巴西低碳经济发展【英文】

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Unit 1-A Low-carbon Life低碳生活

blackout: n. darkness resulting from the extinction of lights.
black v. + + out prep. --------breakout compound noun
setup makeup breakout
全球熄灯。世界各大地标性建筑熄灯来响应“地球一小时”。
A Low-carbon Life
Unit 1
• Greenhouse Effect
What words or expressions will occur to you whenever we mention “a low-carbon life”? • • • • • • • • • 1.low-carbon economy 2.renewable energy 3.emission control 4.carbon dioxide 5.green house gas emission 6.eco-fashion 7.carbon-intensive/carbon-rich 8.global warming 9.environmental-friendly society
Earth Hour
The event, conceived by WWF and Leo Burnett, first took place in 2007, when 2.2 million residents of Sydney participated by turning off all non-essential lights. Following Sydney's lead, many other cities around the world adopted the event in 2008. Earth Hour 2013 was held on March 23, 2013 from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. during participants' local time.

低碳经济英文作文

In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take
Low – Carbon Living organized by the WWF. On the first day, we chose to go to school by bike or on foot rather than by bus or car. Before we left the classroom, we made sure the lights and the computer were switched off. In order to make full use of paper, we began to write on both sides. Besides, while shopping, we no longer used plastic bags but carried environmentally friendly ones. From joozone .
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I think what we did on that day was meaningful, which an help us to form. a good habit. We should also call on the people around us to do something for low – carbon living. Only in this way will the earth he a good place to live on.
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2011考研英语时事热点及范文——低碳经济

低碳生活“次贷危机”就是subprime loan/lengding/mortgage/mortgage loan crisis等。

本文收集整理一些与“低碳经济”密切相关的英语词语，附录相关例句，以方便广大的英语学习者掌握一些相关表达。

1．低碳经济，即low-carbon economy。

网络百科全书维基百科收录有low-carbon economy词条，其篇首第一句话如下：A Low-Carbon Economy (LCE) orLow-Fossil-Fuel Economy (LFFE) is a concept that refers to an economy which has a minimal output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.值得说明的是，虽然目前网络搜索结果显示，“低碳”的英文有的写成low carbon，有的写成low-carbon，但总体上说还是使用连字符号的居多，如美联社12月7日关于哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会召开的新闻报道中有这么一句话：On the sidelines, climate activists competed for attention to their campaigns on deforestation, clean energy and low-carbon growth。

2．碳足迹，即carbon footprint。

简单地说，碳足迹是用来衡量我们在日常生活中消耗的二氧化碳的一种方式。

无论是开车上班、乘飞机旅行，还是使用电灯、电脑，我们都消耗石油、煤和天然气等化石燃料。

这些化石燃料在燃烧时，会排放出诸如二氧化碳之类导致地球变暖的温室气体。

对于carbon footprint，维基百科有如下定义：A carbon footprint is "the total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product". For simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other GHGs, emitted. 相关表达见如下例句：A new purpose-built office complex that will offer eco-friendly accommodation across 66,250 square feet is under construction in Wales. It is reported that the Cardiff Waterside project, entitled 3 Assembly Square, forms part of a £140 million construction project and will aim to offer business in the area an environment that has a lower carbon footprint than traditional office space. 上述句子的背景是，英国政府成立了一个The Low Carbon Building Programme (LCBP)，即低碳建筑计划，维基百科解释说，LCBP is a Governmentprogramme in the United Kingdom administered by BERR (formerly the DTI). It offers grants towards the cost of installing domestic microgeneration technologies and larger scale distributed generation installations for public buildings and businesses, provided energy conservation standards are also met.3．低碳技术，即low-carbon technology，这是发展低碳经济，倡导低碳生活的关键之关键，相关例句如下：The Carbon Trust today launched a new 10m pounds low carbon technology investment joint venture to help UK companies develop new low carbon technologies in China. The new joint venture is a partnership with the Carbon Trust and the China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation (CECIC) to develop and deploy low carbon technologies in China.专家指出，低碳技术将成为国家核心竞争力的一个标志——谁掌握了先进的低碳技术，谁就拥有了核心竞争力。

低碳相关英语词汇

低碳（low carbon）是当下社会最为时尚的词汇，从京都议定书以来，碳排放量就一直是环境问题的一个关键点，低碳相关的内容。

低碳Low-Carbon低碳经济Low-Carbon Economy（LCE）低碳生活Low-Carbon Life低碳旅游Low-Carbon Tour低碳城市化道路Low-Carbon urbanization way碳Carbon二氧化碳Carbon dioxide二氧化碳排放the output of the carbon dioxide二氧化碳浓度Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide碳减排Carbon emission reduction碳排放标准Standard for carbon dioxide emission一氧化碳Carbon monoxide温室气体Greenhouse gas（GHS）温室气体排放Greenhouse gas emission生物圈Biosphere大气监测Atmospheric monitoring大气层的化学成分Chemical composition of the atmosphere臭氧层Ozone layer生态Ecology生态系统Ecosystem环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment可持续发展Sustainable developmentPresently, a new lifestyle called low-carbon life is spreading every corner of our country. The concepts of low-carbon are low energy and no waste.It is such a significant project that I can’t wait to present my ideas on how to promote it.On the first place, a no-car day is supposed to set up every week in our school. Because cars not only cause serious air pollution but also waste energy. On on-car day, neither students nor teachers are allowed to drive to school. Meanwhile, just walk, jump, cycle or run. Use our legs and enjoy the fun. On the second place, we had best not use plastic bags any more. No one can stand the “white pollution”. So, it is wise to use bags which can be reused again and again. Finally,one thing that we should keep in mind: every big thing comes from the subtle. Therefore, as students, we ought to turn out the lights the moment we leave, turn off the tap in time, and reuse our textbook and so on.All in all, it weighs greatly for all of us to put the low-carbon lifestyle into practice. Just set our mind to these: no-car day, no plastic bags, and no waste. Let’s do it now.新华社报道：The National Development and Reform Commission has confirmed the government will take concrete actions to develop a low-carbon economy after it pledged to substantially reduce carbon intensity at last year's Copenhagen Conference.国家发展与改革委员会已证实政府将采取切实行动，发展低碳经济。

低碳相关英语词汇-推荐下载

低碳（low carbon）是当下社会最为时尚的词汇，从京都议定书以来，碳排放量就一直是环境问题的一个关键点，低碳相关的内容。

低碳Low-Carbon低碳经济Low-Carbon Economy（LCE）低碳生活Low-Carbon Life低碳旅游Low-Carbon Tour低碳城市化道路Low-Carbon urbanization way碳Carbon二氧化碳Carbon dioxide二氧化碳排放the output of the carbon dioxide二氧化碳浓度Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide碳减排Carbon emission reduction碳排放标准Standard for carbon dioxide emission一氧化碳Carbon monoxide温室气体Greenhouse gas（GHS）温室气体排放Greenhouse gas emission生物圈Biosphere大气监测Atmospheric monitoring大气层的化学成分Chemical composition of the atmosphere臭氧层Ozone layer生态Ecology生态系统Ecosystem环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment可持续发展Sustainable developmentPresently, a new lifestyle called low-carbon life is spreading every corner of our country. The concepts of low-carbon are low energy and no waste. It is such a significant project that I can’t wait to present my ideas on how to promote it.On the first place, a no-car day is supposed to set up every week in our school. Because cars not only cause serious air pollution but also waste energy. On on-car day, neither students nor teachers are allowed to drive to school. Meanwhile, just walk, jump, cycle or run. Use our legs and enjoy the fun. On the second place, we had best not use plastic bags any more. No one can stand the “white pollution”. So, it is wise to use bags which can be reused again and again. Finally,one thing that we should keep in mind: every big thing comes from the subtle. Therefore, as students, we ought to turn out the lights the moment we leave, turn off the tap in time, and reuse our textbook and so on.All in all, it weighs greatly for all of us to put the low-carbon lifestyle into practice. Just set our mind to these: no-car day, no plastic bags, and no waste. Let’s do it now.strange to you, since nearly 75 % of the earth's surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea water, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% -- the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted.However, as things stand today, this small amount of fresh water, which is constantly being replaced by rainfall, is still enough for us. But our need for water is increasing rapidly-- almost day by day. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. A limited water supply would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry. Let me give you just one small example of how necessary water is to industry. Did you know that to produce a single ton of steel, it takes about 91, 000 liters of water?We all have to learn how to stop wasting our precious water. One of the first steps we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on a small scale. For us, the systems are as important as the spacecraft.节约用水我们的世界不仅饥饿，而且因为缺水而干渴。

低碳经济英文演讲PPT精选文档

- Developing countries like India
4
KYOTO Protocol
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KYOTO Protocol
✓ The main goal, among others, of the Kyoto Protocol was to create a legally binding document that would commit industrialized countries to lowering carbon emission by 5.2% below 1990 levels.
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CARBON TRADING
✓ Carbon trade in Economy - Emissions trading works by setting a quantitive limit on the emission produced by emitters. The ‘economic’ basis for emissions trading is linked to the concept of property rights.
✓ This treaties were signed in Kyoto, JAPAN.
✓ A Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at fighting global warming.
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CARBON TRADING
✓ Carbon emission trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading.

