《英语国家概况》英国教育课件
英语国家概况ppt超级详细
Wales Northern Ireland
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 6
7/20/2020
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 7
Northern Ireland/Ulster
Shamrock三叶草
Belfast: capital; biggest city in Northern Ireland
Lough Neagh: largest freshwater lake in UK
The Giants Causeway巨人堤道: World Heritage Site
16,905/ km2 1st 6,814/ km2 2nd
7/20/2020
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 18
Official Language: English
Other Languages:
Welsh威尔士语: about 20% of the population of Wales Scottish Gaelic苏格兰盖尔语: about 60,000 (1%) in Scotland Irish Gaelic爱尔兰盖尔语
7/20/2020
SCOTLAND
St Andrew’s Flag
most important river in Scotland: Clyde River
tallest mountain range: Grampian Mountains格兰扁山脉
英语国家概况-课件
2. Climate
Main characteristics:
Temperate, with warm summers, cold winters and plenty rainfall
Three major features:
❖ Winter fog ❖ Rainy days ❖ Instability/changeability
Map of the UK
Read the map to find:
▪Atlantic Ocean ▪North Sea ▪Irish Sea ▪The English Channel (The Channel Tunnel ) ▪The Republic of Ireland
Title and GMeaokgeraupphoyf the UK
terrain in the north-west, north and south-west.
Scotland: Its geography is varied, with
lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west.
Total territory: 242,910 square kilometers
Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.
Topography
England: it consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous
LOGO
Chapter One
Geography, People and Language
英语国家概况Unit3--History1(UK)PPT课件
world wars
.
2
A brief timeline of British history
Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain 43 Anglo Saxon
55BC
AD
Britain 450
Viking Britain 793 Medieval Britain Tudor Britain 1485 1066
Unit 3 The History of UK
.
1
Objectives
Be familiar with the history before the Norman Conquest
Understand the feudal system after the Norman Conquest
Learn about the history of the English Reformation and Renaissance
Questions:
5. The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are _____, _____ and _____. From the ________ conquerors came the name “England” and “English”.
.
7
The Romans remained in Britain from 55 BC to 410 AD, almost four hundred years (four centuries). They imposed their own way of life and culture. And they brought Christianity to England.
英语国家概况ppt超级详细
St. Patrick’s flag
Shamrock三叶草
smallest Belfast: capital; biggest city in Northern Ireland Lough Neagh: largest freshwater lake in UK The Giants Causeway巨人堤道: World Heritage Site
FLAG
*
Flag of Australia
Flag of New Zealand
Flag of Tuvalu图瓦卢
*
National Emblem / The official coat of arms National Medal / Badge英国皇家徽章/国徽
Scotland Red lion ready to fight
*
NATIONAL FLAG
Correct Way
Upside Down !
FLAG
*
FLAG
Thistle蓟
St Andrew’s Flag
most important river in Scotland: Clyde River tallest mountain range: Grampian Mountains格兰扁山脉 tallest one of the range Ben Nevis 本·尼维斯 Capital, 2nd largest city in Scotland: Edinburgh largest city in Scotland: Glasgow 格拉斯哥 Features: tourism (one of most important industries) Beautiful scenery Scotch whisky Scottish kilts Bagpipe
《英语国家概况》Unit 9 British Education课件
Case Study
• Compared with that in Chinese counterparts, the curriculum in the UK primary or secondary schools is much simpler. (esp. mathematics & reading)
• Prep Schools (预备学校) (from 7/8 to 13) (separate; fees; entrance exam )
• State Schools (93%) 1. Comprehensive Schools ( 综 合 中 学 ) (84%) (No
entrance exam, general education)
Tertiary education
• 延续教育(Further Education)是继小学(Primary)中学 (Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为 进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生 留学英国的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介 于16和18岁之间。
• Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资 格证书, 5 levels).
• At 18, they take GCE A-level examinations (Advanced General Certificate of Education 高级水平普通教育证书 ＝大学入学考试), usually in not more than 3 subjects. It’s necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher education.
英语国家概况课件(修订版)
Total territory: about 243,000 square kilometers
Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Thames
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
The River Thames (泰晤士河)
the longest river in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom (332 kilometers long) a historical landmark in the city of London. A boat ride along the Thames is also something that every visitor should experience. Several boat races and activities take place along or at the river each year.
