弥尔顿及《失乐园》

John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674) was an English poet, prose polemicist, and civil servant for the English Commonwealth. Most famed for his epic poem Paradise Lost, Milton is celebrated as well for his eloquent treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica. Long considered the supreme English poet, Milton experienced a dip in popularity after attacks by T.S. Eliot and F.R. Leaves in the mid-twentieth century; but with multiple societies and scholarly journals devoted to his study, Milton’s re putation remains as strong as ever in the twenty-first century.
V ery soon after his death – and continuing to the present day – Milton became the subject of partisan biographies, confirming T.S. Eliot’s belief that “of no other poet is it so difficult to c onsider the poetry simply as poetry, without our theological and political dispositions…making unlawful entry.”[1] Milton’s radical, republican politics and heretical religious views, coupled with the perceived artificiality of his complicated Latinate verse, alienated Eliot and other readers; yet by dint of the overriding influence of his poetry and personality on subsequent generations--particularly the Romantic movement--the man whom Samuel Johnson disparaged as “an acrimonious and surly republican” must be counted one of the most significant writers and thinkers of all time.
2. Literary career.
(1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. Areopagitica and The Masque Camus (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next The Masque Camus The greatest of early creations was Lucida, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.
(2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.
(3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.
4. Features of Milton’s works.
(1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.
(2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.
(3) Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.
(4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Abstract: "Paradise lost” about human depravity of long epic. It tells the story of the first man Adam and eve in the Garden of Eden was pure and innocent, because the devil the temptation of Satan and against the will of god, and finally to the process of sin in fall. The author Milton poems
in the use of the "bible" character image, so that the theme to show incisively and vividly. This paper discussed the Milton's paradise lost, and Satan in the role of "paradise lost, Milton in works of Satan and pity of fear is double feelings.
King words: Free will自由意志Rebel反叛Heroism英雄气概Invincible Spirit不屈意志"Paradise lost" from the origin of the bible where the story of the century that the lawsuit is derived“失乐园”的由来是从《圣经》中创世纪中所诉的故事中得来的
在《失乐园》所塑造的人物中，撒旦形象历来受赞扬最多，同时争议也最大。

浪漫主义诗人布莱克，拜伦，雪莱等对这个形象所体现的英雄气概和崇高美更是推崇备至。

他们相信撒旦在史诗中被作者塑造成了真正的英雄。

布莱克认为，撒旦代表情欲，代表人类富于想象的灵魂。

他说，弥尔顿写到天使和上帝时，感到缩手缩脚，但写到恶魔和地狱时却发挥得淋漓尽致，这是因为弥尔顿是一个真正的诗人，自己站在恶魔一边却不自知。

当然许多人不同意这种看法，因为在后面各卷中，撒旦的形象越来越渺小，猥琐，直到在第十卷中变成一条嘴里嚼着苦灰的令人厌恶的蛇。

需要指出的是，撒旦那具有崇高美的叛逆者形象并非完全是弥尔顿的创造。

在大约写于8世纪的宗教诗《凯德蒙的圣诗》中，作者就成功的塑造了一个不愿做奴仆，不向上帝折腰，只要自己做神的颇具叛逆精神的撒旦形象。

米尔顿的撒旦无疑受到它的影响。

但无论怎样看，撒旦仍是一个塑造的十分成功的艺术形象。

特别是在前两卷里，他被赶出天堂，扔到地域的火海中后，仍然充满不屈不挠的精神，发誓要继续与万能的上帝对抗。

他说：
我们损失了什么？
并非什么都丢光：不挠的意志，
热切的复仇心，不灭的憎恨，
以及永不屈服，永不退让的勇气，
还有什么比这些更难战胜？
读到这些充满豪气的语言，看到他那克服一切困难去实现自己计划的不屈意志，人们不禁会感到，布莱克的话不无道理。

