法律英语晦涩词语及其翻译策略16
法律英语晦涩词语及其翻译策略
法律英语晦涩词语及其翻译策略摘要：法律英语是现代英语、法语、拉丁语、古英语等多种语言的混合体，其用语具有专业性、正式性、客观性和准确性，有时甚至晦涩难懂。
法律英语晦涩词语的产生既有其历史原因，也有其行业原因，翻译时可以运用后瞻式翻译、对等翻译、释义、零翻译和生造词语等翻译策略。
关键词：法律英语晦涩词语产生原因翻译策略[中图分类号] G424 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1000-7326（2012）11-0077-04一、引言法律英语（Legal English），在英语国家中被称为Legal Language或Language of theＬaw，即法律语言，在英语中指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的部分用语。
[1]从此概念可以看出，法律英语所使用的语言不仅是英语本身，还包括其它语种，如法语、拉丁文等。
几年前，一份英文报纸刊登了一篇题为“Mucho chores for macho men with Spain's new law” 的文章。
文章内容是：西班牙今后的法律规定，如果夫妻签订结婚协议，那么其中可以包括如何分摊家务。
那么，这个标题该如何翻译呢？Mucho和macho 两个词都源于西班牙语。
Mucho=much 或many，意为“很多”，“许多”；macho=masculine，意思是“男子的”，“男子气的”。
根据文章内容，笔者认为可以译成“西班牙新法现已出台，男子汉将为家务所苦”。
这里，mucho和macho是两个隐晦单词，作者通过运用韵音词的修辞手法把它们放在同一个标题里，分别修饰chore（家务）和men（男人，男子汉），使之达到了内容和谐、音韵和美的效果，同时也给译者带来不小的困难。
二、法律英语“晦涩”词语的形成法律英语词汇具有很多自己的行业特点，如专业性、正式性、客观性和准确性等。
这些特点导致在很多情况下，法律英语显得不流畅，不易懂，甚至有“晦涩”之嫌。
法律英语的词汇特征与相对应的翻译要求
法律英语的词汇特征与相对应的翻译要求法律英语是一门独特的专业语言，具有许多特点。
在进行法律翻译时，需要考虑这些特点，以保证翻译质量和准确度。
以下是法律英语的词汇特征及其相对应的翻译要求。
1. 正式性：法律英语使用正式、规范的词汇和表达方式。
翻译时需要保持文本的正式性，使用相应的合适表达方式。
2. 严密性：法律英语要求准确明确，不能有歧义。
翻译时需要确保词句的准确性和清晰度。
3. 技术性：法律英语涉及广泛的法律领域，其中包含大量专业术语。
翻译时需要理解这些术语的准确含义，并使用相应的汉语术语进行翻译。
4. 法律细节：法律文件通常包含详细的法律条款、规定和程序。
翻译时需要仔细理解细节，并确保准确传达。
5. 动词形容词化：在法律英语中，动词和形容词被广泛应用并修改名词。
翻译时需要根据上下文适当使用动词或形容词。
6. 习语和俚语：法律英语中常使用习语和俚语，有时与日常用语有所不同。
翻译时需要熟悉这些习语和俚语，并找到相应的汉语表达。
8. 文化因素：法律文件可能涉及特定国家或地区的法律和制度。
翻译时需要考虑到这些文化因素，选择适当的汉语翻译。
9. 法律事实和法理：法律文件中常涉及法律事实和法理，需要仔细处理和翻译。
翻译时需要确保法律事实和法理的准确传达。
10. 文件结构：法律文件通常具有特定的结构和格式，如章节、款项、附件等。
翻译时需要注意原文的结构和格式，并合理组织汉语翻译。
翻译法律英语是一项复杂且具有挑战性的任务。
除了以上词汇特征和对应的翻译要求外，翻译人员还需要具备良好的法律知识和理解能力，以及出色的语言表达能力，以确保翻译质量和准确度。
法律英语术语
法律英语术语Legal EnglishJuris MasterChapter One Legal Words (Terminology)Section One CharacteristicsLesson One Derivation1. Borrowed words (外来词的借用)French: bar-律师业；suit-诉讼；plaintiff-原告；questionnaire-调查表；Latin: In personam-对人的；In rem-对物的；status quo-现状；2. Old English (古英语):简练、庄重Legal English– Plain Englishaforesaid—— previous forthwith —— immediatelyhenceforth —— from now on herein ——in this documenthereinafter ——after this thenceforth ——afterthereafter ——after that; theretofore ——up to that timehitherto ——before viz. ——that iswhence ——from what place whereby ——throughsaid ——the ,that whilst —— during3. legal Terms（法律术语）(1)General Terms 通用术语lawyer; contract; crime;(2)Special Terms 特别术语action; appeal; code;(3)Jargon 专用术语on the bench(担任法官职务)；take silk(担任王室法律顾问) ；(4)Borrowed Terms借用术语custom(关税)；documentary credit(跟单信用证)Lesson Two Several Important Points for Translation1、切忌望文生义例如：ground lease与ground rent―groun d lease指the first lease on a freehold building‖. 又如：Day of Judgment 或Judgment Day. 指―世界末日‖2、相同的中文对应词，含义未必相同free trade area与free trade zone的中文对应词都是―自由贸易区‖free trade area 指实行自由贸易的一批国家。
法律英语的词语英语翻译
法律英语的词语英语翻译about大概absolutely unique单独abuse of discretion滥用财量权acknowledge and confess供认有罪Action 诉讼action（诉讼）action诉讼，起诉权;Actus Reus犯罪行为affidavit宣誓书;aforesaid如上所述的;after or change改变agency代理（权），机构;agree and declare同意agreement合约;agrees and consents同意aid and abet同谋aid and comfort安慰alias summons（第一次发出的传票无效后）再次发出的传票; alias别名;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在犯罪现场的证据alien（转让，让渡（所有权））alien让渡，转让财产;all and singular一律alleged有嫌疑的,指控的，宣称的，主张的alter and change变更alter ego至交，知己；第二个我amount due or owing到期应付的金额and/o及；或rany matter, fact or things事件any matter, fact or thing事件apparently显然Appeal 上诉appeal上诉;appeal上诉;approach the bench 过来approximately近似argumentative来自推论的；可争议的arrest warrant 逮捕证arrested in flagrante delicto当场被捕，arrest逮捕;arson纵火罪;as soon as possible尽快ascend up上升assault殴打，侵犯他人身体罪;at issue在审议中的，讨论的；待解决的，待裁决的attorney general检察长/首席检察官/司法部长; attorneys律师，检察官;authorise and empower授权available可获得的average平均数；中等水平；海损avoid （撤销）Award 裁决,判决bail exonerated 保证人责任的免除bail保释（金）;battery殴打;be cumulative and in addition另外be declared or adjudged判决bill, note票据bill议案，起诉书;Blackacr黑亩（与whiteacre 白亩相对）blend together混合bona fide真正的;breaking and entering破门窗闯入burden of proof）举证责任（bureau of public security公安局();by this act and deed有约束力契约by virtue of or in connection with由于came on for hearing聆讯came on for hearing听讼cancel, annul and set aside取消，废止care注意；监护case案件，诉讼；判例Causation 因果关系cause of action诉因；诉权cease and desist终止cease and desist终止chose in action诉讼上的财产（权）;claim债权，民事诉讼请求;clean and neat condition清洁情况clear and convincing清楚且令人确信coming into your possession or control占有common counts（请求偿还欠款的）多种诉讼形式，起诉书; comparable参照物；对比compromise, arrangement or settlement协议Concurrence两者并存condense down 压缩condition条款，要件;confessed and acknowledged承认congress/senate）议会consideration（对价）constables巡警，警官;constitution or partners合伙continue on继续contract合同;convenient合宜的convey, transfer and set over 移交cooperate together合作counsel律师，法律顾问;count（控告的一条）罪状;counterpart（副件）court法庭;covenant（契约）covenants and agrees立约covenant合同，盟约;credit or facilities信贷crime犯罪;criminal detention刑事拘留damages损害赔偿金damage赔偿金;debt债务;declaration原告的申诉，供诉;decree法令；裁决deed or covenant, guarantee, indemnity, assurance, pledge 保证物Deed 契约deem and consider视为defect, or insufficiency or want缺陷或不足或短缺defendant被告;defendant被告;delinquency—失职行为;demand要求，召唤;demise（出租）demur（抗辩）demurrer抗辩书;demurrer抗诉; estoppel禁止翻供;descent依法转交;desire希望；请求；要求；授权detain/ take into custody实施拘留Deterrence 威慑目的devise遗赠;do and perform 履行Dock 被告席DOJ=Department of Justice律政司( doubtless无争议的dry trust被动/消极信托;due care应有的注意each and all每人都each and every每个each and every所有easement地役权;esquire用于写信时称呼律师、治安法官等; estoppel in pais（衡平法上的）不容推翻的事实; evidence证词，证据;ex parte单方的;ex post facto事后的，追溯的;excessive过分的；过度的executed（已签字的，已生效的）execution（经签名盖章等）法律文件的生效;executive detention行政拘留（existing现行的expenses花费；费用；代价extreme cruelty极度虐待fair and equitable公正的fair division合理分割false and untrue虚假的fectitious defendant虚拟被告;fee simple and fee tail无条件继承的不动产和指定继承人继承的保有土地; fee simple继承者有全权的地产;fee tail有限制的继承地产;felony—重刑罪felony—重刑罪/重罪;felony重罪;few极少的final and conclusive最后的，决定性的fit and proper合适的fixtures or fittings固定设备fixture不动产的附着物force and effect生效forgive and pardon赦免forthwith立即;forward planning打算four corners of the instrument文件的完整内容fraud and deceit欺诈free and clear没有债务牵累的，(不动产)无任何负担的free and complete完全full and complete完全full and complete完全的，完整的full, true and correct完全正确的give, devise and bequeath 遗产give, devise and bequeath赠与goals(jails)监狱;good and effectual有效good and sufficient充足good and valid有效goods and chattels动产goods and chattels全部动产grant准予，授与;gross (如gross profit)，reasonable (如reasonable care/ man/ speed/ time等等)，serious (如serious illness/ misconduct, crime, circumstances等等) ，undue (如undue influence/ interference/ restraint 等等)，due (如due care/ process)guarantee保证书，保单;guarantee担保品，保单;guarantor（统）保证人;guardian ad litem（为某一特殊诉讼）指定的监护人;guardian监护人;habeas corpus人身保护令;habeas corpus人身保护令;habitual惯常的had and received收到had and received收到hand（签字）Hand签字have and hold持有heir继承人，后嗣;here words:hereafter从此以后，随后;hereby有鉴于此;hereinafter下文;hereinbefore上述;herein在此，据此看来;hereof对此;heretofore此前;hereto至此为止;hereunder（书、文件等中）在下面;herewith据此;hold and keep拥有，依法占有hue and cry追捕时的叫喊illegal, invalid or unenforceable无效illegality, invalidity or unenforceability无效Immunity 豁免权important essentialsimproper不良；不正当in connection with与有联系in flagrante delicto在犯罪现场;in full force and effect有完全效力的in locum parentis替代父母;in regard to关于in rem对物诉讼;in the funds and currency资金in your sole and absolute discretion您有绝对处置权inadequate不充分；不恰当Incapacitation 剥夺犯罪能力的目的incurred or arising out or in connection therewith incurred, created, assumed招致indictment控告，起诉;indulgence or concession让步infant幼儿，未成年人;inferior court初级法院；低级法院instrument（法律文据）intensive supervision probation 加强监督型缓刑intention目的；蓄意inter alia在其他事之间;inter partes在当事人之间;intoxicated喝醉的；陶醉的invalid or unenforceable无效或不可执行的irregular or improper不适当issue of fact事实上的争点issue of law法律上的争点judges审判员;judgment, award and/ or order判决judgment审判，裁决;judicial detention) 民事司法拘留(judicial notice法院公告;judicial proceeding司法[程序] [审判程序]；jurors陪审员;justices高等法院的法官;justice正义;keep and maintain保有laches（对行使权利的）疏忽、懈怠;laches（对行使权利的）疏忽、懈怠;landlord/lessor出租方;larceny偷盗;large大的last will and testament遗嘱lately不久前law enforcement department) 执法部门(Leave 休庭legislator/lawmaker立法机构（）:let (如在"without let or hindrance"这个短语中)妨碍; let or hindrance阻碍letters patent专利特权许可证;letters（证书）Letters授权令lien留置权，扣押权;loans or advances made or to be made借款与预付made and entered into订立合同make payment, performance履行malice恶意；蓄意marriage婚姻，商业合并;master and servant雇主和雇员;master（雇主）means and includes手段Mens Rea主观过错/犯罪意图mere仅仅metes and bounds地界（土地转让中的用语）; mind and memory心意与记忆Minor 未成年人misdemeanor轻罪;misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misfeasance—失当行为;moneys, obligations and liabilities债务、责任与义务money 货币;month-to-month tenancy按月付租金;more or less或多或少mortgage, charge按揭，押记motion（动议，法院令）mutually agree相互同意near近似negotiable instrument可转让的票据/可流通票据;net profit净利new and novel新的nominate, constitute and appoint任命nota bene留心，注意;note笔录;null and void无效nulla poena sine lege法无明文者不罚（罪刑法定主义原则）; obligation义务;obvious明显的order and direct命令oyez（法庭用语）肃静，静听;paid, discharged and satisfied支付、解除或清偿pardon and executive clemency 赦免和减刑pardon赦免;parliament/国会()/parties当事人;partner合伙人，股东;party（当事人）past history历史payment付款;perform and discharge履行义务physical evidence；物证pierce the corporate veil揭穿公司面纱plaintiff原告;plaintiff原告;plead guilty)；承认遭检控的罪名(plead（递诉状）pleadings（原告的）诉状，（被告的）答辩状; pledge抵押（权）;police n.