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Topography(地势）
terrain in the northwest, north and southwest.
England: It consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous
英语国家概况课件英国历史
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century—1066)
Countries
• Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
❖ Germanic people (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany)
❖ English (language of the Angles)
dominant language
❖ Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Chapter 2 History
英 语 国 家 概 况
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
CONTENT
I The Founding of the Nation II Transition to the Modern Age
❖ Alfred the Great, king of Wessex ▪ A peace treaty: the eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law and come to be known as the Danelaw ▪ From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish kings. ▪ In 1042, the English throne was returned to thon—In August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain
英语国家概况之英国ppt课件
Wales
Cover less than ?% of the British island; The longest river of the island flow through it
---- ? It has been dominated by England LONGER
than other parts but still retains a strong sense of its difference from England
.
Northern Ireland
The smallest of the other four parts both in area and population;
It occupies the northern ?/? of the island of Ireland.
It has the largest lake of the Isles ---- ?
important river flows through it ---- ?; Highly urbanized ---- ? % of the
population living in cities.
.
Scotland
The second largest part both in area and population;
.
The Empire on which the sun never sets
.
Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language
.
Where is the U.K. in European continent ?
.
.
The U.K.
英语国家概况课件
Education and Culture
要点一
Education
Australia has a well-developed education system that is free for students up to the age of 16. The country's universities are world-renowned, and Australia is also known for its vocational and technical education systems.
English speaking country overview courseware (revi
目录
• Overview of the UK • Overview of the United States • Overview of Canada • Overview of Australia • Overview of New Zealand
Politics and Economy
产业分布
英国经济以服务业为主导，特别是金融、教育和旅游等行 业。同时，英国也是世界上最大的制造业出口国之一，主 要出口汽车、机械和电子产品等。
Politics and Economy
政策法规
英国政府制定了一系列经济政策和法 规，以促进经济发展和保护消费者权 益。例如，英国政府实行了严格的金 融监管政策，以确保金融市场的稳定 和透明。
在此添加您的文本16字
历史背景： 美国经历了从殖民地时期到独立战争，再到 扩张领土和工业化的发展历程。
在此添加您的文本16字
地理特征： 美国地形多样，包括山地、平原和沙漠等， 这为农业、工业和交通运输提供了丰富的资源。
英语国家概况(英国部分)
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
Chapter 6 Literature 英语国家概况 英国文化选修课 教学课件
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
❖ Jaques:
All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages.
II
The Renaissance (1500-1660)
2.1 General Knowledge 2.2 William Shakespeare
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2.1 General Knowledge ❖Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the
—As You Like It (Act 2, scene 7, 139–143)
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
英语国家概况课件之英国
Traditions like the Royal Christmas Message, the FA Cup Final, and the Pancake Race are an integral part of British culture. These traditions have been passed down through generations and are a source of pride for the British people.
03
Education system
Preschool education
Summary
Preschool education in the UK is available to all children from the age of 3 to 5 years old. It is not compulsory, but it is highly recommended.
Literature
The UK has a rich literary history, with writers such as Shakespeare, Austen, and Dickens. Their works explore themes of love, loss, and social commentary.
Brexit
Brexit has created uncertainty and division within the UK and its relationship with Europe. This has led to political instability, economic uncertainty, and social unrest.
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英语国家概况之介绍英国PPT英文课件人文地理语言
Scotland
• The second largest part both in area and population; • The most important river in it is -- ? • Remained unified state independent of Britain for a VERY long time; ? • One of the most important industries is ----?
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英国介绍
A GUIDE TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
• ENGLISH DEPARTMENT • WU SI YING
A GUIDE TO ENGLISHSPEAKING COUNTRIES
• ENGLISH DEPARTMENT • WU SI YING
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Chapter 2 History
Words you should know:
• Arrogant: 傲慢的 • Bourgeoisie：资产阶级 • Capitalism：资本主义 • Catholic: 天主教 • Christianity: 基督教 • Colony: 殖民地 • Commonwealth: 英联邦 • Factions: 派系斗争，内讧 • Feudalism: 封建主义
Wales
• Cover less than ?% of the British island;
• The longest river of the island flow through it ---- ?
