王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(第13单元 现代剧作家)【圣才出品】

第13单元现代剧作家
13.1复习笔记
1.Oscar Wilde（1854-1900）（奥斯卡·王尔德）
(1)Life（生平）
Oscar Wilde,a dramatist,poet,novelist and essayist,was born in Dublin, Ireland.His father was an eminent surgeon and his mother was a clever woman with intellectual pretentions.He proved a brilliant student at Trinity College,Oxford, where he became a disciple of Walter Pater.In1879,he settled in London,and soon won a reputation both as a writer and as a spokesman for the school of“art for art’s sake”.He soon became the leader of the Aesthetic movement.
奥斯卡·王尔德是个戏剧家、诗人、小说家和散文家。

他出生在爱尔兰的都柏林。

他的父亲十一位出色的外科医生，他的母亲也是个聪明的人。

他是牛津大学一名优秀的学生，师从沃特·佩特。

1879年他定居伦敦。

并成为一名有名的作家和“为艺术而艺术”学派的代言人，紧接着成为美学运动的领导者。

(2)Major Works（主要作品）
The Picture of Dorian Gray（1891）《道林·格雷的画像》
Lady Windermere’s Fan（1892）《温德米尔夫人的扇子》
A Woman of No Importance（1893）《一个无足轻重的女人》
An Ideal Husband（1895）《理想的丈夫》
The Importance of Being Earnest（1895）《认真的重要性》
(3)Selected Works（选读作品）
◆The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》
Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff both pretend to be called Ernest in order to secure the affections of Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew.The girls are led to think first that they are engaged to the same man and then that neither is really Ernest.The ensuing confusions are resolved when it is discovered that Jack was indeed so named.The play derives force from a brilliant fabric of epigram and paradox.In the last scene,Jake said“I’ve now realised for the first time in my life the Vital Importance of Being Earnest”.
两个花花公子杰克和阿尔杰农都化名“欧内斯特”向各自喜欢的女孩求爱。

两个女孩都爱叫“欧内斯特”人，但两人都不是真正的“欧内斯特”。

持续的疑惑最终被解开，杰克就是当年被保姆弄丢的男孩，而他的真名就叫“欧内斯特”。

最后众人各自和自己的伴侣拥抱。

剧终前Jack说他首次明白到为人真诚的重要性。

2.Bernard Shaw（1856-1950）（萧伯纳）
(1)Life（生平）
George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin,Ireland.At20he went to London where he remained jobless for9years,living in his mother’s house and devoting much time to self-education.At the turn of the eighties Shaw took an active part in the socialist movement.Though Shaw admitted Marx’s great influence on him,he
failed to grasp the necessity of a revolutionary reconstruction of the world.A strong influence was exercised on Shaw by the Fabian Society,the English reformist organization.On a world tour made in1931,Shaw visited China and was warmly received by the revolutionary people here,represented by Lu Xun and others.
乔治·萧伯纳生于都柏林。

20岁时他前往伦敦，长达9年时间没有工作，住在母亲的房子里，大部分时间都在自学。

在80年代末，萧伯纳积极参与社会主义运动，但他没能领会革命重组世界的必要性。

比起马恩，英国改革组织费边社对他影响更大。

1931年游历世界各地之时，萧伯纳访问了中国，受到以鲁迅为代表的革命人士的热诚接待。

(2)Literary Career（文学生涯）
In the early period of his literary career,Shaw wrote some novels,An Unsocial Socialist and others.In the nineties Shaw turned to the theatre,first working as a dramatic critic,then writing plays for the stage.
In1892-1893the first cycle of Shaw’s plays,Plays Unpleasant,made their appearance.It contains two plays,Widowers’Houses and Mrs.Warren’s Profession.The next cycle of Shaw’s plays,called Plays Pleasant,appeared during the period of1894-1897.In Candida Shaw satirizes the liberal talkers and preachers of“Christian socialism”,and in Arms and Man he condemns militarism and wars. The third cycle,Three Plays for Puritans was written in1897-1899.Caesar and Cleopatra(1898),formally based on historical facts,assails bourgeois morality.The Devil’s Disciple will be discussed later.
Shaw’s play Pygmalion(1912)is a poignant satire on high life.Here refined
bourgeois aristocrats are mocked while a simple flower-girl is lovingly portrayed by the author.In1924Shaw published Saint Joan,a historical play devoted to the great daughter of the French people,Joan of Arc,and her struggle for the liberty of her country.In his play The Apple Cart(1930)Shaw deals with the theme of rivalry between the U.S.A,and England in the political arena and criticizes bourgeois parliamentarism.
Shaw was the creator of a new publicist drama.He achieved mainly by the brilliant dialogues between the characters,instead of the structures of the plot. Shaw was against“art for art’s sake”.He lived a long life and wrote51plays.
在他文学事业早期，萧伯纳写了一些小说，包括《业余社会主义者》。