低碳经济外文翻译（可编辑）

低碳经济外文翻译外文翻译Low-carbon economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA Low-Carbon Economy LCE or Low-Fossil-Fuel Economy LFFE[1] is an economy which has a minimal output of greenhouse gas GHG emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Recently, most of scientific and public opinion has come to the conclusion there is such an accumulation of GHGs especially CO2 in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic causes, that the climate is changing. The over-concentrations of these gases is producing global warming that affects long-term climate, with negative impacts on humanity in the foreseeable future.[2] Globally implemented LCE's therefore, are proposed as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change, and as a precursor to the more advanced, zero-carbon society and renewable-energy economy Rationale and aimsNations seek to become low-carbon economies as a part of a national global warming mitigation strategy. A comprehensive strategy to manage global warming is carbon neutrality, geoengineering and adaptation to global warming.The aim of a LCE is to integrate all aspects of itself from its manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and power-generation etc. around technologies that produce energy and materials with little GHG emission; and thus, around populations, buildings, machines and devices which use those energies and materials efficiently, and, dispose of or recycle its wastes so as to have a minimal output of GHGs. Furthermore, it has been proposed that to make the transition to an LCE economically viable we would have to attribute a costper unit output to GHGs through means such as emissions trading and/or a carbon tax.Some nations are presently low carbon: societies which are not heavily industrialised or populated. In order to avoid climate change on a global level, all nations considered carbon intensive societies and societies which are heavily populated might have to become zero-carbon societies and economies. Several of these countries have pledged to cut their emissions by 100% via offsetting emissions rather than ceasing all emissions carbon neutrality; in other words, emitting will not cease but will continue and will be offset to a different geographical area Energy policyA country's energy policy will be immediately impacted by a transition toward a low-carbon economy. Advisory bodies and techno-economic modelling such as the POLES energy model can be used by governments and NGOs in order to study transition pathways.Nuclear power, or, the proposed strategies of carbon capture and storage CCS have been proposed as the primary means to achieve a LCE while continuing to exploit non-renewable resources; there is concern, however, with the matter of spent-nuclear-fuel storage, security and the uncertainty of costs and time needed to successfully implement CCS worldwide and with guarantees that the stored emissions will not leak into the biosphere. Alternatively, many have proposed renewable energy should be the main basis of a LCE, but, they have their associated problems of high-cost and inefficiency; this is changing, however, since investment and production have been growing significantly in recent times.[3] Furthermore, regardless of the effect to the biosphere by GHG emissions, the growing issue of peak oil may also be reason enough for a transition to an LCE.See also: Low carbon dietFoodstuffs should be produced as close as possible to the final consumers preferably within walking/cycling distance. This will reduce the amount of carbon-based energy necessary to transport the foodstuffs. Consumers can also buy fresh food rather than processed food, since carbon-based energy might be used to process the food. Cooking presents another opportunity to conserve energy. Energy could be saved if farmers produced more foods that people would eat raw.[weasel words][citation needed]Also, most of the agricultural facilities in the developed world are mechanized due to rural electrification. Rural electrification has produced significant productivity gains, but it also uses a lot of energy. For this and other reasons such as transport costs in a low-carbon society, rural areas would need available supplies of renewably produced electricity.[citation needed]Irrigation can be one of the main components of an agricultural facility's energy consumption. In parts of California it can be up to 90%.[4] In the low carbon economy, irrigation equipment will be maintained and continually updated and farms will use less irrigation water Crops Different crops require different amounts of energy input. For example, glasshouse crops, irrigated crops, and orchards require a lot of energy to maintain, while row crops and field crops don’t need as much maintenance. Those glasshouse and irrigated crops that do exist will incorporate the following improvements:[5]LivestockLivestock operations can also use a lot of energy depending on how they are run. Feed lots use animal feed made from corn, soybeans, and other crops. Energy must be expended to produce these crops, process and transport them. Free-range animals find their own vegetation to feed on. The farmer may expend energy to take care of that vegetation, but not nearly as much as the farmer who grows cereal and oil-seed crops.Many livestock operations currently use a lot of energy to water theirlivestock. In the low-carbon economy, such operations will use more water conservation methods such as rainwater collection, water cisterns, etc. and they will also pump/distribute that water with on-site renewable energy sources most likely wind and solar.Due to rural electrification, most agricultural facilities in the developed world use a lot of electricity. In a low-carbon economy, farms will be run and equipped to allow for greater energy efficiency. The dairy industry, for example, will incorporate the following changes:[5] Irrigated Dairychemical substitute for hot water wash Hunting and FishingFishing is quite energy intensive. Improvements such as heat recovery on refrigeration and trawl net technology will be common in the low-carbon economy.[5][dead link]ForestryMain article: Wood economyIn the low-carbon economy, forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers will make sure that they do not disturb soil based carbon reserves too much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to imize output.[6]MiningMain article: Gas flareFlaring and venting of natural gas in oil wells is a significant sourceof greenhouse gas emissions. Its contribution to greenhouse gases has declined by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of approximately 110 million metric tons/year and now accounts for about 1/2 of one percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.[7] The World Bank estimates that 100 billion cubic meters of natural gas are flared or vented annually, an amount equivalent to the combined annual gas consumption of Germany and France, twice the annual gas consumption of Africa, three quarters of Russian gas exports, or enough to supply the entire world with gas for 20 days. This flaring is highly concentrated: 10 countries account for 75% of emissions, and twenty for 90%.[8] The largest flaring operations occur in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The leading contributors to gas flaring are in declining order: Nigeria, Russia, Iran, Algeria, Mexico, Venezuela, Indonesia, and the United States.[9] RetailRetail operations in the low-carbon economy will have several new features. One will be high efficiency lighting such as compact fluorescent, halogen, and eventually LED light sources. Many retail stores will also feature roof-top solar panel arrays. These make sense because solar panels produce the most energy during the daytime and during the summer. These are the same times that electricity is the most expensive and also the same times that stores use the most electricity.[10]Transportation ServicesMore energy efficiency and alternative propulsion:o Increased focus on fuel efficient vehicle shapes and configurations, with more vehicle electrification, particularly through plug-in hybridso More alternative and flex-fuel vehicles based on local conditions and availabilityo Driver training for more fuel efficiencyo Low carbon-biofuels cellulosic biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanolo Petroleum fuel surcharges will be a more significant part of consumer costs? Less international trade of physical objects, despite more overall trade as measure by value of goods Greater use of marine and electric rail transport, less use of air and truck transport?Increased bicycle and public transport usage, less reliance on private motor vehicles? More pipeline capacity for common fluid commodities such as water, ethanol, butanol, natural gas, petroleum, and hydrogen in addition to gasoline and dieselSee [11][12][13]Health Services There have been some moves to investigate the ways and extent to which health systems contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and how they may need to change to become part of a low-carbon world. The Sustainable Development Unit[14] of the NHS in the UK is one of the first official bodies to have been set up in this area, whilst organisations such as the Campaign for Greener Healthcare [15] are also producing influential changes at a clinical level. This work includesQuantification of where the health services emissions stem from? Information on theenvironmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provisionSome of the suggested changes needed are:Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices e.g. in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment? A shift from focusing solely on cure to prevention, through the promotion of healthier, lower carbon lifestyles, e.g. diets lower in red meat and dairy products, walking or cycling wherever possible, better town planning to encourage more outdoor lifestyles? Improving public transport and liftsharing options for transport to and from hospitals and clinics Initial stepsInternationally, the most prominent early step in the direction of a low-carbon economy was the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force on February 16, 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions.[16][17] Importantly, all member nations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development except the United States have ratified the protocol CountriesCosta RicaCosta Rica sources much of its energy needs from renewables and is undertaking reforestation projects. In 2007 the Costa Rican government announced the commitment for Costa Rica to become the first carbon neutral country by 2021.[18][19][20]IcelandMain article: Renewable energy in IcelandIceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However since dramatic economic growth, Iceland's emissions have increased significantly per capita. As of 2009, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly geothermal energy and hydropower, renewable energy in Iceland, and since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nation's primary energy and 99.9% of Iceland's electricity.[21] As a result of this, Iceland's carbon emissions per capita are 62% lower than those of the United States[22] despite using more primary energy per capita,[23] due to the fact that it is renewable and thus limitless and costs Icelanders almost nothing. Iceland seeks carbon neutrality and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by generating hydrogen fuel from renewable energy sources Australia Main article: Renewable energy in AustraliaAustralia has implemented schemes to start the transition to a low carbon economy but carbon neutrality has not been mentioned and since the introduction of such scheme emissions have increased. The current government has mentioned the concept but has done little and has pledged to lower emissions by 5-15%. In 2001, The Howard Government introduced a Mandatory Renewable Energy Target MRET scheme. In 2007, the Government revised the MRET - 20 per cent of Australia's electricity supply to come from renewable energy sources by 2020. In 2009, the Rudd Government willlegislate a short-term emissions reduction target, another revision to the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target as well as an emissions trading scheme. Renewable energy sources provide 8-10% of the nation's energy and this figure will increase significantly in the coming years. However coal dependence and exporting conflicts with the concept of Australia as a low-carbon economy. Carbon neutral businesses have received no incentive; they have voluntarily done so. Carbon offset companies offer assessments based on life cycle impacts to businesses that seek carbon neutrality. The Carbon Reduction Institute is one such offset provider, that has produced a Low Carbon Directory to promote a low carbon economy in Australia New ZealandChinaMain article: Renewable energy in ChinaIn China, the city of Dongtan is to be built to produce zero net greenhouse gas emissions.[24]Chinese State Council has announced its aim to cut China's carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 40%-45% in 2020 from 2005 levels.[25]SwedenOil phase-out in SwedenUnited KingdomIn the United Kingdom, the Climate Change Act outlining a framework for the transition to a low-carbon economy became law on November 26, 2008. This legislation requires a 80% cut in the UK's carbon emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels, with an intermediate target of between 26% and32% by 2020.[26] Thus, the UK became the first country to set such a long-range and significant carbon reduction target into law.A meeting at the Royal Society on 17?18 November 2008 concluded that an integrated approach, making best use of all available technologies is required to move towards a low carbon future. It was suggested by participants that it would be possible to move to a low carbon economy within a few decades, but that 'urgent and sustained action is needed on several fronts'.[27]United StatesLow Carbon Economy Act of 2007.[28]译文低碳经济从维基百科,免费的百科全书一个低碳经济现状或Low-Fossil-Fuel经济LFFE[1]是一种经济具有最小输出的温室气体排放的温室气体进入生物圈,但具体指的温室气体二氧化碳。

