绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译中英文对照(可编辑)
可持续建筑(绿色建筑)外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions （可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案）国外作者：Fatima Ghani文献出处：《International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering》,2012,12（1）,p21-24字数统计：英文1985单词，11317字符；中文3460汉字外文文献：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions Abstract—The growing concern with environmental and ecological conditions have led to the discussion/search for ‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’, ‘energy efficient’ building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible building designs. Sustainable architecture also referred as green architecture is a design that uses natural building materials e.g. earth, wood, stone etc (not involving pollution in its treatment) that are energy efficient and that make little or no impact on the nature of a site and its resources. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. It also considers possible solutions related to these issues.Index Terms—Sustainable, Green, Architecture, Building, Design. Efficiency.I. INTRODUCTIONThe words "Green", "Ecological" and "Sustainable" are terms used by environmentalists to indicate modes of practice. From global economics to household features these practices minimize our impact on the environment and generate a healthy place of living. In a deeper sense the words involve as to what can be done to heal andregenerate the earth's ability to bear life.A.Principles of Environmentally Oriented DesignIn Architecture there are many ways a building may be "green" and respond to the growing environmental problems of our planet. Sustainable architecture can be practiced still maintaining efficiency, beauty, layouts and cost effectiveness. There are five basic areas of an environmentally oriented design. They are Healthy Interior Environment, Energy Efficiency, Ecological Building Materials, Building Form and Good Design.• Healthy Interior Environment: It has to be well insured that building materials and systems used do not emit toxic unhealthy gases and substances in the built spaces. Further extra cars and measures are to be taken to provide maximum levels of fresh air and adequate ventilation to the interior environment.• Energy Efficiency: It has to be well ensured that the building's use of energy is minimized. The various HV AC systems and methods of construction etc. should be so designed that energy consumption is minimal.• Ecological Building Materials: As far as possible the use of building materials should be from renewable sources having relatively safe sources of production.• Building Form: The building form should respond to the site, region, climate and the materials available thereby generating a harmony between the inhabitants and the surroundings.• Good Design: Structure & Material and Aesthetics are the basic parameters of defining design. They should be so integrated that the final outcome is a well built, convenient and a beautiful living space.These principles of environmentally oriented design comprise yet another meaningful and environmental building approach called Green or Sustainable design. Architects should use their creativity and perception to correlate these principles to generate locally appropriate strategies, materials and methods keeping in mind that every region should employ different green strategies.B. DefinitionSustainability means 'to hold' up or 'to support from below'. It refers to the abilityof a society, ecosystem or any such ongoing system, to continue functioning into the indefinite future (without being forced into decline through exhaustion of key resources).Sustainable architecture involves a combination of values: aesthetic, environmental, social, political and moral. It's about one's perception and technical knowledge to engage in a central aspect of the practice i.e. to design and build in harmony with the environment. It is the duty of an architect to think rationally about a combination of issues like sustainability, durability, longevity, appropriate materials and sense of place.The present environmental conditions have led to the discussion/search for ‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’,‘energy efficient’ building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is a sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. The main focus of the paper is on sustainable architecture - its need, solutions and impact on the future.II. NEEDS AND ISSUESThe ecological crisis today is very serious and till date much of the debate still focuses on the symptoms rather than the causes. As a result there is an urgent need to emphasize and workout the best possible approach towards environmental protection thereby minimizing further degradation.Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste, and often involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire for the development of newer, more modern designs. Sustainable development is one such measure, which presents an approach that can largely contribute to environmental protection. A striking balance between Environmental protection and Sustainable development is a difficult and delicate task.Sustainable design is the thoughtful integration of architecture with electrical,mechanical, and structural engineering. In addition to concern for the traditional aesthetics of massing, proportion, scale, texture, shadow, and light, the facility design team needs to be concerned with long term costs: environmental, economic, and human as shown in Figure 1.III. CONCEPT AND RELEV ANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE In the present day scenario the idea and concept of Sustainable Architecture/Development is relevant in the light of the following two aspects:a) Ecological and Environmental crisisb) Imminent disasters and their managementSome of the major causes, which greatly contribute to these two aspects, can be listed as:• Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization:The consequences of this can further lead to Population explosion, Geological deposits of sewage and garbage, Unsustainable patterns of living & development, Environmental degradation (pollution of air, water, soil etc, food web disruption). Thus sustainable urban development is crucial to improve the lives of urban populations and the remainder of the planet. Both people and ecosystems impacted upon by their activities.• Natural Calamities:Natural calamities like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, flood, famine etc. which are being further aggravated by mankind add to the list of other ill effects like atomicexplosion, green house effect, ozone depletion etc. Sustainable design attempts to have an understanding of the natural processes as well as the environmental impact of the design. Making natural cycles and processes visible, bring the designed environment back to life.• Depletion of Non-renewable sources:Rapid depletion of non-renewable sources is leading to serious issues related to energy & water conservation etc. Thus the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock can contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption and improving environmental quality.IV. SOLUTIONSA. Sustainable ConstructionSustainable construction is defined as "the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles". Sustainable designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency."Sustainable building" may be defined as building practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption (energy conservation), and improving environmental quality.Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market. Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable buildings by encouraging these developments. Further the various energy related issues during the different phases in the construction of buildings can be understood with respect to the chart shown in Figure2.B. Environmentally Friendly HousesFollowing the five basic principles of environmentally oriented design can lead to the construction of what can be called as Environmentally Friendly House. An environmentally friendly house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants, nature, environment and ecosystem. It is designed and built according to the region it is located in, keeping in mind the climate, material, availability and building practices. The basic areas of design need to be considered at this stage can be listed as: • Orientation• Reduce Energy Gain or Loss• Lighting• Responsible Landscaping• Waste Management• External VentilationC. Green BuildingA green building places a high priority on health, environmental and resource conservation performance over its life cycle. These new priorities expand and complement the classical building design concerns: economy, utility, durability and delight. Green design emphasize a number of new environmental, resource and occupant health concerns:• Reduce human exposure to noxious materials.• Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials.• Minimize life cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used.• Use renewable energy and materials that are sustainable harvested.• Protect and restore local air, water, soil, flora & fauna• Support pedestrian, bicycles, mass transit and other alternatives to fossil-fueled vehicles.Most green buildings are high quality buildings they last longer, cost less to operate and maintain and provide greater occupant satisfaction than standard development.D. Green Roofs & Porous PavementsAs already discussed the rapid urbanization and industrialization is resulting in extensive deforestation as a result the green areas are being covered with pavements and concrete. The rainwater that naturally seeps through land covered with vegetation and trees now just runoff, thereby leading to a major environmental imbalance in terms of groundwater. This problem can be solved to a great extent with the help of the construction of Green Roofs and Porous Pavements.Green roofs & porous pavements present a unique method of ground water conservation. Vegetation to hold water on rooftops, and pavement that lets it percolate in the ground are some of the latest ways that can save water tables. Visually what might come across may be a roof sprouted with plants and a parking lot that drains water like a sieve-probably the latest in groundwater conservation.E. Building MaterialsTons of materials including timber go into building construction. There are three principal approaches to improve the material efficiency of building construction: • Reducing the amount of material used in construction.• Using recycled materials that otherwise would have been waste.• Reducing waste generation in the construction process.Further as far as possible sustainable harvested building materials and finishes should be used with low toxicity in manufacturing and installation.V. CONCLUSIONSSustainability often is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A growing number of people are committed to reaching this goal by modifying patterns of development and consumption to reduce demand on natural resource supplies and help preserve environmental quality. Achieving greater sustainability in the field of construction is particularly important, because building construction consumes more energy and resources than any other economic activity. Not only does a home represent the largest financial investment a family is likely to make, but it also represents the most resource- and energy-intensive possession most people will ever own. Making homes more sustainable, then, has a tremendous potential to contribute to the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable housing design is a multifaceted concept, embracing:• Affordability• Marketability• Appropriate design• Resource efficiency• Energy efficiency• Durability• Comfort• HealthAs a developed society we should not undermine our resource base, the assimilative capacity of our surroundings or the biotic stocks on which our future depends. As a sustainable society our efforts should consist of a long-term and integrated approach to developing and achieving a healthy community. We should realize that the problems associated with sustainable development are global as a result the issues need worldwide attention. If we work together we can bring change faster.中文译文：可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案摘要——越来越多地关注环境和生态条件已经引起了人们对“节能意识”、“友好生态”、“高效节能”的建筑设计的讨论和探索。
