英语“书面表达”训练的几种做法

英语“书面表达”训练的几种做法
发表时间：2013-09-09T16:16:53.983Z 来源：《考试与评价》教师版2013年第2期供稿作者： ■ 李方芳
[导读] 对于学生在中考写作专项拿到应该得到的分起很大作用。

?蒉
■ 李方芳南京市滨江中学
一年一度的中考即将来临，“书面表达”部分占全卷的总分达15分，比重很大。

书面表达也是对学生综合听、说、读、写中“写”能力的一种反馈。

在牛津英语中归为“Main task”专项学习。

每个单元都有主题作文。

双基好的学生希望在这块拿到满分，薄弱的学生也希望在这块有所突破。

各学校在中考复习中尤其重视书面表达。

框架式作文提纲现在在《中考指导用书》中得到普遍推广。

而我想从“五种基本句型”角度谈谈书面表达的训练。

书面表达需要坚实的基础，它是以词、短语、句型和语法知识的合理组合—文章。

因此，训练书面表达首先可以从造句训练入手。

一、抓五种基本句型造句训练
几乎所有英语句型都是五种基本句型的扩大、延伸或变化。

因此，训练学生“写”就要抓五种基本句型的造句训练。

英语五种基本句型是：1.S+V. 2. S+V+DO. 3. S+V+P. 4.S+V+IO+DO. 5. S+V+DO+OC。

例如：2012年的英语中考作文题。

我要求学生看图后。

用五种基本句型写出大致的意思，然后组成短文。

学生仔细研究图后，按要求写出了以下句子：
Zhang Ming was fishing by the river. (S+V)
A little boy was playing near the river. (S+V)
Zhang Ming heard someone shouting for help. (S+V+DO+OC)
He saw the little boy falling into the river. (S+V+DO+OC)
Zhang Ming jumped into the river. (S+V+IO+DO)
Other people helped them. (S+V+DO+OC)
The little boy was saved. (S+V)
He was grateful. (S+V+P).
Zhang Ming was brave and helpful. ( S+V+P).
We should learn from him. (S+V+DO.)
把这10个句子或更多连起来，就能基本表达出这四幅图的意思。

如果将这些句子进行合并或扩大，再加上适当的“承上启下”的词汇，就完全符合书面表达的要求了。

It was a nice day last Sunday.(文章已给出)
Zhang Ming was fishing by the （Qin Huai）river. A little boy was playing near the river. (Suddenly,) Zhang Ming heard someone shouting for help. (He looked around and found the little boy missing.) He saw the little boy falling into the river. (It was very dangerous.) Zhang Ming jumped into the river (immediately). (He tried his best to pull the little boy out of the river.) (At that time, other people came around and helped him .) (Finally,) The little boy was saved and He was very grateful.
(People all said ) Zhang Ming was brave and helpful. We should learn from him.
二、扩大五种基本句型造句的训练
五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但内容比较简单，句子显得单薄，无法比较丰富而自由地表达内容和思想。

因此，要写出高层次的文章，还必须进一步对学生进行扩句训练。

为达到这一目的，我经常给学生一些基本的简单句子，要求学生充分发挥想象力进行扩写句子。

1. 例如：8B Unit 5 International charities
S+V+DO. The girl had a wish.
学生在小组中扩写或全班接龙扩写的句子大致归纳为;
1) The (little) girl had a (strong) wish.
2) The (little) girl (called Mandeep) had a (strong) wish (to go to school).
3) The (little) girl (called Mandeep)(from a poor family) had a (strong) wish (to go to school to study).
4) The (little) girl (called Mandeep)(from a poor family in India) had a (strong) wish (to go to school to study)(as well as other children).
5) (UNICEF helped) the (little) girl (called Mandeep)(from a poor family in India) because she had a (strong) wish (to go to school to study)(as well as other children).
2. 例如: 7B Unit Abilities
S+V+DO+OC. Zhang Hua found his room full.
学生扩写的句子大致归纳为：
1） Zhang Hua found his home full.
2） Zhang Hua found his home full (of reporters).
3）(To Zhang Hua’s surprise), he found his home full (of reporters).
4）(To Zhang Hua’s surprise), he found his home (in which he lives) full (of reporters from television).
5）(To Zhang Hua’s surprise), he found his home (in which he lives ) full (of many reporters from television)(waiting for him).
6）(To Zhang Hua’s surprise), he found his home (in which he lives ) full (of many reporters from television)(waiting for him) (because he saved the old woman).
7）(To Zhang Hua’s surprise), he found his home (in which he lives ) full (of many reporters from television)(waiting for him) (because he saved the old woman) (in the fire).
通过扩写句子训练，学生对句子结构有了清楚的了解，同时对正确使用非谓语动词、从句、短语等有很大的帮助。