大学英语六级翻译练习题：低碳经济.doc

2019年6月大学英语六级翻译练习题：低碳经济英语六级翻译练习题：低碳经济面对日益严重的环境问题，低碳经济越来越引起世界各国的关注。

对于低碳经济的界定虽各有不同，但人们普遍承认，低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式，是人类社会继农业文明、工业文明之后的又一次重大进步。

低碳经济实质上是能源高效利用、清洁能源开发、追求绿色GDP的问题，核心是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变。

在我国经济发展的关键时期，更加协调低碳经济与发展的关系，保护地球的生态环境，事关中国人民乃至全世界人民的福祉。

译文：Facing the more and more serious environment issues, low carbon economy increasingly arose the worlds attention. The definitions of low carbon economy are different, while it is wildly acknowledged that low carbon economy is the economic model based on the low energy, low pollution and low emission, which has been a significant advance of human society since it undergoes the agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. The low carbon economy, in essence , is the efficient utilization of energy, the exploration of clean energy and the pursuit of green GDP. Its core is the innovation of energy technology and emission reduction and theindustrial structure and fundamental change of human survival and development concepts. In the critical period of economic development in our country, to further coordinate the relationship between low-carbon economy and the development, protect the ecological environment of the earth, is about the well-being of the Chinese people and the people all over the world as well.。