英语国家概况英国部分chaptre2EconomyPPT课件
2021
6
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Historical Division of Britain’s Economic Development
a. A period of Empire (1701-1944) b. A period of Decline (1944-1989) c. A period of Europeanism (1990-
the context of well-defined regulations and laws．During the twentieth century the government has
become increasingly involved in the economy through
the introduction of social welfare policies and laws to regulate industrial relations．In 1945,as part of its policy to achieve full employment．the Labor
present)—relationship with EU.
2021
7
II Agriculture
Questions for discussion
2. How do the country’s natural conditions influence its agricultural production?
2021
5
Result:It has achieved some success but unemployment is still high. The government also tries to fine tune the economy by adjusting monetary and fiscal policies.
英语国家概况课件(修订版)
Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.
精品课件
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A Guide to English-Speaking
lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west.
Ben Nevis in Scotland — the highest point in UK
Wales: It’s mostly mountainous. South Wales is less mountainous
Countries
Topography(地势）
England: It consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous
terrain in the northwest, north and southwest.
Scotland: Its geography is varied, with
The UK is made up of:
❖ Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) ❖ Northern Ireland
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Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
❖The British Isles are the largest group of islands in Europe.
英语国家概况V.-British-EducationPPT优秀课件
History of Education
• Now all children throughout the country must study the following subjects:
• English, mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.
6
History of Education
• Through an exam called “the 11plus”, the government tried to raised the quality of education 1. Grammar Schools ----- where the most academically capable pupils were sent to be prepared for university. 2. Vocational Schools ----- where less successful pupils were sent to learn trades.
• an elite that "continues to dominate
Britain's political and cultural
establishment“ (occupies a high
proportion of the top level of many
aspects of British society---9% 0f the
2
英语国家概况Chapter 3【优质PPT】
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
2.1.2 Queen
Queen Elizabeth II
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A Guide to English-Speaking
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2.1.2 Queen
• from 705 to 666 (Mar. 1, 2004)
▪Final court of appeal—Supreme Court
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