警察（当局），v.管理，整顿; police station) 派出所(possession所有权，所有物;possible可能的prayer（诉讼请求）presents（本文件）presumption of innocence); 无罪推定( prima facie evidence 表面证据prima facie表面的;principal and surety主债务人和保证人; prior to先前的prisons监狱，拘留所;probation缓刑procuratorate organ）/检察院（）procuratorial personnel）/检察人员（promptly即期的property财产（指一切合法的不动产和动产）; proper准确的；体面的Prosecutions Division)/刑事检控科( prosecution检控（provided that 只要，但；provisions or enactment成文法proviso但书;public prosecutor(检控官)；purchase（置得（不动产））purchase购置;purported声称，宣称pursuant to stipulation遵照条款pursuant to根据，与……相符;quash撤销（一项传唤令或控告状），宣布（判决等）无效; quorum法定人数;record记录，档案；法院的卷宗，诉讼记录regular依法的；有规律的Rehabilitation 改造目的release, discharge or settlement免除、解除或和解remain in full force, validity and effect有充分效力remain silent in court) 保持缄默(remise, release and quitclaim放弃权利repair and make good补偿reprieve缓刑;request and require要求res ipsa loquitur事情不言自明;rest, residue and remainder 遗产rest, residue and remainder遗产Retribution 报应目的reversed and remanded撤销原判并发回重审right, interest and title权益right, power or remedy权利、权力和补偿robbery抢劫;roll案卷，档案;said (作形容词使用时)上述的;said（上文所说的）sat down for hearing聆讯satisfaction义务的履行；债务的清偿satisfy清偿债务；履行义务save and except除save and except除……以外save（除了）save除了;search warrant 搜查证sentence宣判，判决（专指刑事判决）; seriously and gravely 严重servant受雇人;serve（送达）settle and compromise处理signed, sealed and delivered签署生效similar类似slander言词诽谤;sole and exclusive唯一的sound mind心智健全specialty（盖印合同）specialty盖印合同或契据;strangers to the blood无血缘关系的人style样式;subject to依据，以……为条件，受……规限; subsequent继之后such如此;suffer or permit容许sufficient足够的；充足suitable恰当的suit诉讼，控告;superior court高级法院surrender归还（土地权），自首;taking or raising any point提出temporarily临时tenant/lessee承租方;tenement（不动产）terms and conditions条款terms or conditions条款the deceased / the decedent 已故者the People’s Congress各级人大（）thenceforth从那时开始，此后thence由此，从那种情况或缘由，从此；thenwords:there words:thereabout大约，左右;thereafter以后，据此;thereat因此;thereby因此，从而;therefore因此;therefor为此;therein在那里，在那时;thereon 在其上，随即;theretofore直到那时，在那时之前; thereto到那里，此外; thereunder遵照，在其下;thereunto到那里;thereupon因此;therewith与此，与之;things所有物to do or cause to be done履行toll the statute中止诉讼时效tort侵权;tort侵权;totally null and void无效totally unanimous一致同意的，全体一致的transaction交易treason叛国罪;treason—叛国罪;trespass非法侵入（他人土地或住宅）;tried and tested可靠的true and correct正确的try审判；解决争端under or pursuant to依照under the influence of 受的影响understand理解；认识unless and until直到unless and until直到unreasonable无理性的；过度的unsafe危险的unsound不卫生的；不健全的unusual不寻常的usual寻常的valid or effective有效的valid or enforceable有效或可执行的valuable有价值的；贵重的verdict（由陪审团一致通过而为法院所接受的）裁决; versus对;violation—犯规/违反行为;voir dire（挑选陪审团成员过程中的）预先审核. voire dire（挑选陪审团成员过程中的）预先审核; voluntary法律上未要求的而自愿作的Warrant 拘捕令well and sufficiently充分well settled合理解决where words:whereas (相当于"given the fact that"), 鉴于; whereas有鉴于此whereat对那个，由于;whereby因此;whereof关于那事（人）；will and testament 遗嘱withholding, deduction扣除without prejudice不影响实体权利的without prejudice不影响实体权利的witness / human evidence人证witnesseth 意为提供某事的正式证据witness作证，表明; worthless空头writ of fieri facias强制执行令;。
翻译技巧和经验第29期几个法律术语的翻译
翻译技巧和经验第29期几个法律术语的翻译1.contract. 现在多译为“合同“，我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为“合同“是不妥的。
因为我们中国人看见“合同“一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件，可是contract一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。
contract不限于书面的文件，口头上也可订contract，打电话也可以订contract，甚至于不说话也能订contract，例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。
contract就是有法律约束力的协议，只有较重要的contract才采取书面形式。
所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译“契约“，例如law of contract应当译“契约法“，较重要的、书面的contract才译“合同“，例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译“国际售货合同”。
2.intellectual property. 不知道当初为何译成“知识产权“，以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今，而且订入法律，实在可叹！这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译“知识产权“.intellectual一词根本没有“知识“的意思，它与“知识“是两个不同的概念。
作为名词intellectual指“知识分子“，但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词，何况“知识分子“与“知识“并不能划等号，即使退一万步对号入座地硬译，也只能译“知识分子产权“而不能译“知识产权“.当然，译“知识分子产权“也是错的。
从含义上看，何谓intellectual property？它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利，主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等，所以应该译为“智力产权”.我们的前辈严复曾说，“一名之立，旬月踟蹰“，我们今天对待译名多么需要那样的认真精神啊！译名宜慎重，不要随便译，使用现有的译名也该慎重，尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名，应该抵制错误的译名！3.joint venture. 这个术语译时要当心。
法律英语术语及其翻译
法律英语术语及其翻译随着全球化的推进和国际交流的增多，翻译作为沟通的桥梁变得越来越重要。
特别是在法律领域，由于涉及各国的文化和传统，法律术语的翻译成为了一项极具挑战性的任务。
在众多语种间，英语的法律术语翻译尤为常见，但由于英语的法律术语往往具有特殊的语境和含义，如何准确地进行翻译成为一个重要问题。
本文以刑法罪名为例，探讨英语法律术语的翻译策略，以期为法律翻译的准确性和规范性提供参考。
英语法律术语的翻译策略主要有语义翻译、官方翻译和法庭翻译等。
语义翻译强调在保留原文法律含义的基础上，结合目标语言的特点进行翻译，以保证法律文书的准确性。
官方翻译则注重于官方文件的规范性和统一性，以确保译文在法律文书中的权威性。
而法庭翻译则要求翻译者在双语转换中保持中立，不得带有任何偏见，以确保判决的公正性。
本文采用文献调查和案例分析的方法进行研究。
通过对相关文献的梳理和评价，总结出各种翻译策略的特点和应用情况。
结合具体的刑法罪名案例，对不同翻译策略进行实证分析，探讨其优缺点。
通过分析发现，在刑法罪名的翻译中，语义翻译更注重对原文法律含义的准确传达，而非单纯的字面对应。
这种策略在传达罪名的本质含义方面具有优势，但也可能因为目标语言的文化差异造成理解困难。
官方翻译则强调统一性和规范性，以确保法律文书的权威性。
然而，这种翻译策略也容易忽视目标语言的特点和接受度，导致理解的偏差。
法庭翻译要求中立、准确地进行双语转换，但有时也会因为对法律背景和语境的理解不足而产生误差。
英语法律术语的翻译策略在刑法罪名的翻译中各有优势和不足。
因此，在实际翻译过程中，应根据具体的需求和情况选择合适的翻译策略。
同时，为了提高翻译的准确性和规范性，应加强翻译者的专业素养和跨文化意识的培养。
对于法律翻译的规范性和标准性，仍需进一步研究和探讨。
功能对等理论在法律英语术语的跨文化翻译中的应用随着全球化的推进，跨文化交流日益频繁，法律英语的翻译也变得越来越重要。
法律英语词汇特点与情态动词译法
一、几个需注意的法律词汇二、情态动词法律英语中，使用频率较高的几个情态动词主要就是shall、should、may和must 几个。
Shall现有法律和合同条文的主句成分中的shall，在汉语中有很多译法，“须”、“应”、“应当”、或者忽略不译，主要是根据具体的语境判定其强制性程度。
使用频率最高的一个词。
例句：During the term of the Agreement, Party A shall assist Party B with technical teams to implement the manufacturing project.Shouldshould没有shall那样重的含义，它不表示法律义务，只表示一般的建设性义务或道义上的义务，即“宜”。
或者作为一种假设性的将来情况出现在句子中，译为“倘若”。
All above fees of technical assistance should be paid by T/T within 15 days after training is completed by the dispatched personnel.Should any party intends to terminate the Agreement, it shall…May“可”，强制性最低The Purchaser may by written not less than 90 days’ notice to the Vender terminate this Contract in whole or in part at any time for the Purchaser’s convenience.Party A may terminate this Agreement upon fifteen (15) days with written notice to Party B if any of the following events should occur:“必须”，强制性最高Purchaser must keep this information confidential in accordance with the terms of this clause 10.Shall not/no…shall“不得”、“不应”、“无..”、“无需”Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement without the other party’s prior written consent.The Seller shall not be responsible for any delay caused by the Force Majure event. The Purchaser shall not be entitled to raise any requisition or objection in respect of any of the matters aforesaid.May not/no..may和may not都可译为“不得”Finally, you may not authorize or assist any third party to do any of the things prohibited in this paragraph.Must not、should not在法律文件中极少采用三、几个容易混淆的词汇1 shipping advice 与shipping instructionsshipping advice 是"装运通知"，而shipping instructions 则是"装运须知"。
法律英语翻译典型词语和句式
法律英语翻译典型词语和句式泛瑞翻译一、典型法律禁令句型翻译之一“不得”字句用“不得”字句表达禁止性规范，庄重严肃，简洁明快。
“不得”一般译作shall not, 然而“不能”常译为may not,这和英文中一些否定表达方法对应一致，故不再重复。
要注意根据实际情况选择程度不同的否定表达方式。
例1：没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部分或者全部。
在判处没收财产的时候，不得没收属于犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。
（刑法第五十九条）参考译文：Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part of all of the property personally owned by a criminal. When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal’s family member owns or should own shall not be subject to confiscation. 与“不得”语义相近的还有“不许，不准，不能”等。