中国低碳经济的发展【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Development of a low-carbon economy in China出处：The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology作者：Ding DinG, DongBao Dai and Ming Zhao原文：Key words: Low-carbon economy, climate change, carbon emissions, development strategies, ChinaSUMMARYUnder the pressures of climate change, many countries are trying to adapt to a low-carbon economy. In this paper, we review the development pattern of the low-carbon economy of major countries and its impact on the world economy. We then argue that economic development and abatement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China should be balanced. The challenges that China faces should also be considered carefully. It is necessary for China to find an approach to solve the issues of climate change, which should include new technologies and establishing incentive mechanisms and reform-oriented policies. These guidelines can adjust the structure of the economy and energy use, improve energy efficiency, promote the development of alternative and renewable energy, enhance the potential of carbon sinks, and develop advanced technology to perfect a 'Clean Development Mechanism' and sustainable development through inter-national cooperation. INTRODUCTION：China's current capacity to tackle climate change is relatively low due to its rapid economic development, huge population and coal-dominated energy system. Thus, China faces great challenges in coping with climate change, namely the increasing pressure of CO2 emissions resulting from the high demand for energy in the process of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and globalization. The inter-national community now requests each country to put more effort into controlling climatechanges and mitigating their consequences in order to cope with increasingly serious global climate changes. China's domestic needs and its global climate responsibilities pull the country in different directions and confront China with severe policy challenges (NDRC 2007).Climate change is fuelling a significant renaissance in national environmental movements in Europe. The broad aim of this article is to examine whether it was better to understand the extent to which the 2006 Stem Review on climate change marked a decisive turning point in the UK, or whether it was just another missed opportunity (Jordan 2007). Labelled as the most comprehensive review of the economics of climate change ever produced, the Stem Review was commissioned as part of the G8 Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change. The follow-up in terms of new political and policy pronouncements is examined. It is concluded that finding ways to unite domestic and international actions on climate change represents an enormously tricky political challenge for all governments.THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE LOW-CARBON ECONOMYThe idea of a low-carbon economy is related to the basic material cycles on Earth, especially the carbon cycle and carbon balance. Within a given carbon budget, one may calculate various public and commercial activities with regard to their carbon emissions, and use market mechanisms for trading rights for carbon emissions, either domestically or internationally, through mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol. A thorough reconsideration of economic and social activities with regard to the control of greenhouse (GHG) emissions may allow a complete transformation of the system in line with low-carbon economic theory, and therefore may provide a sustainable solution for global climate change. In many countries, great progress has been made in scientific research to understand the impact of human activities on carbon emissions in terms of international research on global climate changes (Zhao 2006).International research on the low-carbon economy is currently focused on the following four areas: 1) energy consumption, including trans-forming the energy consumption structure related and rebuilding energy systems into low-carbon systems;2) development of the economy, concentrating on relations between the modes, stagesand developmental speeds of different economic activities and carbon emissions; 3) agricultural production, comprising changes in land use, regulation of agricultural land and changes in agricultural production levels and structure to reduce emissions; 4) analysis of economic risks and research on various countermeasures for reduction of carbon emissions (Zhang et al. 2002).Besides relevant regional and comparative analyses, more and more importance is placed on integrated analyses using comprehensive models and large amounts of data, such as carbon circulation/energy models, dynamic integrated evaluation models and energy consumption models for carbon emission reduction (Wang et al. 2004; Xu’et al. 2006). However, no satisfactory progress has been made in the conversion of energy within the internal elements generating carbon emissions and the interaction of all elements in the carbon emission cycle (ERI 2005).Some developed countries that have complex energy security constraints regard the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions as an integral part of energy strategy adjustment. These countries are attempting to build a low-carbon emission economy by increasing energy efficiency, optimizing energy structures and strengthening R&D. The strategy pursued by these countries is in accord with the UN General Assembly's determination to initiate international climate convention negotiations, which resulted in the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Climate Change Conference's decision to start Post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations in December 2005. The European Union has been very active in this process, and in particular the United Kingdom and Germany have made major commitments (Li et al. 2006; Xu 2007).While securing the supply of conventional domestic petroleum energy, many countries are actively developing renewable energy and new energy sources. Many are reconsidering nuclear power development, and adjusting and optimizing the energy structure to effectively reduce the volume of CO2 emitted per unit of consumption. The EU has announced the development goal of developing new renewable energy sources. The USA and Japan have reinforced the role of nuclear power in their energy strategies, after a 20-year history of not building new nuclear power plants. Japan continues to implement plans to reinforce the national power supply with nuclear power and to speed up its development from 29% at present to30% and up to 40% by 2030.It is essential for all countries to create more material wealth with less energy consumption. This will provide economic benefits and is also an important means to reduce CO2 emissions (Zhuang 2005). Japan will raise energy efficiency by 30% by 2030, while the EU plans to reduce its total energy consumption by 20% by 2020, compared with that in 2004. The USA energy strategy will concentrate on production techniques for advanced batteries and vehicle fuels such as cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen, and how to use sophisticated but clean energy technologies, namely clean coal, nuclear energy, solar energy and wind energy. Japan is emphasising research on super-burning, super time and space energy utilization and advanced energy-saving techniques. The EU proposes to develop the world's most advanced energy technologies and accelerate the development of new technologies such as nuclear fusion ITER, new fuel cells, carbon capture and storage, renewable energy and gas hydrates.CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN CHINAClimate change is an overall global concern, and energy is the material basis and guarantee for the sustainable growth of China's economy. China is also one of the main emission sources for green-house gases. On the one hand, China currently has a shortage of energy, while, on the other hand, it consumes too much energy, which increases the emission of CO2. Endeavour to control green-house gas emissions and strengthen its sustainable growth capability is both a fulfillment of the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the inevitable result of the full implementation of scientific development concepts in this new situation.Greenhouse gases emitted from energy consumption account for more than 70% of total emissions in China. According to the 'Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China', China's total GHG emissions in 1994 were 4,060 million tons of CO2 (equivalent to 3,650 million tons net emission), of which 3,070 million tons of CO2, 730 million tons of CO2 equivalents (tCO2e) of methane (CH4) and 260 million tCO2e of nitrous oxides (N2O). A recent preliminary estimate indicated that the emission volume of N2O, CH4 and N2O in China wasapproximately 6.9 billion tons of equivalent weight of CO2, among which, 5.65 billion tons was CO2, 900 million tons was CH4 and 360 million tons was N2O. The total proportion of the emission volume of CO2 rose from 75.6% in 1994 to 81.9% in 2005. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in China account for about 18% of the world total. CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels in China were 4.73 billion tons in 2004, 81.6% of that in the USA and 4.3-times as much as in India, accounting for 17.8% of the total 26.6 billion tons worldwide. CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels in China rose from 10.9% in 1990 to 17.8% in 2004. It is estimated that China might overtake the USA to be the largest CO2 emitter in the world in 2007. CO2 emission per unit of primary energy in China is rising, and is 24% higher than the world average. As carbon content and combustion efficiency varies greatly in different energy sources, different energy structures can be distinguished in CO2 emissions. CO2 emitted per unit of primary energy in China was 2.94 tons per ton petroleum, 24% above the world average of 2.37 tons CO2/ton petroleum, 18% higher than in the USA (2.49 tons CO2/ton petroleum) and 1.52-times that of India (1.93 tons CO2/ton petroleum). From 1990 to 2004, the intensity of CO2 emissions from primary energy consumption grew by 12.9% in China, while it declined by 0.7% in the USA.The development history and tendency of all countries indicates that per capita CO2 emissions and per capita energy consumption are closely related to economic growth. At the current technical level and in the consumption mode, reaching the development level of industrialized countries requires that the per capita energy consumption and per capita CO2 emission reach very high levels. There is no world precedent for low per capita energy consumption and CO2 emissions combined with high per capita GDP. The international community's negotiations on reduction and restriction of GHG emissions can never be simple, as each country is striving for development space and options for development pathways. With its large population base, China still faces a long-term development task to accomplish its industrialization and urbanization . As the economy grows, energy consumption and emissions of CO2 will continue to grow, so reduction and mitigation of GHG emissions is driving China to explore new types of production and consumption (Zhao 2006).China is one of the few remaining countries using coal as its major energy source. Coal accounted for 67.7% of primary energy consumption in China in 2004, but only 27.2% globally in the same year. A unit of coal emits 1.36-times as much CO2 as that emitted by petroleum, and 1.61-times as much as that emitted by natural gas. Adjustment of the energy structure is restrained to some extent by the composition of available energy resources, and improvement of energy efficiency confronts a scarcity of technical and financial resources. Thus, the, coal-focused energy resource structure and consumption structure in China cannot change fundamentally in a short time, forcing China to face more difficulties than more developed countries in adjustment of the energy structure and reduction of per unit energy emissions.Old energy production methods and technologies in China are the main barriers leading to inefficiency of energy consumption and higher emissions of GHG. Furthermore, China lags behind developed countries by about 10-15 years in energy exploration, supply and conversion, energy transmission and distribution techniques, industrial production techniques and terminal use techniques for other energy sources. Conventional technologies are the mainstay in China's key industries. For example, production of a ton of steel consumes between 700-800 kg of standard coal. Lack of sophisticated technology and use of many out-dated techniques reduce China's energy efficiency by 10% compared with developed countries. In other words, China's unit energy consumption is about 40% higher than that of other developed countries. Dealing with the challenges of climate change will eventually depend on development of new technologies. China is currently constructing large-scale infrastructure for energy transformation and energy-efficient buildings. Failure to acquire advanced technologies beneficial for reduction of GHG will lead China to be a still higher GHG emitter for several decades, which, in turn, will create more serious challenges in handling climate change.After China became a net petroleum importer in 1993, its imported petroleum has grown year-by-year. In 2006, China's net annual import of petroleum exceeded 160 million tons, or a dependency on foreign imports of nearly 50%. In addition, import of natural gas has also risen dramatically, but this promotes adjustment of China's energy structure and reduces emissions of several pollutants and GHG.Considering China's huge environmental pressure in energy production and consumption and the rapid growth in energy demand, adjustment of energy structure and increase of high-quality energy imports are two further important pathways. The rapid growth of petroleum and coal imported by China will impose great challenges to China's energy security and also increase pressure on international energy markets.CHINA'S DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS FOR A LOW-CARBON ECONOMYBy reviewing the environmental protection history of major countries and analysing their energy strategies, it can be seen that environmental problems have occurred during development in all countries. Developed countries have used new laws, regulations and economic instruments to resolve problems of domestic environmental pollution, ecological destruction and global climate change. With industrialization , urbanisation and modernization , China's consumption of energy will continue to grow rapidly. The development and use of energy will have an increasing impact on the ecological environment, compelling China to face dual challenges of both traditional environmental problems and climate change. China will achieve its sustainable energy development goal only if environmental protection is central to its strategies, and if it builds clean, highly efficient, environmentally friendly and beneficial energy systems appropriate to its economic development stages.Policy tools not only help to implement a low-carbon economy but also to diversify and coordinate policies. China has stipulated and implemented regulations and rules to promote energy saving at various levels. However, we should promote participation and cooperation of 'intermediate powers', including industrial associations, consultant organizations, investment companies, scientific research institutes and the media to better coordinate relations between state-owned and other enterprises. China should endeavour to send a clear message to such groups through the coordination of policy tools in order to help decision-makers to understand the challenges and opportunities that the low-carbon economy will bring. Policies to promote the development of a low-carbon economy are gradually being brought into China's national planning and policy and should be implemented in stages, to avoidlarge impacts on the economy. Active and conscious consideration of low-carbon factors in pollutant control and regulation will enable us to resolve problems of pollutant emissions and achieve low-carbon economic growth.The general concept of China's low-carbon economic development model is to accomplish industrialization by 2020 and modem economic development around 2050. The prerequisite of this concept is to guarantee the construction of a better-off society throughout China. To achieve this, we must take active measures, such as revision of economic and social consumption models, development and popularization of advanced energy-saving technologies, expansion of renewable energy and advanced nuclear energy technologies, optimization of energy structure by applying high-efficiency, clean and low-carbon emission coal technologies and hydrogen technology, combined with ecological environmental protection. These measures will achieve the low-carbon economy and gradually build the system and mechanism for reduction of emissions of CO2 and other GHG (Jiang and Yao 2003).APPROACHES TO REALIZE LOW-CARBON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR CHINATo achieve low-carbon economic development in China, we should consider our national situation and develop our potentials in terms in the areas described above and through international technological and economic cooperation. As a coal-focused energy consumer, China suffers from the resulting complex environmental problems, which are constantly worsening China's ecological environment. To construct an energy-saving and environment-friendly society and revolutionise the traditional extensive growth, China should optimize industrial structures and actively develop high value-added and environmentally friendly high-tech industries and service sectors during its industrialization. It should be emphasized that reform of the chemical industry and encouraging enterprises to install and operate environmentally friendly and energy-saving equipment and improve management and energy consumption efficiency can lead to a low-carbon economy (Lu and Wang 2003). China should speed up development of water, natural gas and renewable energy resources for the home, while encouraging the safe development of nuclear power. Based on current national coal usage, the basic energy supply will not changeradically until 2030. It is our special task to optimize terminal energy and resolve pollutant emissions in energy consumption (Pan and Zhu 2006; He et al. 2006).In spite of a recent decline in energy intensity, China still has a large gap in when compared with developed countries. The integrated energy efficiency of China is currently about 33%, 10% lower than that of developed countries. China's unit energy consumption of major products in industries such as electric power, steel and iron, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, construction materials, chemicals, light industry and textiles is 40% higher than that of more advanced countries. The integrated energy consumption per unit products for steel, cement, paper and cardboard in China is, respectively, 21%, 45% and 120% higher than in more advanced economies. Oil consumption by vehicles in China is 25% higher than that in European countries, and 20% higher than that in Japan. The energy consumed to supply heating per unit floor space is two to three times as much as that of the developed countries with similar climate conditions. China's recovery ratio of mineral resources is 30%, 20% lower than that of developed countries. Progress and innovation in energy technologies is essential to mitigate emissions of GHG. The developed countries all concentrate on adoption of new energies, R&D for low-carbon fuel, cleaning of traditional fossil fuels and advanced power generation techniques to realize low-carbon economies. China should develop new energy technologies such as 1) production of ethanol from cellulose and hydrogen for vehicle use, 2) advanced power generation such as clean coal, nuclear, solar and wind energy, 3) advanced techniques such as carbon capture and storage, and 4) renewable energy.China should apply economic policy measures, including taxes, pricing and revenues, and concentrate on designing energy-saving and renewable energy, new energy and energy-consumption products to prevent pollution. We should also develop financial incentive mechanisms to encourage investment and financing in energy fields. We should revolutionize the current energy pricing mechanism and price administrative as well as price relationships among energy products, which do not benefit or adapt to environmental protection. Consequently, energy structure will be successfully adjusted and the dominant energy-saving priority strategy in the market will be set up. We should strictly regulate energy consuming projects andequipment into the market, and replace old techniques and equipment, therefore promoting the environmental protection level of the energy consumption system in an all-round way.Although each country has a different understanding of climate change and advances different ways to cope with it, effective cooperation and dialogue are required to deal with challenges produced by climate change. The growth of energy demand and GHG emissions is mostly attributable to developing countries, which are restricted by their economic strength, low technological level and relatively deficient technological R&D capability. To achieve the common goal of global sustain- able growth, developed countries are expected to provide funds for and transfer technologies to developing countries. In addition, China has the responsibility to accelerate its own technological transfer from developed countries.CONCLUSIONSIn the low-carbon economic development mode, carbon emission should be used as a standard to check the validity of any activity. The government, enterprises and individuals should restrict their actions and conduct their life in a much greener and more environmentally friendly manner. Low-carbon and non-carbon energy resources will be largely applied in future. Energy efficiency will be enormously raised and green consumption will be advocated. Carbon emission reduction will be used as a commodity that can be freely transacted in the market. We believe that the building of the new low-carbon society and economic entity will finally realize zero carbon emissions and, therefore, radically restrain climate change.本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Development of a low-carbon economy in China出处：The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology作者：Ding DinG, DongBao Dai and Ming Zhao译文：中国低碳经济的发展关键词：低碳经济，气候变化，碳排放，发展战略，中国概要：根据气候变化的压力，许多国家正在努力适应低碳经济。

