2016年中国科学院大学上海生命科学研究院健康所博士入学考试试题
中国科学院上海生命科学研究院
（四）已考取上海生科院研究生但尚未正式入学的应届毕业生， 若经研究组同意提前进入研究组学习，应办理意外伤害保险。研究组 提供相关的安全保障并做好日常管理，可给予必要的工作餐和交通补 贴。如发生事故，由研究组协商解决，由此产生的费用由研究组承担。
临时用工人员聘用期限一般不超过一年，且不超过用人部门负责 人聘（任）期。协议期满如用人部门工作需要，可以续签。
七、待遇 （一）用人部门严格按照《中国科学院上海生命科学研究院临时 用工人员薪酬标准》（附件 2）执行。 （二）临时用工人员的薪酬及相关税费由用人部门承担。
（三）临时用工人员的薪酬按月（每月 20 日）发放，研究所（中 心）人事主管负责在每月 10 日前将《中国科学院上海生命科学研究院 临时用工人员薪酬发放表》报上海生科院人事教育处审核。
二、范围
研究所（中心）、机关职能部门雇用的临时工作人员包括： （一）劳务人员：已办理退休手续的退休返聘人员、协保人员。 （二）合作研究人员：与研究组建立科研合作关系，且因合作研 究工作需要聘用的其他单位人员。 （三）在校实习生：普通高等院校或研究院所的在读全日制学生。 （四）其他：组织借调、组织派遣挂职锻炼、西部之光访问学者 等其他人员。 三、条件 研究所（中心）、机关职能部门聘用的临时工作人员应满足以下基 本条件： （一）身体健康。 （二）能胜任岗位要求。 （三）除研究单元返聘的研究员（研究组长）年龄不超过 70 周岁 外，其他临时工作人员不得超过 65 周岁。 （四）特殊岗位人员应持证上岗。 四、程序 聘用临时用工人员实行统一政策、分层审批、审核备案、协议管 理。 （一）研究所（中心）：用人部门（含研究组，下同）向研究所（中 心）提出书面申请，人事主管审核，研究所（中心）人事分管领导审 批。 涉及科研项目经费使用的，应经研究所（中心）科研管理部门会 签。 （二）院机关职能部门：用人部门提出书面申请，人事教育处负
中科院 生物所普通生态学考博真题06-16
考试科目：普通生态学考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————一、名词解释1.Gaia假说2.阿伦规律3.边缘效应4.长日照植物5.初级生产6.次生裸地7.单体生物8.顶极群落9.复合种群10.领域二、简答题：1.比较谢氏耐受性定律和利氏最小因子定律，分析二者有何不同？2.海洋鱼类水分平衡的主要问题是什么？它们是如何解决的？3.简述标志重捕法的使用4.简述生态因子作用的特点。
三、论述题1.关于种群调节的理论有哪些主要学派和学说？2.什么是中度干扰假说？有何实践意义？考试科目：普通生态学考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————一、名词解释1.贝格曼规律2.赤潮3.垂直地带性4.构件生物5.建立者效应6.动态生命表7.林德曼效率8.气候顶极群落9.生活史对策10.生物多样性二、简答题：1、简述植物群落调查时常用的主要数量指标2、陆地上的动物如何适应干旱的环境？3、能量是怎样进入到生态系统中的？在生态系统中是如何流动的？4、从裸岩开始的群落演替会经历那些阶段？三、论述题1、影响生态系统初级净生产量的因素有哪些？各有何影响？初级生产量有哪些主要测定方法？2、请论述捕食在生态系统中的意义。
考试科目：普通生态学考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————一、名词解释1.适应组合2.生物量3.生物圈4.食物网5.纬度地带性6.限制因子7.协同进化8.演替系列9.原生裸地10.优势种二、简答题：1.从年龄结构表可以分析出哪些信息？2.简答物种多样性在空间上的变化规律。
3.植物适应寒冷的环境有哪些形态和生理的反应？4.引起种群波动的原因主要有那些？三、论述题1.一个地区的物种多样性受哪些因素的影响？给出一些防止物种多样性减少的建议。
2016年国科大英语博士研究生考试试题
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the worlda pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic changein as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the questionor completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base.A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base. As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turnprovide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis” would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling,directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them.If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful. Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Courtrecognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequentlyand mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors.I become one with the atmosphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour. It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning thesepages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow” refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed” (in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing” in reading?A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number。
2015中科院生命科学学院考博参考书、真题、报录比、复试分数线、考博大纲、资料笔记、研究生招生专业目录
检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。 考试类型、考试内容及考试结构
本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占 10%）、完形填空（占 15%）、阅读理解（占 40%）、 英译汉（占 15%），写作（占 20%）。试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前 三个部分，共 75 题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个 部分。
05 生物分析
丁永胜
①1001 英语一②2464 分子生 物学③3477 细胞生物学
06 哺乳动物的遗传与发育 袁莉
同上
07 环境与健康 糖尿病
丁文军
①1001 英语一②2181 分子生 为中丹
物学（A）③3250 细胞生物学 学院代
（A）
招,挂
靠生命
科学学
院招生
071300 生态学
01 草地生态学、生物地球 王艳芬
一、词汇 主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。词和
词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。共 20 题。每题为一个留有空白的英 文句子。要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、完形填空 主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。考生
①1001 英语一②2543 生态学
专注中国名校保（考）研考博辅导权威
化学 02 土壤生态学、生理生态
崔骁勇 学
③3558 微生物学
①1001 英语一②2543 生态学 ③3531 土壤学
六、中国科学院大学英语考博大纲
考试对象 报考中国科学院大学各单位（具体指中国科学院所属各研究院、所、中心、园、台、
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题及答案(样题)
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATES PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the stateme nt, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university pr ofessors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in suppo rt of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individu al. A. end B. hand C. core D. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a plea santer place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. CriticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9.Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10.While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A.discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A.find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13.In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A.intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A.count B .insist C.fall D. dwell15.When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator. A. hearts B. tempers C. heads D. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A.at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17.In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A.equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18.He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A.honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19.The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20.She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end. A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points) Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources. It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21.A. one B. it C. this D. there22.A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. Executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24.A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25.A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26.A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27.A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28.A. in