建筑学外文翻译—绿色建筑在中国需要伟大的推广
课题英文名称Green building in China: Needs great promotion课题中文名称原文：Green building in China: Needs great promotion AbstractResource depletion and environment pollution is a great challenge in the world today. As the main human living environment, building is one of the main contributor of energy consumption and pollution emission, construction industry has become the focus of energy conservation and emission reduction. China has been the world's largest carbon emitter and the world's largest energy consumer country since 2011. To solve these two issues, the promotion of green building (GB) is of great urgency. This article analyzed GB situation and challenges in China, and then pointed out some special requirements of GB. At last, authors put forward some suggestions to promote the development of GB according to current situations in China including: taking measures to enhance awareness of stakeholders, strengthening technology research and communication and establishing codes and regulations.Keywords∙Green building;∙Building energy consumption;∙Energy-saving1. Introduction1.1. The concept of green buildingThe concept of GB in China is developed from “Energy-Saving and Land-Saving Residential Building” launched by th e central government in 2004. To be specific, the GB should be energy-saving, land-saving, water-saving and material-saving, environment-benign and pollution-reducing, summarized as “Four-daving and One-benign”. It is defined in Chinese national standard, Evaluation Standard for Green Building, enacted in 2006 (Ministry of Construction, 2006). The so-called “green”, is not the general meaning of green, but a conc ept or symbol. It stresses people-oriented and puts emphasis on sustainable development and environmental symbiosis to achieve harmonious coexistence among people, nature and building. GB is also known as ecological building, sustainable building, energy-saving building, etc. Its ultimate goal is low consumption and low emission, but the “low” does not mean high-tech or high investment. Actually, GB is a climate adaptative building, which requires adopting appropriate technology as much as possible to reduce energy consumption, meanwhile materials should be recycled and fully localized to achieve the lowest cost of energy and comfort.1.2. Origin of green buildingThe curator of Architecture and Design Library in American National Building Museum, Giessen David, pointed out that the seeds of GB can trace back to a century or more ago. According to this, the birth of British Palace in the first world expo and Galleria Vittorio Emmanuele in Milan in the early 19th century have begun to use passive system such as roof fan and underground air cooling box to regulate indoor temperature. Early at the 20th century, Flatiron Building and New York Times Building in US have designed windows embedded into walls to reduce sunlight. Ecological system and natural environment have already been taken into consideration in early architectural design, which become the buds of green building. Until the 1960s, American architect Paola Soleri combined the two words “ecology” and “building” together, and put forward the new idea of “ecological building” (green building). In 1969, the publication of the book “Design with Nature” by American architect Ian Lennox McHarg, marked the birth of ecological architecture. Through more than half a century, GB has become a new building style that fully integrated energy-saving, building design and environmental-protection from its initial simple mode, and it is more adaptable to current situation of energy shortage, so it is a new trend of building development model.1.3. Global actions to develop green buildingTo create a better environment for developing GB, countries around the world began to formulate relevant standards. The United States enacted the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers) standard “En ergy-saving in Design for New Building” for the first time in 1975. UK began to create GB standards as early as in 1990(Chegut et al., 2011), and all buildings should satisfy green building criteria from 2008 in Britain (Bulkeley et al., 2011); In 2009, Britain announced Low Carbon Transition Plan, required all new buildings achieving zero-emission from 2016, all new public buildings from 2018, all office buildings from 2019 and all residential finish Smart Meters installation before 2020 (Peters, Fudge, & Sinclair, 2010). Recently, European Union promulgated a more advanced and perfect legal system in energy saving field, which is entitled Building Energy Efficiency Performance Law. The law requires all state or state-use new buildings must be close to zero energy consumption by 2020. From an early start, building energy-saving work had achieved great achievements in some developed countries. In Denmark, Heating area increased by 30% from 1972 to 1985, but the heating energy consumption decreased by 3.18 million tons of standard coal; in America, 43 billion dollars is saved in energy cost and environment management since the first energy-saving standard to 2011 (Danielski, 2012).GB in China started relatively late. In 1996, New Urban Building Energy Efficient Standard System was issued, which is composed by the residential building energy conservation design standard. Residential Building energy conservation Design Standard of Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region was issued in 2001 and was updated in 2003. In September 2004 with the start of Green Building Innovation Award, GB in China stepped into a comprehensive developing stage. In 2006, Evaluation Standard for Green Building was officially promulgated. Evaluation Standards for Green Industrial Building and Evaluation Standards for Green Office Building started in 2009 and 2010, respectively. At present, at least 50% building energy efficiency is achieved in almost all regions of China, unlike some big cities as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin are executing the standards which require energyefficiency must achieve at least 65%, while Beijing is executing the new goal of 75% since “12th Year Plan” (Li and Wang, 2012 and National People's Congress, 2011). However, building industrialization just starts in China, and there is still a great gap comparing with foreign countries.2. Why to develop green building2.1. To reduce CO2 emissionOn 3rd, December 2012, the famous journal “Nature” published an au thoritative scientific research report. According to the report, the global CO2 emission has increased to record 35.6 billion tons in 2012, and the largest carbon emission countries in 2011 are: China (28%), United States (16%), European Union (11%) and India (7%). Among them, emissions of China and India in 2011 increased by 9.9% and 7.5% respectively, while United States and European Union reduced by 1.8% and 1.8% respectively (Nature Climate Chenge, 2013). China has become No.1 CO2 emitter country in the world, surpassing U.S. in 2007 with approximately 8% more emission (IEA, 2011). According to EIA (Energy Information Administration) estimation, CO2emission in United States will be 5.68 billion tons in 2015, but it will be far more than this in China (EIA, 2011). In “12th five-year plan” in China, the carbon emission in 2015 is 7.89 billion tons, which is 2.21 billion tons higher than the United States, if the total energy consumption is more than 4.1 billion tons, the carbon emission gap between China and United States will be more huge. China is in great pressure.The greatly increasing emission further expands the gap between actual emission and the goal to control global warming within 2 °C. To ensure the global warming within 2 °C, theglobal carbon emission must be deeply cut by 2020 (Huntingford et al., 2012). In China, it has been decided that 17 percent reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for every GDP unit should be achieved by the end of 2015(Yu & Qu, 2013), and 40–45% by 2020 further (Yi, Zou, Guo, Wang, & Wei, 2011).Among all elements, buildings account for around half of primary energy consumption, hence CO2emissions, in the UK and other developed countries (Ratcliffe & Day, 2007). Building emission mainly refers to the consumption of resources and greenhouse gases produced from consumption throughout the lifecycle of buildings, so it is closely related to human daily life and work. 50% people may cause carbon-emission by using vehicle, 30% people may be involved in industrial production, but there must be more than 90% or even more people causing endless carbon-emission because of thei r daily life and work. So the “energy-saving” and “low-carbon” in construction are destined to become a hot topic. Study has shown that the global construction industry and its related fields caused 70% of greenhouse effect from the production of building materials to construction and use of buildings, the whole is a huge emitter of greenhouse gases (Zuo, Read, Pullen, & Shi, 2012).2.2. To relieve the energy crisisChina is the world's largest energy consumer now. The global net primary energy consumption grew by 2.5% in 2011, and China alone contributed 71% of global energy consumption increment. In 2011, global coal consumption increased by 5.4%, China accounted for 69%. The total primary energy consumption in China has been more than that in the United States in 2011 (Global, 2012). With the fast development, more energy will be consumed in China. Butthe coal-dominant energy structure in China is difficult to change in a short time, and now the coal production has exceeded the scientific capacity. In the future