《英语修辞学》第一章
1英语修辞学
Rhetorical Devices1. Phonetic Devices1.1 Alliteration 头韵Eg. a rolling roadtongue twisters: She sells seashells on the seashore.Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.1.2 Euphony 谐音Eg. hate- late; powers- flowers1.3 Assonance 半谐音Eg. Thou still unravished br i de of qu i etness,Thou foster ch i ld of s i lence and slow t i me.a coffin shop-- a coffee shop; a flowery dell-- a flowery cell1.4 Onomatopoeia 拟声Eg. dog: bay, snarl, growl, howl, whine…1.5 Homeoteleuton 叠韵: similarity in endingsEg. Instead of rivets there came an inva sion, an inflic tion, a visita tion.To Bertie, Jeeves is as incomprehen sible as he is indispens able.2.2.1 Acronyms2.2.1.1 initialism: UN; WTO 2.2.1.2 part of a word: TV; ID2.2.1.3 an expression or sentence: DINK; ASAP; MARLBORO2.2.1.4 number or similar sound: F2F; Gr82.2.2 Clippings2.2.2.1 first syllable: advertisement, laboratory, professor, automobile2.2.2.2 middle syllable: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator)2.2.2.3 last syllable: omnibus, telephone, internet, airplane2.2.3 Blendsbrunch: br eakfast+ l unch; newscast: news+ broad cast第一章喻类修辞格1. Similea figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as toclarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison (as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit) recognizable by the use of words “like”or “as”.1.2常用的比喻词有as, like, seem, as if, as though, such as 等。
蓝纯英语修辞学,理论与实践课后答案及解析
蓝纯英语修辞学,理论与实践课后答案及解析第1章
（一）名词解释
（二）1．口头语言口头语言是以人类用发音器官发出的声音（语音）为形式的符号系统。
它是指音与义结合而成，以说和听为传播方式的有声语言。
2．教师语言教师语言是教师传道、授业、解惑以及与学生交流、联络感情的重要工具。
3．语言的生活化语言的生活化，是指幼儿教师在组织幼儿活动时应当较多使用非概念化的生活交际语言。
语言的生活化是由幼儿教育内容的生活化所决定的。
（三）简答题1. 简述教师口语的性质。
教师口语的性质，国家教育部在《师范院校教师口语标准》中明确规定，“是研究教师口语运用规律的一门应用语言学科，是在理论指(全文还有8976字)
课内练习答案
第一章翻译理论第一节翻译的基本原理课前活动第一句来自自马克吐温《密西西比河上的生活》。
原文是优美的景物描写。
(见“补充文字材料”。
)译文1没有翻译出原文风格;译文2是百度翻译的,完全不通顺。
译文3较好地做到了信达雅。
第二句来自一篇科普文章。
第一个翻译文白间杂,滥用四字成语,不符合原文的语体风格。
第二个较好地做到了“信达切”,但对kingdom的词义选择有误。
第一二句分别属于不同的genre(体裁),这就意味两个文本的语体风格不同:第一个语篇为散文语体,第二个语篇为说明文,因此属于不同的register(语域,指因使用场合、对象、领域等不同有不同的语体;语(全文还有9816字))。
现代英语修辞学
普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材现代英语修辞学Moder n English Rhetor ic胡曙中编著上海外语教育出版社图书在版编目(CIP)数据现代英语修辞学/胡曙中编著.—上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004ISBN7-81095-185-8Ⅰ.现…Ⅱ.胡…Ⅲ.英语修辞教材Ⅳ.H315中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2004)第014498号早在1982年,我的导师杨小石先生有意要编一本适合我国英语专业使用的英语修辞学教材,为此,他邀请了包括我在内的三位教师一起参加编写,我们商定了编写大纲,也作了具体的分工。
我当时只有35岁,对编写这么一本教材的困难程度并不清楚,但却凭着一股劲,居然勉强地完成了自己那一部分,但是由于他们未能完成自己的部分,我的那一部分最后也就不了了之了。
从那时到现在,时间过去了20多年。
在这20多年中,我读了一些书,作了一些研究,从《英汉修辞比较研究》、《美国新修辞学》到《英语修辞学》,我走了过来。
坦诚地说,前面走过的路不都是一步一个脚印的,但就在这步履艰难的过程中,我逐渐知道了什么是英语修辞,知道了如何来阐释和应用英语修辞。
现在奉献给大家的这本《现代英语修辞学》,承蒙教育部和有关专家的厚爱,被确定为普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。
我把这本书写成一本英语修辞学的入门书,是想回答许多学生提出的问题:“什么是英语修辞学?”“英语修辞学是不是就是研究英语写作?”“英语修辞学是英语专业的课程,还是语言学的课程?”我希望我的这本书能较为满意地回答这些问题。
在这儿,我想概括一下本书的各章内容和目的:第0章导论解释英语修辞的种种意义,并说明本书的目的———对英语修辞现象的描述、应用和阐释第1章影响修辞活动的要素论述信息、使用场合、受话者之间的关系,说明语气如何反映其间的关系第2章词汇的修辞描述英语选字遣词的修辞规律及其应用第3章句子的修辞描述英语连词组句的修辞规律及其应用第4章 段落的修辞 描述英语段落构成的修辞规律及其应用第5章 语篇的修辞 描述英语语篇构成的修辞规律及其应用第6章 语篇的种类 描述语篇的种类及其特点第7章 语体 描述作为修辞活动综合体的语体特征第8章 修辞手段 描述修辞布局和辞格的规律第9章 理论阐释 简述主要的英语修辞理论第10章 传统与发展 回顾英语修辞学的传统,预测其发展本书主要适合英语专业高年级学生和研究生使用。
《英语修辞学》第一章
Ⅰ About the Course
➢ 1. Optional course of English Major ➢ 2. Learners: Seniors of English Major ➢ 3. Main content:
General idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application
Page 4
Ⅱ Definition of Rhetoric ➢ Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim
of it. ---Ancient Greek wall inscription
➢ Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. ---Francis Bacon
