英语语言学概论 Chapter5 Morphology(词法)

Morphology 词法studies the internal structures of words and word formation rules. It divided into two fields:inflectional morphology(屈折词法) and derivational/lexical morphology(派生词法). It studies the different categories of morphemes( bound, free, derivational and inflectional) morphological rules
Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit in a language. 词素
Free morpheme s: those that can exist as individual words 自由语素
Lexical morphemes实词Functional morphemes 虚词
Bound morphemes(粘着词素): those that can not occur alone as separate words.
Roots(词根),the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning
Affixes(词缀): those that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.
Position: prefixes, suffixes and inffixes(中缀)
Function: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes 屈折词法派生词法
Inflectional affixes: indicate grammatical function, do not produce new words or cause a change in grammatical class. Number, gender, tense, aspect, case and degree (8个:-s,-s,’s, -ing, -ed,-en,-er,est )
Derivational affixes: produce new words, some change grammatical classes of words.
root词根the basic part of a word that can’t be further analyzed without total loss of its identity Base 词基: the form that a derivational affix is attached
Stem 词干: the form that an inflectional affix is attached
Morphs语子are related to morphemes in general and allomorphs are related to a specific morpheme.
empty morph 空语子: a morph which has form but no meaning. children=child+r+en
zero morph 零语子: a morph which has meaning but no form. They work in Nanjing. Allomorphs 词素变体: the realizations of a particular morpheme. /in/,/il/ /ir/,/im/
Morphemic analysis: to analyse the number of morphemes and the relationships between the morphemes.
linear order of morphemes: the horizontal order or the sequential characteristics of morphemes in a word
hierarchical order: the internal structure or relationships of the morphemes.
Immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis)
to divide the morphemes of a word into two groups and then divide them into sub-groups and so on, until the irreducible constituents or the morphemes are obtained.
morphological rule s: the rules that determine how morphemes are combined into new words.
word-formation processes: the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.
productive ones: derivation(派生), conversion(转换) and compounding(复合);
less productive ones:blending(拼缀法), clipping(截短法), backformation(逆成法),acronymy(首字
母法)
Derivation: a process in which one or more affixes are attached to a root or a base to produce a new word known as derived words.
compounding:a process in which two or more free morphemes are combined to form a new word called compound word or compound.
A solid compound: two words are written together: fingerprint, sunburn doorknob.
Open compound: the words are written separately: April Fool’s day, Boston terrier. Conversion: a process to turn a owrd into a new word class without the addition of affix blending: to delete parts of two words and combine the remaining parts to form a new word. clipping: to form a new word by deleting one or two syllables without any change in meaning or part of speech. ominibus= bus
back-formation: to form a new word by removing the supposed suffix from a longer word already in a language.
acronymy: to form a new word by joining the first letters of several words together.
Acronym: the letters are pronounced as a single word. APEC, NASA
Initialism: the letters are pronounced one by one. UFO, VOA。