解托福阅读文章的选材、分类、写作手法以及题型概述。

对历年真题中的阅读文章根据题材详细分类，从人物传记类、美国历史类、生物与科学类三个方面分析托福阅读文章，使考生从整体上熟悉TOEFL阅读考试。

Day2：对TOEFL阅读考试的考点进行详细剖析，分析阅读考试的命题规律和趋势，总结托福阅读考试十大命题原则，并通过真题对每种命题原则进行详细讲解。

Day3：总结托福阅读考试的十大题型，并以历年真题为载体，讲解各种题型的解题技巧和注意事项。

Day4：讲解历年真题中出现的长难句和复杂句，总结常见的特殊语法现象如“平行结构”和“倒装结构”等，帮助考生突破语法难关。

Day5、Day6、Day7：通过初级进阶模拟试题、中级进阶模拟试题、高级进阶模拟试题三个部分的阶梯训练，由浅人深，使考生逐步熟悉TOEFL考试的难度，提高考生的阅读能力。

Day8、Day9：提供两套TOEFL全真模拟试题，帮助考生在考试前检测自己的学习情况。

Day10：总结历年考试真题中出现的托福阅读常考同义词表，许多单词在考试中重复出现，通过积累高频词汇，考生可有效突破阅读的词汇关，从而取得阅读高分。

本书得以顺利出版，感谢中启时创(北京)文化交流有限公司的赵中明老师、王起龙老师及中国人民大学出版社何冬梅老师在本书的编写过程中提出的宝贵意见，感谢谢晓春老师、喻菡韵老师在本书编校过程中的辛勤工作。

作者简介何满，著名出国英语考试培训师，英语教学和测试专家。

著有《雅思9分密码》、《高中生学雅思阅读》、《SAT阅读真经10天突破》等多部图书。

曾在全国各大高校进行巡回讲座，学生遍布海内外。

对雅思、托福、SAT、GRE等各类出国考试的题型、解题技巧及发展趋势把握精准，用最简洁的语言诠释考试内容。

托福考试辅导：名师阅读讲义（3）

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some (5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books. (10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources. During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of (15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the (20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians. Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women" theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great (25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people (30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published. 9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT (A) authors (B) reformers (C) activists for women's rights (D) politicians 答案：D Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the Line product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and (5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was (10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent. The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of (15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making. The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was (20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash. In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New (25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance. 1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss? (A) How it was made (B) Its value as a product for export (C) How it differs from other alkalis (D) Its importance in colonial North America 答案：C 2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT: (A) They are alkalis. (B) They are made from sea plants. (C) They are used in making soap. (D) They are used in making glass. 答案：B 7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT (A) wood (B) fire (C) sand (D) water 答案：C。

托福阅读之修辞目的题的解题思路与技巧课件

扩大词汇量
学习并掌握托福阅读常考的词汇和短语，可以帮助更好地理解文章。
掌握语法知识
了解并掌握英语语法知识，如句子结构、时态、语态等，可以提高阅读理解能力。
掌握解题方法与技巧
熟悉题型
了解修辞目的题的特点和常见题型，有助于针对性地解题。
分析问题
学会分析问题，理解题目的要求和考察点，有助于准确作答。
分析文章结构
了解文章的结构可以帮助您预测作者在何处使用特定的修辞手法。例如，作者可能会在引言或结论中使用特定的修辞手法来吸引读者或总结其观点。
掌握修辞手法
01 02
熟悉常见的修辞手法
修辞手法是作者用来增强其论点或论据的写作技巧。熟悉常见的修辞手法（如类比、反问、排比、夸张等）可以帮助您更好地理解作者使用这些手法的目的。
避免过度推断
在利用上下文推断时，要避免过度推断。要确保您的答案是基于文章中明确的信息和暗示，而不是基于您的个人观点或偏见。
04
CATALOGUE
修辞目的题的真题解析
真题一：理解文章结构与作者意图
总结词
文章结构和作者意图是解决修辞目的题的关键。
详细描述
在阅读文章时，要关注段落之间的逻辑关系和作者的表达意图，通过理解段落之间的逻辑关系，把握文章的整体结构；同时，要注意作者使用的修辞手法和表达意图，从而推断出作者的写作目的。
利用上下文线索
上下文是理解修辞目的的重要线索。特定的上下文可能表明作者使用特定修辞手法的目的。例如，当作者在反驳一个观点时，可能会使用反问句来强调自己的观点。
注意逻辑关系
上下文中的逻辑关系可以帮助您理解作者的意图和论点之间的关系。例如，当作者在提出一个论点后，可能会使用因果关系或比较关系等逻辑关系来支持其论点。

托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换

托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题：把握逻辑关系，稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，逻辑关系复杂，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，逻辑关系简单，选项是原句的同义改写。

从做题方法上来说，对于第二种出题思路的题目，考生应该采用通读的办法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。

而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破句子简化题的良方。

对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。

找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。

如：In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。

托福阅读常用技巧讲义

一. 准备知识(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多项选择,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN? General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.➢结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).➢细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:➢Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)➢Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节)➢Conclusion: topic(结构)(1) 快速笔记的意义:➢辅助思维框架形成➢索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容➢结构主体的核心词➢时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字➢人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记➢举例主体➢新概念和核心概念➢重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:➢笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络➢根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 标准口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语➢前置定语: adj+n➢后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developed for theproject不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem➢定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who,whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除➢A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)➢A, or B➢ A that + 句子( 完整句)➢ A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离➢Adv 副词➢Prep phrase 介词短语➢分词短语➢不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构➢并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句➢S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句➢It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)➢S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句);The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配➢…… 关联词(完整句)➢…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:➢句子终结➢连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或复原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法➢构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词➢完全倒装的判断流程例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语)a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditionalsources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法➢构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分➢注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容➢结构主体的内容➢非举例性质的概括描述➢题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容➢大量的数据堆砌➢明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置➢比照\类比读一半➢让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑➢加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.➢构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页➢顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)➢分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)➢问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构)2) 题材分类➢自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量); 大气层(氢气\氦气\氨气\甲烷); 外表特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosaur→archaeopteryx→modern birds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\电脑技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用➢人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧类型: country, ragtime…✧乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(Vocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第25页(2) 词汇题的解答方法➢认识：直接解题，沾边就对。