assignments
➢5. Text Book
胡曙中：《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2011年9月第1版
➢6. Reference Books
黄 任：《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1999. 张秀国：《英语修辞学》，清华大学出版社、北京交通大
学出版社，2005 李鑫华：《英语修辞格详论》，上海外语教育出版社，2000
英语修辞学教案
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）;flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric” means “speaking”in such European languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but they are important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer to rhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance;Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes onthe similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.) (Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he must be very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.) (Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound ofdifferent words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics,lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said:Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情);rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective （使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language;rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation;lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences; whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written or colloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。
英语修辞学 Onomatopoei apotrophe pun
Onomatopoeia
杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无 边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。” The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry, Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower, The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. 作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为
• O Nature, how hair is thy face, And how lights is thy heart. • “You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!” 上帝，赐予我耐力，我梦寐以求的耐力吧 ！ -- Shakespeare: King Lear
Apostrophe
Expressed by persons
• O Captain! My Captain; our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won… --- Walt Whitman
"Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone Without a dream in my heart Without a love of my own." (Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
英语修辞学课程教学大纲版汇编
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息1．课程编号：325025062．课程名称：英语修辞学3．英文名称：English Rhetoric4. 课程简介：《英语修辞学》是为英语专业本科高年级开设的一门专业选修课，适用于英语专业教师教育方向和应用翻译方向，于第五学期开设，主要讲授英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，以及各类英语文体的语言风格特征，旨在引导学习者全面认识英语的语体特征、文体风格及其修辞要求和技巧，从本质上了解英语语体，掌握各类文体的修辞手段和语言特点，熟悉各种修辞手法，各类英语的功能，掌握语言使用中的“常规”和变异及其在各种文体中所表现出的规律，提高语言使用中的修辞与文体意识，使学习者具备一定的文学批评和对各类文体的分析和鉴赏水平。
二、课程说明1．教学目的和要求：通过本课程的学习，使学习者较系统地了解英语修辞产生的原因及其对提高语言表现力的重要作用认识，增强对英语的理解能力，提高恰当运用英语语言的交际能力。
学会从修辞的观点出发，从英语语言现象入手，对其内涵进行分析，初步掌握对各类文体的语言进行研究、分析和比较的方法。
掌握各种主要的修辞手段，提高实践中运用英语的能力和理解与欣赏英语文体的能力。
2．与相关课程衔接：先修课程：《英语国家概况》、《基础英语》、《英语听说》、《英语阅读》、《英语写作》、《英语语法》、《英国文学》等专业必修课，以及《英语词汇学》、《西方文化入门》等选修课。
并修课程：《高级英语》、《英语语言学》、《英国文学》后续课程：《美国文学》、《学术论文写作》等必修课，《笔译1》、《笔译2》、《口译1》、《口译2》、《实用文体翻译》等专业方向课程，以及《跨文化交际》、《商务英语翻译》、《经贸口译》、《会展口译》、《计算机辅助翻译》等选修课程。
3．学时：本课程周学时为2，共开16周，讲授学时32，总学时32，共计2学分。
4．开课学期：本课程于第五学期开设5．教学方法：以教师为主导、学生为中心。
英语修辞学1
develop a presentation on one area of rhetoric. You can provide us with a handout, plus any additional materials you think will be useful for the goal of your presentation.
1. What is rhetoric?
• 3. （derogatory）Language that is elaborate, pretentious, insincere, or empty: 【贬】华丽的词藻，花言巧语, 浮夸之词 His offers of compromise were mere rhetoric.