B. with C. as D. to29.A. least B. late C. latest D. last30.A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31.A. on B. up C. down D. out32.A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33.A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34.A. line B. move C. drive D. track35.A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective. The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base. As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36.The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A.finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37.The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory”apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38.The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39.A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit”of a time period because ____________.A.the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40.Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A.One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos. A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area. (Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.) Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not beclogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42.A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A.locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A.the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44.The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A.assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45.According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A.Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better. A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46.According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A.tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47.In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A.He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48.According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A.make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A.scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50.The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A.old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her. The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated andrepresented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parent al privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunctio n against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes whe n there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state i ntervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.”More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ con duct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate chil d abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of __ __________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _______ ______.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the system Passage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-var ying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a se parate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word ) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economist s, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than m ight be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or th e lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably huma n and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle o r Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. Th e elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. Wit h the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion whi ch has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and cre dible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cel lars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain wi th the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenu es to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicari ously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because __________ _.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to f eel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not pr evail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate a n energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atm osphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throu ghout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, an d mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it thi s way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of t hemselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Mo reover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, howev er; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathi ng. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems lar ger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers p er hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing w ell?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even d ay-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow” refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed” (in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing” in reading? A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number65. The activity which can successfully bring about “flow” is most probably ____________.A. grippingB. difficultC. boringD. easySection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence fr om the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one senten ce that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer She et.Passage 1。
名校博士生入学考试生物化学试题汇总