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2.1.4 The House of Commons
Countries
2.1.3 The House of Lords
❖The main legislative function of the House of Lords:
❖ Examine and revise bills from the House of Commons
The House of Lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the Palace of Westminster
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
2.1.3 The House of Lords
❖The Lords Spiritual (上议院神职议员)
英语国家概况PPT课件
Theme importance
02
Overview of the UK
Geographic and Historical Background
Geographic location
The United Kingdom is located in the British Isles archipelago, off the northwest coast of Europe It compares the four nations of England, Scotland,
Established independently in 1776, it is a superpower in the world with a highly developed economy and strong military strength.
Political and economic systems
Immigrant countries have a multi-ethnic and multi-ethnic population structure.
Culturally influenced by various cultures such as Europe, Africa, and Latin America, it has formed a unique American culture.
03
Overview of the United States
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2.郡和郡自治市议会为负责三个阶段公共教育的地方 教育当局；
3.改组民办学校，使它们可自由选择成为不同类型的 公助民办学校；
4.地方教育当局必须为超过义务教育年龄者提供正规 教育，并利用闲暇时间进行有组织的文化训练及娱 乐活动提供充足的设施；为一切未满18岁但不受全 日制中等教育或其他经官方承认的全日制或部分时 间制教育的青年提供强迫的部分时间制教育。
英国教育概况
在英国，99%的人有读写能力 从1870年开始强制小学义务教育，1900年开始强制
中学义务教育 英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士都是通过当地教育主管部门
（或者在苏格兰被叫做教育机关）来资助学校的。 在北爱尔兰，学校则主要通过五个教育和图书董事 会来提供公共资金资助。 目前英格兰共有150个当地教育主管部门，威尔士有 22个。他们同时也负责社会工作。
至二战结束前，英国教育双轨制非常明显，公立学 校和私立学校并存，各成体系，互不相同。
二战前英国教育演进
13C’以前
以宗教教义 为核心的宗教 教育时期
13C’～ 16C’
贵族教育的 形成与发展
17C’～20C’ 初
平民教育 的产生与发展， 双轨制的确立
第二次世界大战后的英国教育发展与改革
《1944年教育法》 主要内容：
教育与技能部职务架构
教育与技能国务大臣 （the Secretary of State for Education，1人）
教育政务次长 （Minister of State ，2
人）
国会次长 （Parliamentary Under Secretary of State ，3人）
教育与技能部组织架构
《 1988年教育改革法》与推行国家统一课程
《1988年教育改革法》最引人注目的改革措施就是推行国 家统一课程。该法由此被认为是继《1944年教育法》后英国 最重要的一部教育法。
《1988年教育改革法》规定：在义务教育期间，学生必须 学习国家统一课程，包括10门基础学科，数学、英语、科学、 历史、地理、技术学、音乐、艺术、体育和现代外语，其中数 学、科学、英语为核心课程；为每门国家课程制定统一的成绩 目标和教学大纲，并在7、11、14和16岁时对学生进行全国 性评估，包括国家规定的考试。在高等教育方面，对负责大学 和高等教育系统的两大中介拨款机构进行了改革，目的在于加 强政府对大学的控制，密切高等教育与社会和工商界的联系。
英国大众教育的真正发展是与18世纪后期开始的工业 革命密切相关的。工业革命带来的城市人口的急剧增 加和工厂制度的确立，要求广大劳动群众子弟接受一 定的教育和训练，使他们具备一定的读写算技能，成 为合格的劳动力。18世纪下半叶还兴起了“星期日学 校运动”，专门对工人阶级及其子弟进行基本的文化 和道德教育。
十八世纪：英国大众教育的转向
可以说，17世纪前的英国教育主要是僧侣教育和贵族 教育，大众教育没有得到相应发展。英国资产阶级革 命期间(1640-1688)，曾提出国家干预教育，建立国 民教育制度的建议，但未能得到实施。但是从17世纪 后期开始一些宗教和慈善团体开始创办宗教问答学校 和慈善学校，为英国的大众教育做出了贡献。
此后，地方教育当局纷纷按照传统的公学和文法学校模式开 办新的公立中学，使英国的义务教育逐渐超出了初等教育的范 围，开始进入中等教育阶段。
一系列法案的出台与公共教育体系的完善
1918年的《费希尔法》 规定将义务教育年限提高至14岁；接受完义务教育的儿童接
受补习教育至16岁。 1924年工党执政提出口号：人人受中等教育
英国现行的学制
The key stages in schools 关键学段
Key Stage
Early Years (3-7)
二战后英国教育发展与改革
1944年