definition and development
• Rhetoric originated in speaking.
• Plato maintained that rhetoric was the expression of truth and the art of rational discourse rather than the art of eloquent expression. • (Aristotle, in the 4th c. B.C.) • first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. • Arguments should include four sections: • 1.the introduction; • 2.the outline or narration of the subject; • 3.the proofs for and against the case; • 4. the summary.
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Syllepsis
Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
He lost the game and his temper. 他输了这一局，大发脾气。
半谐音也可称“无韵”，是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中同一元音重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：
It’s fair and square affair from the beginning to the end. 这件事自始至终都是光明正大的。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Pun
双关（pun） 就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法，它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”，又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
本体和喻体通常一个抽象一个具体，一个熟悉一个陌生
Simile(明喻)
希腊语Metapherein (transfer )转换
无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。 例如：
英语修辞学课件
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.
w Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.
All the world’s a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages…
Metaphor
w Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.
w Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
Type Three: what
Two Patterns: A is to B what C is to D. What C is to D, A is to B.
Type Three: what
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric) (1)
English Figures of Speech
英语修辞的一般规律与特点 General principles and features of English rhetoric
1. 关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词 关系词丰富，介词、连词、 等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言， 等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言， 即以形合为主的语言。而汉语是以意合为主的语言。 即以形合为主的语言。而汉语是以意合为主的语言。
4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。 物称倾向” 的“物称倾向”。 An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). 华盛顿邮报》 《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个 年 月 日 例子。 例子。 It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver. 长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。 长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。 The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies. 我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。 我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
The three uses of similes:
Descriptive描述型明喻; Illuminative启示型明喻 ; Illustrative说明型明喻;
英语修辞学 Lecture 1 Introduction of English Rhetoric
移就/转喻
词语修辞格： Semantic Figures of Speech
Synaesthesia 通感 hyperbole/overstatement understatement 低调陈述 Irony 反语 Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 Paradox 隽语 Euphemism 委婉语 pun 双关
Category 1
交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）： 无论说话或写作，把思想感情表达得明白、 通顺，要求在选词择句时，语意明确、文理 通顺、结构妥贴、语言平易好懂，这样才能 正确地说明客观事物，表达主观意愿，完成 交际任务。 美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）：要求语 言表现得生动、形象，富于说服力和感染力， 最大限度地发挥语言的表达功能，给人以美 的享受。
Parallelism/parallel structure Repetition 反复 Antithesis 对照/对偶 层进 Climax Anti-climax 突降 Ellipsis 省略 Inversion / anastrophe 倒装
排比
Category 2
Passive rhetoric: How to choose the proper words and sentences to express the ideas, and make the language: accuracy, euphonic, and coherent. Active rhetoric: How to apply the figures of speech properly so as to make the content more exact, vivid and lively. It mainly concerns the usage of the figures of speech.