撒旦能得到浪漫主义诗人和众多读者的赞叹，很大程度上就在于这个形象体现了意志的自由。

不论撒旦后来变得多么渺小可憎，也不论他内心多么痛苦乃至悔恨，有一点他从未改变，那就是，他无论在什么情况下都未屈服。

恐怕正是这种不屈的自由意志在浪漫主义诗人和革命者弥尔顿心中引起了共鸣，以至弥尔顿在塑造这个形象时有时竟"站在恶魔一边而不自知"。

不过，撒旦这个人物主要是在史诗的前两卷中具有叛逆者的英雄气概。

当史诗的重心从地狱转到伊甸园，从撒旦转到亚当和夏娃时，这个艺术形象的崇高美便消失了。

外表上，他从一个伟岸的天使军统领变成一个卑鄙的窥视者，一只丑陋的蟾蜍，一条令人厌恶的蛇，最后在火海中满嘴嚼着苦灰。

从内在本质看，他则从一个敢于向万能上帝挑战的叛逆英雄堕落为一个不敢直接向上帝复仇而去伤害两个从未得罪过他而且永远不会也不能加害于他的弱小生灵的懦夫。

他外表上的变化正是他本质上堕落的反映。

一个无法改变的事实是，撒旦堕落是因为他骄傲，不敢当上帝的奴仆。

可是如果我们仔细体会，会感到撒旦的真正堕落似乎并不是他反叛上帝，而在于他引诱人类犯罪从而毁灭他们。

在前两卷中，我们看到撒旦在被赶出天堂坠入地狱之后，仍然保持着大天使的气概和叛逆者的英雄形象，只是在实施毁灭人类的罪恶计划并取得成功之后，他的形象才变得丑恶。

这便很好的体现了米尔顿所要提出的主要思想，即真正的忠诚与真正的堕落都是在自由意志下完成的。

In "paradise lost made the characters, Satan image has always praised the most, and is the largest also controversial.
The romantic poet Black, Byron, such as the image of Shelley that embodies the heroic and noble beauty is long-time admirer. They believe that Satan in an epic in shaping became the real hero of the author. Black think, Satan represents lust, represents the human imaginative soul. He said, Milton wrote angels and god, feel timid, but wrote demons and hell but to get incisively and vividly, this is because Milton is a real poet, standing in the demon side are not aware of it.
Of course many people don't agree with that, because behind in the night, Satan’s ima ge more and more small, trivial, until in the first ten rolls of become a in mouth of bitter ashes from a snake. Need to point out that the rebels have the lofty by Satan, the image is not entirely is Milton's creation. In about 8th century written in the religious poetry, "Hymn of the Caedmon " the author is successful created a slave do not want to do, and not to god count, as long as their god has of rebellious spirit Satan image. Milton's Satan will undoubtedly come under its influence.
But no matter how to look, Satan is still a shape of very successful art image .Especially in the first two volumes, he was driven to heaven, into the regional inferno, still full of indomitable spirit, vowed to continue with the omnipotent god against. He said:
We lost
Not what all throw light don’t scratches will
Revenge of the eager heart, not out of hatred,
And never give in, never compromise of courage,
What better than these more difficult to win over?
Read the full of heroism language, see his overcome all difficulties, to realize his plan will surrender, one can't help feeling, and black word is not without reason. Satan can get romantic poet and the admiration of many readers, to a great extent, is that the image reflected free will.
No matter how small Satan later became detestable, no matter how painful, his heart and regret, he almost never change, that is, he was under no circumstances do not yield. I'm afraid this surrender, the free will in the romantic poets Milton's heart, the revolutionary resonate, Milton in shaping image, sometimes standing in the demon side, don't know.
However, this data, mainly in the Satan epic of the first two volumes rebels in the hero. When the focus from hell to epic in the east of the Garden of Eden he put winged ones, from Satan into Adam and eve, art image noble disappear. On the surface, from one of the army of the angels underfoot into a mean and peering, an ugly toad, deeply dislike snakes, eventually cause a chewing a bitter ashes. From inner essence, he is a dare to challenge everything god rebellious hero descended into a dare not directly to the god revenge hurt the two never offend him, never to his weak creature's a coward. His appearance has changed in essence is the reflection of the autumn. One can't change is the fact that, Satan fall because he proud, do not deserve the servants of god. But if we experience carefully, will feel the Satan fall really does not seem to be a fighting his god, but because he was cheating on human crime and destroy them. In the first two volumes, we saw Satan in to be cast out of heaven hell after, still let archangels and the spirit of a traitor hero image, just in the implementation of the destruction of a human sin plan and success, his image just ugly. This is the very good embodies the Milton to the main ideas of the methods, namely the real loyalty and real corruption in the free will is done.
本文讨论了弥尔顿的《失乐园》，和撒旦在《失乐园》中的角色，研究了弥尔顿在作品中对撒旦既同情又惧怕的双重感情。