名校博士生入学考试生物化学试题汇总2004年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、名词解释1、端粒酶2、嘌呤核苷酸循环3、断裂基因4、模序5、抑癌基因6、RT-PCR7、密码子摆动性8、核心酶9、解偶联机制10、顺式作用元件二、简答题1、血红蛋白氧离曲线为何呈S形？2、DNA双螺旋结构的特点？3、酶促反应的机制4、维生素B12为何能导致巨幼红细胞性贫血？5、IP3、DAG是什么？其在信号传导中的作用是什么？三、问答题1、试述蛋白质一级结构和空间结构与蛋白质功能的关系。
2、试述人类基因组计划的内容、意义，以及后基因组计划的研究方向。
3、以操纵子理论说明：细菌如何利用乳糖作为碳源？当葡萄糖与乳糖共存时，如何调节？4、1分子葡萄糖子体内完全氧化生成38个ATP：（1）各个途径以及其中的能量生成？（2）NADH进入线粒体的途径？（3）NADH的呼吸链组成？5、试述血浆脂蛋白分类及作用，载脂蛋白的含义，作用。
LDL升高、HDL降低为何导致动脉粥样硬化？2003年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、选择题1、限制性内切酶识别的序列是A、粘性末端B、回文结构C、TATAATD、聚腺苷酸E、AATAA2、由氨基酸生成糖的过程称为A、糖酵解B、糖原分解作用C、糖异生作用D、糖原合成作用3、四氢叶酸不是下列哪种基团或化合物的载体？A、-CHOB、CO2C、-CH=D、-CH3E、-CH=NH ;4、细胞色素aa3的重要特点是A、可使电子直接传递给氧分子的细胞色素氧化酶B、以铁卟啉为辅基的递氢体C、是递电子的不需氧脱氢酶D、是分子中含铜的递氢体E、含有核黄素5、转氨酶的辅酶含有哪种维生素？A、Vit B1B、Vit B2C、Vit PPD、Vit B6E、Vit B126、下列哪种成分的含量高，则双螺旋DNA的溶解温度也增高？A、G+GB、C+TC、A+TD、A+GE、A+C7、胆红素在肝脏中的转变主要是A、转变成胆绿素B、受加单氧化酶体系氧化C、与葡萄糖醛酸结合D、与清蛋白结合E、直接排除8、密度最低的血浆脂蛋白是A、VLDLB、C、MDLD、HDLE、CM9、操纵子的基因表达调控系统属于A、复制水平调节B、转录水平调节C、翻译水平调节D、逆转录水平调节E、翻译后水平调节10、关于DNA复制，下列哪项叙述是错误的？A、原料是4种dNTPB、链的合成方向是C、以DNA链为模板D、复制的DNA与亲代的DNA完全相同E、复制的DNA需要剪切加工二、名词解释1、酮体2、基因3、肽链4、锌指5、核酶6、糖异生7、胆色素8、复制叉9、Km 10、一碳单位三、简答题1、什么是反式作用因子？2、简述脂蛋白的种类。
博士考试入学试题及答案
博士考试入学试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士生入学考试的目的？A. 选拔具有学术潜力的候选人B. 评估候选人的研究能力C. 确定候选人的学术背景D. 评估候选人的社交能力答案：D2. 博士生入学考试通常包括哪些部分？A. 笔试和面试B. 只有笔试C. 只有面试D. 笔试、面试和实验操作答案：A3. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪项是最重要的？A. 考试成绩B. 推荐信C. 个人陈述D. 研究计划答案：D4. 博士生入学考试的笔试部分通常包括哪些内容？A. 专业知识测试B. 英语水平测试C. 数学能力测试D. 所有以上选项答案：D5. 博士生入学考试的面试部分主要考察什么？A. 候选人的学术背景B. 候选人的研究兴趣和目标C. 候选人的沟通技巧D. 所有以上选项答案：D6. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪项不是推荐信的作用？A. 证明候选人的学术能力B. 证明候选人的个人品质C. 证明候选人的社交能力D. 证明候选人的研究潜力答案：C7. 博士生入学考试的个人陈述应该包含哪些内容？A. 学术背景和研究兴趣B. 职业目标和动机C. 个人品质和成就D. 所有以上选项答案：D8. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪项不是研究计划的作用？A. 展示候选人的研究能力B. 展示候选人的创新思维C. 展示候选人的写作技巧D. 展示候选人的社交技巧答案：D9. 博士生入学考试的英语水平测试通常包括哪些部分？A. 听力和阅读B. 写作和口语C. 听力、阅读、写作和口语D. 听力、阅读和写作答案：C10. 博士生入学考试的数学能力测试通常包括哪些部分？A. 代数和几何B. 微积分和概率论C. 线性代数和微分方程D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、多选题（每题3分，共30分）11. 博士生入学考试的笔试部分可能包括哪些类型的题目？A. 选择题B. 简答题C. 论述题D. 计算题答案：ABCD12. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响候选人的录取结果？A. 考试成绩B. 推荐信C. 个人陈述D. 研究计划答案：ABCD13. 博士生入学考试的面试部分可能包括哪些内容？A. 学术背景的讨论B. 研究兴趣和目标的讨论C. 个人品质和成就的讨论D. 沟通技巧的评估答案：ABCD14. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响推荐信的效果？A. 推荐人的学术地位B. 推荐人与候选人的关系C. 推荐信的内容和质量D. 推荐信的数量答案：ABC15. 博士生入学考试的个人陈述中，以下哪些内容是必要的？A. 学术背景的介绍B. 研究兴趣和目标的说明C. 职业目标和动机的阐述D. 个人品质和成就的描述16. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响研究计划的质量？A. 研究问题的创新性B. 研究方法的合理性C. 研究结果的预期D. 写作技巧和组织结构答案：ABCD17. 博士生入学考试的英语水平测试中，以下哪些部分是重要的？A. 听力理解能力B. 阅读理解能力C. 写作表达能力D. 口语交流能力18. 博士生入学考试的数学能力测试中，以下哪些部分是重要的？A. 代数运算能力B. 几何推理能力C. 微积分计算能力D. 概率论应用能力答案：ABCD19. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响候选人的总体表现？A. 考试准备的充分性B. 考试当天的心理状态C. 考试技巧和策略D. 考试环境和条件20. 博士生入学考试的笔试部分可能包括哪些学科领域的题目？A. 自然科学B. 社会科学C. 人文学科D. 工程技术答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）21. 描述博士生入学考试的一般流程。
中国科学院上海生命科学研究院
中国科学院上海生命科学研究院（简称上海生科院）成立于1999年7月3日，是由中国科学院原上海生物化学研究所、上海细胞生物学研究所、上海生理研究所、上海脑研究所、上海药物研究所、上海植物生理研究所、上海昆虫研究所和上海生物工程研究中心等8个生命科学研究机构经过结构调整、体制创新而组建成的。
现有8个研究所和3个支撑单元，分别是生物化学与细胞生物学研究所、神经科学研究所、药物研究所、植物生理生态研究所、健康科学研究所、营养科学研究所、上海巴斯德研究所和中科院－马普计算生物学伙伴研究所，以及上海生命科学信息中心、上海中科伍佰豪生物工程研究发展有限公司、上海实验动物中心。
上海生科院的重点研究领域主要有：功能基因组、蛋白质组和生物信息学，生物大分子的结构、相互作用及功能，细胞活动的分子网络调控，脑发育与脑功能的分子与细胞机制研究，防治重要疾病的新药研究开发、中药现代化研究以及药物研究的理论和方法，植物分子生理和植物与环境的相互作用，生物技术的创新和应用，生物医学转化型研究，现代营养科学研究，病毒学与免疫学研究，计算生物学研究，以及生命科学与其他学科的交叉研究。
上海生科院根据国家重大战略需求和世界科技发展前沿，围绕建设以人口健康与医药为主线的生命科学创新基地的战略目标，将科技创新活动聚焦于生命现象本质的前沿探索和基础研究，人口健康重大问题的转化型研究，生物资源、农业和环境的关键问题等三大方向，努力在蛋白质科学和表观遗传调控研究、信号转导和细胞活动分子网络研究、脑与认知、神经系统疾病、创新药物、干细胞、肿瘤、糖尿病机理、营养与代谢、传染性疾病、生物质能源、转基因作物等研究中作出重大原始创新的工作。
上海生科院是在建的蛋白质科学研究南方设施项目法人单位。
蛋白质科学研究南方设施的建立将提升我国生物技术高科技公司的核心竞争力，为我国打造出一个具有重大国际影响的国家级综合性生命科学研究中心，使蛋白质科学成为创新型国家的重要标志；并带动生命科学的整体发展和医药、农业、工业、环境等方面的生物技术进入国际先进行列。
中科院生物物理所2011-2016年生物化学考博真题
目录2011生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (2)2012生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (3)2013生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (4)2014生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (5)2015生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (6)2016生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (7)简答题：10分/题1.生物膜的基本成分，每种成分又分为哪几类？2.信号肽的含义，作用？以及整么起作用的？3.体外蛋白质的相互作用方法有哪些，举出3例说明其原理？4.现代结构生物学中三种最重要的研究方法是什么？个有什么优缺点？5.一个嗜热菌中的一个蛋白的最适温度为65度，等电点5作用，ph小于5时易沉淀，分子量为30kd，有histag，已在大肠杆菌里过表达，设计实验得到纯度高且单分散的蛋白质。
6.染色质的基本成分是什么，核小体怎样组装成染色体的？论述题1.给出一段204bp的目的片段，标出了所有的酶切位点，另有一个图为pet15b的多克隆位点图，以及酶切位点，让你把这段基因克隆到pet15b载体，并到有表达的设计和详细过程（引物设计，PCR，酶切，链接，转化，诱导表达等等过程）（20分）2.2、给出一个3肽，让你标出其中的肽键，肽平面，二面角？a螺旋和b折叠的结构特点？给出一个拉氏构象图，让你标出a螺旋和b折叠的分布位置？（20分）简答题1.四种蛋白质相互作用的方法及原理2.RNA编辑及其生物学意义3.蛋白纯化方法和原理4.表观遗传学及其生物学意义5.双链DNA断裂的修复方式6.蛋白质的共价修饰及功能论述题1.重组蛋白表达系统及其优缺点（真核及原核）2.转录因子与启动子结合区域的判定简答题1.指出下列氨基酸中哪些是疏水氨基酸，哪些是极性碱性氨基酸、哪些是必须氨基酸、哪些是可磷酸化的氨基酸？2.染色质的结构单位是什么？它是如何组装成染色质的？3.原核表达系统和真核表达系统的优缺点是什么？4.简述GPCR（G蛋白偶联受体）的结构和研究意义？5.什么是简并密码子、错义突变、无义突变？6.蛋白质前体的加工修饰的方式有哪些？论述题1.给出两个蛋白A和蛋白B的基因序列，（1）将蛋白A基因的一段序列去除的方法。
(精品)中科院06-16博士英语十年真题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成试卷一：小计110分钟65分Ⅰ 词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ 完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ 阅读80分钟40分试卷二：小计70分钟35分Ⅰ 英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ 写作40分钟20分2006年3月PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in lineB. in tradeC. at timesD. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse into unconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expensesB. revenuesC. budgetsD. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountableB. submittedC. subjectedD. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries_______more than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victimPART Ⅰ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it’s just that his desire to excel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 , but for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had not 25 out as well as they have, I would have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior. “But spending the extra time studying has been well worth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain27 .”28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he can remember. “I’ve always been goal 29 ,” he says. “This internal drive has caused me to give my all 30 pretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for his next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of Health (NIH).“I am hoping that my I.S. experience will help me 33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program gives students a chance to work with some of the nation’s 34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate to graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneShe’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years old—entering any meat-market bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beauty. “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New Mexico State University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changes wrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyper-female”. The eyes grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“feminized”versions of averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attempting to apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human beauty may not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it may be health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawless skin may fascinate moviegoers because, at some deep level, it persuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—the allure of hyper-females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We won’t conquer “looks-ism” until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The idea that beauty is unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twentiesB. Johnston’s ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beautyD. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of 16 .A. beautiful European womenB. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white womenD. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculineB. averageC. feminineD. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally differentB. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependentD. a world agreed value41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractiveB. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty isD. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIt’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise, “Lobsters. Blueberries. Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between taking the drugs or doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Pingree, former Maine state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies of drugs.” Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack insurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court. It hasn’t yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on health benefits that are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sanford C.Bernstein, an investment research firm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.It’s little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and politicians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago when state legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus trips.42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesaleB. over the counterC. less expensiveD. tax-free43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. billB. drug companyC. customs officeD. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A.have more leisure timeB.fill more prescriptionsC.mostly enjoy long tripsD.are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful groupC. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIt’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse that makes an old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported by a growing body of controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings predicted whether they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures have little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselves from thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peakB. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partnerC. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationshipD. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.A. boast of their own successB. hesitate in romantic relationshipsC. worry about their futureD. focus on their past52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.C. Help them figure out what has happened.D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.A. pouring out their feelings about itB. distracting their attention from itC. discussing it with specialistsD. recalling the specificsPassage FourPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying. Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.A. looking foolishB. failing in wordsC. not attracting attentionD. appearing pressurized55.According to the passage shy people_____A. have greater difficulty than extrovert onesB. are not good at actingC. may well do a good job in a speechD. are better speakers in the public eye56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.A. can act naturallyB. makes careful preparationsC. rehearses adequatelyD. can get across easily57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.A. showing modesty in publicB. talking about one’s own tradeC. presenting the topic logicallyD. communicating with the audience58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.A. being yourself in the performanceB. trying to look seriousC. pretending to be well-preparedD. being seemingly knowledgeable59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking is something_____.A. hard to do wellB. scary but manageableC. tough but rewardingD. worthwhile to challengePassage FiveAfrican American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural and socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmeticmodification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautification of the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on a daily basis.