低碳经济-英文演讲

✓ More than 140 countries across the world, marked one of the first and the largest international treaties in in response to increasing global warming.
✓ Additional means of meeting targets through three market based mechanism :
- Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market” - Joint implementations (JI) and - Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
- Developing countries like India
KYOTO Protocol
KYOTO Protocol
✓ The main goal, among others, of the Kyoto Protocol was to create a legally binding document that would commit industrialized countries to lowering carbon emission by 5.2% below 1990 levels.
US Response
✓ Cost and Valuation
-The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions. There are

高中英语作文万能模板范文万能句子汇总之低碳经济下的环境保护等4个话题(含中文对照)

高中英语作文万能模板范文万能句子篇一：低碳经济下的环境保护Low Carbon Economy Environment Protection低碳经济的环境保护(1)“低碳经济”是个具有广泛社会性的经济前沿理念，最早是在2003年英国政府发布的能源白皮书《我们能源的未来创建低碳经济》正式提出的。

低碳经济包括低碳发展低碳产业低碳技术和低碳生活等经济形态，是指在不影响经济发展的前提，通过技术创新和制度创新，降低能源和资源消耗，尽可能最大限度地减少温室气体和污染物的排放，实现减缓气候变化的目标，促进人类的可持续发展。

Protection of Environment。

2. 为了保护环境，。

4. 我的看法。

There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil. The polluted air does great harm to people’s health. The polluted water causes diseases and death. What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities.之是严重的空气水和土壤污染。

被污染的空气对人体健康危害很大。

污染的水会引起疾病和死亡。

更重要的是，随着现代城市的快速增长植被已大大减少了。

To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot. Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution. Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today. 用。