90年代，他转向剧作，开始是戏剧评论家，后来为剧院写剧本。

1892-1893年间，萧伯纳的第一部戏剧集《不愉快的戏剧集》问世，含两部制作：《鳏夫的房产》和《华伦夫人的职业》。

他的第二部戏剧集《愉快的戏剧集》在1894至1897年间出版。

《康蒂坦》讽刺了自由思想者和“基督教社会主义者”的传道士，《武器与人》则谴责了帝国主义和战争。

第三部戏剧集《为清教徒写的三部戏剧集》是萧伯纳在1897-1899年创作的。

《凯撒与克里奥佩特拉》，严格按照历史史实编写，抨击了资产阶级的道德观。

《魔鬼的门徒》稍后分析。

萧伯纳的剧本《卖花女》（1912）对上层社会生活进行了辛辣的讽刺，作者嘲讽了那些道貌岸然的资产阶级贵族，刻画了一个单纯可爱的卖花女形象。

1924年，他发表了《圣女贞德》，一部献给法国人民的伟大女儿贞德，描述其为国家的自由而斗争事迹的历史剧。

《苹果车》中，萧伯纳剖析了美国与英国在政治领域的敌对主题，批判了资产阶级的议会制度。

他是新的时事评论剧的缔造者。

他强调的是人物之间的睿智的对话而非情节的构造。

萧
伯纳反对“为艺术而艺术”。

他寿命很长，一生写了51部剧作。

(3)Major Works of Shaw（萧伯纳主要作品）
Mrs.Warren’s Profession（1898）《华伦夫人的职业》
Man and Superman（1903）《人与超人》
Major Barbara（1905）《巴巴拉少校》
Pygmalion（1913）《皮格马利翁》
Saint Joan（1924）《圣女贞德》
The Apple Car（1929）《苹果车》
(4)Selected works（选读作品）
◆Pygmalion《皮格马利翁》
Pygmalion is a play by Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw.Professor of phonetics Henry Higgins makes a bet that he can train a bedraggled Cockney flower girl,Eliza Doolittle,to pass for a duchess at an ambassador’s garden party by teaching her to assume a veneer of gentility,the most important element of which,he believes,is impeccable speech.The play is a sharp lampoon of the rigid British class system of the day and a comment on women’s independence, packaged as a romantic comedy.
《皮格马利翁》是萧伯纳最受人欢迎的剧作之一。

语音学家亨利·希金斯为了证明自己关于语言和阶段的观点，与朋友皮克林打赌，将一个伦敦街头粗俗的卖花女伊莉莎·杜立特尔通过反复模仿训练，学会了标准英语，并且变得谈吐得体、举止优雅。

这部戏剧揭露了英
国人的伪善、残酷和形式主义，也是对女性独立的一种评判。

13.2课后习题详解
Oscar Wilde
1.Who is Ernest?What is the relationship between Jack and Ernest?
Key:Ernest is a younger brother invented by Jack,and Jack himself plays the role of the brother so that he can come up to town as often as he likes.
2.Why does Jack finally agree to have dinner with Algernon tonight?
Key:Because that Algernon says that he will get Aunt Augusta out of the way so that Jack can have an opportunity to propose to Gwendolen,the girl he wants to marry.
3.What do you think of Jack and Algernon?Do you like their witty words?Why or why not?
Key:Jack and Algernon are good friends and both of them are very clever and witty.They love and enjoy life;they believe love,loving both their relatives and lovers;they are longing for freedom.However,sometimes they act like playboys.
I like their witty words.Because that these witty words make the whole play more fascinating and attractive.We can’t help laughing when we read these words which are said in a very naturally and humorously way.But,after laughing,。