《1944年 教育改革法》 与学制构建
1963年
《罗宾斯报 告》与高等教 育大发展
1988年
《1988年 教育改革法》 与国家统一课 程
英国现行教育制度
英国教育行政制度
中央教育行政
议会
内阁与枢密院
教育与技能部 （Department of Education and Skills）
英国教育
东北师范大学国际与比较教育研究所 梁荣华
提到英国和英国教育大家能够想到什么？
英国地图
英国概况
英国的全称是“大不列颠和北 爱尔兰联合王国”（简称UK）。 全境由大不列颠岛(包括英格兰、 苏格兰、威尔士)以及爱尔兰岛东 北部的北爱尔兰和一些小岛组成， 被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、 爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。面积为 24万多平方公里。英国是君主立 宪制国家，女王是名义上的国家元 首，议会是最高立法机关，政府是 执行机关。英国在政治上实行民族 区域自治，苏格兰和北爱尔兰享有 广泛的地方自治权。英国议会的教 育立法主要适用于英格兰和威尔士。 因此，一般在探讨英国教育时主要 是指英格兰和威尔士的教育。
《1944年教育法》的主要精神
1.如果教育是为了培养整个社会的精神，思想和身体的全面发展， 它就必须针对这个社会每一位个体的精神，思想和身体的全面 发展；教育必须是以孩子为中心的。
2.教育不仅仅是学术上的交流，还涉及一个人的全方位发展：学 识能力，精神需要，身体需要和职业发展需要。历史告诉我们， 宗教和精神价值在英国的教育中同样很重要。1944年通过的 教育法案中就有强调这一点。此教育法案规定了学校的一天应 该怎样开始： 任何学校的一天都应该从一起“祷告”所有学生都来上学开 始——现在也还有这条法律！
《1944年教育法》的意义
1.《1944年教育法》将公共教育体系分为初等教育、 中等教育和继续教育三个相互衔接的阶段，是英国 现行教育制度的主要基础。英国现行的中央与地方 合作型的教育行政管理体制、基本学制等都是以这 一法案为基础发展形成的。
2.双轨制性质发生了巨大变化，战前的私立学校通过 不同程度的改组，在很大程度上纳入了公共教育体 系中，但历史上遗留下来的公立学校和教会学校并 存的教育制度没有得到完全改变，公学还没有纳入 公共教育体系。
法定的公共教育体系的建立
1870年的《初等教育法》 1833年后，国家虽然从财政上对宗教团体和慈善
机构开办的学校进行补助，但教育机构仍属民办性 质。1870年，议会通过了《初等教育法》，也被称 为《福斯特法》。主要内容是：在教会学校设置不 足的地区，设立民选的学校委员会，用地方税开办 公立初等学校；教会学校的地位保持不变，但不能 从地方税中得到补助；公立学校可以进行超越教派 性质的宗教教学，但教师有权不参与宗教教学，家 长也有权要求其子女不参加学校的宗教仪式和宗教 教学。《初等教育法》成为英国公共教育制度确立 的标志。但该法没有触及教会学校的地位，而只是 弥补教会学校的不足，形成了公立学校和教会学校 并存的局面。
学校司
继续与高等 教育及青少 年训练司
就业与终身 学习司
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
教育与 技能部
政策、国际 与分析服务司
事务司
人事与 支持服务司
财政司
英国教育行政制度概述
在历史上，地方分权、强调地方适应性和不愿开展全 国性的协作， 是英国长期以来在教育管理方面形成 的一个特点。
如今，英国实行的是中央与地方共同合作管理教育的 一种行政体制，其主要特点是，教育行政由中央的教 育科学部与地方的教育当局共同管理。
贵族教育与大众教育
国家干预公共教育事业以及法定的公共教育体系的 建立——十九世纪到二次世界大战前的教育
标志性的1833年
1833年，英国议会通过了一笔总额为2万英镑的 教育拨款，由当时英国两大大众教育促进机构—— 全国贫民教育促进会、不列颠和外国学校协会负责 分配给所属学校。这是英国历史上首次对教育事业 进行公款资助，标志着国家开始干预教育事业。
中等教育三轨制的确立与中等教育综合化改革
1945年，英国教育部正式确立了中等教育三轨制原则：在 一般情况下，现代中学应占70%-75%，其余部分由文法中学 和技术中学以适当的比例加以分配。
20世纪60年代后，针对战后初期确立的中等教育三轨制， 英国开始了中等教育综合化改革。理论依据就是儿童不应过早 地被划入不同类型的学校，应当更具开放性和灵活性，为儿童 设立有利环境，使他们的潜能得到最大程度的发展。至70年 代初期，除一个地方教育当局外，其他地区均已实行全面的或 局部的综合改组，综合中学逐渐成为英国中等学校的主要类型。
多元文化的英国
根据2009年的统计： 英国人口总数为61792000人， 其中，英格兰占83.8%
苏格兰占8.4% 威尔士占4.9% 北爱尔兰占2.9% 五分之一的人口为16岁以下 95%的人英语是母语 86%的人是英国白人 有12种本土语言和100种主要的移民语言
（比如有2百万人说Punjabi旁遮普语——印度的一种语言）
一系列法案的出台与公共教育体系的完善
1876年的《桑登法》 规定家长有义务使其子女接受足够的教育，否则将受到处罚。 1880年的《芒德拉法》 规定实施全面的强制入学政策。
至1899年，义务教育上限提高至12岁，19世纪末、20世纪 初出现了相当于中等学校的高级学校。 1902年的《巴尔福法》
对英格兰公共教育进行了三项根本性改革：私立学校同样享 受国税和地方税补助；撤销1870年以来设立的地方学校委员 会，确立郡和郡自治市议会为新的地方教育当局；责成地方教 育当局开办和资助“不属于初等教育的教育”。
1963年的《罗宾斯报告》和高等教育大发展
20世纪60年代是英国教育发展的黄金时期，期间中等教育 综合化改革风起云涌，高等教育得到了迅速发展。
1961年英国政府成立了以罗宾斯勋爵为主席的高等教育委 员会，对高等教育改革进行全面调查，1963年发布了《罗宾 斯报告》。报告提出发展高等教育的基本原则是：所有具备入 学能力和资格并希望接受高等教育的青年都应获得接受高等教 育的机会。报告建议大力扩充高等教育，具体包括：在原有 20所大学的基础上开办新大学；扩大高等教育招生人数；将 原有的10所高级技术学院升格为大学；成立全国学位授予委 员会(CNAA)以及独立的拨款机构，等等。