it is difficult to satisfy the needs even all the fossial energy were gathered in the world. Outside the pressure of carbon emission, for China the bigger challenge is that the energy consumption continues to increase. Energy consumption in EU grow at a rate of 1–2% per year, and in US it has entered slight growth stage, but China's energy consumption is still growing at a rate of 5–6% per year, total energy consumption in China will be alarming under this situation.3. Green building situation in China3.1. Building energy consumption in ChinaIn China, building energy consumption accounts for 46.7% of the total society energy consumption, and 60% of the carbon emission in cities comes from maintaining buildings’ function (Zhang, 2010). Due to the rapid development of economy development and urbanization in recent years, about 20 × 108 m2 building areas are completed each year, which is larger than the total area in European and American (Zhao, Zhu, & Wu, 2009). In China, about 55 kg steel will be used in each 1 m2 building, and it is 10–25% more than developed countries; about 221.5 kg cement will be used in each 1 m3 concrete, and it is 80 kg more than developed countries (Zhang & Gu, 2012). The existing building areas are 430 × 108 m2 in China, 90% of them are high energy consumption construction. Compared with developed countries, the thermal isulation performance building envelope is poor, as shown in Table 1, the larger the number is, the faster heat run off. The heat transfer coefficient of all parts in China is 2–3 times higher than developed countries (RGBI, 2010). Due to poor thermalinsulation of building envelope and low efficiency of heating systems, energy consumption for heating in north China is the largest component of building energy consumption (BEC), as shown in Fig. 1(Cai, Wu, Zhong, & Ren, 2009). In addition, it is about 25 kg/m2 standard coal in China, which is 2–4 times larger than that of Northern Europe in similar climate, and carbon emissions are 2–5 times higher than international standard (Qi & Li, 2013).3.2. Achievements of the Green Building in ChinaAlthough ten years later than western countries, GB in China develops rapidly. Especially in recent five years, GB in China developed at an alarming speed every year (Fig. 2) (Green building map, 2013). In China, GB evaluation standards mainly used are LEED rating system issued by USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council) and Three-Star rating system issued by Chinese government. The number of Three-Star projects in 2009 increased by 100% than 2008, and the number in 2010 increased by 290% than 2009. The green building number and area in 2012 is equivalent to the sum from 2008 to 2011(Sun & Zhao, 2013). The number of LEED projects every year is shown in Fig. 3 (Jerome Sebbag, 2013). They are almost in the same increasing trend. The minister of Ministry of Construction, Qiu baoxing pointed out that, in 2005, buildings executed energy efficiency standards in design stage only account for 53%, performing stage 21%, but after five years, the proportion increased to 99% and 99% respectively (Qiu, 2011). During the “11th five-year plan” period, GB demonstration area reached 13,000,000 m2, the accumulative total GDP energy consumption fell 19.1%, the building energy saving contributed 20% of the energy saving (Li et al., 2011). During “12th fiveyear”, China plan to complete new GB 1 billion square meters and 20% of new buildings in cities and towns can reach GB standards by the end of 2015.3.3. Features in the development3.3.1. High proportion of national projectsAccording to research, most GB projects are directed by the national agencies, directed by local agencies only account for about 27% of the total number in 2010 and 2011, as shown in Fig. 4 (CABR, 2012). The reason for this is China is still in the initial stage of GB, neither developers nor consumers have a strong consciousness to promote green building. So this has become an obstacle on the way to develop GB. A relatively clear thing is that both GB directed by national agencies and by local agencies were increasing rapidly over the last 2 years and they were approximately at the same rate.3.3.2. Most certificated in design stageChinese Three-Star Evaluation System includes design stage labels and operation stage labels. The number of GB in the design stage is 331 while 22 in the operation stage. The ratios of green building number in design stage to that in operation stage in 2009, 2010 and 2011, are 9.0, 9.5 and 19.0 respectively (there is no GB for operation stage in 2008) (Ye, Cheng, Wang, Lin, & Ren, 2013). We can easily find that most GB are certificated in design stage (CABR, 2013). Why not these buildings take part in evaluation in operation stage? After asurvey on these green buildings, we find that most of them cannot achieve green standard in the operation stage due to the lack of mature technology and skilled worker.3.3.3. Rising of residential buildingsThe numbers of residential and public GB projects are 193 (54.7%) and 160 (45.3%) respectively. A massive rise of residential projects is evident. Recent policy on social housing in China may be one reason for the large rising in residential projects, and this is expected to continue (Ye et al., 2013).3.3.4. Unbalanced regional developmentAs shown in Fig. 5, counted by province, autonomous region, municipality and special administrative region, Jiangsu Province ranks the first, accounting for nearly a quarter of the total, and it is followed by Guangdong Province and Shanghai (CABR, 2013). More than three quarters of green buildings are in the east coast, which is the region with a rapid economic growth in China, ss shown in Fig. 6 (Ye et al., 2013). Although western China accounts for two-thirds of China's total area, its proportion is less than 10%.4. Special requirements for green building4.1. ComfortEnergy-saving and emission-reduction is just one of the requirements of GB. Some people think GB is just to save energy and reduce emission, for example, they think building with solar energy or ground source heat pump is green, but this concept is totally wrong. Real green building is not only energy-saving, emission reduction or land-saving, but also meansproviding a comfortable working or living environment for human, which is considered as the key part.4.2. LifecycleGB should be judged from the whole life cycle, we cannot just see whether it uses energy-saving equipment in the early design process. Developers should consider energy consumption required in material, operation and maintenance, etc., in addition, energy needed when it is broken down is also included.4.3. Not equal to high costSome think GB is expensive luxury goods, and it needs high cost. Actually, GB should be considered from the whole life cycle, it stresses efficiency of resources through optimization design, emphasis on localization of materials and adaptation to local conditions, even the construction cost may increase, it can be recovered from energy saving, water saving, resources saving and so on in operation phase. According to statistical results, the incremental part of the green building cost accounts for about 2.7–9.3% in the overall cost in the construction (Yudelson, 2008). Appropriate investment in early time leads to savings in the process of operation and its energy-saving benefits can be seen after some years. According to general calculation, it needs seven years to recoup the costs, but the time is expected to be much short. Overall, the incremental cost is decreasing. Prejudice on the initial cost is one of the main obstacles in GB development. In addition, benefits of GB buildings are often social shared, while initial cost is bared by developers. To some extent, balance between interests and responsibility hinders the development of GB.4.4. Not equal to high-techThe essence of GB is to make the building adapt to the climate. To let the building have adaptation function, high technology is one of the means to reach standards of GB, but it is not the only way. GB should follow the “passive priority, active measures optimization” principle. Passive measures refer to directly use natural conditions such as sunlight, wind, topography etc. to reduce the building heating, air conditioning and lighting load. Active measures refer to use mechanical systems to improve the indoor comfort, it usually including heating, air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, artificial lighting, and other measures.5. How to promoteGB has risen to be a national strategic action. All sectors in China society should work together to develop the low carbon buildings, where update of consciousness is the foundation, technology innovation is the key, and system monitoring is the important measure.5.1. To enhance the awareness of the stakeholdersAs an officer once said, “The b iggest problem is how to improve energy saving awareness among residents who only care about the price and location when they choose residences”. At present, in the process of GB development in China, GB is mainly constructed by government through several of policies and specific plans. In fact, for most developers, the goal is to pursue profit, but for consumers, they care about good cost performance, whether green or not are none of their business. The social benefits of GB are not awarded, such as energy saving, environmental protection, comfort and low cost, they just have been accepted a bit. Measures must be taken to enhance awareness of stakeholders, especially the residents.First, government should further study how investments in GB contribute to a vibrant local economy like jobs, business and tax revenues. The government can arrange some reports about the concept of GB, and issue statements supporting the economic, environmental and social interests of GB. For example, “air quality, lighting, heat and green building air conditioning and overall can be improved in GB, a more pleasant, healthier and productive place to live. The people who live and work in GB appears be more healthy.”Second, government can be partner with building industry associations to set up workshops to demonstrate the statement mentioned above. It might present to developers the legal case and business case for GB to increase awareness and strengthen market valuation.Third, government should launch a communication campaign to inform developers and building owners or tenants that GB offers a higher net operation income, thus increasing the value of the building, offering lower operating costs and improving image in the community.5.2. To strengthen technology research and communicationLack of knowledge and backward of technology have become an obstacle GB development. Lack of science and technology, key technologies for GB are insufficient and bottlenecks for GB have not been broken yet. Even now, China does not have a complete technology system on GB construction. Rapid transformation of energy-saving construction market depends on new technologies particularly. Many Chinese institutions