走向低碳经济英文版

World Business Council for Sustainable DevelopmentTowards a Low-carbonEconomyA business contribution tothe international energy & climate debatePurposeThe World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and its member companies have been working together to contribute to the debate on climate change,energy access, energy security and competitiveness by sharing knowledge, new ideas and pragmatic solutions. In our Energy and Climate trilogy – Facts and Trends to 2050, Pathways to 2050, and Policy Directions to 2050 – we took readers along a journey that outlines the climate change challenge, the options available to stabilize and eventually reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and a proposed roadmap of policy ideas and concepts to support a transition to a low-carbon economy.In July 2008, the WBCSD and the World Economic Forum delivered a set of recommendations from over 80 chief executives of leading global companies to the G8 regarding the structure of an environmentally effective and economically efficient, long-term climate policy framework.This publication reflects a continuation of this journey. It aims to confirm the relevance and potential implications of the Bali Action Plan and any future international climate agreement on business. Further, in the spirit of our continued contribution to the international energy and climate dialogue, the WBCSD provides a business perspective on the key issues undernegotiation at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as governments work towards the development of a future international climate change framework post-2012.As a group of companies from diverse sectors, operating globally and across geographic borders, we hope that our experiences and policy recommendations on climate change mitigation, technology, finance and adaptation will bring an insightful business perspective to the policy debate.About the WBCSDThe World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) brings together some 200 international companies in a shared commitment to sustainable development through economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. Our members are drawn from more than 36 countries and 22 major industrial sectors. We also benefit from a global network of 58 national and regional business councils and partner organizations.Our mission is to provide business leadership as a catalyst for change toward sustainable development, and to support the business license to operate, innovate and grow in a world increasingly shaped by sustainable development issues. Our objectives include:Business Leadership – to be a leading business advocate on sustainable development;Policy Development – to help develop policies that create framework conditions for the business contribution to sustainable development;The Business Case – to develop and promote the business case for sustainable development;Best Practice – to demonstrate the business contribution to sustainable development and share best practices among members;Global Outreach – to contribute to a sustainable future for developing nations and nations in transition.AcknowledgementsEnergy & Climate Focus Area Co-ChairsChad Holliday (DuPont)Eivind Reiten (Norsk Hydro)Focus Area Core TeamAmerican Electric Power, Areva, CLP Holdings, Det Norske Veritas, The Dow Chemical Company, EDF, E.ON, Eskom, General Motors, Royal Dutch Shell, Sinopec, SUNCOR, TEPCO, Weyerhaeuser WBCSD Energy & Climate Associates David Hone, ShellMandy Rambharos, EskomThe WBCSD Energy and Climate Focus Area Core Team would like to thank the following members of the Energy & Climate team for their contributions to this publication: Matthew Bateson, Antonia Gawel and María Mendiluce.DisclaimerThis publication is released in the name of the WBCSD. Like other WBCSD publications, it is the result of a collaborative effort by members of the secretariat and senior executives from member companies. A wide range of members reviewed drafts, thereby ensuring that the document broadly represents the majority view of the WBCSD membership. It does not mean, however, that everymember company agrees with every word.Facts and Trendsto 2050:Presents key facts and trends related to energy and climate change and outlines correspondingdilemmas. Primarily designed for business,the issues arepresented succinctly and illustrated by graphs andprojections.Pathways to 2050Builds on Facts and Trends to 2050 and provides a more detailed overview of potential pathways to reducing COemissions.Policy Directions to 2050Explores potential policy approaches and mechanisms that might be deployed to introduce the required changes in the energy system.Energy and Climate TrilogyPhoto credits Flickr, IstockphotoCopyright © WBCSD. March 2009.ISBN 978-3-940388-43-8Printer Atar Roto Presse SA, Switzerland Printed on paper containing 40% recycled content and 60% from mainly certified forests (FSC and PEFC). 100 % Chlorine free. ISO 14001 certified mill.ContentsIntroduction 2Technology 4Finance 10 Sectoral approaches 14Adaptation 2024%12%11%7%21%6%10%9%CCS industryCCS power generation Nuclear RenewablesP ower generation efficiency and fuel switching End use fuel switching End use electricity efficiencyEnd use efficiency30%40%30%< US$ 200 per CO ton< US$ 50 per CO tonPositive returns70%30%New (15 GT emissionreduction)Existing (35 GT emissionreduction)Figure 1: The IEA energy technology perspectivesSource: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2008.Long termMid term Short term Figure 2: Technology learning phases and policiesresponses in developing and developed countries (Figure 2). To stimulate investment in appropriate technologies at the right time and place, countries will need to consider the full life cycle of technology and enable a portfolio of technologies to be developed in parallel, not sequentially.5 In addition, it is important to consider the life-cycle and turnover of existing capital infrastructure as new low-carbon technologies are phased in and new long-term energy infrastructure is built.International cooperation has an important role to play as a catalyst to accelerate technology progress at each stage. Businesses have been historically active in internationalcooperation in the deployment of technologies. For example, wind manufacturers and developers frequently cooperate with local partners on the deployment of wind energy indifferent markets, including training sub-suppliers, transferring technological know-how in the form of, inter alia , personnel training, and implementing high-level quality standards. In order to achieve the required emissions reductions there is a need to unleash the potential of existing low-carbontechnologies, bring new technologies to the market and deploy available technologies to developing countries.level of stringency would have to take intoaccount the country’s capabilities andcircumstances) or providing forthe adequate infrastructurein terms of fuel qualityand fuel choice,etc. Companies,then focus on theirpreferred technologyroutes without the needto multiply their investmentin developing products adaptedto each market regulation separately.and environmental benefits of energyconservation, which will supporteffective consumer decisions.Figure 3: Barriers to the deployment of energy-efficient technologies and practicesAccording to the IEA, if we are to meet the BLUE Map scenario there is a need over the next 10 years to bring new technologies to the market that will facilitate a peak and reduction in totalglobal emissions (Figure 4). Only if we fully use existing low-carbon technologies and succeed in bringing new technologiesto the market before 2020 can we meet this objective.The IEA estimates that annual investments of approximatelyUS$ 150 billion in research, development and deployment(RD&D) is needed. This will require an urgent accelerationin R&D investment and a clear commitment by parties inCopenhagen will provide appropriate signals to encourage this.The delivery of critical, new low-carbon technologies by 2020are often far beyond the financial and technical capacity ofindividual countries or businesses, and requires large-scalecooperation in the demonstration of key technologies. A majorshift in national strategic innovation priorities is needed to makeinternational collaboration on R&D activities work at the scaleand pace needed. New forms of public-private partnerships needto be defined where governments, R&D institutions, suppliersand potential technology users work together to organize, fund,screen, develop and demonstrate selected technologies in ashorter time frame. Incentives for enhanced collaboration couldbe built under an international sectoral approach framework,which is described in the following section.Technology deploymentTechnology is transferred through projects, beyond nationalborders and spreads at a rapid pace. Business deploys technologywithin the company, between companies and to suppliers andcustomers at home and abroad. The private sector is responsibleIncreasing these investments requires an understanding of thebusiness investment analysis and decision-making process, anda need to identify and address the reasons why investments arewithheld.When a company seeks to invest in a project, an investmentanalysis is undertaken and a series of investment options areevaluated before project implementation. This requires a numberof crucial considerations to ensure the long-term viability andsuccess of a project:The investment analysis will assess if a project generateseconomic returns and will ensure capital is available.Multinational corporations are increasingly investing to gainlong-term strategic advantage, and not only to receive short-term commercial returns or manage a carbon complianceposition. Some mechanisms (e.g., CDM) provide theopportunity to generate additional revenues needed todevelop the project.In addition to the consideration of economic return,an assessment of project risks is undertaken. These risksmay include, among others, market, regulatory andenvironmental risks.The company will decide how best to structure theinvestment. This may include the involvement of local jointventure partners.Once a decision to invest has been made, permitting,construction and implementation of the project will commence,including the application of appropriate technology, hiringIn many cases, the availability of technology is not the limiting factor in project development. Rather, a numbers of barriers are identified that can either halt project investment or limit project success once the decision to move forward has been made. A number of recommendations are suggested to address these issues and enhance project investments and technology deployment:Economic viability – Economic viability in low-carbon technology projects can be enhanced through the removal of barriers that block the introduction of energy efficientsolutions (see section above), streamlining the planningprocess to reduce transaction costs, and rewardinginvestment in low-carbon technologies through, for example, fiscal incentives and direct public support with transparentframeworks.Capital availability – This is addressed in the finance section that follows.Supporting infrastructure – Some projects rely on the existence or development of a supporting infrastructure (e.g., grid access for renewable energy producers). The sometimes substantial investments may require host governmentsupport or parallel investment projects.Governance and regulatory stability – Business operates under the rules of law established by governments.Inconsistent or conflicting regulatory obligations willundermine foreign investment. In the case of energy projects, this is paramount due to their long-term nature and highcapital cost. Foreign investment is enhanced by credibleinstitutional frameworks and stable political and legalsystems. Strong intellectual property rights are essential tothe technology development and deployment process.Intellectual property rights are essential for business becausethey promote and protect innovation. They have supportedthe development of solutions to some of the world’s toughest challenges. By giving inventors exclusive rights to their inventionsfor a limited period, patents encourage investment and innovation. By requiring inventors to disclose the details of their inventions in exchange for protection, patents also promote the broad dissemination of innovative knowledge.The diffusion and transfer of mature technologies involves much more than intellectual property rights, and includes capacity building, technological and business know-how, consumer information and education, and regulatory stability.In the energy sector there are often a range of ways to reduceGHG emissions that might involve a multitude of patents, while in other sectors, like pharmaceuticals, a single patent is often critical. The royalty cost for energy patents is a small percentage of thetotal investment cost (while for some drugs this might represent more than 90% of the total cost of development of the product). Much of the cost of bringing a new technology to market relatesto the “soft” aspects, for example, operation and maintenance practices, training and organizational procedures, which arenot patentable. With patents representing a small percentageof energy project investment costs, a specific focus on sharingpatent property will not enhance “technology transfer”. The focus must be on establishing adequate investment frameworks and environments that encourage and reward technology cooperation.Some patents that provide environmental benefits may represent a large part of a company’s assets, particularly where there are highR&D investments with high risks. When a country asks a companyTechnology2. Manufacturing industry and power generation mitigationprojects require stable, long-term