“During the sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was easier to care for, but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”By rejecting the white standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember battling with the idea of going natural for several years. I never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now my hair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves to wear their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people are“inferior”and white people are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to look“pretty”by white standards.Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of the African American community.60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.A. have been trying hard to be socially acceptedB. have been changing their value about beautyC. have maintained their identity of traditional AfricansD. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. dislikeB. betrayalC. approvalD. suspicion63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards themB. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hairC. they feel good and comfortable in being differentD. they accepted the white standards of beauty64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.A. their cultural identityB. their aesthetic tasteC. their social recognitionD. their challenge against the societySection B (20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneFrancois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than by the nature of the questions it puts forward.” 66 .Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was during the same time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the People’s Republic of China and the Arab League are seldom mentioned.69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insufficient, but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and Romans represented by The Iliad, The Odyssey and The Aeneid, the questions concerning life and death, love and hatred, benevolence and malevolence and individual and society are raised. People can always draw inspirations from Achilles’s different attitudes towards death in the Iliad and the Odyssey and Aeneas’s choice from love and glory. 70 .The importance of an era or civilization can never be diminished because of its lack of knowledge. The essence of an age or culture should be the exploration in the spiritual world and the thoughtful questions posed.A. The Arabian culture thrived when the Arabians learnt the application of arithmetic and created Arabic numbers.B. These remain the questions people face, contemplate and discuss till today.C. In general, cultures are developed during the time of knowledge acquirement.D. This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about, rather than the things that are already known.E. This is probably a universal truth for all countries and nations that boast impressive histories.F. Compared with knowledge, the questions put forward are more significant in an age or culture.Passage TwoOver the past two decades, the lives of American women have undergone unparalleled change. The Virginia Slims Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in national surveys conducted six times since 1970. 71 .One of the most striking findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the degree of consensus—rather than conflict—in women’s and men’s attitudes about the changing roles of women. In many respects, the two sexes agree. Men express strong and consistent support for women’s improved status in society. 72 And they agree that the most tangible way in which they could help women balance jobs and family is to take on more household work.But men are also a major cause of resentment and stress for American women. 73 Now, a generation of sweeping change later, women’s expectations have outpaced the change in men’s behavior. Token help with the dishes or the children no longer inspires women’s gratitude. 74 .Increasingly, the kitchen table has become that bargaining table. 75 Next to money, “how much my mate helps around the house”is the single biggest cause of resentment among women who are married or living as if married, with 52 percent citing this as a problem. Improvement in this area is one of the top things women。
博士研究生生物化学入学试题
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生生物化学入学试题1996年1.请依照功能对蛋白质分类，并举例说明。
〔10分〕2.DNA的变性与蛋白质变性有何不同，理由是什么？〔10分〕〔10 3.列出你所明白的具有DNA外切酶活性的酶及它们在分子生物学研究中的应用。
分〕4.举例说明蛋白质天然构象的信息存在于氨基酸顺序中。
〔12分〕5.以图示说明：〔22分〕a.真核生物基因表达的调剂，指出哪些在细胞核中进展，哪些在胞质中进展。
b.哺乳动物的ATP循环，请说明为何说ATP是“自然界的货币〞。
6. 如何运用DNA序列分析方式确信DNA序列中与蛋白质结合的区域？〔12分〕7. 生物膜的不对称的拓扑构造是由什么维持的？它对生物膜的哪些功能是必需的？〔12分〕8. C3植物和C4植物有何不同？有人提出用基因工程手腕将C3植物改造成C4植物，你感觉是不是可行？为何？〔12分〕1997年一、名词说明：〔40分〕1、蛋白质的去折叠与再折叠 5、RNA－酶2、差向异构体 6、抗体酶3、冈崎片段 7、Z－DNA4、信号肽 8、酮体二、何谓同工酶？试述同工酶分析的原理及应用。
〔12分〕三、简述生物膜流体镶嵌模型的要点。
什么是膜脂的多形性，非双脂层构造的生理意义是什么。
〔12分〕四、什么是反义RNA？举例说明它的理论和实践意义。
〔12分〕五、列举四种不同类型的PCR技术的原理及应用。
〔12分〕六、阻碍DNA变性和复性的条件是什么？如何依照DNA复性和反映动力学别离基因组中重复频率不同的序列？〔12分〕1998年一、名词说明：〔40分〕1.糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖2.多酶体系3.共价催化4.A、B和ZDNA5.糖异生6.非蛋白质性氨基酸7.蛋白质的四级构造8.离子泵9.逆转录转座子〔retrotransposon〕10.亲和层析二、哪一种类型的蛋白质适用于系统学研究？为何？比拟在系统学研究中的依据蛋白质分析的技术和依据DNA分析的技术。
中国科学院动物研究所博士入学考试试题
中国科学院动物研究所博士入学考试试题高级生物化学1996年1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的特征，这些差别特征有哪些方面？并举例说明。
2 试述三种粘多糖的名称，在动物体内的主要分布，主要构成单糖及其它糖类。
3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系。
