《英语修辞学》第一章
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• It is possible that in developing his own theory of knowledge, Plato coined the term "rhetoric" both to denounce what he saw as the false wisdom of the S o p h i s t s ['sɔfist] , a n d t o ɔ ] advance his own views on knowledge and method. •Plato's animosity(仇恨 against the Sophists derives not 仇恨) 仇恨 only from their inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances, but from the fact that his teacher, Socrates, was accused of being a Sophist and ultimately sentenced to death for his teaching.
• I . About the Course • II. Reference Books • III.What is rhetoric? • IV. Why do we learn rhetoric?
Page 2
I. About the Course
1. Optional course of English Major 2. Teaching Objects: juniors of English Major 3. Purpose:
class participation and assignments
5. Text Book
张秀国：《英语修辞学》(English Rhetoric)，清华大学出版社、北京交通大 学出版社，2005
6. Reference Books:
黄 任：《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1999. 胡曙中：《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2004年7月第1版，
Page 10
Plato and his idea about rhetoric
Full name Plato Born c. 428–427 BC Athens Died c. 348–347 BC (age approx 84) Athens School/tradition Platonism Main interests： • Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism Notable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉图式的现实主义和 理想主义）
[iʾpisti'mǤlədӡi]： [iʾpisti'mǤlədӡi]：【哲】认识论 θinz]： [‘æθinz]：(希腊首都)雅典；(作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)任一城市 θinz] 希腊首都)雅典； 作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)
Page 11
Plato and his idea about rhetoric
Page 4
Rhetoric is power.
Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it. ---Ancient Greek wall inscription Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. ---Francis Bacon
Page 7
Syracuse
Page 8
III. What is rhetoric?
3.2 rhetoric and oratory Rhētorikē—rhētōr:
as a verb: to speak as a noun: orator
Oratory had been practiced Hale Waihona Puke Baiduong before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.
English Rhetoric
Chapter One Introduction to English Rhetoric
"the art of effective expression and the persuasive use of language"
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
Page 9
III. What is rhetoric?
3.3 Connotation (内涵)of rhetoric 内涵)
Over the years the word “rhetoric” has taken on a wide range of meaning. Negative connotations: • skillful, but often deceptive, eloquence • a fraudulent practice • to deal exclusively with language, rather than with ideas • formidable support from Socrates and Plato. In Gorgias (《高尔吉亚篇》, Plato criticized the rhetoricians, • “The rhetorician need not know the truth about things; he has only to discover some way of persuading the ignorant that he has more knowledge than those who know.”
Oratory:
* the foundation of rhetoric * more than ordinary speech but a special kind of public speaking (a special purpose, a special way, a special time) * to impress, convince, or move the audience to action They then developed a set of principles for successful communication. These principles make up the art of rhetoric.
Page 5
III. What is rhetoric?
The study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece, when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law. The ancients realized that presentation is as important, or perhaps more important, as facts.
General idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application Communicative rhetoric the choice of words, the choice of sentences, paragraph and essay construction Aesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic)
Page 12
• 《苏格拉底之死》1787 纽约大都会博物馆 • 法国新古典主义画家：雅克•路易• 大卫（Jacques Louis David)
Page 13
Positive connotations
• Historically, “rhetoric” had positive connotations, suggesting a commendable skill with words. Today rhetoric, as it was in history, is something that people have to resort to. • Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method. Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about. • As a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad. A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.
Page 3
II. Reference Books
4. Assessment: Exam
Total grades = 30% of Regular Grades + 70%of the Final Exam
* Regular Grades consists of 15% of class attendance and 15% of
Plato and Aristotle
Page 6
III. What is rhetoric?
• 3.1 Origin of Western Rhetoric
It is said that the “art of rhetoric” originated in Syracuse锡拉库兹 锡拉库兹 (意大利西西里岛东部一港市 a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, 意大利西西里岛东部一港市), 意大利西西里岛东部一港市 in about 465 B.C.. When the dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established, people went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the dictator’s reign. However, the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today. Therefore, the rhetoric came into being to “make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury” (Hu Shuzhong, 2002:3).
• I . About the Course • II. Reference Books • III.What is rhetoric? • IV. Why do we learn rhetoric?
Page 2
I. About the Course
1. Optional course of English Major 2. Teaching Objects: juniors of English Major 3. Purpose:
class participation and assignments
5. Text Book
张秀国：《英语修辞学》(English Rhetoric)，清华大学出版社、北京交通大 学出版社，2005
6. Reference Books:
黄 任：《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1999. 胡曙中：《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2004年7月第1版，
Page 10
Plato and his idea about rhetoric
Full name Plato Born c. 428–427 BC Athens Died c. 348–347 BC (age approx 84) Athens School/tradition Platonism Main interests： • Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism Notable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉图式的现实主义和 理想主义）
[iʾpisti'mǤlədӡi]： [iʾpisti'mǤlədӡi]：【哲】认识论 θinz]： [‘æθinz]：(希腊首都)雅典；(作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)任一城市 θinz] 希腊首都)雅典； 作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)
Page 11
Plato and his idea about rhetoric
Page 4
Rhetoric is power.
Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it. ---Ancient Greek wall inscription Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. ---Francis Bacon
Page 7
Syracuse
Page 8
III. What is rhetoric?
3.2 rhetoric and oratory Rhētorikē—rhētōr:
as a verb: to speak as a noun: orator
Oratory had been practiced Hale Waihona Puke Baiduong before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.
English Rhetoric
Chapter One Introduction to English Rhetoric
"the art of effective expression and the persuasive use of language"
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
Page 9
III. What is rhetoric?
3.3 Connotation (内涵)of rhetoric 内涵)
Over the years the word “rhetoric” has taken on a wide range of meaning. Negative connotations: • skillful, but often deceptive, eloquence • a fraudulent practice • to deal exclusively with language, rather than with ideas • formidable support from Socrates and Plato. In Gorgias (《高尔吉亚篇》, Plato criticized the rhetoricians, • “The rhetorician need not know the truth about things; he has only to discover some way of persuading the ignorant that he has more knowledge than those who know.”
Oratory:
* the foundation of rhetoric * more than ordinary speech but a special kind of public speaking (a special purpose, a special way, a special time) * to impress, convince, or move the audience to action They then developed a set of principles for successful communication. These principles make up the art of rhetoric.
Page 5
III. What is rhetoric?
The study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece, when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law. The ancients realized that presentation is as important, or perhaps more important, as facts.
General idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application Communicative rhetoric the choice of words, the choice of sentences, paragraph and essay construction Aesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic)
Page 12
• 《苏格拉底之死》1787 纽约大都会博物馆 • 法国新古典主义画家：雅克•路易• 大卫（Jacques Louis David)
Page 13
Positive connotations
• Historically, “rhetoric” had positive connotations, suggesting a commendable skill with words. Today rhetoric, as it was in history, is something that people have to resort to. • Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method. Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about. • As a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad. A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.
Page 3
II. Reference Books
4. Assessment: Exam
Total grades = 30% of Regular Grades + 70%of the Final Exam
* Regular Grades consists of 15% of class attendance and 15% of
Plato and Aristotle
Page 6
III. What is rhetoric?
• 3.1 Origin of Western Rhetoric
It is said that the “art of rhetoric” originated in Syracuse锡拉库兹 锡拉库兹 (意大利西西里岛东部一港市 a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, 意大利西西里岛东部一港市), 意大利西西里岛东部一港市 in about 465 B.C.. When the dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established, people went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the dictator’s reign. However, the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today. Therefore, the rhetoric came into being to “make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury” (Hu Shuzhong, 2002:3).