英语修辞学 教学大纲
英语修辞学一、课程说明课程编号：180138Z10课程名称：英语修辞学/English Rhetorics课程类别：专业教育（选修）课学时/学分：32学时/2学分先修课程：议论文写作适用专业：英语专业教材、教学参考书：教材：自编教材教学参考书：Bizzell, Patricia. The Rhetorical Tradition: Readings from Classical Times to the Present. Boston, MA: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2001.Harris, Robert. Writing with Clarity and Style: A Guide to Rhetorical Devises for Contemporary Writers. Pyrczak Pub., 2002.Mcguigan, Brendan. Rhetorical Devises: A Handbook and Activities for Student Writers. Prestwick House, Inc., 2007.Samuelsen, Patricia. The Writer’s Toolbox: Use Rhetorical Devises to Improve Communication. Sweetwater Publishing, 2011.冯翠华.《英语修辞大全》. 外语教学与研究出版社，2005.兰纯.《修辞学：理论与实践》.外语教育与研究出版社，2013.二、课程设置的目的与意义作为英语专业选修课程，本课程设置的目的在于帮助学生掌握修辞理论和修辞手段，从而从修辞的角度提高对英语语言的理论认知。
修辞学是一门跨学科的课程，广泛吸收了哲学、文学、心理学领域的理论知识，是英语语言研究重要的一个分支。
修辞理论知识是英语专业学生和学者听、说、读、写、译等语言活动起着重要的指导作用。
Lecture one 英语修辞学绪论 Introduction
Introduction:examples
Caesar:
I came, I saw, I conquered.
2.We eat books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
1.1 Etymology of Rhetoric
Francis Christensen: Grammar maps out the possible; rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective. 伍海伦《英文修辞手册》论述： Grammar is the law of language, considered as language; rhetoic is the art of language, considered as thought. Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective ans pleasing.
Introduction:examples
Kennedy: Don‟t ask what our country can do for you, just ask what you can do for your country.
Chuchill: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. Richard Nixon: Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity.
英语修辞学课后答案第一章
英语修辞学课后答案第一章1、2．I think Game of Thrones is ________ TV series of the year. [单选题] * A．excitingB．more excitingC．most excitingD．the most exciting (正确答案)2、You cannot see the doctor _____ you have made an appointment with him. [单选题] *A. exceptB.evenC. howeverD.unless(正确答案)3、The classmates can' t（）Alice from her twin sister. [单选题] *A. speakB. tell(正确答案)C. talkD. say4、Mr. Brown ______ the football match next week.（）[单选题] *A. is seeingB. seesC. sawD. is going to see(正确答案)5、The blue shirt looks _______ better on you than the red one. [单选题] *A. quiteB. moreC. much(正确答案)D. most6、—Could you please make the bed?—______.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I wasB. No, I don’tC. Sure, I’ll do it(正确答案)D. No, that’s no problem7、--_______ I borrow these magazines?--Sorry, only the magazines over there can be borrowed. [单选题] *A. MustB. WouldC. May(正确答案)D. Need8、Tom’s sister is a nurse. I met _______ in the street yesterday . [单选题] *A. sheB. hersC. himD. her(正确答案)9、I gave John a present but he gave me nothing_____. [单选题] *A.in advanceB.in vainC.in return(正确答案)D.in turn10、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding11、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well12、The train is coming. Be ______! [单选题] *A. careful(正确答案)B. carefullyC. carelessD. care13、I always get ______ grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.