support research and development of energy-saving technology, however, many innovative technology in China is still in research stage and has not yet been commercialized due to lack of effective platform to promote, demonstrate and communicate new technologies. Developed counties have achieved greatresults in GB technology research, and complete technology systems have already formed during long time development, so we have to strengthen technology research and communication with developed counties to get some experience, only then can we get most in shortest time.The government should continue to support energy-saving technology research and development to promote technical communication, so as to improve the commercial level of innovative energy-saving technologies and market penetration ability; Institute and university should strengthen the research, demonstration and test of innovative energy-saving technologies. Various technique applications in building energy-saving are shown in Fig. 7 (Ye et al., 2013). It indicates that China should focus on development of utilization technology of new energy and renewable energy to accelerate intelligent construction development. Meanwhile, the intelligent building is an important part. At present, the intelligent buildings ratio in new buildings is as follows: 70% in the US, 60% in Japan, and China only about 10% in 2006, it is expected to increase to around 35% in 2013. The potential of intelligent building industry development is great, so it is considered to be a very important industry in China.5.3. Codes and regulations5.3.1. Evaluation standardsTo address the energy production issue, China has launched a wave of legislation about green building since 2005. In spite of some national and local standards, we do not have a complete system on the design, construction, operation and evaluation of GB. Although the climate indifferent areas in China is different, we do not have specific standards for different regions. GB in China is still in the initial stage, related policies, regulations and evaluation system still need to be improved. GB standards should adjust to local conditions, and provide different guidance to different situations. Factors including regional economic development level, resources amount, climate conditions and construction characteristics must be taken into consideration when establish and perfect GB standards and formulate targeted policy measures. What's more, to keep accordance with the progress of construction technology, it is essential to constantly update the building regulations.5.3.2. Evaluation systemEvaluation systems should contain quantitative standards with high qualities, so research and application on quantitative and qualitative index must be enhanced. To advocate the GB development and practice GB certification institution, the government must cultivate an independence third-party certification agency to make fully evaluate before implementing design proposal, under construction process and building materials and devices. GB lifecycle evaluation focuses on whole environmental assessment, and each phase of evaluation is based on overall grasps (Yudelson, 2008).5.3.3. Legal managementLegislation is the fundamental in promoting GB. Although we have issued many standards for many years, many building energy efficiency standards had not achieved its supposed effect. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (MOHURD) investigated more than 3000 projects in 2005, the result showed that only 58.53% of those projects weredesigned with related energy efficiency standard, and only 23.25% of them are built to match the energy efficiency standard. Therefore, strict scrutiny into enforcement of building energy efficiency standard has been adopted by MOHURD and the legal enforcement notes will be sent to those projects which disobey the compulsory standard. By this action, the percentages of building projects that designed to match the energy efficiency standards was up to 95.7%, and built to match those standards was up to 53.8% in 2006; the percentages were up to 97% and 71% in 2007 (Zhang & Gu, 2012). The requirements of building energy saving are considered to be issued in the form of law or regulation. It is essential to use law ways to guarantee operation of new building energy efficiency standards.5.3.4. Multi-incentive toolsIn China, incentive policies to promote development of GB are insufficient in current. Incentive policies on finance, tax and economy are not sound, related sectors cannot get strong internal motivations to develop GB. Although there are some incentive policies related to building energy saving, water saving and environmental protection tax, there is not specific policy for green building tax or finance. Real estate developers cannot get any incentives in terms of land acquisition, project examination and approval, finance when develop GB; Encouragement Measures are not evident when consumers purchase GB; so GB cannot realize a dominant demand in market. Efforts are necessary to set more incentive tools at the right level to improve energy saving and GB ratio.To developers: In the current property rights regime in China, the land was owned by the government or collective. The developer has to pay an amount to government for land useright. To promote GB development, the government could pay back a portion of money to developer if building turns out to be a GB. China can model itself following America to grant reduced construction fees for projects which earn GB star label, where the fee cost varies as the label level. This would be an effective way to promote the developer take action to make buildings green.To owner and tenant: The incentives to the owner and tenant are also necessary. If tenant prefers to live in the energy-efficient buildings or consumer is inclined to choose GB, it will push the real estate industry to meet GB standard. But most people care about price when buy or rent GB because it is more expensive than the normal building. How to solve this problem? The answer lies in direct economic incentives, such as tax reduction. In China, when the citizens purchase and transfer the possession of houses, massive taxes will be imposed. Chinese government can consider granting some tax reduction to people who purchase GB. However, this way may not be effective for the tenant for the short lease. The price, position and operating costs of houses are concerned with tenants. It might be effective to follow the energy certification approach of EU-when a house is for rent. An energy performance certification must be made available to the tenant.6. ConclusionsIn recent years, China has begun to pay attention to research and construction of GB and has taken some actions. However, the current study only focuses on the green construction methods, which are too narrow; building of green construction is only pilot project。
绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献
绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current watershortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in T aiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actualquantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consu mption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure ofwater and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simplewater-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate watersystem device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediatewater for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yielddifferent results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in T aiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basicevaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level is sues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction envir onment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in T aiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in T aiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。
绿色建筑作文模板英语
绿色建筑作文模板英语英文回答：Green Building Essay Template。
Introduction。
Begin with a hook that emphasizes the urgency of sustainability and the role of green buildings.Define green buildings and their key characteristics, such as energy efficiency, water conservation, and reduced environmental impact.Body Paragraph 1: Environmental Benefits。
Discuss the positive environmental impacts of green buildings, including:Reduced greenhouse gas emissions。
Improved air and water quality。
Conservation of natural resources。
Mitigated climate change。
Body Paragraph 2: Economic Benefits。
Explore the economic advantages of green buildings, such as:Lower operating costs through energy efficiency。
Increased occupant productivity and health。
Enhanced property value。
Government incentives and tax breaks。
Body Paragraph 3: Social Benefits。
Highlight the social benefits of green buildings, including:Improved health and well-being for occupants。
green building 外文文献翻译
外文文献：Green buildingGreen building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivityReducing waste, pollution and environmental degradationA similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put onyour roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you 1 contribute to sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in theretrofiring of existing structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimizationof one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement(daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete, etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture isin one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database services such as GreenOhm.The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED. HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEA Mlimits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth.A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating ahigh performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website . The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduceswaste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.中文译文：绿色建筑绿色建筑（也被称为绿色建筑或可持续建筑）是指一个结构和使用的过程，是对环境负责和资源节约型整个建筑物的循环生活：从选址到设计，施工，运行，维护，改造和拆迁。
绿色建筑英文