对于中考前的学生整体把握知识，进行有效复习有很大的帮助。

三、利用课本句型造句、组问训练
我知道学生造句、组文时，始终以五种基本句型及其扩写座位训练的根本。

同时，我还指导学生整理学过的句型，分类记忆，尤其是记住变化较大的句型。

然后，让学生造句并组文。

例如：Tom从网上获悉第二届青奥会将于2014年在南京举行，他想了解一些南京的情况。

请你用英语给Tom简要介绍南京的概况。

内容包括：
1. 中国东部，长江之滨，江苏省会；
2. 历史悠久，名胜众多；
3. 三十年里变化很大，高楼林立，交通便捷；
4. 成功举办全运会（10th National Games of China, in 2005）；
5. 市民友好热情，开放的现代化城市。

注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 条理清楚，语义连贯，句式规范，字迹工整。

（例题来源于某区模拟卷）根据要求，我要求学生写出含有以下句型的句子：
1) ...will be held...
2) Nanjing lies in...
3) ... goes across...
4) It is...
5) There are...
6) Many tall building have been built...
7) It is +adj+of/for sb.+ to do...
8)... hosted...
9)People are...
10) Nanjing has become...
11) I hope...
大部分学生都能写出类似以下的句子，把这些句子连接起来用上适当的过度词，就是一篇很好的文章： You know that the second Youth Olympic Games will be held in Nanjing in 2014.
Nanjing lies in the east of China.
The Yangtze River goes across the city.
It is the capital of Jiangsu.
It is a city with a long history.
There are many places of interest. There have been a lot of changes during the past 30 years. It is easy to travel in the city and it is fast to go to other cities in China.
Nanjing successfully hosted the 10th National Games of China.
People in Nanjing are quite kind and friendly.
Nanjing has become an open and modern city.
I hope you will visit Nanjing soon
四、 “起、承、转、合”词汇的使用和训练
一篇短文中句与句或段落与段落之间常用一些过渡词或连接词。

这些过渡词或连接词可使表达更加自然和通顺。

我给学生一些空着的过渡词或连接词的短文，让学生填写，并引导学生认识掌握一定量的过渡词对于书面表达的重要性。

例如： At present some students are fond of playing “Growing” and “stealing” games.
They think that they can plant trees, grow vegetables and flowers on the farm. They enjoy the life in the countryside. At the same time they can earn some e-money and keep “pets”. They feel excited when “stealing”. Sometimes, they play the game with their friends and they think this can help them relax.
However, some students don’t think so. They think they are crazy about the game. It is a waste of time. They don’t have enough time to study. Being a “thief” also makes them feel guilty.
In my opinion, playing the game can make us feel relaxed, but we must plan our time carefully and try to achieve a balance between study and play.
我指导学生整理一些常用的过渡词并要求认真记忆。

例如：
1. 表示时间：first/second/ then/afterwards/later/next/finally…
2. 表示目的：so that/ in order that/ for the purpose…
3. 表示对照：but/ while/on the other hand/ yet...
4. 表示因果：as a result, because/so…./therefore...
5. 表示强调：indeed/ in fact/ without any doubt...
6. 表示增加also/ and than/ and/ in addition/one more/once more...
7. 表示解释和说明：for example/ for instance/ actually/ in addition...
8. 表示比较：just as/ just like/ in the same way/ similarly
9. 表示总结：in a word/ in short/ in all/at last/ finally/in conclusion/in summary
10. 表示转折：but, however
11. 表示条件：if, unless
“书面表达”写作训练的方式和方法可以多种多样，只要教师尤其是学生英语薄弱学校的老师更要不断加强对学生的写作指导，使学生的写作能力在最后阶段逐步提高。

对于学生在中考写作专项拿到应该得到的分起很大作用。

?蒉。