4 J. D. Watson因其证明DNA的双螺旋结构，曾与Crick共获诺贝尔奖。
这位科学泰头在他后来一体名著中解释DNA形状时写过这样一段话："Does DNAchain fold up into aregular conf igulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, theconfigulation would most likely be a helical one in which all thesugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments"。
你认为他在这里用configulation一词描述DNA的三维结构确切吗？为什么？（此段英原文不必译出，但须回答为什么，否则无分）中国科学院动物研究所博士入学考试试题高级生物化学1998年一、填充题1 DNA具有的两个重要功能是，核糖体的功能是2 逆转录酶是一种多功能酶，它兼有指导的DNA聚合酶，指导的DNA聚合酶。
3 能够用来将外源的DNA片段转移到活细胞内部的、或统称为克隆载体。
4 绝大多数真核生物信使RNA3'端有。
5 证明DNA是遗传信息携带者的科学家是。
6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水解，碱水解引起、、和的破坏。
7 蛋白质的三维构象也称或。
8 生物膜主要是由和两大类物质组成，生物膜的基因结构形式是。
膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过、和等方式进行。
9 1997年诺贝尔化学奖授予，主要是基于他们阐明了反应机制、分子结构及酶的作用机制。
育明考研：中国科学院大学生物学考博信息-考博真题-中科院少干计划考研真题
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2013年育明教育状元集训营喜报
2013年，一对一学员考研通过率高达95%以上。
2013年，38人夏季集训营20人考上北大，人大，清华，复旦四所名校。
2013年，36天隋Jia lun三跨学生考上北京师范大学。
2013年，育明教育包揽北大金融、行管、新闻、城规等11个专业状元，包揽人大经济学、管理学、法学状元，包揽中财会计、金融状元，包揽贸大金融学、会计学、翻译硕士状元，包揽北外法语、翻硕、高翻、汉教状元。
中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所(中国科学院-马普
中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所（中国科学院-马普中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所(中国科学院-马普学会计算生物学伙伴研究所)动物实验方案申请书中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所(实验动物管理委员会批准不超过两年期的《动物实验方案申请书》)动物实验方案名称:动物实验方案编号(由实验动物管理委员会填写): ?动物实验方案研究期限: ?动物实验方案首次提交日期:动物实验方案更新日期(方案到期前90个工作日内):以下内容由实验动物管理委员会填写实验动物管理委员会审查意见:实验动物管理委员会决定:实验动物管理委员?实验动物管理委员会(签章):_________________ 日期:________________ 中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所(中国科学院-马普学会计算生物学伙伴研究所)动物实验方案名称:研究组长:批准的研究期限:重要提醒: 打印预览模式可能无法显示所有的文档批注及其他修改，请确认所有审核过程中的批注及建议都已被处理后再进行提交。
?如实验动物管理委员会在审批过程中发现，该实验中有涉及生物安全及伦理审查方面的内容，则由实验动物管理委员会各成员在充分讨论后填写本页内容送生物安全与伦理委员会进行审批。
实验方案中涉及到生物安全及伦理审查方面的内容是:该内容可能带来的潜在的生物安全风险及伦理考虑点主要是:如该问题未能得到有效的管理监督及控制，可能的严重后果是:基于以上原因，可采取的应对方式包括有:2中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所(中国科学院-马普学会计算生物学伙伴研究所)动物实验方案名称:研究组长:批准的研究期限:重要提醒: 打印预览模式可能无法显示所有的文档批注及其他修改，请确认所有审核过程中的批注及建议都已被处理后再进行提交。
*** 动物实验方案参与人员 *** 研究组长?姓名: 单位:办公电话: 移动电话:电子邮件: 传真:学位: 职位:请在下列方框内填写是或否:[ ] 是否有参加过实验动物及动物实验的相关培训, [ ] 是否有从事动物实验或动物模型的工作经历、经验, [ ] 是否有参加过实验动物导致的意外伤害及生物安全培训,请简要描述本人与该实验方案中所用的实验动物及动物模型有关的工作经验或培训经历:系人? 紧急联姓名: 单位:办公电话: 移动电话:电子邮件: 传真:学位: 职位:请在下列方框内填写是或否:[ ] 是否有参加过实验动物及动物实验的相关培训, [ ] 是否有从事动物实验或动物模型的工作经历、经验, [ ] 是否有参加过实验动物导致的意外伤害及生物安全培训,请简要描述本人与该实验方案中所用的实验动物及动物模型有关的工作经验或培训经历:其他人员(如涉及多于一人参与本实验方案,请按需要拷贝并增加本页,至完成所有实验人员信息的填写)姓名: 单位:办公电话: 移动电话:电子邮件: 传真:学位: 职位:请在下列方框内填写是或否:[ ] 是否有参加过实验动物及动物实验的相关培训, [ ] 是否有从事动物实验或动物模型的工作经历、经验, [ ] 是否有参加过实验动物导致的意外伤害及生物安全培训,请简要描述本人与该实验方案中所用的实验动物及动物模型有关的工作经验或培训经历:3中国科学院上海生命科学研究院计算生物学研究所(中国科学院-马普学会计算生物学伙伴研究所)动物实验方案名称:研究组长:批准的研究期限:重要提醒: 打印预览模式可能无法显示所有的文档批注及其他修改，请确认所有审核过程中的批注及建议都已被处理后再进行提交。
中科院博士英语考试入学试题
中科院博士英语考试入学试题中科院博士英语考试入学试题PAPER ONEPAPER ONEPART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each) 1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually thannow seems desirable.A: reluctantlyB: unwittinglyC. impulsivelyD: anxiously2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and childrenfled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War. A. WayB. viewC. visionD. pursuit3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis inIraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”A. InstantB: InverseC. InsolubleD. Intact4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who hadeased their suffering.A. confideB. ponderC. wellD: reflect5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.A: urgeB. forceC. spurD. rush.6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering thephysical and chemical world.A. concernB. magnitudeC. volumeD. carelessness7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______called "hot" and later "swing."A. shortlyB. initiallyC. actuallyD. literally8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth ofone's one?s experienceA. tempo withB. time withC. place ofD. proportion to9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at thereprocessing plant, though, he wouldnever allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment.A. interruptB. botherC. interfereD. intervene10. His ______ with computers began six months ago. A. imaginationB. invocationC. observationD. obsession11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them. A. vulnerableB. allergicC. inclinedD. hostile12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works havebecome______ and are no longer used in the present days. A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep a law______away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself. A. mannerB. positionC. profileD. station14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______ success.A. provisionalB. sensationalC. sentimentalD. potential15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with______ ideas to promotethe corporation's marketing strategies.A. integralB. instinctiveC. intangibleD. ingeniousl6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.A. in paceB. out of focusC. in stepD. out of tune17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.A. taunts forB. asks forC. consists ofD. approves ofl8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage. A. inB. againstC. raftD. of19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______. A. to and froB. upside and downC. inside and outD. now and then20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucian atmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society.Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting inan______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.21. A. for B. than C. as D. that22. A. if B. when C. because D. though23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase24. A. what B. where C. how D. why25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. reclining30. A. fortunately B. frankly C. accordingly D. apparently31. A. in B. on C. to D. at32. A. responsible B. incorrect C. immoral D. imperfect33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct34. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. instances35. A. culture B. confidence C. morality D. modestyPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way inwhich health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S.budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whetherthe minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing thecountry. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.A. occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB. a great deal of personal attentionC. low charge by doctors and hospitalsD. stacking nurses and bad services37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______. A. they fear to be sued by the patientsB. they care much about Their reputationC. they compete for getting more patentsD. they wish to join the private medical system38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?A. It must be in total chaosB. It must be a free competition systemC. It should cover the unemployedD. It should involve private care.39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.A. millions of jobless people get support.B. those with steady income do not seek help.C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.D. those with private health care are excluded.40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US? A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the billsB. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitalsC. the lack of government control over the medical pricesD. The merger of private health care with the public system.41. It is implied that American doctors often______.A. trade their professionalism for financial benefitsB. fails to recognize the paying power of the patientsC. discuss about how to make money during the surgeryD. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.Passage twoAlmost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental orcivil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under thecivil rights umbrella. Itshould not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968,seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid andwhose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered inWashington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor andworking-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition toinclude where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmentaljustice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color EnvironmentalLeadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October.The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering."We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials We proved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents?? refers to ______inparticularA. ethnic groups in the U.SB. the American general publicC. a Africa AmericanD. the U.S. working-class43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.A. controversial，among local activitiesB. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.C. fascinating to the civil rights groupsD. barely realized by many environmentalists44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______. A. get relieved of some of their basic dutiesB. know what environmental justice wasC. fight for better working conditionsD. recognize their dangerous surroundings45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonB. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentC. the government intervention helped promote environmental justiceD. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______. A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorB. they cried for government intervention in saving theenvironmentC. they knew what …the environment really meant to the White peopleD. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______. A. showing the achieved successB. attracting national attentionC. identifying relevant issuesD. finding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several yearslater, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities,but they can't before，”saysJacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-andseventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis?s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students whodon't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscienceto teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleable Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the iss ue is that many students that man y studentsexperience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions …says Michael Nakkula, aHarvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one's life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______. A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______. A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______. A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from class competitionD. labeled as inferior to others53. The last paragraph implies______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of class workC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsPassage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was.In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing newdiscoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two mostprestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist wasfinished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters;neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two majorjournals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. Asa result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the cropof new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in partto reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system.56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjectsB. They publish controversial papers that others won't.C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.D. They have a special system of peer-review.57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____. A. the most of allB. best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefitthat their papers _____.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers.C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times.。