例2：判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的，除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外，应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上，酌情决定执行的刑期；但是管制最高不能超过三年，拘役最高不能超过一年，有期徒刑最高不能超过二十年。
参考译文：For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be decided in such a way that it may not exceed the total of the terms for all the crimes and must be longer than the maximum term for any one of the crimes, depending on the circumstances of each case. However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed twenty years.二、典型法律禁令句型翻译之二“禁止”字句“禁止”字句在汉译英的过程中通常译为be prohibited句式。
法律英语中模糊词语的翻译方法有哪些
法律英语中模糊词语的翻译方法有哪些法律语言的模糊性是客观存在的。
造成法律文本模糊的原因很多:有来自语言自身的因素,也有来自社会文化背景的因素,还有来自立法者不同写作风格的因素,而来自语言自身的因素是造成法律文本模糊最主要的因素。
模糊性是语言的客观属性,作为自然语言的法律语言,也摆脱不了模糊性的特征。
在法律条文中以及司法实践中,法律语言运用模糊词语的现象俯拾皆是。
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Pearce指出,在澳大利亚和英格兰约40%的法庭活动需要对特定的立法条款的意义做出裁决;在美国各级法院普遍用词典作为一种审理案件的辅助工具,对法律文本进行文义解释;在我国有学者初步统计我国《刑法》法条,从《总则》到《分则》运用模糊词语共一百余条,占全部条文的50%以上。
既然模糊性是法律文本的客观属性,而法律文本与法律翻译以准确为宗旨,这对矛盾体必然给法律工作者和法律翻译者带来不少困难。
译者的工作是准确地翻译出原文本,对文本中的模糊语义,应以贴切的、对等的目的语表达出同等程度的模糊性。
1、法律语言的模糊性及法律英语中的模糊现象伍铁平在其《模糊语言学》中指出,语言的模糊性是指语言界限的不确定性,例如“少年”、“青年”、“老年”等,他们都没有明确的年龄界限。
语言的模糊性表现在语言的语音、语意、句法、词汇和篇章等各个方面。
伍铁平进一步指出,模糊类是指“其界限不是泾渭分明地确定好了的类别”。
由此可见,模糊性就是人们认识中关于事物类属边界或性质状态方面的亦此亦彼性,也就是中介过渡性。
《韦氏英语大词典》给模糊一词所下的定义是:“the state of being vague ,indefinite ,unsettled ,or uncertain ;lack of clearness ;ambiguousness ,haziness”(呈模糊状的,不明确的,使不确定的,或不能判定的;不清楚的;模棱两可的;迷惑的)。
法律英语常用词汇中英文对照表
A Resolution for Voluntary 自动清盘决议Abatement 减免或减轻abduction 拐带abortion 堕胎absconding 弃保潜逃Absolute assignment 绝对转让absolute discharge 无条件释放absolute liability 绝对法律责任acquit 无罪释放Act of God 天灾、神力行为Act 作为Action 诉讼adjourn 休庭、延期聆讯Adult 成人、成年人Affidavit 誓章age of consent 同意年龄Agent 代理人aiding & abetting 、煽动犯罪Arbitration 仲裁arrest 拘捕、逮捕Arrestable Offence 可逮捕的罪行arrestable offence 可逮捕罪行arson 纵火Articles of Association 公司章程assault 殴打Assignment 转让契据asymmetric cryptosystem 非对称密码系统Auditor 核数师Authorized share capital 法定股本Authorized signature 经授权之签名Available act of Bankruptcy 可用的破产作为Bailiff 执达主任bankruptcy debt 破产债项Bearer 持票人beneficiary 受益人Bilingual Laws Advisory Committee 双语法例谘询委员会Board of directors 董事会British Dependent Territories citizen 英国属土公民British Overseas citizen 英国海外公民Building Authority 建筑事务监视Business Registration 商业登记Buyer 买方Certificate of Compliance 满意纸Certificate of Origin 产地来源证certificate 证书certification practice statement 核证作业准那么Chairman of the board of directors 董事会主席Charge 扺押Charge 抵押Chattel 货物或实产Chief Justice 首席大法官Co-owners 联名业主commissioner 监誓员Committed For Trial 交付审判Common Law 普通法Company directors 公司董事Company Secretary 公司秘书Company 公司Condition precedent 先决条件Conditions of Exchange 换地条款Conditions of Grant 批地条款Conditions of Sale 卖地条款Conditions 批地条款Consideration 代价Consul 领事Consular Officer 领事馆官员Contract for service 服务合约Contract of Sale 售卖合约Conversion 侵占copyright notice 通知Cost， insurance， freight CIF Counter-offer 反要约Court of Final Appeal 终审法院Creditor 债权人Creditor's Ordinary Resolution 债权人普通决议Creditor's Special Resolution 债权人会议特别决议creditors' committee 债权人委员会creditors' meeting 债权人的会议Creditors' Voluntary Winding 债权人自动清盘damage 损害damages 损害赔偿Debenture 债权证debt provable in bankruptcy or provable debt 可证债权或可证债项Debt Provable in Bankruptcy 可证债项debtor 债务人Deed of Mutual Covenant 大厦公契deed 契据digital signature 数码签署discharge 解除dispute resolution 和调解纠纷dividend 股息Document of Title to Goods 货品的所有权文件dormant 匿名或不活动drawee 受票人drawer 发票人Easement 地役权economic rights 经济权electronic record 电子纪录electronic signature 电子签署Equal Opportunity Commission 平等机会委员会Equitable Charge 公义式扺押Equitable Mortgage 公义式按揭Export 输出、出口Fault 错失Forfeiture 没收租权Freehold 永久业权Future goods 期货Gazette 宪报Government Chemist 政府化验师Government Land Resumption Ordinance 收回官地条例Government Lease 官地租契Group of Companies 公司集团hash function 杂凑函数Import 输入、进口Incumbrance 负累权益information system 资讯系统intellectual property rights 知识产权interim order 临时命令Intermeddling 干预死者的遗产International court of justice 国际法院Joint Tenants 共有权益Judge of the Court of Final Appeal 终审法院大法官Judge 大法官Judgment Creditor 判定债权人Judgment Debtor 判定债务人Judgment 判决Justice， Justice of the peace 太平绅士key pair 配对密码匙land 土地Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处Law Reform Commission 法律改革委员会Law 法律、法例、法Leasehold 租用业权Legal Charge 法定式扺押Legal Mortgage 法定式按揭licensing agreement 许可合同Listed Company 上市公司Medical Practitioner 医生Members' Voluntary Winding Up 成员自动清盘moral rights 精神权利Mortgage 按揭New Territories 新界nominee 代名人Nominee's Report 代名人报告notary 公证人Oath 誓言Offence 罪、罪行、罪项、犯法行为Official Receiver 破产管理署署长Order in Council 枢密院颁令ordinary resolution 普通决议Original court 原讼法院parallel import 平行进口patent 专利Payable at sight 见票即付Payee 受款人Personal Representative 遗产代理人Plaintiff 原告人Police officer 警务人员Power 权、权力Prevailing Market Rent 市值租金Principal Tenant 主租客Prison 狱、监狱Private Company 私人公司private key 私人密码匙Privy Council 枢密院Profit A Prendre 取利权property 财产Property 产权proposal 建议Prospectus 招股章程public key 公开密码匙Quality of Goods 货、货品Quality of Goods 货品品质record 纪录registered design registration 注册外观设计Registered Medical Practitioner 注册医生Registrar of the Supreme Court 最高法院司法常务官Regulations 规例Repeal 废除Restrictive Covenant 限制性的约言Reversionary Title 归属主权Right Of Way 过路权或取道权Sale 售卖Secretary for Justice 律政司司长secured creditor 有抵押债权人Sell 卖、售卖、出售Seller 卖方Share 股﹑股份short term patent 短期专利Sign 签名、签署special resolution 特别决议Specific Goods 特定货品Statutory Declaration 法定声明Subsidiary Legislation 附属法例Summary conviction 简易程序定罪Tenants-in-common 共享权益Tenement 物业单位Term 土地租期Territorial Waters 领海The Office of the Commissioner of Insurance 保险业监理处Title 业权Town Planning Board 城市规划委员会Trade Mark Ordinance 商标条例Trade Mark Registry 商标注册处trade mark relating to goods 货品商标trade mark relating to services 服务商标Trade mark 商标Triable Summarily 可循简易程序审讯Trustee of Bankruptcy 破产受托人trustee 受托人trustworthy system 稳当系统United Kingdom 联合王国Unlisted Company 非上市公司verify a digital signature 核实数码签署voluntary arrangement 个人自愿安排Warranty 保证条款Will 遗嘱years of age 岁、年岁1. 按照出资比例：in proportion to one's respective contributions to the investment2. 按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt3. 按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit4. 办理注销登记：cancel the registration5. 被代理人：the principal6. 本人名义：in one's name7. 财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships8. 财产继承权：the right of inheritance9. 采用书面形式：in writing10. 查封、扣押、冻结、没收：seize， encroach upon， privately divide，destroy or illegally seal up， distrain， freeze or confiscate11. 超越代理权：beyond the scope of one's power of agency12. 承当连带责任：undertake joint liability for13. 承当民事责任：bear civil liability for14. 承当责任：be held responsible15. 诚实信用：honesty and credibility16. 乘人之危：take advantage of one's unfavorable position17. 村民委员会：the village committee18. 代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by19. 代理权终止：the expiration of one's power of agency20. 等价有偿：making compensation for equal value21. 恶意串通：conspire maliciously22. 法定代理：statutory agency23. 法定代理人： agent ad litem24. 法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law25. 法人： legal person26. 法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person27. 负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors28. 附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts29. 个人合伙：individual partnership30. 个体工商户：individual businesses31. 给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party32. 工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce33. 合伙人：partnerss34. 核准登记的经营围：within the range approved and registered35. 户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered36. 集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership37. 监护人：guardian38. 将合同的权利、义务全部或局部转让给第三人：transfer all or part of its contractual rights or obligations to a third party39. 经常居住地：habitual residence40. 经济实体：economic entity41. 经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority42. 居民委员会：the neighborhood committee43. 具有法律约束力：be legally binding44. 履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship45. 埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object46. 买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold， leased， mortgaged or transferred47. 民法通那么： General Principles of the Civil Law48. 民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights49. 民事权益：civil rights and interests50. 民政部门：the civil affairs department51. 