托福

新托福阅读讲义
李华怡
第一部分托福阅读总论源自1、享受阅读 Of Studies by Francis Bacon
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by
隐性比较：most/primary/especially
④长难句、段落句：
⑤例证、引证前后：
⑥敏感词：最高级（first, never, foremost最重要的）唯一性（only, sole,
exclusive）走极端（peak, ultimate）
）
三个“但是”however, but, yet
四对同义词：(in fact, actually) (nevertheless, nonetheless虽然如此, 但是)

托福强化课程阅读部分标准化教案

托福强化课程阅读部分
标准化教案
托福阅读标准化大纲总体说明：
1.课程总体安排为：托福阅读介绍—词汇题—细节题—推理题–排除列举题—指代题—句子插入题（文章组织结构）—修辞目的题—（长难句）句子简化题—（段落与文章主题判断）总结题—表格题（快速笔记）
2.请老师根据自己选择的题目设置与机经相结合的知识背景扩展
3.讲义制作方法说明：请参考附录，按照TPO题型分类总结题目（并可自己总结老托福
/Longman/Barron）----提取每类题目的出题规律、解题步骤、解题技巧---选择可以扩展（文化背景/学科知识/词汇语法/趣闻轶事等扩展）的题目放在讲义上
第一课
第二课
第三课
第四课
第五课
第六课
第七课
第八课。

5月托福阅读基础班讲义printed version

托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625Table of ContentsⅠ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)1.1. Material Reference (2)1.2. V ocabulary (2)1.3 Sentence (7)1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)1.3.3Phrases (13)1.3.4Appositons (16)1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)1.3.6Complex sentences (17)Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)2.1 Coherence (20)2.2. Structure (23)Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)3.3. Purpose and inference (26)Table of words with various meanings: (28)Table of Correlative words (29)Complex sentences for practice (30)V ocabulary with Contexts (34)Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference•§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)•§Old TOEFL Reading Passages•§Old TOEFL Vocabulary•§Effective Reading in a Changing World1.2. Vocabulary•§How many words?•§How to promote efficiency?•§What kinds of words?•√multivocal words•√abstract words•√academic words•√correlative words√multivocal words•Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, severalkilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.•More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. without sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution•Table of Mutivocal words•Requirements:•Look all these words up•Write down all the meanings√abstract words•Little test:1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.•Desire; demand; need•Special; specific•establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10:•Reasonable; reasoning•Prioritize; priority4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.•Definition: 抽象•Range: verbs and adjectivesRecommended Solution•List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary•Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced•Requirements:• 1.Mark all the abstract words• 2.Make differences between synonymy• 3.Make sentence with each abstract words√academic words•Elaboration of academic background• 1.Natural and Physical Sciences• 2.Biological Sciences• 3.Arts and American History• 4.Social Sciences• 5.Humanities• 6.Biography and others1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.5.HumanitiesThe most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and othersThough Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.Recommended Solution•Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)•Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)•Requirement:• 1.Mark the frequent academic words• 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook√correlative words•The importance of CW•Table of CW1.3 Sentence• 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions• 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence• 1.3.3Phrases• 1.3.4Appositons• 1.3.5Attributive clauses• 1.3.6Complex sentences分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。

托福阅读基础班讲义printed version

托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625Table of ContentsⅠ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)1.1. Material Reference (2)1.2. V ocabulary (2)1.3 Sentence (7)1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)1.3.3Phrases (13)1.3.4Appositons (16)1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)1.3.6Complex sentences (17)Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)2.1 Coherence (20)2.2. Structure (23)Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)3.3. Purpose and inference (26)Table of words with various meanings: (28)Table of Correlative words (29)Complex sentences for practice (30)V ocabulary with Contexts (34)Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference•§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)•§Old TOEFL Reading Passages•§Old TOEFL Vocabulary•§Effective Reading in a Changing World1.2. Vocabulary•§How many words?•§How to promote efficiency?•§What kinds of words?•√multivocal words•√abstract words•√academic words•√correlative words√multivocal words•Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, severalkilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.•More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. without sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution•Table of Mutivocal words•Requirements:•Look all these words up•Write down all the meanings√abstract words•Little test:1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.•Desire; demand; need•Special; specific•establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10:•Reasonable; reasoning•Prioritize; priority4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.•Definition: 抽象•Range: verbs and adjectivesRecommended Solution•List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary•Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced•Requirements:• 1.Mark all the abstract words• 2.Make differences between synonymy• 3.Make sentence with each abstract words√academic words•Elaboration of academic background• 1.Natural and Physical Sciences• 2.Biological Sciences• 3.Arts and American History• 4.Social Sciences• 5.Humanities• 6.Biography and others1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.5.HumanitiesThe most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and othersThough Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.Recommended Solution•Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)•Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)•Requirement:• 1.Mark the frequent academic words• 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook√correlative words•The importance of CW•Table of CW1.3 Sentence• 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions• 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence• 1.3.3Phrases• 1.3.4Appositons• 1.3.5Attributive clauses• 1.3.6Complex sentences分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。