This paper discussed the Milton's paradise lost, and Satan in the role of "paradise lost, Milton in works of Satan and pity of fear is double feelings.
Contradiction to Satan in paradise lost is a difficult element definition. On the one hand Satan is our socio-religious inherit all the embodiment of human disease. Hence the name Satan", even just sent out, means that terrorist and rejected, and even the most determined atheist. In paradise lost , however, at least in the first several books, "but one of the characteristics is described, the audience feel sympathy and love with Satan’s character. In addition to an analysis of the character of god Satan, have two contents displayed in "paradise lost readers' conflict evolution.
More superficial level, this means that the level of skill and tactics of the character of the epic, there is a conflict between Satan, pure evil, and god, pure good. Pure evil and then continue to lay waste to love what god in a feeble attempt to exact revenge his punishment. Our first father and mother, Adam and eve, whom Satan, thus suffering. Punishment, by god, it seems just and merciful on human beings over his only command, not eat the knowledge of good and evil. So many of the soul, and any of the Jewish and Christian or inform the reader in an epic even started. So the details Satan SINS of the, the war in heaven, the commandment of god, action and characterization of all characters in an epic from belong to us to predict. Without careful analysis. Everything seems to be in a place, and is consistent with, at least in general, our prejudice. A person can't help, however, but feel some contradictions in the religious beliefs. Why?
To answer this question should be thoroughly clean the unpredictable and starting point, from analysis. This, of course, can lead to a accurate conclusions from Satan’s role in paradise lost, not the thought of separation, in the audience's reality and socio-religious belief of Satan. However, this analysis revealed the root cause of the conflict to Satan. To illustrate the point, to better separate entities story, Satan’s character is called Robert and god simple king.
Robert lives in a kingdom, but it is a kingdom of universal equality and mutual good faith and trust. One day the king, suddenly announced that he had decided to his son will be his successor. Robert feels uncomfortable, the so-called third countries meeting. In this meeting Robert that if this kingdom based on real equality, honesty, trust, not all subjects at least have been asked about they think before the king made such a heavy decision? In discussing the problem of the whole meeting in addition to a single subject king agreed to infringe on their trust, and should not remain his position. So sure, they parade in the Capitol, met with resistance, and a war broke out. Over a period of two days, Robert side makes a great back through the original Robert near defeat. They seem to be doing good, on the third day, the king in his unique ability to imprison Robert and insurgents, from his kingdom forever they cast out. Robert later continues to lead the rebels in their despair even. In determining the king was too powerful against on the battlefield, but more sure of their SINS are now they were imprisoned, Robert turned to guerrilla tactics, indirect violence king. This may be bad judgment or immoral, but it is the human mistakes.
The story at least in part and every democratic revolution from the bastilles. There is no doubt that the most common mood on earth today is a respect for democracy, especially in the west, the industry including socio-religious Satan prejudice. So, although Satan is the default of evil and unjust, Robert seemed to be a great leader, and fight for human dignity and popular free. This is the first catalyst and Satan’s sympathy. Satan rebels the most popular naive poems and sentimental cause for 20 century of citizens of the world share, the cause of democracy.
The intense attenuation Milton's Satan representation and the god. Milton's initial and the largest possible difficulties seem to be the god, infinite good, to the range of human perception. Milton's references to god distance from his address the audience, description, action and speech. Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first-born!
Or of the Eternal coeternal beam
May I express thee unblamed? Since God is light,
And never but in unapproached light
Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee,
Bright effluence of bright essence increate!
Or hearest thou rather pure ethereal stream, . . . (Milton III.1-7)
This is the most complete description of god in paradise lost. God is described as "light", "the language of eternal coeternal beam", "bright essence increate" and "pure invisible stream." There can be no service in the distance from the audience a role than refused to give him some physical, material entity. Even in the abstract, Milton don't lend money to the audience conceivability light a description, but according to religious doctrine, the description of the god of contradiction to strengthen his infinite nature and fall of man and limited existence. This all got good religion, but in human terms, the terms of the audience, limit the power of god to evoke the sympathy of the audience. Through the description of the further and further development of the sacred justice and human can't tell god, god began to accept the characteristics of a tyrant. "[Satan] to new-created the world / /... with purpose determination / /... or worse, / / some false abnormal condition-to deviation; / / people will listen to his glozing lies, / / and easy to make... the only promised his submission:" (III. 89-95). God strengthen people's own fault emphasized that his free will (III. 95-119), and in so doing to create atmosphere, he is the necessity of the guilty. This is a plausible many Milton in paradise lost and struggles. Or god exists what also didn't say, look like a heartless tyrant (XII. 90-96) or god prove (III. 89-95) and action itself of justification effect so guilty. So in god create his own brutality, but not compatible with the sympathy of the religious accept audience.
The audience, however, we find that, want to seek a investment the compassion, and that place is the Satan characteristics. The audience first saw Satan waking in hell, where he and other the fallen angels despair. Through his despair, however, Satan says, "this is not a failure-unruly, / / research revenge, immortal hate, / / and courage never submitted or production-.. the glory of his anger or may never from me / / blackmail" (I. 104-111). At first, this is probably a suspicious statement, but then the god's don't look justice behavior. "At first I [and] that freedom and heaven / / the heaven of soul has been all people, but... most through the lazy would rather service," (VI. 164-166). "But now it seems to have a cause, the cause of democracy, he also would like to experience great personal risk to support "I (Satan) to no enemy, but free from this dark / / and gloomy house pain / /... all the heaven of master / / ghost fall...... from on high from them. I go to / / the rude job, the only, for me, I for all / / expose himself," (II. 822-828). Again and again in his words and actions Satan seems to be a noble, resourceful and smart, courageous, selfless leader. The audience sympathy is rich Satan of human emotion, his demagogic speaking, his desire for revenge; he didn't just hostility, his potential desire for glory.
撒旦是最大的反对论点的他的骄傲和他的强暴必向亚当和夏娃。