incentives. Funding forthese low-carbon solutions should come primarily fromcarbon markets, as they develop at national and regionallevels and, in some countries, capital support.3. Reforestation and avoided deforestation are low-costopportunities, but require stimulated activity through some tailored financial mechanisms or funding. The current CDM precludes recognition of the important carbon management potential of managed forestry projects. Carbon markets,forest carbon policy and financing mechanisms mustbe designed to achieve the multiple benefits offered bysustainable forest management and should be based around real and verifiable practices.4. High-cost mitigation options require international financingand new funding mechanisms to leverage private sectorinvestment and bridge the funding gap for innovators as they attempt to scale-up demonstration projects.implement sustainable forest management practices.Multi-stakeholder endorsed guidancefor climate negotiators – andother forests sectors actors – isprovided in a report releasedrequires the establishment of a long-term emissions pathwaywith intermediate targets to create sufficient demand in national carbon markets, boost investor confidence in the market and drive investment in new technologies.The effective design and subsequent linking of currentand emerging carbon markets will enable the progressive harmonization and fungibility of global carbon markets and increase stability. The linkage should be based on differentlevels of recognition of emission trading schemes: unilateral(a government recognizes specific instruments in another country), bilateral (specific recognition between two parties) and, preferably, multilateral recognition. These require trading instruments with common definitions, similar structures (penalties, banking and borrowing rules, measuring, reporting and verification) and must provide the possibility to trade allowances such as CDM-JI credits.A carbon price is one important signal for technology development, and deployment but it needs to be complemented with other policy responses to address the climate change challenge. TheseProgrammatic CDM inpracticeshare of CDM projects. However, renewable energy projects are still more expensive per credit generated than other typesof projects, and require the revision of the CDM together with the appropriate support scheme to enhance the contribution of renewables to climate changeThe use of programmatic CDM could potentially address the currently limited contribution of renewable energy by reducing administrative costs related to developing single projectsand spreading those costs over a series of projects under the program. Additionality is addressed for the whole programin the region (e.g., establishing renewable production as a percentage of total power generated in that region), which avoids that incremental capacity additions in the region reduce the additionality requirement for projects installed later.A program of activities could focus on a support scheme such asFinanceSectoral approachesprograms or the development of future low-carbon technologies).The objectives, deliverables and timelines for all elements included in the scope would be defined and quantified.The scope of an agreement would vary according to the specific needs of participating countries and sectors, and could include:- Supporting the deployment of existing low-carbontechnologies- Collaborating on clean technology developmentbetween governments and business- Crediting performance that exceeds an agreed baseline/standard within a sector, to drive the efficiency of technology performance- Supporting capacity building programs to providethe technical capacity needed to deploy low-carbon technologies.The agreements would not result in the “carving out” of sector emissions from a participating developed country’s overall target.The agreements would be formally recognized under the UNFCCC: - A board would be established to oversee governance and compliance- The agreements would be negotiated by the interested parties and then presented to this board for approval -Through a robust “measurable reportable and verifiable” process, activities within the agreement will be registered-The agreements would then be reported and recognized by the COP .To illustrate how this approach might work in practice, we have outlined below an overview of how it could be designed for large-scale technology demonstration (e.g., CCS) and industry cooperation (e.g., cement). While this approach might be applied to a number of additional industries and sectors, these examples are included for illustrative purposes.A cooperative technology approach In the case of technologies going through the demonstration phase (such asin such initiatives, these activities should be recognized as NAMAs under the post-2012 framework as part of the country contribution in addition to domestic mitigation efforts.In the case of technologies that are already mature, i.e.,with incremental costs to the order of approximatelyemissions avoided, a sectoralCreation of an approach under thewhich providesWhat issue is the approach seeking to address?The cement industry is responsible for 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 and production is projected to more than double by 2030. It is a major challenge to reducing global emissions while balancing growing demand, business success and national economic development priorities. A sector-based approach might offer a number of possible advantages over more traditional geographically organized responses. For this reason the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) has been exploring the sectoral concept for the past two years and, based on recent analysis, believes it could make a useful addition to the suite of policy options available for managing climate change.How would the approach work?For the CSI, a sectoral approach involves the action of the major cement producers and their host governments to mitigate the climate impacts from the industry’s products and processes. Specific agreements would be developed through negotiations between major cement producer trade associations and their host governments. Industry actions would differ from country to country, in line with materials availability, national government commitments and following the UNFCCC principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”In practice, a sectoral approach within the cement sector would aim to address emissions from major producers within the industry. An objective would be to address 80% of the climate impacts with the top 20% of the producers. For the cement sector, the G8+5 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK, the US, Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa) countries encompass 80% of the world’s cement production. For practical reasons only large facilities would likely be included in each country.A wide range of different climate policies might be used, includinga mix of absolute caps with emissions trading in some countries combined with intensity-based targets in developing countries. The latter improve emissions and energy efficiencies without limiting the absolute volume of emissions.Modeling climate policy impactsTo evaluate the impact of a potential sectoral approach within the cement industry against a series of climate policy scenarios, the project has modeled different carbon policy choices and their impacts.Specific scenarios evaluated include:1. No commitments post 20122. European caps3. Annex I caps4. Global intensity targets5. Sectoral approach6. Global caps and a global carbon marketResults from the model include impacts onCO2 emissions, regional cement productionand trade, and analysis of abatementapproaches, among other factors. Moredetails about the modeling workand results can be found on the CSIwebsite, .Sectoral approach in the cement industryEmissions trading adopted in many developing country power sectorsInitial CCS roll-out in developing countriesInitial CCS infrastructure - EU-ETS - US-ETSClean technology funding framework emerges globally20092010 - 201520202025+$ £ ¥ €First large scale CCS demo projectsCCS Standard emerges in some countriesCCS P roject Mechanism & certification processes finalizedFunding flowCCS Certs.LegendFigure 5: A cooperative technology approach to promote CCS – A “satellite agreement” that focuses on coal use in the power sectorWhat issue is the approach seeking to address?Overall, 40% of global electricity production comes from coal. In a number of developed and developing countries coal is a predominant source of electricity production. In South Africa and Poland, coal accounts for over 90% of electricity production, close to 80% in China and Australia, about 66% in India, and 50% in the US. By 2030, coal-based electricity is projected to double, with most of the growth taking place in non-OECD countries.Managing emissions from coal-fired power generation in developed and developing countries is, therefore, a pressing issue. The necessary financial and technical capacity in developing countries is particularly necessary to curb growing emissions from this type of generation.How would the approach work?This example illustrates the demonstration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology within the electricity sector; however it is important to note that the use of CCS technology will be requiredwithin a number of industries to achieve the necessary global emissions reductions. A cooperative technology approach to establish CCS facilities, infrastructure and technical capacity in coal using countries over the period 2013 to 2020/25 could be negotiated. Parties to the agreement might include large coal using countries. As a result, CCS in emerging economies would initially be funded by the major developed economies. Later, emerging economies could support CCS themselves through a policy instrument such as “cap-and-trade”.Such an agreement has been fashioned in the EU for CCS and its elements could be replicated globally to continue to accelerate the uptake of this key technology:A CCS demonstration program for the EU was announced comprising 10-12 major projects across the EU, ideally testing a variety of technologies and geologies. A timeline for investment decisions is defined through to 2015.CCS is nowrecognized as amitigation option within theEU-ETS, thereby incentivizing long-term deployment via the CO 2 price when CCS will have reached industrial maturity.A legal framework is in place to allow CO 2 to be stored underground.A measurement and reporting framework for CO 2 storage has been agreed.An incentive to start the investment program has been developed. A set aside of 300 million EU allowances as award to early CCS projects for stored CO 2 provides effective government support for the early higher cost demonstration phase of the technology.A mirror agreement operating at the international level could be similar. For example: A program is agreed for a number of 1GW CCS coal-fired powerplants across developing countries that would accept to enter intothe process.CCS is recognized as a mitigation option within the international project mechanism and is supported by an agreed CO 2 storage certification approach.The EU sets aside the necessary space within the EU-ETS to absorb the flow of CCS credits.Clean technology funds are identified to augment the higher cost of the first CCS facilities.Such an approach is illustrated.Sectoral approachesA cooperative technology approach to promote CCSThe policy tools available to aid decision-making for adaptationare similar to the ones identified for climate change mitigation and impact business activities directly or indirectly through customers.10Economic instruments – measures that influence the price that consumers pay for a product or an activity, including market- based instruments, tradable permits, deposit refunds, taxes etc. Direct expenditure instruments – channeling expenditures directly to foster technology innovation, from R&D toinfrastructure development to capacity building.Regulatory instruments – creating change via legal avenues, including liability, enforcement activity, competition andderegulation policy instruments.Institutional instruments – changes in the workings of government to promote change, including internaleducation efforts, internal policies and procedures.Notes1. International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2008, 2008.2. International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, 2008.3. The 2008 ACT Map scenario illustrates the necessary actions to bring globalemissions in 2050 back to 2005 levels. This would require urgent deployment of key technologies and major commitments by public authorities as well as industry.4. The BLUE Map scenario is the more aggressive of the two, and illustrates theradical actions, technology breakthroughs and investments necessary to achievea 50% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. Achieving this would require“urgent implementation of unprecedented and far-reaching new policies in the energy sector.”5. In the WBCSD publication Power to Change: A business contribution to a low-carbon electricity future, all electricity generation technologies are describedtogether with the key challenges and policy recommendations6. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, 2008.7. WBCSD activities include Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Electricity Utilities, theCement Sector Initiative (CSI), and Sustainable Mobility.8. Recommendations for specific sectors can be found by sector at .9. Dechezleprêtre, Antoine, Glachant, M., Hascic, I., Johnstone, N and Ménière, Y.,Invention and transfer of climate change mitigation technologies on a global scale: A study drawing on patent data, 2008.10. Adapted from IISD, TERI, 2003.。