绿色建筑英文Green BuildingIntroduction:Green building, also known as sustainable building, is a concept that has gained significant attention in recent years. It emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly materials, energy-efficient designs, and sustainable construction practices. Green buildings aim to reduce their overall impact on the environment while promoting a healthier and more sustainable living or working space. This article explores the importance and benefits of green building in the modern world.1. Environmental Impact:Traditional buildings often have a negative impact on the environment. They consume large amounts of energy, produce significant waste, and contribute towards global warming. In contrast, green buildings minimize their carbon footprint by utilizing renewable energy sources, optimizing energy efficiency, and implementing effective waste management systems. By reducing energy consumption and waste generation, green buildings play a crucial role in mitigating climate change and preserving the ecosystems.2. Energy Efficiency:One of the fundamental principles of green building is energy efficiency. Various strategies and technologies are employed to minimize energy consumption in green buildings. These include using high-performance insulation, efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)systems, as well as using natural lighting and renewable energy sources such as solar or wind. Energy-efficient buildings not only reduce carbon emissions but also lower energy bills for the occupants, leading to long-term savings.3. Water Conservation:Another important aspect of green building is water conservation. Traditional buildings consume vast amounts of water for activities such as irrigation, washing, and sanitation. Green buildings incorporate water-efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and greywater recycling to minimize water usage. Additionally, sustainable landscaping techniques, such as using native plants, can reduce the need for excessive watering. Conserving water in buildings helps to preserve this precious resource and ensure its availability for future generations.4. Indoor Air Quality:Green buildings prioritize the health and well-being of occupants by focusing on indoor air quality. Traditional buildings often suffer from poor ventilation, which can lead to the accumulation of pollutants and allergens, causing various health issues. Green buildings are designed to maximize natural ventilation, use low VOC (volatile organic compound) materials, and implement effective air filtration systems. These measures promote better indoor air quality, reducing the risk of respiratory problems and allergies.5. Material Efficiency:Green buildings emphasize the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials. This includes using recycled or locally sourcedmaterials, as well as opting for renewable resources. Additionally, green buildings strive to reduce waste during construction and demolition by employing efficient construction practices such as modular construction or deconstruction. By minimizing the consumption of resources and reducing waste generation, green buildings contribute to a more sustainable construction industry.Conclusion:Green building is a crucial approach to addressing various environmental challenges we face today. By promoting energy efficiency, conserving water, improving indoor air quality, and utilizing sustainable materials, green buildings minimize their negative impact on the environment. Moreover, they provide healthier and more comfortable living and working spaces while reducing operating costs for occupants. As the importance of sustainability continues to grow, green building practices should be embraced and encouraged on a larger scale, contributing to a more sustainable future for generations to come.。
绿色建筑英文作文
绿色建筑英文作文Green buildings are designed to be environmentally friendly and energy efficient. They use sustainable materials and renewable energy sources to reduce their impact on the environment. These buildings are also designed to maximize natural light and ventilation, which can help reduce energy consumption.One of the key features of green buildings is their use of sustainable materials. These materials are often recycled or sourced from renewable sources, such as bamboo or cork. By using these materials, green buildings can reduce their impact on the environment and help promote sustainable practices in the construction industry.Another important aspect of green buildings is their use of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines. By generating their own energy, these buildings can reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and lower their carbon footprint. This not only benefits theenvironment, but also helps reduce long-term operating costs for the building.In addition to using sustainable materials and renewable energy sources, green buildings are also designed to maximize natural light and ventilation. This not only helps reduce the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning, but also creates a more comfortable and healthy indoor environment for occupants. By incorporating these design features, green buildings can improve the overall quality of life for their occupants.Overall, green buildings are an important part of sustainable development and can help reduce the environmental impact of the built environment. By using sustainable materials, renewable energy sources, and maximizing natural light and ventilation, these buildings can help create a more sustainable and healthy future for all.。
建环毕业翻译中英文对照
外文翻译中文空调工作过程和节能技术的研究摘要：一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱. 它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却.在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。
关键词：水塔、改变气候、压缩机、节能当外面的温度开始上升时,很多人寻找室内的空调的极好的安慰.象水塔和电源线一样,空调是我们每天看见但是很少注意的那些东西之一。
它将不是很高兴的知道这些不可缺少的机器怎样运转他们的魔术吗？在这篇文章里,我们将检查空调–从微观到宏观–以使你对你所看见的知道得更多！低温的各个方面。
空调的定型是各种尺寸，冷却能力和价格。
我们经常看见的一种类型是窗式空气调节器。
窗式空气调节器是冷却一个小的区域的一种容易和节约的方法。
居住在郊区的地区的大多数人通常在他们的后院有这些中之一：如果你住在一座公寓大厦里，这或许是一个熟悉的情景：大多数商业和办公楼在他们的屋顶上有冷凝装置，并且当你飞到上空时，仓库和商业区可能让人把10 或者20 套冷凝装置隐藏在他们的屋顶上:当你徘徊在很多医院，大学和办公室联合企业的周围时，你会找到连接空气调节系统的大的冷却塔：即使这些机器中的每个都有一个相当清楚的外表，他们全部以相同的原理工作。
让我们近距离地看一下.基本的想法，一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱。
它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却。
在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同.根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典，氟里昂一般“用于任何各种各样的调节器”。
根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典，氟里昂一般”用于作为致冷剂和作为气溶胶推进者使用的任何各种各样的不易燃的碳氟化合物。
”这就是在一台空调里的蒸发循环是怎么样工作(看出冰箱怎样为关于这个系列的完整的细节工作）：1. 压缩机压缩低温的氟里昂气体，产生高温，高压氟里昂气体。
2. 这种高温气体通过一套线圈，因此它能使它的热消散，并且它凝结成一种液体。
3. 氟里昂液体充满一个膨胀阀, 并且在这个过程里蒸发变得低温，低压氟里昂气体.4. 这种低温的气体通过一套线圈，允许气体吸收热并且使大楼里面空气冷却。
中国绿色建筑介绍英文作文
中国绿色建筑介绍英文作文英文：Green buildings in China have been gaining popularityin recent years due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection and sustainable development. These buildings are designed to reduce the negative impact on the environment and promote a healthy and comfortable living environment for occupants.One of the key features of green buildings is energy efficiency. This is achieved through the use of advanced technologies and materials that help reduce energy consumption and emissions. For example, green buildings may use solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and HVAC systems that use less energy. This not only reduces the carbon footprint but also saves money on energy bills.Another important aspect of green buildings is water conservation. China is a country that is prone to waterscarcity, and green buildings can help reduce water consumption through the use of water-efficient fixtures and systems. For example, low-flow faucets, toilets, and showerheads can significantly reduce water usage without sacrificing performance.In addition, green buildings also prioritize indoor air quality by using non-toxic materials and providing proper ventilation. This helps reduce the risk of health problems caused by indoor air pollution.Overall, green buildings in China are an important step towards a more sustainable future. By reducing energy and water consumption, promoting healthy indoor environments, and using eco-friendly materials, these buildings are setting an example for the rest of the world.中文：近年来，随着人们对环境保护和可持续发展意识的提高，中国的绿色建筑越来越受欢迎。
建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文
建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：《Advanced Encryption Standard》文献、资料发表（出版）日期:2004.10.25系（部）：建筑工程系生：陆总LYY外文文献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with Contemporary architecture1, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his "fireproof design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, πDark satanic millsπof places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan∙ Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright,s Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner,s Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities- The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright r s career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modem Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as πmachines for living,∖but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines- Even Philip Johnson admitted he was πbored with the box∕,Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a πstyleπthat threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin ,,At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion/1At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question πModern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?11In New York, the coup d r etat appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of πair rights,∖[l] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to ,,severπthe Park Avenue streetscape and πtarnishπthe reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中文译文:现代建筑现代建筑，不被混淆与‘当代建筑’，是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点，主要的简化形式,消除装饰等.虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品，很少有现代的建筑物，建于20世纪上半叶.第二次大战后的三十年，但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题，息息相关的工程中的现代性, 从而影响了启蒙运动，导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展，那就是获得新的建筑材料，如钢铁，混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术，它作为工业革命的一部分.1796年，Shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的‘火’的设计，后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板.这些建设大大加强了结构，使它们能够容纳更大的机器.由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败.直到1830年初，伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁，导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述，〃黑暗魔鬼作坊〃的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡.水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览，1851年,是一个早期的例子, 钢铁及玻璃施工；可能是一个最好的例子，就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼.早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达（而非纯粹功利结构），包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近，劳埃德赖特的统一宫，建于1926 年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何，约有1900多位建筑师，在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例（比如哥特式）与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔，安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那，奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳，其中之一可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要人物，在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声.三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国，密斯范德尔德罗和瓦尔特格罗皮乌斯在德国.密斯范德尔德罗和格罗皮乌斯为董事的包豪斯，其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和工艺和传统工业技术.赖特的建筑生涯中，也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过瓦斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们.赖特与格罗皮乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重大的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览，艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势，内容相似,有一个共同的目的, 巩固了他们融入国际化风格这是一个重要的转折点.在二战的时间包豪斯的代表人物逃到美国，芝加哥，到哈佛大学设计黑山书院.当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单一的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑，是学校（专业领导）的唯一可接受的，设计解决方案，从约1932年至约1984 年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