这两项参数,然而,是有缺陷的。

撒旦的骄傲只作为一个人类行为方面,他的性格,吸引观众。

弥尔顿提出撒旦的骄傲在光和适度。

撒但不是如此傲慢自大到相信神在他的优势,他却渴望各点到天堂,后来民主化共存于一个独立的王国。

这种适度的撒旦的副介绍更多的人类和更少的卑鄙的特性,他的故事,虽然宗教存有倾向于重载这个中庸到看似多余的。

撒旦的暴力向亚当和夏娃不是一个适用的争论,因为一些原因。

首先,他的行为向我们的第一个祖先后的事实。

战争在天上神的看起来不公正的行为已经发生了,上帝已经强迫暴力在撒但和堕落主人通过地狱。

其次,使用暴力或
“游击战”作为一种手段,完成一个目的是人类道德判断。

哲学在这方面不同的环球暴力被定罪正当暴力。

Satan is the biggest opposing arguments of his pride, and his violent dealing shall come to Adam and eve. These two parameters, however, is flawed. Satan's pride only as a human behavior, his character, and attract the audience. Milton's Satan put forward the pride of light and moderate in. Satan is not so arrogant to believe that god in his advantage, he was eager to each point to the heaven, later democratization coexist in an independent kingdom. This modest Satan’s deputy introduce more human and less mean characteristics, his story, although religious entities tends to override this mean to seem redundant. Satan's violence to Adam and eve is not a suitable debate, for some reason. First of all, his behavior to our first ancestor after the fact. In the war of the god of heaven looks unfair behavior has happened, god has forced violence in Satan and fallen master through the hell. Secondly, the use of violence or "guerrilla warfare" as a means of complete a purpose is human moral judgment. Philosophy is in this respect different universal violence be condemned as violence.
观众的矛盾向撒但的居住特征很大程度上与民主之间的斗争宗教存有原则。

人类的参与与撒但的寒冷和神的超然的发展观强调了该最为明显。

一切似乎都归结为一个反对宗教神话与世俗政治和哲学。

矛盾的是可以理解的,但是有趣的是多么强势的宗教偏见真的是,在大多数情况下完全压倒一切世俗的同情,并证明神的行为在世俗的条款,一些米尔顿避免做由于其内在的缺点。

换句话说,撒旦,现代标准,真正看起来是正当的,而宗教是如此强大,然而文摘,人们倾向于分配不存在或非相关委屈或内疚撒但,而不是承认与生俱来的,无可争辩的正义之神性。

The contradiction of the audience to Satan living characteristics to the extent of the struggle between the religious entities democratic principles. Human involvement with Satan cold and god transcendental development view stresses that the most obvious. Everything seems to boil down to a against religious myths and secular politics and philosophy. The paradox is understandable, but interesting is how strong religious prejudice really is, in most cases an overriding completely secular sympathy, and prove the behavior of god in secular terms, some Milton avoid doing because of its inherent weakness. In other words, Satan, modern standards, really seems justified, and religion is so strong, however abstract, people tend to distribution does not exist or the related injustice or guilt Satan, not admit that inherent, indisputable justice of the divine.
Conclusion "Paradise lost the main sing praise to Satan and its followers against god authority heroic spirit. In this long book, god be described as a real dictator, his angel is annoying and stupid, he is cruel to Satan punishment and is not fair; And Satan that indomitable, dare to pursue freedom, abound revolution and the spirit of rebellion in a poem is the most dazzling window.。