low carbon economy in western countries

1.Background of proposing low carbon economy
definition carbon trading
development mode
carbon tax
technology and market
carbon traffis
1.1.Definition of Low-Carbon Economy

低碳经营活动产生的收益：直接收益如新能源下的低碳产品销售收入减去销售成本后的差额。间接收益如高效使用碳素燃料带来的能源节约减去低碳技术和设备超额投资的摊销后的差额。

融资活动：可在负债或所有者权益的相关账户下设置“低碳资金”二级账户来核算低碳融资活动中产生的负债或所有者权益。

4.3.Accounting reporting and disclosure

1.5.Carbon tax and its effect

“碳税”(Carbon tax)是指针对二氧化碳排放所征收的税。它以环境保护为目的，希望通过削减二氧化碳的排放来缓解全球变暖。碳税通过对燃汽油，航空燃油、天然气等化石燃料产品，按其碳含量的比例征税，来实现减少化石燃料的消耗和和二氧化碳的排放。与总量控制和排放贸易等市场竞争为基础的温室气体减排机制不同，征收碳税只需额外增加非常少的管理成本就可以实现。

3.The policies published for low carbon econmy in the western countries
4.The influence of low carbon economy to the accounting 5.The Experience of International low carbon economy and Its Implication for China

低碳经济专八作文英语

The Rise of Low-Carbon Economy: ANecessary Transition for SustainableDevelopmentIn the face of the ever-growing challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation, thetransition towards a low-carbon economy has become imperative. This shift is not just a response to the urgent need for mitigating the adverse effects of anthropogenic emissions but also a strategic move towards sustainable development. The low-carbon economy, by its nature, aims to decouple economic growth from carbon emissions, promoting innovation, energy efficiency, and renewable energy sources. The concept of a low-carbon economy is gaining momentum worldwide, as countries recognize the urgent need to transition from fossil fuels to cleaner, more sustainable energy sources. This transition is not without its challenges, however. It requires significant investment in research and development, infrastructure upgrades, andpolicy reforms. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits are immense, including reduced greenhouse gasemissions, improved air quality, and enhanced energy security.One of the key drivers of the low-carbon economy is the increasing availability and affordability of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These sources of energy are not only carbon-free but also offer the potential for decentralization anddemocratization of energy production. By harnessing the power of nature, we can meet our energy needs while also reducing our carbon footprint.In addition to renewable energy, energy efficiency improvements and carbon capture and storage technologiesare also crucial to achieving a low-carbon economy. Improving the efficiency of our energy systems can help us reduce waste and maximize the use of resources. Carbon capture and storage technologies, on the other hand, can help us mitigate the emissions that cannot be avoided, such as those from industrial processes and heavy-duty vehicles. The transition to a low-carbon economy also requires changes in our consumption patterns and lifestyles. As individuals, we can make choices that reduce our carbonemissions, such as using public transportation, cycling, or walking instead of private vehicles; reducing our meat consumption; and purchasing products and services from companies that prioritize sustainability.Policymakers also play a crucial role in enabling the transition to a low-carbon economy. By implementingpolicies that encourage the development and deployment of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency improvements, and carbon capture and storage technologies, they can create a level playing field for these sustainable options. In addition, policies that promote public awareness and education on the importance of reducing carbon emissions can help create a culture of sustainability that drives the transition.In conclusion, the transition to a low-carbon economy is a necessary step towards achieving sustainable development. It requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and individuals. By harnessing the power of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainablelifestyles, we can build a brighter, more sustainable future for ourselves and our planet.**低碳经济的崛起：实现可持续发展的必要转型** 面对气候变化和环境恶化的日益严峻挑战，向低碳经济的转型已成为当务之急。

英语读写论文--低碳经济

Low Carbon Economy1st piece of evidenceSupporting idea it backs up:The developing of economy depends on resource more,but some important resource such as coal ,oil and natural gas is going to be used up in a few years.According to 1999 data, the industrial emissions of carbon dioxide per million dollars of GDP in China is 3077.7 tons, 11.8 times that of the same period in Japan,1.4 times that of India(liu,2004).In 2001, China's GDP growth is 7.3 percent netgrowth rate of real GDP to get rid of the energy consumption is 5.79%; 2000 GDP growth is 8.0 percent, to remove the energy consumption of real GDP increase of7.16%(Global Competitiveness Yearbook,2004).According to the U.S. Departmentof Energy and World Energy Council predicts that global fossil energy to mine life:39 years of oil, 60 years of natural gas, 211 years of coal.2nd piece of evidenceSupporting idea it backs up:Huge amount of using resource leading to environmental,economic and resource problems.The air of some Chinese cities particulate matter and SO concentration has exceeded the World Health Organization and the Chinese national standard of 2 to3 times.The soil erosion area has reached 3.76 million square kilometers in 2001,accounting for 38 percent of the land area.China's fresh water, arable land, forest and grassland per capita amount of the world's average of 28.1%, 32.3%, 14.3% and 32.3%; non-renewable mineral resources per capita is only half of the world per capita level(Wang,2001).3rd piece of evidenceSupporting idea it backs up:China's economic and social development benefits a lot from low carbon economy.China's developing low-carbon economy can combat global warming, reflect the large responsibility of a State,solve the energy bottleneck, to eliminate environmental pollution, and upgrade the industrial structure(Wu,2010). References:Liu.(2004).Low technology contribution to the economy and China's economy on the energy dependence increases.Swiss International Institute for Management Development.Global Competitiveness Yearbook,2004Wang.(2001).On the structural contradictions in China's economic development and ecological and environmental problems,Inner Mongolia Finance and Economics Collegeacademic newspaper(2nd ed.,2001)Wu.(2010).The role and significance of the development of low-carbon economy to achieve sustainable development of China.。

low carbon 低碳生活英语课件

low-carbon economy就是“低碳经济”。所谓就是“ 就是低碳经济” 低碳经济，是指在可持续发展理念指导可持续发展理念指导下低碳经济，是指在可持续发展理念指导下，通过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等多种手段，尽可能地减少煤炭石油等高碳发等多种手段，尽可能地减少煤炭石油等高碳能源消耗，减少温室气体排放，能源消耗，减少温室气体排放，达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态。双赢的一种经济发展形态发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态。随着环境形势日益严峻，低碳” 随着环境形势日益严峻，和“低碳”有关的表达也逐渐走进了我们的生活。达也逐渐走进了我们的生活。现在倡导发展 low-carbon technology（低碳技术），流行），流行（低碳技术）， low-carbon lifestyle（低碳生活方式），通过），通过（低碳生活方式），减少carbon emission降低降低carbon intensity，减少降低，逐步建设low-carbon society（低碳社会）。逐步建设（低碳社会）。
We print things out only when necessary, and print double-sided and reduce the margins.// All motorized travel is carbon-intensive. Buses and trains are better than cars, but walking or cycling is better still. It's also better for our health and cheaper. Air travel is an environmental disaster. As well as carbon dioxide, planes emit nitrogen oxide, another nasty gas.// There are so many low-carbon life actions that it is impossible to list all of them. Low-carbon life can be summarized as moderate food, house, transportation, more sports and not wasting. In terms of traditional Chinese culture, the concept of low-carbon life can also be simplified as industry and thrift.

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4 Itaipu
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Source: Brazilian Energy Balance 2009 - EPE/MME, Key World Energy Statistics 2009 - IEA
ETHANOL
6 Sugarcane Ethanol Facility
ENERGY: A BRAZILIAN TOOL
TO DEVELOP A
LOW CARBON ECONOMY
1
INDEX
•BRAZIL ENERGY MIX •GHG EMISSIONS
•RENEWABILITY
BRAZIL ENERGY MIX
POWER GENERATION
Did You Know 82% Of Brazil´s Eletrical Power Generation Comes From Water?
15 89
Per capita emissions in energy sector (2005) - tCO2eq
Source: IEA and EPE
TOP 10 EMITTING COUNTRIES FROM FUEL COMBUSTION IN 2008
China United States Russian Federation India 5.6% 5.0% 19.7% 23.0%
Non Renewable
Renewable
Other – 1% Biofuel – 0% Hydro - 2%
Non RenMTEPs
Biomass 9%
2030
Other – 2% Biofuel – 1% Hydro – 2%
BRAZIL 558 MMTEPs
By Adding 10% of ethanol to the gasoline Reduces up to 7% of GHG emissions
GHG EMISSIONS
World GHG emissions by sector in 2005
Brazil GHG emissions by sector in 2005
Source: IEA
RENEWABILITY
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND BY FUEL TYPE BRAZIL 238 MMTEPs WORLD 12,013 MMTEPs
2007
Biomass - 10%
Biomass - 12% Sugar Cane Products– 16% Other – 3% Hydro - 15%
Kbep
RENEWABILITY
RENEWABLE
NO RENEWABLE
Source: Olade, 2010
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN LATIN AMERICA
224.898 MMBEP
6%
Hydroelectric potential Other renewable energy potential
Japan
Germany Canada United Kingdom Islamic Rep. of Iran Korea
4.1%
2.8% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8%
Top 10 total: 19.1 Gt CO2 World total : 29.4 Gt CO2
The top 10 emmiting countries account for about two-thirds of the world CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in 2008.
Sugar Cane Products – 18%
Non Renewable
Renewable
Non Renewable Renewable
Biomass - 6% Other - 9% Hydro – 13%
Source: EPE and IEA
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION IN AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN
Source: World Resource Institute
Source: MCT, 2010
GHG EMISSIONS
Energy sector participation in total emission in 2005 – energy production and use (%)
67 79
CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES FUEL CONSUMPTION
Source: ANP 2009, FIESP 2009
ETHANOL AND CLIMATE CHANGE
European Directive 2009/28/CE: promotes the use of energy from renewable sources. o Establishes a 10% target until 2020 for the transport sector. o Establishes that ethanol from sugarcane reduces 71% of greenhouse gases emissions when compared to gasoline. US Environmental Protection Agency – EPA 2010/February 2010 o The American Agency has designated sugarcane ethanol an advanced biofuel status, as it lowers GHG emissions up to 61%.
Waste 2%
Land use change and forestry 12% Energy 67%
Energy Industry 4% 15% Land use change and forestry 61%
Industry 3%
Agriculture
14%
Agriculture 19%
Waste 3%