（）[单选题] *A. bestB. better(正确答案)C. goodD. well14、Alice hopes to _______ more friends at her new school. [单选题] *A. visitB. make(正确答案)C. missD. take15、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about16、Researchers have spent five years collecting data（）the study is based. [单选题] *A. on thatB. in whichC. in thatD. on which(正确答案)17、______ the morning of September 8th, many visitors arrived at the train station for a tour.（）[单选题] *A. FromB. ToC. InD. On(正确答案)18、_______! Jack,the floor is wet. [单选题] *A. Be careful(正确答案)B. Be careful toC. Be careful forD. Be careful with19、- I haven't been to Guilin yet.- I haven t been there, ______. [单选题] *A. tooB. alsoC. either(正确答案)D. neither20、Will you be able to finish your homework _______? [单选题] *A. by the timeB. in time(正确答案)C. once upon a timeD. out of time21、You wouldn' t have caught such ____ bad cold if you hadn' t been caught in ____?rain. [单选题] *A. a, /B. a, aC. a,the(正确答案)D. /, /22、19．_______ will the film Country Road last? [单选题] *A．How farB．How oftenC．How soonD．How long(正确答案)23、Thank you very much. You gave us ____ our factory needed. [单选题] *A. informationB. informationsC. the information(正确答案)D. the informations24、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be25、Don’t talk _______. Your grandmother is sleeping now. [单选题] *A. happilyB. nearlyC. loudly(正确答案)D. hardly26、We can see ______ stars at night if it doesn’t rain. [单选题] *A. a thousand ofB. thousandsC. thousand ofD. thousands of(正确答案)27、I’m looking forward to hearing from you _______. [单选题] *A. recentlyB. soon(正确答案)C. quicklyD. fast28、Two（）in our school were sent to a remote village to teach for a month. [单选题] *A. women teachers(正确答案)B. woman teachersC. women teacherD. woman teacher29、I could ______ control my feelings and cried loudly when I heard the bad news. [单选题] *A. hardly(正确答案)B. ?reallyC. clearlyD. nearly30、For the whole period of two months, there _____ no rain in this area. Now the crops are dead [单选题] *A. isB. wasC. has been(正确答案)D. have been。
英语修辞学大纲
10.6 Personification
10.7 Parody
10.8 Synesthesia
10.9 Transferred epithet
说明和要求:
（1）重点讲述其中最常用的十余种，尤以隐喻为重点。注意帮助学生弄清概念，基本分清相邻辞格间的相似和相异之处。
（2）讲述修辞理论和实际语言现象时适当配合词汇学、语义学、语用学、逻辑学知识介绍，使之渗透修辞教学中来，便于对修辞理论和实践的领会与掌握。
（3）配合必要的笔头练习从修辞角度对文章进行综合性分析。
Chapter 11 Logical Figures of Speech
*11.1 Allegory
*11.2 Allusion
11.3 Hyperbole
11.4 ent
11.5 Irony
11.6 Innuendo
11.7 Euphemism
7.7 Pun
说明和要求:
（1）本部分从语音在语言中的地位讲起，适当介绍语音学方面的知识，重点提示音韵法在诗歌中所起的重要作用及其对散文、广告等各语体的影响。
（2）通过教学，帮助学生学会辨认以上音韵修辞现象并在写作中能自觉运用此类辞格。
Chapter 8-9 Syntactic Figures of Speech
11.8 Oxymoron
*11.9 Analogy
11.10 Paradox
说明和要求:
（1）重点讲授夸张、低调陈述、反语、委婉、矛盾修饰法，帮助学生了解这几种辞格用违反事实或逻辑作为表达方式的特点。
（2）帮助学生分清委婉与低调陈述和反语的区别，矛盾修饰和隽语的区别。
（3）要求学生找文章自己分析这类辞格的语用功能。
英语修辞学(讲稿)
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.第一部分：Figures of Resemblance and RelationshipSimile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Synecdoche（提喻）Personification（拟人）Antonomasia （换称）一Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。
《英语修辞学》第一章
➢ 4. Assessment: Exam
Total grades = 20% of Regular Grades + 80%of the Final Exam
* Regular Grades consists of 10% of class attendance and 10% of
manipulate [ mə'nipjuleit ] others.