中科院博士入学考试英语真题
中科院博士入学考试英语真题Text D Family MattersThis month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem o f the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law.Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age.Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people that will decline.But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care an d support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance(you have to be destitute to apply); or(c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply t o the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme caseswould any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle.First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's - not society's - responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue and be damned". The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.It would be nice to think Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.78. The Maintenance of Parents BillA. received unanimous support in the Singapore ParliamentB. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poorC. was intended to substitute for traditional values in SingaporeD. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old79. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that __A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in futureB. the social welfare system would be under great pressureC. young people should be given more moral educationD. the old should be provided with means of livelihood80. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old。
中科院各专业所考博试题
中科院各专业所考博试题中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1.试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用?2.真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义?3.一蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带,请问,这个蛋白是否只有一种成分,如果还有其它成分如何分离,鉴定纯度4.真核生物表达各水平上的调控机理5.举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章,要国内通迅地址,要写出作者或单位,以及文章的主要内容.6.请在生化角度评价转基因食物的安全性中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分）1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPF4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精子和卵子发生为例。
简述减数分裂。
（17分）四、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组两套遗传装置的相互作用关系。
（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2002年细胞生物学（博士）名词解释（每题3分，共36分）1、细胞周期2、细胞分化3、干细胞4、细胞外基质5、上皮6、信号传导7、转染8、端粒9、免疫球蛋白10、细胞骨架11、内质网12、反意义RNA问答题（以下5题任选4题，每题16分，共64分）1、试述细胞膜的化学组成2、试述线粒体的遗传学……半自主性3、以图解叙述细胞的有丝分裂及其调控4、试述哺乳动物的受精作用和哺乳动物克隆的不同点5、试述造血干细胞的分化中科院动物所2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（3Ⅹ10）1、原癌基因2、信号肽3、细胞周期4、高尔基体5、干扰RNA6、免疫印迹7、干细胞8、突触9、细胞骨架10、端粒二：综述题1、简述生物膜的分子和结构基础，核膜在细胞周期中的变化规律。
分析核孔复合体在物质转运的结构基础（15分）2、简述线粒体内氧自由基产生的分子机制及其线粒体在细胞凋亡调节中的作用（15分）3、简述免疫细胞发育过程和T细胞检测标准，分析艾滋病毒感染细胞的途径（10分）4、简述神经细胞突触细胞传递的结构基础和信号传导分子机制（15分）5、利用真核基因表达调控的原理，阐述利用体细胞进行动物克隆的分子基础核生物学意义。
中国科学院2000-2004年博士入学部分考题18份
你支持还是反对克隆人？理由是什么？如何避免克隆技术被滥用？
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学（博士）
2000年
一、 名词解释（每词3分，共30分）
1． 着丝粒 6. 核骨架
2． 微管 7. 核糖体
3． 溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡
8．细胞编程性死亡又称细胞凋亡是细胞的一种基本生命现象，请阐述细胞凋亡的生物学意义及主要生物化学特征。
2001年博士学位研究生入学考试
生物化学试题
1.请阐明蛋白质间最重要的原子相互作用。（15分）
2. 蛋白质的测活是蛋白纯化过程中的重要组成部分，可以从哪些方面来考虑建立一个快速、简便、定量的测活方法。（15分）
二、真核生物的基因表达控制（control of gene expression）和信号传导（signal transduction）有密切的关系，请举出一个你熟悉的例子分别说明这两个概念的含义及其联系。
三、目前已经有一些现成的软件用来预测基因组全序列中的基因。为了设计这些软件，你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的？请说明理由。
9、二酰基甘油是蛋白激酶C的（ ）。
10、常染色质的英文是（ ）。
三、论述题（每题10分，共20分）：
1、细胞凋亡的生物学意义
2、磷脂酰肌醇信号通路
四、综合题 （每题10分，共20分）：
1、给你一株动物体细胞，你如何验证该株细胞的发育全能性？
2、如何研究一个基因在细胞及发育中的功能？
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年遗传学（博士）
一、今年是DNA双螺旋模型发表五十周年。请回答以下问题（20分）：
2016年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2016年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Google is not the only search utility in town, but it comes with such a(n) ______collection of tools to focus your search that it is the engine of choice for many of us.A．comparableB．formidableC．innumerableD．compatible正确答案：B解析：本题考查形容词的语义。
A可比较的；B强大的；C无数的；D兼容的。
该句的大意为：谷歌并非唯一的搜索工具，不过，它强大的工具集合能够专注搜索，因此谷歌是大多数人选择使用的搜索引擎。
2．The defect in David’s character has______him from advancement in his career.A．exemptedB．forbiddenC．underminedD．hindered正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词的语义。
A免除；B禁止；C破坏；D阻碍。
该句的大意为：大卫性格上的缺陷阻碍了他的事业发展。
3．The theory that business could operate totally without the aid of government has proved to be a (n) ______.A．allusionB．seclusionC．illusionD．confusion正确答案：C解析：本题考查名词的语义。
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1.2006年，日本京都大学教授山中伸弥教授有一重大发现，并因此获得了2012年的诺贝尔奖。请简要概括该发现的内容并对其意义进行论述。
2.2015年，瑞典、美国、土耳其三位科学家Tomas Lindahl、Paul Modrich和Aziz Sancar因其在“DNA修复的机制研究”而获奖。请说明三位科学家获奖的由于。
顺式作用元件
无义突变
表观遗传
二、简答题（每题15分，3选2，多答无效）
1.DNA、染色体、基因和基因组之间的关系。
2.简要说明二代测序技术原理并举一个应用实例加以说明。
3.条件性敲除小鼠的原理和方法距离。
三、论述题（每题20分）
1.遗传学三大定律的内容、细胞系基础和各自的适用范围。
2.什么事肿瘤遗传学？以一种肿瘤为例说明肿瘤遗传的过程和原理。
2016年中国科学院大学上海生命科学研究院健康所博士入学考试试题（回忆版）
专业遗传学
考试科目1.细胞生物学B2006 2.遗传学3005
细胞生物学
一、名词解释（每题5分，12选8，多答无效）
接触抑制
细胞骨架
位置花斑效应
细胞全能
细胞免疫
细胞死亡
细胞分化（或细胞决定？）
自噬
组蛋白
细胞பைடு நூலகம்老
细胞周期同步化
肿瘤干细胞
3.2015年，哈佛医学院、布莱根妇女医院和霍华德·休斯医学研究所的科学家们对细胞衰老进行了深入研究，揭示了这一过程的关键控制机制，解决了该领域的一个长期争议。相关论文发表在Science杂志上。请对细胞衰老的这一关键控制机制进行说明。
遗传学
一、名词解释（每题5分，共6题）
RNAi
抑癌基因
单核苷酸多态性
二、简答题（每题10分，6选3，多答无效）
1、决定细胞大小的几个因素。
2、简述相差显微镜的原理、特点和第一个发明人。
3、酵母双杂交技术的原理和优缺点
4、NO信号分子在体内的主要来源及其在调节血管平滑肌舒张中的作用。
5、RNA-Seq（转录测序技术）的技术原理和应用优势。
6、列出受体酪氨酸激酶的7个亚族