农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households52. 平等主体：civil subjects with equal status53. 企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person54. 企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person55. 企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person56. 请求人民法院或者仲裁机关予以变更：request a people's court or an arbitration agency to alter57. 取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis58. 取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person59. 全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people60. 权利和义务：rights and obligations61. 擅自变更或者解除〔民事法律行为〕：alter or rescind one's act arbitrarily62. 设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish， change or terminate civil relationship63. 社会团体：social organization64. 事业单位：institution65. 适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC 〔The law of PRC shall apply to〕66. 双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double67. 提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge68. 完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct69. 委托代理：entrusted agency70. 委托代理人：an entrusted agent71. 无国籍人：stateless persons72. 无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct73. 无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person's interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so74. 下落不明 one's whereabouts have been unknown75. 限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct76. 享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors77. 行使代理权：exercise the power of agency78. 宣告为无〔限制〕民事行为能力人：declare … to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct79. 遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects， flotsam80. 以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge81. 以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes82. 以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion83. 意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine84. 优先购置的权利：a right of pre-emption85. 有过错的一方：the erring party86. 有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debtor87. 造成财产损失：cause any property loss88. 占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property89. 指定代理：appointed agency90. 主要办事机构：the main administrative office91. 住所：domicile92. 追偿：claim compensation from。
法律英语翻译方法
The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council。
原文：禁止抢采掠青、毁坏母树（《种子法》第24 条）。
译文：Plundering of unripe seeds and doing damage to other trees are prohibited.
分析：原文采用否定祈使句来表示对人人都适用的禁 止性规范，“抢采”和“毁坏”都是动词，译文将它 们分别译成带有名词性质的动名词“plundering”和 “doing damage to”就是通过名词化手段模糊和隐藏 了动作的行为者，从而弱化了法律行为主体，扩大了 法律适用范围，而且使语言更加简练。
“大会对于其所认为足以妨害国际间公共福利或 友好关系之任何情势，不论其起源如何，包括由 违反本宪章所在联合国之宗旨及原则而其之情势， 得建议和平调整方法，但以不违背第十二条之规 定为限。”
多用被动结构
被动结构的最大功能就是隐藏和弱化动作的行 为者，在法律语境下就是隐藏和弱化法律主体， 从而模糊了对法律行为主体的认定。 被动结 构可以使法律语言显得更加客观公正
“安全理事会如认为该项争端之继续存在，在事实上 足以危及国际和平和安全之维持时，应决定是否当以 第三十六条采取行动或建议其所状语占全句比重十分大，由于 汉语方式状语位置较为固定，若直接把冗长的 方式状语译成中文有时十分困难。遇到这种情 况，我们可以进行转换，把长状语转换成并列 句来处理。
法律英语句式特点及翻译策略
法律英语句式特点及翻译策略2019-07-24【摘要】随着全球化的不断发展和中国国际地位的不断提⾼，我国在政治、经济、⽂化等各个领域的国际交往也越来越频繁。
在许多情况下，国际交往的顺利进⾏都需要法律的保驾护航。
当拥有不同语⾔和不同法律制度的国家之间⾯对共同的法律问题时，就需要通过翻译进⾏沟通，达成共识。
因此，对法律翻译的需求也⽇益迫切。
【关键词】法律英语句式翻译⼀、法律英语的句式特点法律英语（Legal English），在英语国家中被称为Legal Language或Language of the Law，即法律语⾔，在英语中指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或⾮诉讼法律事务时所⽤的语种或某⼀语种的部分⽤语。
从此概念可以看出，法律英语所使⽤的语⾔不仅是英语，还包括其他语种，如法语、拉丁语等。
要成功地做好法律英语的翻译，⾸先必须了解法律英语的语⾔特点。
作为专门⽤途英语的⼀种，法律语⾔具有与⾮法律语⾔明显不同的句式特点。
（⼀）⼤量使⽤结构复杂的长句与科技英语、商务英语相⽐较⽽⾔，法律英语中的句⼦结构就其长度和使⽤从句的连续性⽽⾔要复杂得多。
法律英语中的长句主要指多重复合句，除主谓结构外，还有许多修饰成分，如从句、短语等，其主从关系有各种连接词贯通以表⽰逻辑关系，句⼦结构严谨。
例如：The Congress， whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary， shall propose amendments to this constitution， or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states， shall call a convention for proposing amendments， which ， in either case， shall be valid to all intents and purposes， as part of this constitution，when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states， or by conventions in three-fourths thereof， as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress； provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808， shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article； and that no state， without its consent， shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.这个句⼦共有135个单词，其中包含了定语从句、状语从句，⽽且从句之间相互嵌套，构成了错综复杂的句式结构。
法律英语基本术语
<Chapter 1>1)actual intent / direct intent 直接故意2)Indirect intent 间接故意3)careless and inadvertent negligence 疏忽大意的过失4)negligence with undue assumption 过于自信的过失5)accident 意外事件6)self-defense 正当防卫7)act of rescue; necessity 紧急避险8)unjustifiable self-defense 防卫过当9)The testator(立遗嘱者) died without issue. 身故无后（无嗣）10)Parties must wait for process to issue from the court.11)Bar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。
后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。
12)American Bar Association 美国律师协会13)Lawyer/Attorney/Attorney –at-law/Counseler/Counseler –at-law 律师（美国）14)Barrister 诉讼律师，大律师，出庭律师（英国）15)Solicitor 非诉律师，诉状律师，事务律师（英国）16)advocate，attorney, attorney at law; attorney-at-law, bar, barrister, counsel, counselor,counselor-at-law,，esquire, gentleman of the robe, gentleman of the long robe, lawyer, solicitor……律师17)Advocate是指学习法律、依法获准执业、为当事人提供法律意见，并有资格出庭参加案件公开审理的律师，即辩护律师（在英美不常用）；又指法国、英格兰等地律师、法律顾问。
论法律英语翻译的技巧与方法
论法律英语翻译的技巧与方法法律英语翻译是一种技巧性相当高的工作，需要熟练的语言运用和深刻的法律认知。
如何做好法律英语翻译，成为每一位翻译人员必须认真思考的问题。
本文从法律英语的特点、法律英语翻译的需求和具体方法三个方面进行了讨论，旨在探寻一种全面有效的法律英语翻译方法。
一、法律英语的特点作为一种专门用于法律领域的语言，法律英语有其独特的特点，其中主要包括以下几点:1.语言严谨：法律文件必须语言准确、明确，使用的词汇和结构必须非常清晰。
2.法律术语多样：法律文件中有大量的专业术语，这些术语的用法和含义必须了解清楚。
3.用语正式：法律文件使用的语言非常正式，要求遵循一定的格式和风格。
4.纷繁复杂：法律文件中的内容涉及到的领域非常广泛，往往需要对各种法律制度和规则进行深入了解。
以上几点是法律英语翻译必须考虑的内容，只有在理解了这些特点的基础上，才能更好地为客户做出准确的翻译。
二、法律英语翻译的需求法律英语翻译是一项非常重要的工作，尤其是在国际法律领域。
以下是一些可能需要进行法律英语翻译的场合：1. 企业合同和法律文件2. 国际诉讼3. 政府文书和成文法律制度4. 法律依据的文本翻译5. 法律研究和学术论文需要进行法律英语翻译的文本在内容和形式上都非常严格，因此，翻译人员必须掌握一些专门的技巧，以确保翻译的准确性和流利性。
三、法律英语翻译的具体方法以下是一些法律英语翻译的具体方法，供翻译人员参考：1. 了解术语与用语对于任何一个领域的翻译人员来说，了解该领域的术语与用语是非常重要的。
在法律翻译中则尤为突出，因为法律文件种类繁多，内容广泛，术语和用语也非常多。
翻译人员必须掌握这些词汇的含义和用法，同时要能够在不同的文本中灵活运用。
2. 捕捉文化差异在进行法律英语翻译时，需要注意文化的差异。
法律、规章和制度在不同的国家和地区可能存在差异，翻译人员需要对不同文化间的差异有所了解，以确保翻译的准确性和语言流利度。
法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译
法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译Ξ李 丽(三峡大学外国语学院教师 香港中文大学翻译系博士生 香港沙田)摘 要 法律文件的英汉翻译在中国发挥着越来越重要的作用。
本文从四个方面归纳法律英语词汇的特点,即专业性、正式性、客观性及准确性,并进一步探讨具体的法律词汇翻译的方法和对策。
关键词 法律翻译 法律词汇特点 翻译方法 翻译策略Abstract Translation of legal documents is now playing an ever -increasing role in China.This paper first surveys four primary characteristics of legal vocabulary ,namely ,professionalism ,formalism ,objectivity and exactitude ,followed by a presentation and discussion of s pecific strategies and methods of translating legal vo 2cabulary between English and Chinese.K ey Words Legal translation characteristics of legal vocabulary translation methods translation strate 2gies 随着中国加入WTO ,世界经济一体化,中国与世界的交往和联系越来越多。
法律文件的翻译将会在社会生活中扮演很重要的角色。
要做好法律文件的英汉翻译,我们必须了解法律英语的一些特点。
所谓法律英语,“是指法律界通用的书面英语(包括法律、法规、条例、规章、协定、判定和裁定等),尤其是指律师起草法律文件(合同、章程、协议、契约等)惯常使用的语言。
”[1]法律英语在词汇、句式等方面都有它自己的特点。
常用法律词语--附英文解释
下面的常用法律英语词语（按照字母顺序）来自于纽约市民事法庭官网，对于法律英语学习者很有帮助，阅读其原本的英文解释可以帮助我们很好的理解其含义。