现代英语修辞学研究的是人类使用符号互相交流的能 力，这种能力是人类所持有的，人类使用符号来构建自 己的世界，来认识自我，来和其他人一起互动，使生活 更有意义。
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• 通过对语言材料的选择、调整、修饰，使语言美化， 更好地交流思想，表情达意。所谓“调整”，主要 指依据题旨(subject) 情境 (occasion / context)的需要，对词语、句式、段落篇章作恰当 地选择和安排；所谓“修饰”，主要指恰当地选择 一些修辞手段、修辞方法，增强语言表达的艺术效 能。调整的目的，就是要求语言准确、鲜明，没有 丝毫的模糊，也没有丝毫的歧义，使人家清楚、明 白。 -- 杨鸿儒《当代中国修辞学》
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Ⅰ About the Course
➢ 1. Optional course of English Major ➢ 2. Learners: Seniors of English Major ➢ 3. Main content:
General idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application
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English Rhetoric
Chapter One Introduction to English Rhetoric
"the art of effective expression and the persuasive use of language"
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
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Plato and his idea about rhetoric
Full name Plato Born c. 428–427 BC Athens Died c. 348–347 BC (age approx 84) Athens School/tradition Platonism Main interests： • Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism Notable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉图式的现实主义和 理想主义）
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Syracuse
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III. What is rhetoric?
3.2 rhetoric and oratory Rhētorikē—rhētōr:
as a verb: to speak as a noun: orator
Oratory had been practiced long before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.
class participaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱion and assignments
5. Text Book
张秀国：《英语修辞学》(English Rhetoric)，清华大学出版社、北京交通大 学出版社，2005
6. Reference Books:
黄 任：《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1999. 胡曙中：《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2004年7月第1版，
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II. Reference Books
4. Assessment: Exam
Total grades = 30% of Regular Grades + 70%of the Final Exam
* Regular Grades consists of 15% of class attendance and 15% of
Plato and Aristotle
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III. What is rhetoric?
• 3.1 Origin of Western Rhetoric
It is said that the “art of rhetoric” originated in Syracuse锡拉库兹 锡拉库兹 (意大利西西里岛东部一港市 a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, 意大利西西里岛东部一港市), 意大利西西里岛东部一港市 in about 465 B.C.. When the dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established, people went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the dictator’s reign. However, the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today. Therefore, the rhetoric came into being to “make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury” (Hu Shuzhong, 2002:3).
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• 《苏格拉底之死》1787 纽约大都会博物馆 • 法国新古典主义画家：雅克•路易• 大卫（Jacques Louis David)
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Positive connotations
• Historically, “rhetoric” had positive connotations, suggesting a commendable skill with words. Today rhetoric, as it was in history, is something that people have to resort to. • Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method. Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about. • As a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad. A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.
[iʾpisti'mǤlədӡi]： [iʾpisti'mǤlədӡi]：【哲】认识论 θinz]： [‘æθinz]：(希腊首都)雅典；(作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)任一城市 θinz] 希腊首都)雅典； 作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)
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Plato and his idea about rhetoric
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III. What is rhetoric?
The study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece, when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law. The ancients realized that presentation is as important, or perhaps more important, as facts.
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III. What is rhetoric?
3.3 Connotation (内涵)of rhetoric 内涵)
Over the years the word “rhetoric” has taken on a wide range of meaning. Negative connotations: • skillful, but often deceptive, eloquence • a fraudulent practice • to deal exclusively with language, rather than with ideas • formidable support from Socrates and Plato. In Gorgias (《高尔吉亚篇》, Plato criticized the rhetoricians, • “The rhetorician need not know the truth about things; he has only to discover some way of persuading the ignorant that he has more knowledge than those who know.”
• It is possible that in developing his own theory of knowledge, Plato coined the term "rhetoric" both to denounce what he saw as the false wisdom of the S o p h i s t s ['sɔfist] , a n d t o ɔ ] advance his own views on knowledge and method. •Plato's animosity(仇恨 against the Sophists derives not 仇恨) 仇恨 only from their inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances, but from the fact that his teacher, Socrates, was accused of being a Sophist and ultimately sentenced to death for his teaching.