低碳生态建筑的设计与实现(英文中文双语版优质文档)
低碳生态建筑的设计与实现（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection and the increasingly serious threat of global climate change, low-carbon ecological buildings have gradually become an important direction in the field of architectural design. Low-carbon ecological buildings refer to minimizing the impact on the environment in all aspects of design, construction, use, and demolition, so as to achieve the goal of sustainable development. This paper will discuss the design and realization of low-carbon ecological buildings.1. Design of low-carbon ecological buildings1. Application of green energy systemGreen energy system is an important part of low-carbon ecological buildings. Architectural designers can apply renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy to buildings to reduce dependence on traditional fossil energy. For example, solar panels can be installed on the roof of the building to power the building through photovoltaic power generation; ventilation openings can be set on the south facade of the building to guide natural wind into the building to achieve natural ventilation and air circulation; Hot water is used for heating and cooling of building air conditioners.2. Using environmentally friendly materialsEnvironmentally friendly materials are an important part of low-carbon ecological buildings. Architectural designers can choose renewable, easily recycled, and low-pollution materials, such as bamboo, hemp rope, and ecological bricks. These materials are produced and used with low environmental impact and are easy to recycle and reuse at the end of the building's life.3. Building energy-saving designBuilding energy-saving design is an important link in low-carbon ecological building design. Architectural designers can reduce the energy consumption of buildings by optimizing the structure of the building, selecting high-efficiency and energy-saving electromechanical equipment, and using efficient lighting systems. For example, energy-saving measures such as double-glazed windows, external wall insulation materials, and energy-saving lamps can be adopted to reduce energy consumption in buildings.4. Application of intelligent control systemIntelligent control system is an important technology in low-carbon ecological buildings. By installing temperature, humidity, light and other sensors inside the building, and monitoring and controlling these data in real time, the goal of energy saving and emission reduction can be achieved. For example, the intelligent control system can be used to adjust the building's temperature, humidity and other environmental parameters, and automatically adjust the building's lighting and air conditioning systems to achieve the best energy-saving effect.2. Realization of low-carbon ecological buildings1. Environmental protection management in building construction processDuring the construction process, attention should be paid to environmental protection and resource conservation to reduce environmental pollution and damage. Construction management personnel should formulate environmental protection management plans and construction schemes, and supervise and manage the construction site. For example, low-carbon and environmentally friendly construction technologies and materials can be used to reduce the generation and discharge of construction waste and waste, and to ensure the cleanliness and sanitation of the construction site.2. Energy-saving management during building useDuring the use of buildings, energy conservation management should be strengthened to reduce energy waste. Building property management personnel should formulate reasonable energy-saving plans according to the characteristics and usage of buildings, and maintain and manage building equipment. For example, building equipment can be regularly maintained and maintained, air-conditioning filters can be cleaned in time, lamps can be replaced, etc., to ensure the efficient operation of equipment.3. Environmental management of building demolition and recyclingBuilding demolition and recycling are also important links in the process of realizing low-carbon ecological buildings. Building demolition management personnel should formulate a demolition plan, and classify and recycle waste during the demolition process. For example, waste concrete, steel and other building materials can be recycled to reduce waste of resources and environmental pollution.3. Advantages of low-carbon ecological buildingsLow-carbon ecological buildings have the following advantages:1. Reduce energy consumption and emissionsLow-carbon ecological buildings adopt environmentally friendly materials, energy-saving technologies and green energy systems, which can greatly reduce energy consumption and emissions of buildings, and reduce carbon emissions and pollutant emissions.2. Improve building quality and user experienceLow-carbon ecological buildings focus on the design concepts of environmental protection, energy saving, health and comfort, which can improve the quality and user experience of buildings, and bring users a better living and working environment.3. Achieving sustainable developmentLow-carbon ecological buildings aim at sustainable development, and realize the harmonious coexistence and sustainable development of buildings and the natural environment by minimizing the impact on the environment. At the same time, low-carbon ecological buildings can also bring positive impetus to local economic and social development.4. Save construction costs and operating expensesAlthough the construction and design costs of low-carbon ecological buildings are high, they can greatly reduce energy and water consumption in long-term use, while reducing maintenance and operating costs, thereby achieving cost savings.5. Increase the value and sustainability of buildingsLow-carbon ecological buildings have high environmental protection, energy saving, health and sustainability values, which can improve the return on investment and market competitiveness of buildings. At the same time, low-carbon ecological buildings can also bring better environmental and social benefits to the area where the building is located.随着人们对环保意识的提高和全球气候变化的威胁日益严峻，低碳生态建筑逐渐成为了建筑设计领域的一个重要方向。
建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）In recent years, with the gradual enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, green buildings have become a hot topic in the field of architectural design. Green building design refers to minimizing the adverse impact on the environment in the process of design, construction, use and demolition, and achieving the goals of resource conservation and environmental protection. Building energy-saving technology is the key to realize green buildings. This paper will focus on the relevant content of building energy-saving technology and green building design.1. Building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology refers to the use of various measures to minimize building energy consumption in the process of building design, construction and use, so as to achieve the purpose of saving energy and reducing consumption.1. Design stageDuring the building design phase, energy savings can be achieved by adopting the following measures:(1) Choose appropriate building facade design to reduce building energy consumption.(2) Choose suitable materials, such as solar panels, energy-saving glass and other materials.(3) Adopt energy-saving building models, such as building thermodynamic models, computer simulation models, etc., to predict and analyze building energy usage and improve building energy efficiency.2. Construction phaseDuring the building construction phase, the following measures can be adopted to achieve energy saving:(1) Adopt green construction materials, such as environmentally friendly cement, building ceramics and other materials.(2) Adopt advanced energy-saving construction technology, such as energy-saving lighting system, energy-saving air-conditioning system, etc.3. Phase of useDuring the building use phase, the following measures can be adopted to achieve energy saving:(1) Adopt energy-saving home appliances, such as LED lights, energy-saving refrigerators, etc.(2) Adopt renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy to realize self-sufficiency of the building.(3) The thermal insulation performance and lighting performance of buildings also need to be well maintained to reduce energy consumption.4. Demolition phaseDuring the building demolition stage, environmental protection demolition technology should be adopted to reduce the impact on the environment.2. Green building designThe core of green building design is to achieve the maximum protection of the environment and the economical use of resources. The following is the relevant content of green building design:1. Utilization of renewable energyGreen building design emphasizes the use of renewable energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, etc. to achieve building self-sufficiency. In the design stage, factors such as building orientation and lighting can be considered to make full use of solar energy and reduce dependence on traditional energy sources. For example, solar panels are installed on the roof of the building to generate electricity through solar energy to provide electricity for the building.2. Selection of green building materialsGreen building design focuses on the selection of green and environmentally friendly building materials, such as wood made from renewable resources, environmentally friendly cement, etc. These green building materials can reduce environmental pollution during production, use and dismantling.3. Conservation and utilization of water resourcesGreen building design also emphasizes the conservation of water resources. In the design stage, water resources can be reused by setting up rainwater collection systems and irrigation systems. In the use stage, low-flow faucets, water-saving devices and other equipment can also be used to reduce water consumption.4. Guarantee of air qualityGreen building design focuses on ensuring indoor air quality to improve living comfort and health. The release of harmful substances such as formaldehyde can be reduced to ensure indoor air quality by adopting low-VOC paints, indoor air purifiers and other measures.5. Garbage sortingGreen building design also pays attention to the sorting of waste to reduce environmental pollution. The installation of garbage sorting facilities can be considered at the design stage, and residents can be guided to sort garbage during the use phase.3. SummaryBuilding energy-saving technology and green building design are the key to sustainable development. By adopting various energy-saving measures and green building design schemes in the process of building design, construction, use and demolition, the adverse impact on the environment can be minimized and the goals of resource conservation and environmental protection can be achieved. We need to actively promote the concept of green buildings in the process of building design and use, and jointly contribute to the realization of sustainable development.近年来，随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强，绿色建筑已成为建筑设计领域的热门话题。
绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential researchin Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current water shortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate water system device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adoptedin assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in Taiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basic evaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level issues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction environment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in Taiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in Taiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。
绿色建筑 英文作文
绿色建筑英文作文英文：Green building is a concept that has gained a lot of attention in recent years. It refers to the design, construction, and operation of buildings that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient. As a student of architecture, I have had the opportunity to learn about the principles of green building and their importance.One of the main goals of green building is to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. This can be achieved through the use of sustainable materials, energy-efficient systems, and water-saving technologies. For example, a building can be designed to maximize natural light and ventilation, reducing the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning. Water-saving technologies such as low-flow faucets and toilets can also be installed to reduce water consumption.Another important aspect of green building is the use of renewable energy sources. Solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems can be used to generate electricity and heat, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This not only reduces the carbon footprint of the building but also saves money on energy bills in the long run.In addition to environmental benefits, green building also has social and economic benefits. Buildings that are designed with the health and well-being of occupants in mind can improve their quality of life. For example, a building with good indoor air quality and natural light can promote productivity and reduce absenteeism. Green building can also create jobs in the construction and renewable energy sectors, contributing to economic growth.Overall, green building is a win-win situation for both the environment and society. As architects and designers,it is our responsibility to incorporate green building principles into our work and promote sustainable design.中文：绿色建筑是近年来备受关注的概念。
外文翻译---绿色建筑概述
外文翻译---绿色建筑概述Green Building General State1.The background of green building:Present society the theory of sustainable development have permeated every aspect of human social development, how to can promote the economic development of human society to again solve the problem of environmental protection have also become people broad is the problem of solicitude one. sustainable development ask the development of society economy must restrict in the environment and resource of the earth can bear ability in. well-known, in recent years mankind in economy develop fast at the same time, bring environmental resource consume rapidly and atmosphere 2 C0 plenty of increases, so make atmospheric temperature go up , cause global climate to warm , the damage of ozonosphere, the damage of as well as natural landscape and so on. nowadays mention extensively green building system only put forward according to this problem.Forestation construction is that the opinion that uses ecology ( Ecological thinking) come to working space and the life of creation people.So, create to come out, healthy and comfortable space, not only, do not increase investment , can have energy-saving function actually more and reduce operation cost, and the production efficiency of improvement space user.2. the environmental problem of green buildingIt can offer the comfortable indoor environment that has safety , should at the same time have if so-called green building is not only wanted with natural environment the good building external environment of harmonious appearance.Green building consider local climate, building form and usesquare work , facility condition , construct process, housing materials and use manage the influence for external environment, as well as comfortable, healthy internal environment, at the same time consider investment person and user , design , install , run , the interests of maintenance technician, change speech may lasting design and good environment and is benefited should have balance between 3 user , well move mutual concern reach the forestation effect .. of optimization Green building is only that the energy of difference and the demand of difference between the coordinative internal and external environment and user and balance of starting point is relied onwith this viewpoint level reaches the nature of building and environment , is melted with.2. 1 The indoor environment of green buildingsGreen building emphasize indoor environment , because the thought of main stream of air-condition circle is want to strive for a relation of balance in between external environment, for internal environment for health , comfortable and building user produce efficiency, show the demand of difference.Temperature problemFirst hot comfortable obvious influence work efficiency. the air-condition system of tradition can maintain indoor temperature, however, in last few years study show , indoor reach absolute comfortable, cause easily " air-condition disease " problem, consume plenty of energies just, increase freon for the damage of ozonosphere。
建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the gradual improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, building energy-saving technology and green building design have become the development trend of today's construction industry. Building energy-saving technology can effectively reduce building energy consumption and environmental pollution, while improving building comfort and safety. Green building design can take environmental protection and sustainable development factors into consideration at the early stage of design, so as to achieve sustainable development of buildings. This article will discuss the importance of building sustainable development and the application of related technologies from two aspects of building energy-saving technology and green building design.1. Building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology refers to reducing building energy consumption and environmental pollution through scientific design and technical means, while improving building comfort and safety. Building energy-saving technology can be optimized from the following aspects:1. Thermal insulation design of building exterior walls and roofsThe thermal insulation design of building exterior walls and roofs can effectively reduce indoor energy consumption and improve building comfort. The selection of insulation materials and the optimization of construction technology can improve the insulation effect and reduce energy consumption. For example, the use of high-efficiency insulation materials and a design that reduces thermal bridging effects can reduce building energy consumption by more than 10%.2. Optimal design of building energy systemsThe optimal design of building energy systems can effectively reduce building energy consumption and environmental pollution. For example, the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy can reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. In addition, the use of high-efficiency energy-saving equipment and control systems can also reduce building energy consumption.3. Building lighting designThe architectural lighting design can improve the quality of indoor lighting and reduce the energy consumption of indoor lighting. Reasonable lighting design can reduce lighting energy consumption by maximizing the use of natural light. For example, the design of large-area windows and light pipes can effectively improve the quality of building lighting.4. Building intelligent control systemBuilding intelligent control system can realize efficient control and management of building energy, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. For example, intelligent lighting and air-conditioning control systems can minimize energy consumption while maintaining indoor comfort.2. Green building designGreen building design refers to the consideration of environmental protection and sustainable development factors in the early stage of building design, so as to realize the sustainable development of buildings. Green building design can be optimized from the following aspects:1. Selection of sustainable materialsIn green building design, priority should be given to choosing sustainable materials, such as the use of recycled and recyclable materials. This reduces waste of building materials and environmental impact.2. Energy saving designEnergy-saving design is an important part of green building design. At the early stage of design, the energy consumption of the building should be considered as much as possible, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials, intelligent control systems, etc., so as to minimize energy consumption.3. Utilization of natural resourcesIn the design of green buildings, natural resources should be fully utilized, such as the use of renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy. In addition, the use of technologies such as rainwater harvesting systems can also make full use of natural resources and reduce the impact on the natural environment.4. Green landscape designIn the design of green buildings, the design of green landscape should be fully considered. Green landscape can not only beautify the building environment, but also purify the air and reduce environmental noise.3. The importance of building sustainabilityThe sustainable development of buildings is one of the important issues facing society today. The construction industry is one of the main sources of energy consumption and environmental pollution. Therefore, the sustainable development of buildings involves not only environmental protection issues, but also energy security and economic development. Building sustainability can bring benefits in several ways:1. Reduce environmental pollution and energy consumptionBuilding energy-saving technology and green building design can effectively reduce environmental pollution and energy consumption. By reducing the consumption of natural resources and reducing the generation of waste, the impact on the