Aaction: a civil judicial proceeding whereby one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or prevention of a wrong; requires service of process on adversary party or potentially adversary partyadjournment: a temporary postponement of the proceedings of a case until a specified future timeadjudicate: to hear or try and determine judiciallyadversary: an opponent. The defendant is the plaintiff's adversaryadult: a person over 18 years oldaffiant: one who swears to an affidavit; deponentaffidavit: a sworn or affirmed statement made in writing and signed; if sworn, it is notarized affirmed: upheld, agreed with (e.g.,The Appellate Court affirmed the judgment of the Civil Court) allegation: the assertion, declaration, or statement of a party to an action, made in a pleading, setting out what the party expects to proveallege: to assert a fact in a pleadingallocution: a formal address by a trial judge to the parties on the record to find out if they understand the terms of a stipulation of settlementamend: to changeanswer: a paper filed in court and sent to the plaintiff by the defendant, admitting or denying the statements in the plaintiff's complaint, and briefly stating why the plaintiff's claims are incorrect and why the defendant is not responsible for the plaintiff's injury or lossappeal: in an appeal, either plaintiff or defendant (or sometimes both) asks a higher reviewing court to consider a lower court judge's decision. One may only appeal a judge's ruling, not an arbitrator's ruling.appeal as of right: the ability to bring an appeal of an order or a judgment without seeking permission of the courtappear/ appearance: the participation in the proceedings by a party summoned in an action, either in person or through an attorneyappellant: the party who takes an appeal to a higher courtappellee: the party against whom an appeal is takenarbitration: a process in which an impartial attorney trained in arbitration or a retired judge decides a dispute instead of the court; if the parties consent to arbitration, the arbitrator's decision is final; otherwise, a dissatisfied party may request a trial before the court arbitrator: a disinterested person trained in arbitration who hears evidence concerning the dispute and makes an award based on the evidenceargument: a reason given in proof or rebuttalattachment: the taking of property into legal custody by an enforcement officerBbill of particulars: factual detail submitted by a claimant after a request by the adverse party which details, clarifies or explains further the charges and/or facts alleged in a pleadingbrief: a written or printed document prepared by the lawyers on each side of a dispute andsubmitted to the court in support of their arguments - a brief includes the points of law which the lawyer wished to establish, the arguments the lawyer uses, and the legal authorities on which the lawyer rests his/her conclusionsCcalendar: a schedule of matters to be heard in courtcalendar call: the calling of matters requiring parties, or their attorneys, to appear and be heard. There is usually one at the beginning of each court day. Other calendar calls take place throughout the day.caption: in a pleading, deposition or other paper connected with a case in court, it is the heading or introductory clause which shows the names of the parties, name of the court, number of the case on the docket or calendar, etc.cause of action: grounds on which a legal action may be brought (e.g., property damage, personal injury, goods sold and delivered, work labor and services)certified copy: a document which contains a seal that establishes the document as genuine, as a true copy, so that it may be used as evidence at a trial or a hearing. A document may be certified by an official record keeper, a clerk of the court, or any other authorized person, for example, an attorney.certified statement: a statement which has been sworn to before a Notary Public or Commissioner of Deeds as a true statementchange of venue: the removal of a suit begun in one county to another county for trial, though the term may also apply to the removal of a suit from one court to another court of the same countycharge to jury: an address delivered by the court to the jury at the close of the trial instructing the jury as to what principles of law they are to apply in reaching a decisionchattel: article of personal propertycivil contempt: a failure to comply with a court order. Civil contempt is committed when a person violates an order of the court which specifically requires that the person do or refrain from doing an act. Punishment for civil contempt may be a fine or imprisonment, and the goal of the punishment is to have the person comply with the original order of the court.Clerk’s Return On Appeal: a form filled out by the Civil Court Appeals Clerk certifying that the record on appeal is complete and ready to be transmitted to the Appellate Termcomplaint: a paper filed in court and delivered to the party(ies) being sued, stating the plaintiff's claims against the defendantcosts: the statutory sum awarded to the successful party when a judgment is entered (Section 1901 all Court Acts)counterclaim: a legal claim by the defendant against the plaintiffcourt record: a documentary account of what happened in the action or proceeding, which includes the court file, exhibits and transcriptscourt reporter: a person who transcribes by shorthand or stenographically takes down testimony during court proceedingsCPLR: the abbreviation for the Civil Practice Law and Rules, which is the New York state statute that sets forth the rules of civil procedure governing how a lawsuit is conducted in the courts of this statecross-appeal: an appeal by one who has received a notice of appeal from their opposing party crossclaim: claim litigated by co-defendants or co-plaintiffs against each other and not against a party on the opposite side of the litigationcross-examination: questioning by a party or his attorney of an adverse party or a witness called by an adverse partyDdecision: the determination reached by a court in any judicial proceeding, which is the basis of the judgmentdefault: a "default" occurs when a party fails to plead or otherwise defend within the time allowed, or fails to appear at a court appearancedefault judgment: a judgment against a defendant as a result of his/her failure to appear or submit papers at an appointed time during a legal proceedingdefendant: the one being sued. This party is called the "respondent" in a summary proceeding defenses, legal or equitable: a stated reason why the plaintiff has no valid case against the defendantdeliberation: the process by which a panel of jurors comes to a decision on a verdictde novo: from the beginning, a new trialdeposition: sworn testimony of a witness.direct examination: the first interrogation of a witness by the party on whose behalf the witness is calleddirected verdict: an instruction by the judge to the jury to return a specific verdict disbursements: out of pocket expenses awarded to the winner in a judgmentdiscovery: the efforts of a party to a lawsuit to get information about the other party's contentions before trial. The range of information which each party must exchange in discovery is broad, because all parties should go to trial with as much information and knowledge about the lawsuit as possible. During discovery a party may: (1) demand that the other party produce documents or other physical evidence, (2) request written interrogatories, which are questions and answers written under oath, and (3) take depositions, which involve an in-person session at which one party has the opportunity to ask oral questions of the other party or his or her witnesses.dismissal: termination of a proceeding for a procedurally prescribed reasondismissal with prejudice: action dismissed on the merits which prevents renewal of the same claim or cause of actiondismissal without prejudice: action dismissed, not on the merits, which may be re-instituted disposition: the result of a judicial proceeding by withdrawal, settlement, order, judgment or sentenceEentry of judgment: in order to start e nforcing a judgment, the judgment must be “entered.” Entry occurs after the clerk of the court signs and files the judgment.eviction proceeding: any proceeding which could result in the eviction of a respondent, such as a holdover or nonpayment proceedingevidence: a form of proof or probative matter legally presented at the trial of an issue by the actsof the parties and through witnesses, records, documents, concrete objects, etc., for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court or the juryexamination before trial: a formal interrogation of parties and witnesses before trial execution: (1) the performance of all acts necessary to render a written instrument complete, such as signing, sealing, acknowledging, and delivering the instruments (2) supplementary proceedings to enforce a judgment, which, if monetary, involves a direction to the sheriff to take the necessary steps to collect the judgmentexhibit: a paper, document or other article produced and exhibited to a court during a trial or hearing and, on being accepted, is marked for identification or admitted in evidenceex parte: a proceeding, order, motion, application, request, submission etc., made by or granted for the benefit of one party only; done for, in behalf of, or on application of one party onlyFGgarnish/ garnishment: to attach (seize) a portion of the wages or other property of a debtor to repay the debt. The garnishing party notifies a third party, such as a bank or an employer, to retain something it has belonging to the defendant-debtor, to make disclosure to the court concerning it, and to dispose of it as the court shall direct.guardian ad litem: a person appointed by the court to represent a minor or an adult, not able to handle his or her own affairs, during a legal proceeding. The person appointed does not need to be a lawyer. The guardian ad litem is the guardian just for the purpose of the particular lawsuit. The person acting as the guardian ad litem has the responsibility to pursue the lawsuit and to account for any money recovery.HIincome execution: the legal process of enforcing a judgment. To enforce the judgment, the judgment creditor may seek an order from the court to have the appropriate authority seize property of the judgment debtor in order to satisfy the judgment. In the case of an income execution, or a "garnishment," the court might order a portion of the judgment debtor's wages or other property held in an amount to satisfy the judgment. This might be done over time in increments.index number: a number issued by the county clerk, which is used to identify a case - in civil court there is a charge of $45.00infant's compromise: a civil proceeding or motion for obtaining court approval of the settlement of an infant's claiminformation subpoena: a legal document that requires a person, a corporation, some other business, or the judgment debtor him or herself to answer certain questions about where the judgment debtor’s assets can be foundinquest: a non-jury trial for the purpose of determining the amount of damages due on a claim, if a party has not appeared or defended against the claim, and after the merits of the claim have been proveninterpreter: a person sworn at a judicial proceeding to translate oral or written language interrogatories: written questions propounded by one party and served on an adversary, who must provide written answers thereto under oathJjudgment: the final decision of the judge. It is a determination of the rights and obligations of the parties. In a given lawsuit, a judgment may direct a dismissal of the lawsuit, order payment of a money amount or a direct one or more of the parties to do an act.judicial hearing officer (JHO): a person who formerly served as a judge or justice of a court of record of the Unified Court Systemjurisdiction: the court's authority to hear and decide a case. It is based upon the geographical, subject matter and monetary limitations of a court. To hear and decide a case a court must have both "personal jurisdiction" and "subject matter" jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction refers to the court's power over the parties involved in the lawsuit. Subject matter jurisdiction refers to the court's power over the type or category of the lawsuit.jury demand: a request for a trial by jury by either party. There are specific procedures for making a jury demand, which include filing a written demand with the clerk and paying a fee. The procedural rules place time restrictions on when a jury demand must be made.jury instructions: directions given by the judge to the juryKLlegal advice: involves applying or interpreting the law to your individual problems and recommending the best way for you to handle your case. Only an attorney, who is not a court employee, can provide legal advice. Court staff can’t offer legal advice to anyone. The court's role is to be neutral, without favor to any party. Court employees may only provide legal and procedural information. Legal and procedural information involves providing general information and does not include telling you how to best deal with your legal issues.lessee: a person who has signed a lease to rent real propertylevy: a seizure; the obtaining of money by legal process through seizure and sale of property liability:an obligation to do, to eventually do, or to refrain from doing something; money owed; or according to law one's responsibility for his/her conduct; or one's responsibility for causing an injurylien: a claim on specific property for payment of a debtlitigant: party to a legal actionMmarshal: an officer of the United States, whose duty it is to execute the process of the courts of the United States. His duties are very similar to those of a sheriff.marshal’s notice: a notice from a Marshal informing the recipient that they will be evicted after a certain time periodmediation: a free, voluntary and confidential service that helps people who have a dispute to reach their own settlement. Instead of asking a judge to make a decision in court, the people meet with a trained mediator who helps them make their own decision on how to settle the dispute. If a settlement is reached, it is then put in writing and signed. This written settlement then becomes a legal contract. If the people in the dispute are not able to reach an agreementthat is acceptable to everyone involved, they are then free to ask a judge to hear there case and make a decision in court.minor: a child under 18 years oldminutes: notes of what happened in the courtroommistrial: a trial which has been terminated and declared void prior to the reaching of verdict due to extraordinary circumstance, serious prejudicial misconduct or hung jury - it does not result in a judgment for any party but merely indicates a failure of trialmitigation: to make less severemotion: a request to the court, usually in writing, for relief before the trial on the parties' claims, or for different or additional relief after the trial decisionmotion to reargue or renew: an application which seeks to persuade a judge that the decision/order rendered is incorrect, because the judge has misapprehended the facts or the applicable law, or because new evidence has become available which would change the prior decision and there is a good reason why the evidence was not presented earliermoving party: the party who is making an application to the court for reliefNnonpayment proceeding: a court case started by the landlord to collect unpaid rent and to evict the tenant if the tenant cannot pay the rent that is owednotarize: to have a notary public attest to the authenticity of a signature on a document by signing the document and affixing his/her own stampnotary public: a person authorized by the State of New York to administer oaths, certify documents and attest to the authenticity of signaturesnotice of appeal: a notice to the opposing party that an appeal of the court proceedings will be taken. The notice must be served and filed within 30 days of service of the order or judgment appealed from with written notice of entry.notice of claim: a paper required to be sent to the city or a public authority when a person claims a city agency, official, or employee of a public authority caused the person damage. The notice of claim informs the city or public authority of the nature of the claim within a short time after it occurs. A notice of claim must be timely sent to the city or public authority prior to filing a lawsuit.notice of entry: a notice with an affidavit of service stating that the attached copy of an entered order or judgment has been served by a party on another partynotice of motion: a notice informing the court and your opposition when and where your motion will be heard, which lists the relief requested, the grounds for that relief, and provides a list of the supporting papers upon which the motion is basednotice of petition: a petitioner's written notice delivered to the respondents of when the court will hear the attached petitionnunc pro tunc: (now for then) presently considered as if occurring at an earlier date; effective retroactivelyOobjection: a formal protest made by a party over testimony or evidence that the other side tries to introduceorder: an oral or written command or a direction from a judgeorder to show cause: a written direction by the court, usually prepared and presented to the court by a party, that the court is shortening the required advance notice of a motion to the other parties. Sometimes the order to show cause contains a direction to the parties that they stop some specific activity until the court hears the motion.Pparty: person having a direct interest in a legal matter, transaction or proceedingperemptory challenge: the challenge which may be used to reject a certain number of prospective jurors without assigning any reasonperfect appeal: to take all legal steps necessary to complete the process of appealing an order or judgment. These steps may include ordering and securing a transcript, drawing up a record, writing, serving, and filing a brief, getting the case onto the appellate court’s calendar for argument, and finally, arguing and submitting the case.Personal Appearance Part: a Part in the Civil Court where cases are heard if one or both sides are self-represented litigants. The Judges presiding in this Part oversee all conferences, discovery and in some boroughs all motion practice and even the trial.petition: in special or summary proceedings, a paper like a complaint filed in court and delivered to the respondents, stating what the petitioner requests from the court and the respondents petitioner: in a special or summary proceeding, one who commences a formal written application, requesting some action or relief, addressed to a court for determination. Also known as a plaintiff in a civil action.plaintiff: the one suing. This party is called the "petitioner" in a summary proceeding pleadings: complaint or petition, answer, and replypoor person's relief: when a party to a lawsuit cannot afford the costs of a lawsuit, the Court may permit that party to proceed without being required to pay for court costspossession: the right to occupy a premisesproceeding: a type of lawsuit. In Housing Court a nonpayment proceeding seeks past-due rent; a holdover proceeding seeks possession of the premises.pro se: a party who does not retain a lawyer and appears for him/herself in courtproof of service: an affidavit filled out by the person who served legal papers on behalf of a party, or by a party if so permitted by the CourtQRrecord: a permanent written account of some act, court proceeding or transaction that is drawn up by a proper officer and designated to remain as permanent evidence of what has been done in a lawsuitreferee: a person to whom the court refers a pending case to take testimony, hear the parties, and report back to the court. A referee is an officer with judicial powers who serves as an arm of the court.relevant: logically connected and tending to prove or disprove a matter at issuereplevin: an action brought for the owner of items to recover possession of those items when those items were wrongfully taken or are being wrongfully keptreply: a plaintiff's response to a defendant's answer when the answer contains a counterclaim requisition: a request to obtain something, such as court records, subpoenaed documents or copies of trial tapesrespondent: one who formally answers the allegations stated in a petition which has been filed with the court. Also known as a defendant in a civil action.restore/ reinstate to calendar: to reinstate the action to active inventorySseizure: the process by which a person authorized under the law to do so takes into custody the property, real property or personal property, of a person against whom a judgment has been issued or might be issued. The seized property may be held to guarantee a judgment or be sold to satisfy a judgment.self-represented litigant: a party who does not retain a lawyer and appears for him/herself in court. Also known as a Pro Se litigant.service of process: the delivery of copies of legal documents to the defendant or other person to whom the documents are directed. Legal documents which must be served include a summons, complaint, petition, order to show cause, subpoena, notice to quit the premises and certain other documents. The procedure for service of process is specifically set out in statutes.settle the minutes: the process by which the transcript of the proceeding is finalizedsheriff: the executive officer of local court in some areas. In other jurisdictions the sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer of a county.standing: the right to make a legal claim, or to seek judicial enforcement of a duty or a right statement in lieu of record on appeal: a statement prepared by parties to an appeal indicating the question for appellate review, and providing a limited record necessary only to decide the questionstay: the postponement or halting of a proceeding, action, or the enforcement of an order or judgmentstipulation of settlement: a formal agreement between litigants and/or their attorneys resolving their disputesubpoena: a court document used to compel a witness to testify at the hearing or to produce recordssum certain: liquidated damages pursuant to contract, promissory note, law, etc.summary judgment: a determination in an action on the grounds that there is no genuine issue of factsummons: a plaintiff's written notice, in a specific form, delivered to the parties being sued, that they must answer the plaintiff's attached complaint within a specific timeTtestimony: an oral declaration made by a witness or party under oathtranscript: the written, word-for-word record of all legal proceedings, including testimony at trial, hearings or depositions. A copy of the transcript may be ordered from the court reporter and a fee must be paid for the transcript.trial: the formal examination of a legal controversy in court so as to determine the issuetrial de novo: a new trial (see: 22NYCRR 28.12)turnover proceeding: a hearing after a judgment has been issued, in which a creditor seeks to establish through evidence that the debtor (or a third party who is in possession of the debtor's property) is in possession of money or property that would satisfy, or partially satisfy, thejudgmentUunbundled legal services: a practice in which the lawyer and client agree that the lawyer will provide some, but not all, of the work involved in traditional full service representation. Simply put, the lawyers perform only the agreed upon tasks, rather than the whole “bundle,” and the clients perform the remaining tasks on their own.undertaking: deposit of a sum of money or filing of a bond in courtuse and occupancy: Payment by an occupant to the landlord for the right to use and occupy a premises. The occupant is not a tenant, or once may have been a tenant, but the landlord/tenant relationship has since been terminated.Vvacate: to cancel or invalidatevenue: the place within the court's jurisdiction where a lawsuit will be decided. For example, venue in a Civil Court action may be placed in Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx or Brooklyn.verdict: the determination of a jury on the factsverification: confirmation of the correctness, truth or authenticity of pleading, account or other paper by an affidavit or oathvoir dire: a questioning of prospective jurors by the attorneys, and, on application of any party, by the judge, to see if any of them should be disqualified or removed by challenge or examinationWwaste: permanent harm to real propertywitness: one who testifies to what he/she has seen, heard, or otherwise observedX, Y, ZFrom：New York City Civil Court (纽约市民事法庭）。
法律英语翻译的难点与突破
法律英语翻译的难点与突破在全球化的今天，法律英语翻译已经成为一项极其重要的工作。
法律文件的翻译需要遵守严格的规则和标准，因此需要翻译人员具备高超的语言能力和专业知识，以确保翻译的准确性和可靠性。
然而，法律英语翻译也面临着许多难点和挑战，本文将以此为切入点，探讨法律英语翻译的难点与突破。
一、语言的专业术语法律英语翻译的难点之一是语言的专业术语。
法律领域涉及的专业术语丰富而复杂，需要翻译人员精通各类法律术语，以确保翻译的准确性。
此外，由于法律语言的格式和用词极为正式和复杂，翻译人员还需要具备高超的写作能力，以确保翻译的专业性和流畅度。
为应对这一难点，翻译人员需要不断学习和更新自己的专业知识，了解最新的法律术语和惯用语，以提高翻译质量。
二、文化差异和法律制度的不同法律英语翻译的另一个难点是文化差异和法律制度的不同。
不同文化背景和法律体系的差异导致了许多翻译困难。
例如，在中国法律中，没有明确的“特权免责”概念，而在美国法律中则有着广泛运用。
此外，不同国家的法律体系结构和条文用语的不同也给翻译带来了挑战，翻译人员需要充分了解目标文化和法律体系，并根据具体情况进行适当调整和翻译。
三、语言的动态性和变化如今，随着社会和法律的发展，法律英语词汇也在不断地发展和更新。
由此带来的挑战就在于翻译人员需要及时跟进和补充新的词汇，并作出相应的翻译调整。
同时，法律文件的定期修改也要求翻译人员具备快速反应能力和高度的专业素养，以及快速适应和掌握新的翻译技术和工具。
因此，翻译人员需要保持对法律领域的关注和学习，了解并掌握最新的法律术语和变化趋势，以确保翻译的流畅和准确性。
四、翻译技术和工具的应用随着翻译技术和工具的不断升级，翻译人员在进行法律英语翻译时也可以借助这些工具和技术。
翻译人员可以使用计算机翻译或机器翻译软件，以提高翻译效率和准确性，并同时利用各类辅助翻译工具，如术语字典和术语库等，以提高翻译质量和效率。
然而，在利用技术和工具的同时，翻译人员也需要具备判断能力和分析能力，以确保翻译的准确性和可靠性。
法律英语中英汉互译的翻译理论与具体实践
法律英语中英汉互译的翻译理论与具体实践在全球化的背景下，法律交流日益频繁，法律英语的英汉互译显得尤为重要。
法律语言具有高度的专业性、准确性和规范性，因此在翻译过程中需要遵循特定的翻译理论，并结合具体实践中的技巧和策略，以确保翻译的质量和准确性。
一、法律英语翻译的特点法律英语作为一种特殊用途英语，具有独特的语言特点。
首先，词汇方面，法律英语包含大量的专业术语、古体词和外来词。
例如，“stare decisis”（遵循先例）、“alibi”（不在犯罪现场的申辩）等。
其次，句法上，法律英语多使用长句、复杂句，以及被动语态和名词化结构，以体现其严谨性和逻辑性。
此外，法律文本通常具有固定的格式和篇章结构，如法律条款的编号、标题和小标题等。
二、翻译理论在法律英语翻译中的应用1、功能对等理论功能对等理论强调翻译的目的是在目标语中再现源语的功能，使目标语读者能够获得与源语读者相似的感受和理解。
在法律英语翻译中，这意味着不仅要准确传达词汇和句子的表面意义，还要传递法律条文背后的法律意图和法律效力。
例如，在翻译“actus reus”（犯罪行为）时，不能简单地直译为“行为错误”，而要根据法律语境和功能，译为“犯罪行为”，以确保目标语读者能够准确理解其法律含义。
2、目的论目的论认为翻译是一种有目的的行为，翻译的目的决定了翻译的策略和方法。
在法律英语翻译中，翻译的目的通常是为了使目标语读者能够准确理解法律条文，遵循法律规定。
因此，译者可以根据具体的翻译目的，对源语文本进行适当的调整和改写。
比如，为了使译文更符合目标语的法律体系和法律文化，可以对一些法律概念进行解释和说明。
三、法律英语英汉互译的具体实践技巧1、专业术语的翻译准确翻译专业术语是法律英语翻译的关键。
对于常见的专业术语，可以通过查阅专业词典、法律文献和相关资料来确定其准确的译名。
对于一些新出现的或特定领域的术语，可以采用直译、意译、音译或加注的方法进行翻译。
例如，“intellectual property”直译为“知识产权”，“due diligence”意译为“尽职调查”，“patent”音译为“专利”，对于一些复杂的术语，如“mortgagebacked security”（抵押支持证券），可以在翻译后加注进行解释。
法律英语汉译英
法律英语汉译英（专业词汇部分）Unit One第一课美国联邦下的法律1.成文法statutory law★2.普通法common law3.判例法case law4.立法机构legislature5.法院court6.宪法Constitution7.立法权law-making power8.私法private law9.合同法contract law10.侵权法tort law11.商法business law12.公司法corporate governance law13.专利和版权patent and copyright14.合同/契约争议contractual disputes15.刑事案件criminal case16.民事案件civil case17.民事侵权诉讼civil tort actions18.家庭法family law19.法律选择choice of law20.多个司法管辖区multi-jurisdiction21.诉讼litigation/lawsui t/suit/action★22.实体权substantive right23.准据法/适用法applicable/governing/proper law★24.签订conclude25.证券欺诈案件 a case include claims of securities fraud26.履行perform27.履行地performance28.受理/处理案件to hear the case★29.原告plaintiff★30.被告defendant★31.与合同最密切联系most involved with the contract32.选择法庭choice of forum第二课双重法院体系1.司法的judicial2.初审法庭trial court3.终审法院court of last resort★4.上诉法院court of appeals5.上诉，申诉appeal…to6.证人witness7.证据evidence8.陪审团jury9.查明事实的人，事实发现者fact-finder10.上诉的，有权受理上诉的appellate11.遗嘱probate12.小额诉讼法院small claims court13.律师attorney14.程序procedure15.提出（申请）file★16.申请小额索赔file claims for small sums of money17.定罪conviction★18.仲裁人，公断人，裁决人arbiter19.最高法院the Supreme Court20.先例procedureUnit Two第一课抗辩制1.上诉人appellant2.被上诉人appellee3.诉由,案由cause of action★4.向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人to bring an action/lawsuit against sb.5.第三那人被告third-party defendant6.庭审程序trial procedure★7.英美法系国家的司法程序Anglo-American judicial procedure8.认定事实find the fact9.证据submission10.抗辩制adversary system11.提起诉讼begin suit12.界定争议shape the issues13.出示证据produce evidence14.争议当事人parties to the controversy15.纠问的inquisitorial16.庭前调查pre-trial investigation17.大陆法传统civil law tradition18.庭辩风格style of presentation and argument19.有利害关系的当事人interested parties第二课开启一个诉讼1.起诉sue2.诉讼当事人litigant3.司法救济，救济；减轻，缓解relief4.提供法律救助to furnish a relief5.纠正，补偿redress6.诉诸法院bring to court★7.和解settlement★8.仲裁arbitration9.自力救济self-help10.搁置纠纷let matters rest11.损害赔偿damages★12.实际履行specific performance13.对事管辖权jurisdiction over the subject matter14.对人管辖权jurisdiction over the parties15.管辖权jurisdiction16.违约之诉damages for breach of contract17.法庭forum18.最低限度联系minimum contacts19.实体公正substantial justice20.审判地venue21.规定（援引法条）provide/read第三课诉状和对抗诉状的动议1.诉状pleading2.起诉状complaint3.向法院提交诉讼状或答辩状/办理立案to file a pleading/lawsuit with the court4.陈述，阐明to set forth5.书记员clerk6.传票summons7.出具传票to issue a summons8.向某人送达传票、起诉书、法律文书to serve a summons, complaint, legal document on sb.9.通知notify10.同意出庭an entry of appearance11.指控，声称allegation12.成为争议问题put in issue13.积极抗辩affirmative defense14.反诉counterclaim15.(用辩解)减轻extenuate16.未到庭，未履行义务to be in default17.驳回dismiss18.传票送达service of process/service of summons19.法律上的充分性legal sufficiency20. 提出异议，反对challenge第四课调查取证1.庭前取证，调查pre-trial discovery2.录取证词，宣誓证明depose3.证词笔录,书证deposition4.宣誓under oath5.书面质询written interrogatories6.人身伤害案件personal injury case7.保持中立take no part8.意外因素surprise element9.争议controversy10.律师counsel11.庭前会议pretrial conference12.即决判决，简易判决summary judgment13.书证，书面陈述affidavit14.提出请求即决判决的动议make a motion for summary judgment15.（证据）允许提出的，可采纳的admissible16.扰乱对方harassment of an opponent17.要求对争议进行庭审的申请notice of trial/issue第五课庭审1.主张…..权利assert the right to2.将……列入陪审员名单impanel3.组成陪审团to impanel the jury4.绝对异议权peremptory challenge★5.候选陪审员prospective juror6.以明确的理由对陪审员候选人提出异议to challenge a prospective juror for cause7.发誓swear8.开案陈词make opening statements9.询问证人examine the witness10.出示文书produce the document11.证据，物证exhibit12.直接质证direct examination13.交叉质证cross examination14.不允许出示的证据inadmissible evidence15.举证完毕rest16.指令裁定（法官指令陪审团作出的裁定）directed verdict17.否决，驳回overrule18.（法官）对陪审团的指导jury instruction/jury charge/charge to the jury19.结案辩论final argument20.判决某人胜诉to enter a judgment for sb.21.判决某人败诉to enter a judgment against sb.22.举证责任burden of proof23.有分量的证据，占优势的证据preponderance of the evidence24.退庭retire25.（陪审团）未能达到足够多数人赞同的，未能做出决定的hung26.法官推翻陪审团才定的判决judgment notwithstanding the verdict(judgment n.o.v)27.达成裁定reach verdict第六课上诉和执行1.执行enforcement2.复审review3.中级法院intermediate court4.初审法院trial court5.下级法院lower court6.斟酌，自由裁量discretion7.由……斟酌决定，由…..自由裁量at the discretion of8.推翻原判，逆转reverse9.维持原判，确认，确信affirm10.认定事实determination in question11.上诉担保书appeal bond12.抄本，复本，文字记录transcript13.命令decree14.(不服下级法官判决)进行上诉to appeal from (a decision of a lower court)15.口头辩论oral argument16.判决（意见）书opinion17.败诉方losing party18.债权人creditor19.重新审理rehear20.执行令writ of execution21.行政司法长官，县治安官sheriff22.发回重审remand23.动产personal property24.判决债务人judgment debtor25.收益proceeds26.不动产real estate/real property27.未清偿判决债务由司法行政官主持的拍卖judicial sale28.留置权，扣留权lien29.对…..有司法留置权to have a judicial lien on30.留置，扣押（动词）garnish31.留置，扣押（名词）garnishment32.扣押（动词）attach33.扣押（名词）attachment。
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摘要：法律英语是现代英语、法语、拉丁语、古英语等多种语言的混合体，其用语具有专业性、正式性、客观性和准确性，有时甚至晦涩难懂。法律英语晦涩词语的产生既有其历史原因，也有其行业原因，翻译时可以运用后瞻式翻译、对等翻译、释义、零翻译和生造词语等翻译策略。
关键词：法律英语晦涩词语产生原因翻译策略
法律英语之所以晦涩难懂，是因为它所使用的语言不仅仅是英语本以及常用词的非常意义等来显示法律语言的神圣性、权威性和严密性。
(一)外来词汇
法律词汇中的外来词主要源于拉丁语和法语。
1、拉丁词汇
在历史上，英国的法律诉讼和法律文书最初使用的是拉丁语和英语。由于拉丁词语具有言简意赅、约定俗成、表达更为标准的特点，在法律言中处于权威性的地位。在西方法律文明中，法律格言往往是用拉丁文来表述的。这不仅是因为古罗马法学家最早强调“法律人的思维方式（Sententiae iuris）”，主张用简洁、精准的语言来陈述法律规则（Regulae definitiones），更因为拉丁文在西方历史上长期被视为“有教养者的语言”，曾经是欧洲人表述法律规则和法律命题的“通用语言”。英语国家的人，尤其是从事法律研究的人，把拉丁文视为高深学问的基础。因此，法律语言中的拉丁文比比皆是，如：actus reus（致罪行为），ad diem（在指定日期），infra annos nubiles（未到结婚年龄），naturalis possesio（自然占有），in personam(对人的、属人的)，in rem(对物的)，status quo(现状)等等。如今，有相当一部分拉丁法律词汇已经与英语法律词汇完全融合，光从词形上已经很难判断其词源，如：register，basis，declaration，state等。
几年前，一份英文报纸刊登了一篇题为“Mucho chores for macho men with Spain's new law”的文章。文章内容是：西班牙今后的法律规定，如果夫妻签订结婚协议，那么其中可以包括如何分摊家务。那么，这个标题该如何翻译呢？Mucho和macho两个词都源于西班牙语。Mucho=much或many，意为“很多”，“许多”；macho=masculine，意思是“男子的”，“男子气的”。根据文章内容，笔者认为可以译成“西班牙新法现已出台，男子汉将为家务所苦”。这里，mucho和macho是两个隐晦单词，作者通过运用韵音词的修辞手法把它们放在同一个标题里，分别修饰chore（家务）和men（男人，男子汉），使之达到了内容和谐、音韵和美的效果，同时也给译者带来不小的困难。
[中图分类号] G424 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1000-7326（2012）11-0077-04
一、引言
法律英语（Legal English），在英语国家中被称为Legal Language或Language of theＬaw，即法律语言，在英语中指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的部分用语。[1]从此概念可以看出，法律英语所使用的语言不仅是英语本身，还包括其它语种，如法语、拉丁文等。
二、法律英语“晦涩”词语的形成
法律英语词汇具有很多自己的行业特点，如专业性、正式性、客观性和准确性等。这些特点导致在很多情况下，法律英语显得不流畅，不易懂，甚至有“晦涩”之嫌。试比较A、B两个句子：
A．The merchandise contained in the consignment is of inferior quality to that anticipated by the purchaser.这次交付的货物在质量上要比买方预期的差。（法律英语）
2、法语词汇
公元1066年，法国诺曼人（Norman）从海上入侵英国本土征服英国。诺曼人文化水准较高，有大陆法系法统。当时的英国因先后受到丹麦人、盎格鲁人和撒克逊人等的统治，已经存在各种不同的风俗习惯及法律制度，法律规定分歧很大，标准也不尽相同。所以诺曼人无法完全使用自己的法律规定，必须参酌英国当地各地方现有的法律制度。于是，英皇就指派自己任命的法官到各个领主区域的小法院审理诉讼案件，依据当地的习惯并参酌诺曼人的法律观念作判断，将判决的内容用文字记载成判决书，并以判决的内容作为日后新案件判断的标准，从而使英国第一次实现了法律的统一。然而，由于法国人在语言上实行隔离政策，虽然大多数普通民众说的仍然是英语，但是法语成了英格兰的官方语言[3]，同时也被视为西欧上层社会的语言。此时，英国已经全盘接受了法语法律词汇，并逐渐被借用到英语中、并且保留至今。例如larceny(盗窃罪)，estoppel(禁止翻供)，plaintiff（原告），estoppel（禁止反言）等等，有的在发音和拼写上已经完全英语化。
B. The standard of the goods contained in the delivery is worse than the buyer expected.这次交付的货物在质量上要比买方预期的差。（商务英语）
A句总共有16个单词，其中8个源于古英语（the，the，is，of，to，that，by，the），6个源于拉丁语（contained，in，consignment，inferior，quality，anticipated），2个源于古法语（merchandise和purchaser）；B句共有15个单词，10个来源于古英语（the，of，the，goods，the，is，worse，than，the，buyer），3个来源于拉丁语（contained，in，expected），2个源于古法语（standard，delivery）。相比之下，A句比B更难理解，也更符合法律英语特征。由此可见，拉丁语和法语与英语的法律和专用术语联系密切，而古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语与今天的口头英语更相关[2]。