environment can be reduced.2. Improve building comfort and safetyBuilding energy-saving technology and green building design can improve the comfort and safety of buildings. By adopting technologies such as high-efficiency thermal insulation materials and intelligent control systems, the comfort of buildings can be improved, thereby improving people's quality of life.3. Promoting the sustainable development of economic buildings can promote economic development. On the one hand, the adoption of green building design and energy-saving technologies can reduce the operating costs and energy consumption of buildings, thereby bringing economic benefits to the construction industry. On the other hand, the sustainable development of buildings can promote the development and application of new technologies and products, and promote industrial upgrading and economic transformation.4. Improve social image and brand valueThe sustainable development of buildings can improve the social image and brand value of enterprises. Today, with the increasing awareness of social responsibility and environmental protection, the adoption of green building design and energy-saving technology can improve the social reputation and brand value of enterprises, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.To sum up, the sustainable development of buildings is not only related to environmental protection issues, but also involves energy security, economic development and corporate brand image. By adopting green building design and energy-saving technology, the sustainable development of buildings can be realized, thus contributing to the sustainable development of human beings.随着人们对环境保护意识的逐渐提高，建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计已经成为当今建筑业发展的趋势。
绿色建筑与室内环境优化英文作文
绿色建筑与室内环境优化英文作文绿色建筑与室内环境优化。
英文回答：Green buildings and optimizing indoor environments have become important topics in the field of architecture and design. As an architect, I believe that integrating sustainable practices into the design and construction of buildings is crucial for creating a healthier and more environmentally friendly future.Green buildings focus on reducing the environmental impact throughout their entire lifecycle. This includes using sustainable materials, implementing energy-efficient systems, and incorporating renewable energy sources. For example, using recycled materials such as reclaimed wood or recycled glass can reduce the demand for new resources and minimize waste. Additionally, installing solar panels or wind turbines can generate clean energy and reducedependence on fossil fuels.In terms of indoor environment optimization, it is essential to prioritize occupant comfort and well-being. This involves designing spaces that promote natural lighting, good air quality, and acoustic comfort. For instance, incorporating large windows and skylights can maximize daylighting, reducing the need for artificial lighting and improving the overall mood and productivity of occupants. Moreover, using low-VOC (volatile organic compound) paints and materials can enhance indoor air quality and prevent health issues such as allergies or respiratory problems.中文回答：绿色建筑和优化室内环境已成为建筑和设计领域的重要议题。
绿色建筑英文作文
绿色建筑英文作文英文：Green buildings are becoming increasingly popular in today's world. As someone who has a passion forsustainability and environmentalism, I am a strong advocate for green buildings. There are several reasons why Ibelieve green buildings are important.Firstly, green buildings are designed to be energy-efficient. This means that they use less energy than traditional buildings, which reduces their carbon footprint. For example, green buildings often use natural lightinstead of artificial lighting, which can significantly reduce energy consumption.Secondly, green buildings are designed to be environmentally-friendly. They are constructed using sustainable materials and techniques, which reduces the amount of waste and pollution generated during the buildingprocess. For instance, some green buildings use recycled materials such as reclaimed wood and recycled steel.Thirdly, green buildings are designed to be healthier for the occupants. They often have better indoor air quality, which can improve the health and well-being of the people who live and work in them. For example, green buildings often have ventilation systems that circulate fresh air throughout the building, which can reduce therisk of respiratory problems.In conclusion, green buildings are important for several reasons. They are energy-efficient,environmentally-friendly, and healthier for the occupants. As we continue to face environmental challenges, green buildings will become even more important in the future.中文：绿色建筑在当今的世界越来越受欢迎。
建筑专业毕业设计外文资料翻译
Title:The Poetics of City and Nature：T oward a New Aesthetic for Urban DesignJournal Issue：Places, 6（1)Author:Spirn，Anne WhistonPublication Date:10-01—1989Publication Info：Places，College of Environmental Design, UC BerkeleyCitation:Spirn,AnneWhiston.(1989).ThePoeticsofCityandNature：T owardaNewAestheticforUrban Design。
Places，6（1)，82。
Keywords:places，placemaking,architecture,environment，landscape，urbandesign，publicrealm,planning, design，aesthetic, poetics，Anne Whiston SpirnThe city has been compared to a poem, a sculpture, a machine. But the city is more than a text，and more than an artistic or technological. It is a place where natural forces pulse and millions of people live—thinking,feeling，dreaming,doing。
An aesthetic of urban design must therefore be rooted in the normal processes of nature and of living.I want to describe the dimensions of such an aesthetic。
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绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译中英文对照（可编辑）########## 大学本科毕业设计外文资料译文年级: 2008级学号: 20087221姓名: 朱莉专业: 铁道工程指导老师:2012年6月原文:Green BuildingAbstract: Green building refers to doing its best to imizeconservation of resources energy, land, water, and wood,protecting the environment and reducing pollution in its life cycle. Providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ de sign, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improving the effectivenessanalysis of the external effects of green building measures, Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effectsWhat is a green buildingGreen building refers to building life cycle,the imum conservation of resources energy, land, water and materials, protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the buildingThe so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally and friendly, makes full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saves energy for the residents and creates almost-natural feeling People, architectures and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance2. the meaning of green buildingThe basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which saves energy and resources; provides a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with goods; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building's coexistence with the environment and sustainable development becomes harmonious3.Development of the significance of green building rating systemEstablish green building rating system is a revolution in the fieldof architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economicangles3.1 Technical SignificanceGreen building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far fromthe only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledgeHowever, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world with the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entereda result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural science, social science, humanities, computer science,information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology and so on. Various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery ofthe retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platformbuilt to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines with clear rule3.2 The social significanceGreen building rating system reflects the socialsignificance of the main advocates of the new way of life,heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation oflocal culture are two aspects To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocatea healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction ofgreen buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It brokes the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the publicand other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community3.3 The economic significanceGreen building rating system, theeconomic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable externalenvironment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategyis more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted3.4 Ethical SignificanceGreen building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: To reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of room. This radically changes the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages for green building design.4.Green building design include the followings:Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greeningReturn to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment5 .Effects of green building5.1 Effects of the composition of green buildingEffects of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable andexternal effects generally include industry effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effectwill cause the private costs internal costs or indirect costs and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effectsSince beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: 1 strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, thelow level. 2 more investments in upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduction, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization. 3 in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room,from lighting, ventilation, drainage and control the damages to the environment. 4 construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economyUnder the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reducing the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increasing, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building6. to improve the external effects of green building measuresEnterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: 1 Construction of natural resources in thelife cycle and minimized energy consumption; 2 reducing building life cycle emissions; 3 protecting the ecological natural environment; 4 to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; 5 the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unitySummary described above, the meaning of green building design and analysisof its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the trend of future construction.译文:绿色建筑摘要: 绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内,最大限度地节约资源节能、节地、节水、节材、保护环境和减少污染,为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑。