浙大远程作业语言学概论离线作业 满分
浙大远程操作系统原理离线作业及答案
浙⼤远程操作系统原理离线作业及答案操作系统原理离线作业⼀、单选题1.进程P0和P1的共享变量定义及其初值为boolean flag[2]；int turn=0；flag[0]=FALSE；flag[1]=FALSE；若进程P0和P1访问临界资源的类C代码实现如下：void P0() //P0进程{ while（TURE）{flag[0]=TRUE; turn = 1;while (flag[1] && turn == 1) ;临界区;flag[0] = FALSE;}}void P1() //P1进程{ while（TURE）{flag[1]=TRUE; turn = 0;while (flag[0] && turn == 0) ;临界区;flag[1] = FALSE;}}则并发执⾏进程P0和P1时产⽣的情况是：DA.不能保证进程互斥进⼊临界区、会出现“饥饿”现象B.不能保证进程互斥进⼊临界区、不会出现“饥饿”现象C.能保证进程互斥进⼊临界区、会出现“饥饿”现象 D．能保证进程互斥进⼊临界区、不会出现“饥饿”现象2.有两个进程P1和P2描述如下:shared data：int counter = 6;P1 :Computing;counter=counter+1;P2 :counter=counter-2;两个进程并发执⾏，运⾏完成后，counter的值不可能为 C 。
A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 73.某计算机采⽤⼆级页表的分页存储管理⽅式，按字节编址，页⼤⼩为210字节，页表项⼤⼩为2字节，逻辑地址结构为：页⽬录号页号页内偏移量逻辑地址空间⼤⼩为216页，则表⽰整个逻辑地址空间的页⽬录表中包含表项的个数⾄少是BA．64 B．128 C．256 D．5124.在动态分区系统中，有如下空闲块:空闲块块⼤⼩（KB）块的基址1 80 602 75 1503 55 2504 90 350此时,某进程P请求50KB内存,系统从第1个空闲块开始查找，结果把第4个空闲块分配给了P进程，请问是⽤哪⼀种分区分配算法实现这⼀⽅案? CA.⾸次适应B. 最佳适应C. 最差适应D. 下次适应5.在⼀页式存储管理系统中，页表内容如下所⽰。
浙大远程作业 语言学概论离线作业 (满分)
浙江大学远程教育学院《语言学概论》课程作业姓名：学号：年级：汉语言文学学习中心：永嘉电大—————————————————————————————第三章~第五章一、名词解释1.词类：词在句法结构中所表现出的特点类型。
2.语法形式：借以表达语法意义的载体或形式，如-s是表示复数的形式。
3.语法范畴：语法意义的类型，如单数、复数构成数范畴。
4.预设：不是由断言表达的句子的背景信息。
5.蕴含：通过句子表达的句子的基本意义更上一个层次的意义。
6.歧义：同一个语言单位可以表达两种以上意义的现象。
7.记号：文字构成形体中不表音义的特殊符号，如汉字中的“工”等。
8.拼音文字：只是记录语言符号的声音成分的文字类型，如英文等。
9.他源文字：以别的文字为基础构造的文字符号系统，如日文等。
二、分析题1．以汉语中的词语“偶然”与“偶尔”为例，说明采用哪一种词类分析标准分析最好。
答：这两个词在意义和形态上难有准确而具体的区别。
只能采用功能或分布分析法判断它们的类别。
它们都能做状语。
但有以下不同：（1）偶然可以受副词“很”、“不”等修饰，偶尔不可以；（2）偶然可以做定语，偶尔不可以；（3）偶然可以做补语，偶尔不可以；结论：偶然是形容词，偶尔是副词。
2．以英语为例，说明“时”范畴的表现。
答：传统语法时态定义为“表示时间区别的动词语法范畴”，认为时态可以用来区分时间，并且它们之间存在着一种一一对应的关系，现在时表示现在时间，过去时表示过去时间。
在有“时”范畴的语言里，以说话人的说话为基点，任何动作必定处于一个相对的时间过程中，并以特定的词形表现出来，这些过程一般分为三种形式：过去，现在，将来。
以英语“to go to school”为例：He went to school.过去时He goes to school.现在时He will go to school.将来时3．请用层次分析法分析下列复杂短语，多义的请多分。
（1）她一直住在热闹非凡的南京路上答： | 主| 谓 || 偏| 正 || 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 || 偏 |正 |（2）两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动答： | 主 | 谓 |第一： | 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述 | 宾 || 偏 |正 |第二：两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动| 主 | 谓 || 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 |4．设有语义场“哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹”，请提取它们的共同义素和区别义素，并通过矩阵图的形式，用“+”表示具备该义素，用“-”好表示不具备该义素，分析上述四个词的义素特征。
浙大远程普通语言学在线作业答案
浙大远程普通语言学在线作业答案1.According to its________A meaningB functionC positionD sound正确答案:C单选题2.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".A hierarchicalB linearC treediagramD vertical正确答案:B单选题3.Which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D It emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.正确答案:D单选题4.Of the following items, which one does not belong to the same syntactic category?A the studentB likedC anideaD the linguistic lecture正确答案:B单选题5.Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to________.A breakdown of conversationB confusion of one’s intentionC hostility between speakers and the listenersD conversational implicatures正确答案:D单选题6.A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?/ B: I'm afraid I'm not feeling, so well today./ The implicature produced here is _______.A I'll be glad to go to your party.B Probably I'll be a little late because I'm not feeling well.C I do not want to go to your party.D I'll go there even though I am not feeling well today.正确答案:C单选题7.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a (an) _______、A derivational morphemeB free morphemeC inflectional morphemeD free form正确答案:C单选题8.By saying "We shall know a word by the company it keeps," John Firth, a British linguist, means that the real meaning of a word -____________.A is determined by a dictionaryB is determined by a native speakerC is determined by its contextD is determined by a linguist正确答案:C单选题9.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication、A SemanticsB PragmaticsC SociolinguisticsD Psycholinguistics正确答案:B单选题10.The two words" collaborator" and "accomplice" are examples given to illustrate that synonyms may differ._____.A in styleB in their emotive or evaluative meaningC in their collocationD slightly in what they mean正确答案:B单选题11.Bound morphemes do not include ________.A rootsB prefixesC suffixesD words正确答案:C单选题12.Which of the following statements about Black English is untrue?A Black English is an ethnic variety of the English language.B Black English is one of the official languages of America.C Black English has some vocabulary of its own.D Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological andsyn-tactic systems.正确答案:B单选题13.The basic unit in phonology is called ______; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A phoneB phonemeC allophoneD phonetic transcription正确答案:B单选题14.Officially bilingual countries with two official languages for national or regional use do not include _______.A JapanB CanadaC FinlandD Belgium正确答案:A单选题15.By saying "You have left the door wide open," a speaker might be performing the three acts: locu-tionary, illocutionaryand perlocutionary ________.A at the same timeB one after anotherC two first and then the otherD one first and then the other two正确答案:A单选题16.Which one of the following is not a common English address term?A FirstNameB TitlealoneC Title+FirstNameD Kinterm正确答案:C单选题17.There are _______morphemes in the word denationalization.A threeB fourC fiveD six正确答案:C单选题18.According to its________A meaningB functionC positionD sound正确答案:C单选题19.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages、A synchronicB diachronicC comparativeD historical comparative正确答案:B单选题20.Bound morphemes do not include ________.A rootsB prefixesC suffixesD words正确答案:D单选题21.Such suffixes as " - able" and " - ment" in Modern English originally came from_______.A FrenchB Old EnglishC LatinD Greek正确答案:A单选题22.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A photo–copyB cackleC bookD rumble正确答案:C单选题23.The naming theory seems applicable to ________only.A verbsB adjectivesC adverbsD nouns正确答案:D单选题/doc/0b16612889.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what"_________" means.A displacementB cultural transmissionC dualityD productivity正确答案:A单选题25./ p / and / b / can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning、Therefore they are ______.A in phonemic contrastB in complementary distributionC a minimal pairD allophones正确答案:A单选题26.Which of the following can be said to be the smallest meaningful unit of language?A LettersB MorphemesC WordsD Sentences正确答案:B单选题27.The classic semantic triangle fails to answer--------A what precisely the link between the symbol and the concept isB what symbol/form refers toC what referent refers toD what thought/reference refers to正确答案:A单选题28.According to sequential rules in English, which of the following combinations of sounds is Not pos-sible in English?A bilkB blikC kilbD Ibki正确答案:D单选题29._______ modify the meaning of the stem , but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A AffixesB PrefixesC SuffixesD Inflectional morphemes正确答案:B单选题30.Which of the following statements is NOT used by the speaker to perform certain acts?A “I name this ship Elizabeth.’’B “I visited my uncle last Sunday.’’C “I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.’’D “I bet you sit pence it will rain tomorrow.’’正确答案:B单选题31.All the following statements concerning the nature of language change is true except-------A language change is inevitableB language change is abruptC language change is universalD language change is extensive正确答案:B单选题32.Depending on specific contexts, "My bag is heavy", as an utterance, can mean all of the following except---- .A “My bag is easy to carry.”B “My bag is not easy to carry.”C “Could you help me carry the bag?”D “My bag is too heavy for you to carry.”正确答案:A单选题33.And today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is still basically——A descriptiveB objectiveC prescriptiveD analytical正确答案:C单选题34.Due to their recursive properties,_______generate infinitenumber of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.A Phrase structure rulesB Transformational rulesC Adjacency ParametersD Directionality Parameters正确答案:A单选题35.The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write indicates that language is primary ______.A vocalB arbitraryC human—specificD written正确答案:A单选题36.Which of the following is the correct description of the English sound /k/ ?A voiceless,velar,stopB voiced,velar,stopC voiceless,alveolar,stopD voiced,alveolar,stop正确答案:A单选题37.The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_______.A is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B is related to the thing it refers to.C is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D is the image it is represented in the mind.正确答案:A单选题38.When a sentence changes from a statement to a general/ special question, which movement is struc-turally required?A NP–movement/WH-movementB NP–movement/Aux-movementC AUX-movement/WH–movementD WH–movement/AUX-movement正确答案:C单选题39.What separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English was _______.A the Norman ConquestB the influence of the French languageC the Europe renaissance movementD the influence of Latin正确答案:C单选题40.The naming theory seems applicable to ________ only.A verbsB adjectivesC adverbsD nouns正确答案:D。
(完整版)浙大远程教育在线作业3正确答案2014
窗体顶端您的本次作业分数为：100分1.____________ is standing at the corner of the street.A A policeB The policeC PolicemenD A policeman正确答案:D2.He ____________ his arm to protect his face from the blow.A putB roseC setD raised正确答案:D3.He could no longer have a long-_____________ running because of his bad leg.A lengthB distanceC depthD width正确答案:B4.He is always very careless about his ____________ appearance.A blindB confidentC freeD personal正确答案:D5._________ was 1998 __________ I graduated from the university.A It; thatB It; whenC That; thatD That; when正确答案:A6.Before John left home, his father told him never to forget the family __________ - always be a good man.A metalB mottoC meterD memory正确答案:B7.__________ answering my questions, she began to cry.A Instead ofB In view ofC In case ofD In place of正确答案:A8. - Can I get a discount? - _____________A It's impossible.B 5%. That's the best I can offer.C Don't ask me. I don't know.D You can find this by yourself.正确答案:B9.As a ___________ worker, he has worked in this factory for 30 years.A ordinaryB hardC seniorD long正确答案:C10. - Hello. I'm looking for a flat, but I can't pay much. - _____________A How much do you expect?B Oh, please don't bother me.C Why do you ask?D It's useless to ask me.正确答案:A11.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only __________ the film stars had left.A toldB tellingC to tellD to be told正确答案:D12. - Good afternoon. Can I help you? - ____________A Thank you.B No, I don't think so.C I need to buy a birthday present for my son.D Yes, I think so.正确答案:C13.- Did your brother go to America last year?- ______________.A No, he has never been thereB No, he never go thereC No, he never was thereD No, he has never gone there正确答案:A14.It is said that the __________ caused by the accident was over five hundred dollars.A injuryB hurtC damageD break正确答案:C15.We _____________ the problem very early and were able to correct it.A increasedB identifiedC ignoredD inspired正确答案:B16.There are no tickets _________ for Friday's performance.A suitableB valuableC availableD comfortable正确答案:C17. - How much is it? - __________ .A It's hard to say.B I can't tell you.C We have a lot of them.D It's 84 dollars.正确答案:D18.Can you lend me the book _____________ the other day?A about which you talkedB about that you talkedC which you talkedD that you talked正确答案:A7478374783词汇结构19.I have two cats and I like ___________.A all of themB every one of themC them bothD them each正确答案:C7480074800交际英语20. - Have you any oranges and apples? - ______________A Yes, madam, on the second shelf over there.B The oranges are very cheap.C You like apples, don't you?D Of course, we have some fruits正确答案:A74801完型填空7480121. Most people have heard of Shakespeare (莎士比亚) and are somewhat familiar with his plays, 1 few know much about his life. In fact, little is known for certain about his early years and schooling. 2 is it clear why he left his native Stratford. Apparently he arrived in London without friends or money, and at first had to earn his living by taking care of the horses of theatre-goers. In time he became 3 for his wit and imagination and was invited to become one of the actors.B y 1592, when Shakespeare’s name first appeared in the records, he was already a leading player in an acting company under the protection of a high official at court. He had started to 4 plays which attracted large audiences and eventually he became quite a wealthy man. Shortly after 1600 he returned to Stratford, where he continued to write plays, 5 them the great tragedies Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear.D1.A. recognized B. write C. nor D. but E. amongC2.A. recognized B. write C. nor D. but E. amongA3.A. recognized B. write C. nor D. but E. among4.A. recognized B. write C. nor D. but E. amongE5.A. recognized B. write C. nor D. but E. among正确答案:1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B, 5-E74794阅读理解7479422.Some couples choose not to learn the sex of their baby before he or she is born because the moment people hear "boy" or "girl" they begin to make assumptions (设想) about a child. One couple in Sweden decided to take that logic a few steps further, and are refusing to tell anyone whether their child is a boy or a girl. The child – called Pop, to protect his or her identity – is now two years old, and only a few close relatives know the sex. “We want Pop to grow up more freely,” Pop’s mother said. Pop wears dresses, and also “male” styled pants and Pop’s hairstyle changes often. Nordenstrom, who studies hormonal (荷尔蒙) influences on gender, says, “It will affect the child, but it’s hard to say if it will hurt the development. I don’t know wh at they are trying to achieve. It’s going to make the child different.” She says if Pop is still “genderless(无性的)” by the time he or she starts school, Pop will certainly receive a lot of attention from classmates. “We don’t know exactly what determines sexual identity, but it’s not only sexual education,” says Nordenstrom. “Gender-typical behavior, sexual preferences and sexual identity usually go together. There are hormonal and other influences that we don’t know that will determine the gender of the chi ld.” Pop will soon welcome a brother, or a sister. Pop’s parents will not reveal the sex of that child, either, except, perhaps, to Pop.C1. What did the couple in Sweden do to their child?A. They taught their child to take a few steps further.B. They didn't want anyone to know the sex of their baby before it was born.C. They are refusing to tell the sex of their child.D. They refused to let their relatives get close to their child.D2. Why was the child called Pop?A. It is a very beautiful name for a child.B. The parents want this name to bring the child good luck.C. It is a very meaningful name.D. The name makes it hard for others to tell the sex of the baby.A3. What can we learn from what Nordenstrom said?A. It's hard to tell whether the influence on the child will be good or bad.B. The child will become abnormal (反常的).C. The child is neither a boy nor a girl because it is "genderless."D. Hormonal influence will determine the gender of the child.D4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Pop is going to have a brother or a sister.B. Pop will know the sex of himself or herself soon.C. Pop's parents decided to tell people the baby's sex.D. Pop's parents will also keep secret the sex of their new baby.5. The best title for the passage is _____________.A. Pop's life.B. Keeping the Gender of a 2-Year-Old SecretC. Study on GenderD. how to Raise a Child Properly正确答案:1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-D, 5-B74785阅读理解7478523. Gladys Holm was a secretary (秘书). She worked in an office all her life. Gladys earned (挣) about $ 15,000 a year. She died when she was 86 years old. And she left a big surprise – $ 18 million! She gave the money to a children’s hospital.Gladys Holm never got married or had any children. But she always liked children, and she wanted to help them. When her friend’s daughter was ill in hospital, Gladys brought her a teddy bear. After that, she visited the hospital many times. Every time she visited, she brought teddy be ars for those children. After that, people started to call Gladys the “Teddy Bear Lady”.Gladys always gave toys and presents to her friends and family but no one knew she had a lot of money. She lived in a small house outside Chicago. Everyone was very surprised when they learned she was a millionaire. A family friend said, “She always gave us nice presents and things, but we didn’t know she was rich.How did Gladys get so much money? She asked her boss how to earn more money, and she listened to what he said. She bought the stocks (股票) that he told her to buy, and she got very rich. Before she died, she talked to her friends about “giving something to the children’s hospital”. No one knew that the “something” was $ 18 million!B1. Gladys Holm often visited the hospital and gave children teddy bears because she had a lot of teddy bears.A. TB. FB2. People started to call Gladys the “Teddy Bear Lady” after she died.A. TB. FA3. Everyone was surprised that Gladys had so much money.A. TB. FA4. Gladys did what the boss told her to do, so she got rich.A. TB. FB5. When Gladys Holm became a millionaire, she stopped working.A. TB. F正确答案:1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-A, 5-B加入错题集关闭窗体底端。
浙江大学远程教育学院试题卷
浙江⼤学远程教育学院试题卷浙江⼤学远程教育学院试题卷2006—2007学年秋冬学期期中作业课程名称英语（3）学习中⼼专业年级学号姓名VocabularySection A: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:1). When I said some people are lazy, I didn’t ________ to you.A. applyB. meanC. mentionD. refer2) The speaker ________ the whole audience with his enthusiasm.A. infectedB. effectedC. defectedD. defended3) I am ________ of watching TV all the time; let’s go out for a walk.A. wornB. boredC. tiredD. fed up4) After leaving the cinema, he ________ straight for home.A. setB. headedC. wentD. proceeded5) I’ve got a ________ in the tax office who I think might help us out of trouble.A. contrastB. contactC. contractD. concrete6) Jack ________ in enthusiasm what he lacked in experience.A. made forB. made outC. made up ofD. make up for7) He always ________ himself hard to get his work finished on time.A. drivesB. programsC. depressesD. rules8) Janet felt ashamed that she hadn’t been able to ________ her fear.A. commitB. commandC. conquerD. conserve9) She ________ the tube hard until the last bit of the toothpaste came out.A. squeezedB. extendedC. minimizedD. oppressed10) His work as a simultaneous interpreter requires strong powers of ________.A. considerationB. concentrationC. intensityD. attention11) These research results are ________ over a wide range of circumstances.A. applicableB. changeableC. enjoyableD. bearable12) Silence ________ on the room. Everybody was worried about the child’s safety.A. aroseB. occupiedC. appearedD. fell13. My sister Lucy ________ her boss with her capabilities and efficiency. Figured B. impressed C. reached D. volunteered14. He is _________ two foreign languages.A. essential toB. involved withC. familiar withD. anxious about15. She ________ the way she is treated in school.A. rewritesB. reducesC. resentsD. rents16. My father had a very ________ nature; we had to do whatever she ordered us to and otherwise she would get anger.A. physicalB. dominantC. financialD. sole17. The teacher pointed out that all of the students need, in short, to learn to read ________.A. exclusivelyB. activelyC. suddenlyD. socially18. Mother often asked us not to judge people by ________ .A. separationB. involvementC. adherenceD. appearances19. Tom declared that he didn’t want to have anything to do ________ the political party.A. atB. intoC. offD. with20. Roy must have gone out early this morning, for he did not ________ for breakfast.A. bring alongB. sign upC. show upD. set upStructure1. There was a park near our house and we ________ play football with our classmates in it when we were young.A. were used toB. use toC. were using toD. used to2. The president’s suggestion that the manager of the personnel department ________ the candidate again was accepted at the meeting.A. interviewsB. interviewedC. interviewD. were to interview3. All the arrangements should have been completed ________ the departure.A. prior toB. next toC. apart fromD. other from4. Catherine didn’t run ________ catch the bus to the Space Museum.A. enough fast toB. fast enough toC. enough fast andD. fast enough and5. Ten ponds ________ not enough if you want to have a good dinner in a good restaurant.A. isB. areC. hasD. have6. ________ I like the color of the hat, I don’t like its shape.A. UnlessB. AsC. WhileD. Whether7. After ________ seemed to be an endless wait, the chairman finally showed up.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. whatever8. More American people fail to pay medical insurance fee than ________ .A. they are believedB. generally believedC. believedD. is generally believed9. “I hope the children won’t go near the water. ”“I warned them ________.”A. notB. not toC. not goD. wouldn’t10. I t is worthwhile for parents to spend an hour or two ________ with their children every week.A. talkB. to talkC. talkingD. talked toCloze(1) The horse and carriage is a thing of the past, but love and marriage are still with us and still closely interrelated. Most American marriages, particularly first marriages 1 young couples, are the result of 2 attraction and affection 3 than practical considerations.In the United States, parents do not arrange marriages for their children. Teen-agers begin 4 in high school and usually find mates through their own academic and social 5 .Though young people feel 6 to choose their friends from 7 groups, most choose a mate of similar background. This is 8 in part to parentalguidance. Parents cannot select spouses for their children, but they can usually 9 choices by 10 disapproval of someone they consider unsuitable.11 , marriages between members of different groups (interclass, interfaith, and interracial ) occur because of the greater 12 of today's youth and thefact that hey are restricted by 13 prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their hometowns to attend college,14 in the armed forces.15 pursue a career in a big city.Once away from home and family, they are more 16 to date and marry outside their own social group. In mobile American society, interclass marriages are neither 17 nor shocking. Interfaith marriages are 18 the rise particularly between Protestants and Catholics. On the other hand, interracial marriage is still very uncommon. I t can be difficult for interracial couples to find a place to live, maintain friendships, and 19 a family. Marriages between people of different national 20 (but the same race and religion) have been commonplace here since colonial times.1. A. involving B. linking C. connecting D. correlating2. A. personal B. emotional C. mutual D. magnetic3. A. more B. less C. other D. rather4. A. dating B. appointment C. engaging D. matching5. A. position B. association C. contract D. contacts6. A. certain B. embarrassed C. hesitated D. free7. A. similar B. identical C. diverse D. differential8. A. for B. likely C. due D. because9. A. give B. influence C. make D. offer10. A sounding B. avoiding C. expecting D. voicing11. A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Furthermore12. A. mobility B. motive C. moral D. mission13. A. scarcity B. satisfactory C. abundant D. fewer14. A. work B. serve C. stay D. remain15. A. but B. otherwise C. or D. likewise16. A. certainly B. likely C. reluctant D. readily17. A. lack B. rare C. scared D. relieved18. A. in B. at C. on D. for19. A. raise B. obtain C. grow D. unite20. A source B. origin C. resource D. baseReading Comprehension 1Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Washington Irving was America's first man of letters to be known internationally. His works were received enthusiastically both in England and in the United States. He was, in fact, one of the most successful writers of his time in either country, delighting a large general public and at the same time winning the admiration of fellow writers like Scott in Britain and Poe and Hawthorne in the United States. The respect in which he was held was partly owing to the man himself, with his warm friendliness, his good sense, his urbanity, his gay spirits, has artistic integrity, his love of both the Old World and the new. Thackeray described Irving as "a gentleman, who, though himself born in no very high sphere, was most finished, polished, witty; socially the equal of the most refined Europeans." In England he was granted an honorary degree from Oxford—an unusual honor for a citizen of a young, uncultured nation---and he received the medal of the Royal Society of Literature; America made him ambassador to Spain.Irving's background provides little to explain his literary achievements. A gift but deliberate child, he had little schooling, He studied law, but without zeal, and never did practice seriously. He was immune to his strict Presbyterian (基督教长⽼会的) home environment, frequenting both social gatherings and the theatre.1. The main point of the first paragraph is that Washington Irving was ______.A) America's first man of lettersB) a great writer who was successful in his own country andother parts of the world as wellC) a man who won the respect of other writers because of hishigh social statusD) a man who was able to move from literature to politics2. What is implied by the comment about Scott, Poe and Hawthorne?A) Irving's great popularity resulted in the admiration of Scott, Poe andHawthorne.B) More Americans than Britains admired Irving.C) Irving's work was not only popular, but also of high literary quality.D) Irving's success was attributed to his family background.3. What can be said about Irving's law career?A) He only began to practice law late in life.B) He spent very little time working as a lawyer.C) He never practiced law although he studied it.D) He worked as a lawyer with great enthusiasm.4. Why did Thackeray think that Irving's social grace was unusual?A) Because Irving's degree was honorable and unusual.B) Because his parents were not aristocratic.C) Because he had good sense and gay spirits.D) Because he often exhibited warm friendliness.5. Which of the following best describes the effect of Irving's Presbyterian background on his life?A) It had almost no effect on his life.B) It promoted his interest in law.C) It fostered his love for literature.D) It enabled him to become a successful writer.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Psychologists now believe that noise has a considerable effect on people's attitudes and behavior. Experiments have proved that in noisy situations (even temporary ones), people be have more irritably and less cooperatively; in more permanent noisy situations, many people cannot work hard, and they suffer from severe anxiety as well as other psychological problems. However, psychologists distinguish between "sound" and "noise". "Sound" is measured physically in decibels. "Noise" cannot be measured in the same way because it refers to the psychological effect of sound and its level of "intensity" depends on the situation. Thus, for passengers at an airport who expect to hear airplanes taking off and landing, there may be a lot of sound, but not much noise (that is, they are not bothered by the noise). By contrast, if you are at a concert and two people behind you are whispering, you feel they are talking noisily even if there is not much sound. You notice the noise because it affects you psychologically. Both sound and noise can have negative effects, but what is most important is if the person has control over the sound. People walking down the street with earphones, listening to music that they enjoy, are receiving a lot of decibels of sound, but they are probably happy hearing sounds which they control. On the other hand, people in the street without earphones must tolerate a lot of noise which they have no control over. It is noise pollution that we need to control in order to help people live more happily.6. According to the passage, people _____.A) can not work better in a noisy situationB) will suffer from complete deafness because of noise pollutionC) can be psychologically affected by working in very noise factoriesD) may cooperate well in a noisy surrounding7. “Sound”, as defined by the psychologist, _____.A) can be measured in the same way that "noise" is measuredB) may be extremely harmful to healthC) is not at all different from "noise"D) can be measured by machines8. People waiting at an airport _____.A) enjoy hearing airplanes taking off and landingB) are usually not troubled by the noiseC) can easily tell sound from noiseD) are often physically affected by the noise9. People enjoy listening to music,_____.A) though they are receiving a lot of decibels of sound in factB) because it does not have any negative effectC) because they do not have to tolerate the noise around themD) even though it is sometimes unpleasant hearing strange sounds10. We can conclude from the passage that we need to control noise pollution if _____.A) we want to stay both psychologically and physically healthyB) we don't want to be physically dentC) we want to cooperate wellD) we don't want to be anxiousPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Is there a "success personality"? Some winning combination of qualities that leads almost inevitably to achievement? If so, exactly what is that secret success formula, and can anyone develop it?At the Gallop Organization we recently focused in depth on success, probing the attitudes of 1500 prominent people selected at random from Who's Who in America. Our research finds out a number of qualities that occur regularly among top achievers. Here is one of the most important, that is common sense.Common sense is the most prevailing quality possessed by our respondents. Seventy-nine percent award themselves a top score in this quality. And 61 percent say that common sense was very important in contributing to their success.To most, common sense means the ability to present sound, practical judgments on everyday affairs. To do this, one has to sweep aside extra ideas and get right to the core of what matters. A Texas oil and gas businessman puts it this way: "The key ability for success is simplifying. In conduction of meeting and dealing with industry reducing a complex problem to the simplest term is highly important."Is common sense a quality a person is born with, or can you do something to increase it? The oil man's answer is that common sense can definitely be developed. He attributes his to learning how to debate in school. Another way to increase your store of common sense is to observe it in others, learning from their and your own mistakes.Besides common sense, there are many other factors that influence success: knowing your field, self-reliance, intelligence, the ability to get things done, leadership, creativity, relationships with others, and of course, luck. But common sense standsout. If you develop these qualities, you'll succeed. And you might even find yourself listed in Who's Who someday.11. It can be known from the passage that Who's Who _____.A) is a very useful book telling us how to succeedB) is a book providing us with the information about the family life of some famouspeopleC) is a book providing us with the names and brief biographies of the top successfulpeopleD) is a book from which we can find out the names of different peoples in the world12. According to the author, common sense _____.A) is something that common people like bestB) is a popular quality a person is born withC) is something that enables one to form correct opinionsD) is a quality that is possessed by common people13. It can be inferred from the passage that a successful businessman _____.A) tries to get experience through practiceB) pays attention to the essence of a problem when he tries to solve itC) keeps on learning in order to be successfulD) has strong willpower, extensive interest and intelligence14. The passage is mainly concerned with _____.A) organizational ability and good work habitsB) the way to obtain big profits and achieve fame and successC) knowledge and interest which are primary to successD) what successful people have in common15. According to the author, how can one develop one's common sense?A) To become a businessman.B) To learn how to debate and learn from mistakes.C) To become famous.D) To be simplifying.Passage FourQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Brazil has become one of the developing world's great successes at reducing population growth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to reduce birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.Brazil's population growth rate has dropped from 2.99 a year between 1951 and 1960 to 1.93 a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas and installment plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played animportant, although indirect, role in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world's biggest producers of soap operas. Global, Brazil's most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities."Although they have never really tried to work in a massage towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values not man children, different attitudes towards sex, women working," says Martine. "They sent his image to all parts of Brazil and made people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other values, which were put into a very attractive package."Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to encourage the poor to become consumers. "This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and consumption was in compatible with unlimited reproduction." says Martine.16. According to the passage, Brazil has cut back its population growth _______.A) by educating its citizensB) by careful family panningC) by developing TV programmersD) by chance17. According to the passage, many Third World countries _______.A) haven't attached much importance to birth controlB) would soon join Brazil in controlling their birth rateC) haven't yet found an effective measure to control their populationD) neglected the role of TV plays in family planning18.The phrase “puts it down to” (Line 1, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to “_______”.A) attributes it toB) sums it up asC) finds it a reason forD) compares it to19. Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil's birth rate because _______.A) they keep people sitting long hours watching TVB) they have gradually changed people's way of lifeC) people are drawn to their attractive packageD) they popularize birth control measures20. What is Martine's conclusion about Brazil's population growth?A) The increase in birth rate will promote consumption.B) The desire for consumption helps to reduce birth rate.C) Consumption patterns and reproduction patterns are contradictory.D) A country's production is limited by its population growth.浙江⼤学远程教育学院试题卷2006—2007学年秋冬学期期中作业课程名称英语（3）学习中⼼专业年级学号姓名Section A: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences: 1. 2 . 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14. 15.16. 17. 18. 19. 20Structure1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.Cloze1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.Reading Comprehension 1Passage One1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Passage Two6. 7. 8. 9. 10.Passage Three11. 12. 13. 14. 15.Passage Four16. 17. 18. 19. 20.浙江⼤学远程教育学院试题卷（期中）2006-2007学年冬季学期课程名称⽣物化学学习中⼼专业（层次）学号姓名⼀、选择题（20分）1．有关蛋⽩质三级结构描述，错误的是A．具有三级结构的多肽链都有⽣物学活性B．亲⽔基团多位于三级结构的表⾯C．三级结构的稳定性由次级键维系D．三级结构是单体蛋⽩质或亚基的空间结构E．三级结构是各个单键旋转⾃由度收到各种限制的结果2. 蛋⽩质变性是由于A.蛋⽩质⼀级结构的改变B. 蛋⽩质亚基的解聚C.蛋⽩质空间构象的破坏E. 蛋⽩质⽔解3. DNA的解链温度指的是A．A260nm达到最⼤值时的温度B．A260nm达到最⼤值的50％时的温度C．DNA开始解链时所需要的温度D．DNA完全解链时所需要的温度F．A280nm达到最⼤值的50％时的温度4. 酶原激活作⽤在酶分⼦结构上的变化是：A.⼀级结构的改变B.空间构象的改变C.酶蛋⽩亚基的聚合D.酶蛋⽩与特异的辅基结合形成全酶E.⼀级结构和空间构象同时发⽣改变5.．在下列关于三羟酸循环及氧化磷酸化中能产⽣ATP最多的步骤是A.苹果酸－草酰⼄酸B.琥珀酸－苹果酸C.柠檬酸－异柠檬酸D.异柠檬酸－α－酮戊⼆酸E.α－酮戊⼆酸－琥珀酸6．糖原的1个葡萄糖经糖酵解可⽣成⼏个ATPA.1B.2C.3D.4E.57.．糖酵解途径最重要的调控位点是A.磷酸化酶B.乳酸脱氢酶C.葡萄糖激酶D.丙酮酸激酶E.磷酸果糖激酶-18. 在胞液中，乳酸脱氢⽣成的NADHA.可直接进⼊呼吸链氧化B.在线粒体内膜外侧使琥珀酸－苹果酸酸⽢油转变成磷酸⼆羟丙酮后进⼊线粒体C.仅仅需要内膜外侧的磷酸⽢油脱氢酶的催化后即可直接进⼊呼吸链D.经α－磷酸⽢油穿梭作⽤后可进⼊琥珀酸氧化呼吸链E.上述各条都不能使胞液中的NADH进⼊呼吸链氧化9. 磷酸戊糖途径A.是体内产⽣CO2的主要来源B. 可⽣成NADPH供合成代谢需要C．是体内⽣成糖醛酸的途径D．饥饿时葡萄糖经此途径代谢增加E．可⽣成NADPH，后者经电⼦传递链可⽣成ATP10. ⽣物体内能量转换的基本⽅式是A.三羧酸循环B.底物⽔平磷酸化C.氧化磷酸化D.ATP-ADP循环E.磷酸肌酸脱磷酸⼆、填空（20分）1.DNA双螺旋结构稳定的维系横向维系，纵向则靠维持。
语言学概论网上考核作业
语言学概论网上形考答案及评分提示第一次考核一、初步阅读教材及有关材料，完成下列任务1．阅读主教材《语言学纲要》，请你按照教材顺序简要介绍各章主要内容，以及你认为难以理解的内容。
（10分）2．阅读《语言学纲要学习指导书》，请你谈谈本书和主教材之间的联系，以及如何利用指导书学习本课程。
（10分）评分：本题可根据情况灵活给分。
二、网上自主学习1．上网进入中央电大电大在线语言学概论课程端，在教学辅导栏目阅读《语言学概论导学：谈谈语言学概论的教与学》一文，写出本课程的内容构成板块，按照这个板块写出学习本课程的基本线索。
同时谈谈该文介绍了哪些学习方法，哪些方法对你有效，你自己打算怎样学习本课程？（10分）2．登录中央电大电大在线浏览本课程课程端，看看设置了哪些栏目，简要谈谈观感，提出你的建议或意见。
（5分）3．熟悉中央电大语言学概论课程网上论坛：（15分）a.浏览论坛置顶的几个专题论坛，看看你喜欢哪些专题论坛？说说理由。
有哪些意见和建议请提出来，可以作为b项任务内容之一完成；（注：置顶的几个帖子目前已经设置为专题论坛）b.在中央电大语言学概论课程论坛发一条帖子，内容自定；到省级电大语言学概论课程论坛发一条帖子，内容自定；帖子发布完毕后打开帖子进行修改并发布，最后删除帖子。
本题意在练习学生网上编辑帖子的能力。
c.在课程端教学辅导栏目查看网上教学活动文件夹，看看2004年本课程举行的网上教学活动资料一共有多少种，任选一些打开阅读，了解已往活动情况。
4．随意浏览下列网站，学会通过网络搜集语言学资料的方法，重点介绍中国语文网是什么性质的网站，简要介绍一下有哪些栏目，将介绍文字贴到考核平台。
（10分）a. （中国语文网）b. /dwhy/index.htm（汉语教学网站）c．/index.asp（中国语用学研究会）d．（湘里妹子学术论坛）评分：本帖给分比较灵活，由主持老师自行把握，有些内容需要在教学班由学生操作完成，例如编辑帖子。
浙江大学远程教育 语言学概论二(第三~五章客观题)
语言学概论二（第三~五章客观题）您的本次作业分数为：51分单选题1.在五级语法单位中，用来造句的单位是（）。
∙A词、词组∙ B 语素、词∙ C 词组、语素∙ D 语素、语素组正确答案:B单选题2.下列各组词形变化的语法手段中，属于屈折的是（）。
∙A he-him∙ B look-looked∙ C goose-geese∙ D tree-trees正确答案:C单选题3.传统语法学把语法分成的两个部分是（）。
∙A组合规则和聚合规则∙ B 小语法和大语法∙ C 教学语法和面向信息处理的语法∙ D 词法部分和句法部分正确答案:D单选题4.“一张北京”这句话表面上看起来是词语搭配不当，其实是“买一张去北京的车票”这句话在特定场所（售票处）对话省略。
这种现象说明了（）。
∙A语境对语法的作用∙ B 修辞对语法的作用∙ C 语汇对语法的作用∙ D 语音对语法的作用正确答案:A单选题5.语法的性质具有（）。
∙A概括性、民族性、模糊性∙ B 约定俗成、明确性、稳定性∙ C 稳定性、抽象性、系统性∙ D 不平衡性、渐变性正确答案:C单选题6.当词义所概括的界限不明确时，我们将它称为词义的（）。
∙A概括性∙ B 民族性∙ C 层次性∙ D 模糊性正确答案:D单选题7.下面几个判断中（）是不正确的。
∙A词义的概括性不一定导致词义的模糊性∙ B 不同民族的词义不具有完全的对应性∙ C 不同民族的人们对客观事物的认识一定会有完全相同的结果∙ D 词义的引申主要是比喻和借代的方法正确答案:C单选题8.下列判断中（）是正确的。
∙A义素分析法主要是针对词义而言的对比分析方法∙ B 义素分析法能解决一切词义的精确分析难题∙ C 句意一定是词语意义的总和∙ D 语法意义与句子成分意义是相同的正确答案:A单选题9.下面几个句子中，（）是有歧义的。
∙A她明天要去学校∙ B 校长给她安排好的工作∙ C 她只吃了一碗饭∙ D 小狗累了正确答案:B单选题10.下面句子中的预设，（）不是通过词语手段实现的。
语言学概论网上考核方案_13565
语言学概论网上考核方案第一部分考核方案说明和实施要求一、课程说明“语言学概论”是汉语言文学专业的一门必修的专业基础课，以人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具――语言作为研究对象，研究语言的性质、结构规律、演变规律以及语言与文字的关系等方面的问题，使学生对语言有一个更为理性的认识。
学生通过本课程的学习，能比较系统地掌握语言学的基本概念、基本理论和基础知识，为提高语言理论水平、进一步学习和深入研究其他语言课程奠定必要的语言理论基础，因此本课程在汉语言文学专业中具有十分重要地位的课程。
二、考核方案制订依据形成性考核方案内容以本课程的两个指导性文件为依据，这两个文件一个是“语言学概论教学大纲”，一个是“语言学概论考核说明”，前者规定了本课程教学内容范围，后者规定了具体教学内容的不同层次要求，即按照重点掌握、一般掌握、一般了解三个不同层次来设计形成性考核的内容。
三、形成性考核的设计原则设计形成性考核内容，要遵循下列一些原则：第一，简便性原则：即形成性考核内容的形式要简便，便于学生操作，也便于老师管理。
第二，实用性原则：即设计内容要尽可能结合语言实际，具有一定的实用价值。
第三，指导性原则：形成性考核内容有助于指导学生利用网络学习本课程，加深对教学内容的理解认识，考核内容形式力求可靠有效。
第四，针对性原则：形成性考核内容要符合学生实际，紧密结合学生的实际需要，解决教学中的重点难点问题。
四、考核的具体实施（一）考核方式网上考核方式包括教学过程中的形成性考核和期末终结性考试。
（二）形成性考核形成性考核分四次进行，要求结合教材、辅导材料、在线活动等方式完成形成性考核，适当限制完成时间。
（三）终结性考试期末终结性考核采取网络考试形式，网上考核方式为开卷，时间为90分钟。
具体时间另行安排。
（四）教师评阅学生所有的考核原则上均由教学班课任老师负责评阅，为保证质量可以通过网络抽查评阅情况。
对于阅卷过程中出现的问题及时与课程主持教师联系解决。
2023年浙大远程英语离线作业答案
Unit OneTranslationDirections: translate each of the following sentences from English to Chinese.1.All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易。
2.Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.每一次历史重演, 代价都会增长。
3.Even young people with little money do not want to buy cheap furniture that theymay soon dislike.就连手里没多少钱年轻人也不想买廉价家俱, 由于对这些廉价家俱很快就会厌倦。
4.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in powerful or moving words伟大旳作家不仅拥有伟大旳思想, 还能用有力、感人旳语言体现这些思想。
5.In no other region in the world can you find such rare animals as giant pandas.像大熊猫这样旳珍稀动物在世界其他地区你是找不到旳。
6.Luckily, the planes appear to be quite safe.幸运旳是飞机似乎是非常安全旳。
7.Most of the plants like water and sunshine.大多数植物喜欢水和阳光。
8.Semiconductor chips are small in size and light in weight.半导体芯片体积小并且重量轻。
9.The evolution theory explains the differences in sleep among animals. 进化论解释动物之间旳睡眠差异。
浙大远程英语1离线作业
请从以下50句英语句子中，任选30句将其翻译成汉语，请标清楚相应的题号。
1.As is known to all, China is the largest developing country in the world today.众所周知，如今的中国在全世界是最大的发展中国家。
3.They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.他们想这电视机肯定出问题了。
5.Life is meaningless without a purpose.生活没有目的，就毫无意义。
6.He didn’t need to attend the meeting.他不需要去参加这个会议。
7.He prefers coffee to tea.相对于茶来说，他更喜欢咖啡。
8.Are you fond of music?你热爱音乐吗？9.You’d better do that again.你最好那样再做一次。
10.What kind of life do most people enjoy?大不部分的人都喜欢什么样的生活？11.This box can hold more books than that one.这个盒子比那个盒子能装更多的书。
12.Both Ann and Mary are suitable for the job.安和马瑞都适合这个工作。
14.Have you seen Tom recently?你曾经有见过汤姆吗？15.How are you doing these days?这些天你的进展如何？16.What time do you go swimming every day?你每天都是什么时候去游泳？18.Could you tell me where the post office is?你能告诉我这个邮局在哪里吗？19.I’m thinking about a visit to Paris.我正考虑去巴黎参观一下。
2015秋浙江大学《语言学概论》在线作业及
最新在线作业试卷及总分值答案2021 秋浙江大学?语言学概论?在线作业及答案1.“语言迁移现象〞指的是〔〕。
A在外语学习过程中产生的母语对目口号的影响现象B将一种语言转变为另一种语言的过程C随着人口迁移而带来的语言变化现象D学习母语过程中语言水平提高或降低的过程正确答案 :A单项选择题2.语音是〔〕。
A可感知的物质外壳B人的发音器官发出的声音C能传达必然意义的、能为人们所理解的声音D上述上个方面的总和正确答案 :D单项选择题3. 以下各组词形变化的语法手段中，属于屈折的是〔〕。
A he-himB look-lookedC goose-geeseD tree-trees正确答案 :C单项选择题4. 在以下四种古老的自源文字中，到此刻仍在使用的一种是〔〕。
A古埃及文字B苏美尔文字C汉字D马雅文字正确答案 :C单项选择题5. 此刻一般认为，人学习语言的最迟临界点是在〔〕左右，就是说在这个年龄从前若是不接触语言，此后就几乎无法学习语言了。
A一岁B三岁C十二岁D十八岁正确答案 :C单项选择题6.下面几个句子中，〔〕是有歧义的。
A她明天要去学校B校长给她安排好的工作C她只吃了一碗饭D小狗累了正确答案 :B单项选择题7.[p 、t ‘、 b、k] 在发音方法上的共同点是〔〕。
A清音B不送气音C塞音D擦音正确答案 :C单项选择题8. 下面对话说显示出的会话含义是违反〔〕原那么而产生的。
问：你看，经理太太的衣服真漂亮啊。
答：今天的酒味道不错。
A质的准那么B量的准那么C关系准那么D方式准那么正确答案 :C单项选择题9.英语“instinct 〞重音在前[ ′insti ？kt] 时是“本能〞的意思；重音在后 [ins ′ti ？kt] 时是“充满〞的意思。
这种现象在语音学上被看作〔〕。
A调位不同样B重位不同样C时位不同样D重音法不同样正确答案 :B单项选择题10.词义与客观事物的关系是〔〕。
A反响与被反响的关系B表达与被表达的关系C标志与被标志的关系D纪录与被纪录的关系正确答案 :A单项选择题11. 在以下四种行为中，与文字起源直接有关的是〔〕。
浙大远程教育英语离线作业1
Unit One4. TranslationDirections: translate each of the following sentences from English to Chinese.1. Excuse me. Where's the nearest police station?请问最近的警察局在哪里？2.Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me？我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？3. Crops grow well in the south.在南方作物长势很好。
4. I was having a nap when suddenly the telephone rang.当电话突然响的时候，我正在睡午觉。
5. Don’t you see it was just for fun ? Y ou got it all wrong.你没看到那只是为了好玩吗？你理解错了。
6. If you don’t mind, please pass me the salt.如果你不介意的话，请把盐递给我。
7. If you decided to learn a new language, you would have to dedicate yourself wholeheartedly to the cause.如果你决定学习一门新的语言，你就得让自己全心全意致力于这个目标。
8. In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.在这个物质充裕的时代，我们感觉到精神上的饥渴。
9. The more passions we have, the more happiness we are likely to experience.我们拥有越多的激情就有可能遇到越多的幸福。
语言学概论大作业0126
编码的过程实际包括两个过程，一是你要说什么，二是你要用哪些语言材料把你想要说的话表达出来。
2.发送
发送是一种语言的生理－物理活动，是“写”和“说”的过程。编码完成后，说话人就要通过发送器把编好的语言码发送出去。多数情况下是一边编码一边发送，即边想边说或边想边写，当然，有时候是先想好了然后再说或再写的。
（四）复式综合语：代表语言为美洲印第安语、古亚细亚语系中的某些语言
特点是把主语、宾语和其它语法项结合到动词词干上，以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。属这类语言的多式综合语的例子包括因纽特语、莫霍克语、古爱努语，Central Siberian Yupik、切罗基语、Sora、楚科奇语、以及北美及西伯利亚的多种语言。
所以说成熟的文字体系应该完全符合文字的三个基本条件。
二、语言演变的原因有哪些？（20分）
答：语言演变的原因有
（一）社会、人际交流是语言演变的基本条件。首先我们应该认识到语言的各个方面上都在发生着变化：这些变化产生的原因上看，人的因素和社会因素是构成语言演变最基本的动力：
1、语音变化：
（1）人的因素:说者启动:发音时连续发音省力原则造成很多语音的变化,例如:前鼻音变成鼻化元音,gkh变成jqx,虚词在语流中以e为韵母；听者启动:听话者注意力不集中,听到的音和说话者的音有区别.,也会造成语音变化.
四、请举例说明我们可以通过哪些凭借来了解语音的演变？（20分）
答：我们可以通过这些凭借来了解语音的演变：
（一）研究了解语音演变的途径
1、根据方言或亲属语言间的差别来考察语音的历史演变；
2、根据记录语言符号的文字来考察语音的历史演变：
（1）从形声字的声符考察古音；
（2）根据“反切”考察古音；
2023年浙江大学远程教育英语在线作业第次
您旳本次作业分数为：100分词汇构造1.Write clearly ____________ everybody can understand you correctly.• A because• B since• C in that• D so that•交际英语2. - You look really cool today! - ___________• A Thank you.• B I am not cool.• C No, just so so.• D Are you kidding!•词汇构造3.Kelly loved her husband _____________ he drank too much.• A despite that• B in spite of• C for fear that• D now that•词汇构造4.He should be ____________ for the fire that destroyed the house.• A respectful• B scared• C accused• D responsible•交际英语5. - I'd be interested to know your thoughts on online shopping. - ____________________• A I am interested, too.• B What is your question?• C I think it is convenient.• D Thank you for your interest•词汇构造6.Many people thought of the war as a / an _____________ one.• A curious• B forgetful• C lonely• D aggressive•词汇构造7.The reason for all the changes being made ___________ to us yet.• A has not explained• B do not explain• C has not been explained• D were not explained•词汇构造8.She didn't go shopping last night becuase she ___________ her father.• A need to look after• B had to look after• C should have looked after• D would have to look after•词汇构造9._____________ these experiments are interesting and useful, it is important to remember that they may not always tell us much.• A When• B While• C Unless• D Until•词汇构造10.The ___________ is to make people aware of the brand value.• A trust• B aim• C supply• D chance•词汇构造11.He is no better at English __________ I am.• A as• B so• C than• D lest•词汇构造12.___________________, the less time you have to see them.• A The more people you know• B More you know people• C The more you know people• D More people you know•交际英语13. - Unbelievable! I have failed the driving test again! -_______________ This is not the end of the world. .• A Good luck.• B Go ahead.• C Cheer up.• D No problem.•交际英语14. - What's your point of view on cloning (克隆)? - ______________• A No way.• B I am against it.• D That's none of your business.•词汇构造15.Studies in the US show girls are _____________ better on spoken tasks than boys.• A ordinarily• B slightly• C supply• D fashionably•词汇构造16.Many people said that it was not a very serious film, but it was good ___________.• A control• B entertainment• C discussion•词汇构造17.The president as well as a number of professors ____________ asked to attend the party.• A was• B were• C be• D being•词汇构造18.__________ Napoleon once said, attack is the best method of defense.• A As• B If• C Though• D So•词汇构造19.After he had been in prison Peter was _____________ the black sheep of the family.• A taken in• B lifted off• C regarded as• D marveled at•交际英语20. - Why don't you have a try? - I'm afraid I can't do it.-_______________.• A I don't believe.• B Good luck!• C You know yourself well.• D Come on! You can do that.•完型填空21. A French student went to London for his holiday. He thought, “I knowa little English. I think people can understand me!”One day he went to a restaurant and sat down 1 the table. He wanted to 2 a cup of tea and some eggs. Soon the waiter came up to him and asked. “Can I help you?”“A cup of tea and ...” He could not remember the English word for eggs. He looked around but 3 was eating eggs. Then he saw a picture-book on the table next to him. There was a picture of a cock on its cover（封面）. He showed the picture to the waiter. “What’s the English word for this?” he asked. “A cock.” answered the waiter. “What do you call a cock’s wife?” he asked again. “A hen.”“And what do you call a hen’s children?”“Chicks.”“And what do you call chicks 4 they are born?”“Eggs!”“Very well.” said the French student happily. “Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” Then he sat down 5 a smile on his face.•E 1.A. with B. before C. nobody D. have E. at•D 2.A. with B. before C. nobody D. have E. at•C 3.A. with B. before C. nobody D. have E. at•B 4.A. with B. before C. nobody D. have E. at• 5.A. with B. before C. nobody D. have E. at对旳答案:1-E, 2-D, 3-C, 4-B, 5-A•阅读理解22.Marco Polo was an explorer and merchant whose account (描述) of his travels in Asia was the primary source for the European image of the far East until the late 19th century. Marco’s father, Niccolo, and his uncle Maffeo had traveled to China (1260-1269) as merchants. When they left Venice (威尼斯) to return to china, they were accompanied (陪伴) by 17-year-old Marco.Traveling across central Asia, in 1275 the Polos arrived in Shangdu, the summer capital of Kublai Khan (忽必烈汗), Marco soon became a favorite of the Khan and for 17 years lived in china in his service.Toward the end of this time the Polos increasingly desired to return home, but the Khan was unwilling to let them go. In 1292, however, he consented and allowed them to sail to Persia (波斯) on a mission, and they were finally able to reach Venice in 1295.Shortly thereafter Marco was captured (俘虏)in a battle and put into prison for a short time. In prison he dictated an account of his experiences to Rustichello, a well-known writer. Then the book The Travels of Marco Polo came out.The book was full of details but people were shocked and did not believe the stories in the book. Later on lots of reports by other travelers to china developed western interest in Far Eastern trade and influenced people like Christopher Columbus.• 1. The Polos in Paragraph 2 refers to ___________.• A. Marco Polo himself B. Marco Polo and his wife C. Marco Polo and his father D. Marco Polo, his father and his uncle•B2. The word consented in Paragraph 3 probably means ___________. • A. argued B. agreed C. desired D. discussed•C3. Finally the Polos could leave for home because________________.• A. they fooled the king into believing they would return. B. they took the king with them to have business trips together. C. they promised to complete a task for the king. D. they captured the king in a battle and put him in prison.•A4. What is said about the book The Travels of Marco Polo? • A. Marco Polo told his story to Rustichello who actually wrote the book. B. People did not understand the book because of the different language. C. People believed the details described in the book and became interested in China. D. The book directly influenced the Western travelers like Christopher Columbus.•D5. What is the main idea of this passage?• A. To compare people's lives in the east and the west. B. To review Marco Polo's book The Travels of Marco Polo. C. To show the Polos loved travelling around the world. D. To introduce how Marco Polo inspired western people to travel to the Far East.•阅读理解23. “Dreams may be more important than sleep. We all need to dream,”some scientists say.Dreams take up about one quarter of our sleeping time. People have several dreams each night. Dreams are like short films. They are usually in colour. Some dreams are like old films. They come to us over and over again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about something. Dreaming may be a way of trying to find an answer.Some people get new ideas about their work from dreams. They may have been thinking about their work all day. These thoughts can carry over into dreams.Sometimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we can’t remember the dream. Dreams can disappear quickly from memory.Too much dreaming can be harmful. The more we sleep, the longer we dream. The mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired.•A1. It may be less important to sleep than to dream.• A. T B. F•B2. Dreams and films are usually very long.• A. T B. F•A3. Some people often dream about their work because they may be thinking about their work all day.• A. T B. F•B4. The main idea of the story is people like to sleep.• A. T B. F•B5. Dreams are always good for our health.• A. T B. F对旳答案:1-A, 2-B, 3-A, 4-B, 5-B•。
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浙江大学远程教育学院《语言学概论》课程作业姓名：学号：年级：汉语言文学学习中心：永嘉电大—————————————————————————————第三章~第五章一、名词解释1.词类：词在句法结构中所表现出的特点类型。
2.语法形式：借以表达语法意义的载体或形式，如-s是表示复数的形式。
3.语法范畴：语法意义的类型，如单数、复数构成数范畴。
4.预设：不是由断言表达的句子的背景信息。
5.蕴含：通过句子表达的句子的基本意义更上一个层次的意义。
6.歧义：同一个语言单位可以表达两种以上意义的现象。
7.记号：文字构成形体中不表音义的特殊符号，如汉字中的“工”等。
8.拼音文字：只是记录语言符号的声音成分的文字类型，如英文等。
9.他源文字：以别的文字为基础构造的文字符号系统，如日文等。
二、分析题1．以汉语中的词语“偶然”与“偶尔”为例，说明采用哪一种词类分析标准分析最好。
答：这两个词在意义和形态上难有准确而具体的区别。
只能采用功能或分布分析法判断它们的类别。
它们都能做状语。
但有以下不同：（1）偶然可以受副词“很”、“不”等修饰，偶尔不可以；（2）偶然可以做定语，偶尔不可以；（3）偶然可以做补语，偶尔不可以；结论：偶然是形容词，偶尔是副词。
2．以英语为例，说明“时”范畴的表现。
答：传统语法时态定义为“表示时间区别的动词语法范畴”，认为时态可以用来区分时间，并且它们之间存在着一种一一对应的关系，现在时表示现在时间，过去时表示过去时间。
在有“时”范畴的语言里，以说话人的说话为基点，任何动作必定处于一个相对的时间过程中，并以特定的词形表现出来，这些过程一般分为三种形式：过去，现在，将来。
以英语“to go to school”为例：He went to school.过去时He goes to school.现在时He will go to school.将来时3．请用层次分析法分析下列复杂短语，多义的请多分。
（1）她一直住在热闹非凡的南京路上答： | 主| 谓 || 偏| 正 || 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 || 偏 |正 |（2）两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动答： | 主 | 谓 |第一： | 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述 | 宾 || 偏 |正 |第二：两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动|???????主??? ?|?????? 谓????????|?|?偏 |??正?|? |偏 |??? 正???? ?||?偏 |? 正??|? |? 述? |?? 宾????||?偏?| 正?|4．设有语义场“哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹”，请提取它们的共同义素和区别义素，并通过矩阵图的形式，用“+”表示具备该义素，用“-”好表示不具备该义素，分析上述四个词的义素特征。
共同义素：同胞区别义素1 男性区别义素2 年长哥哥 + + + 弟弟 + + _姐姐 + _ +妹妹 + _ _ 5．分析汉语的多义词“深”，说出它的三个义项，并分别找出对应的反义词。
答：1.上下落差大。
反义词——浅。
2.含有某种成分多。
反义词——淡。
3.平面距离大。
反义词——近。
6．分析下列汉字，给它们进行造字法的分类。
桥人水钟字磊上旦尖答：象形：人、水指事：上、旦会意：字、尖形声：桥、钟7．请给下面的几种文字符号进行归类：日文汉字英文希腊文古埃及文字韩文（1）自源文字：汉字古埃及文字（2）拼音文字：日文英文希腊文韩文三、问答题1．语法意义与词汇意义有什么不同。
答：词汇意义是词汇成分具有的内容，是人们对客观事物的认识和评价，语法意义是语法单位在组合过程通过一定的形式表达的抽象的苟能；词汇意义以词语成分形式独立存在的，有理性意义、附加意义等的分别，但语法意义是必须出现在句子层面的关系意义，它们必须依附于句子中的成分，但没有理性意义与附加色彩等的区别。
2．词类是客观存在的现象还是语法学家自创的对象？为什么？答：词类是词语功能的反映，是客观存在的事实。
但如何认识和描写它们，却不是它们自身就可以表现的，而要具体的语言学者采用一定的方法进行研究和表现。
每一个词都具有它自身的带有类型意义的功能，同类同能的词便聚合成一类而构成词类。
研究它们有助于认识词语这一本身属性，同时，也有助于进一步描写研究更高层面的语法结构与关系，对语言教学也是非常有价值的。
3．你对20世纪50年代进行的汉字简化工作怎样看？对现在社会上存在的繁简字之争有什么意见呢？答：汉字简化工作是当时社会形势下应该采取的一种文字改革措施，它对普及广大民众的文化知识，提高他们的识字率，提高当时公务人员的文化素质等都有一定的意义。
另外，汉字简化工作总体上看是符合汉字简化的发展趋势的。
当前社会上存在的繁简字争论，特别是主张恢复繁体字，或写简识繁等，应该是误解了汉字简化过程出现的一些问题，误解了两岸字体差异的历史背景，误解了文字发展的总体趋势。
恢复繁体字，在理论上是不科学的，在实践上也不必要，必然会带来大量的混乱，产生不必要的社会成本。
第六章（语用学）、第七章（历史语言学）、第八章（应用语言学）、第九章（心理语言学）一、名词解释1．洋泾浜语：洋泾浜是上海外滩的一个地方，鸦片战争后，这里是外国商人居住地，外国人和当地人在交往中形成了一种混杂着汉语成分的英语。
这就是洋泾浜英语。
后专指那些由不同语言混杂而成，与洋泾浜性质相同的交际工具。
2．亲属语言：从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言，叫亲属语言。
如法语、意大利语等就是从古拉丁语分化而来的。
3．外来词：指从外族语言中翻译或借用的词语。
如沙发、夹克等。
4．综合性语言：主要使用词形变化、词的轻重音等语法手段的语言，（3分）如俄语、德语等。
5．社会方言：共同语在长期的使用过程中形成的与一定的社会分工或因素相关的功能系统，如专业语言、黑话等。
6．话轮：话语语言学的一个概念，指构成会话的基本单位，一般一个完整会话由两个话轮构成。
二、分析题1．阅读下面这段新闻，分析其中言语行为的变化及其产生效果的原因：某城市地铁站内有一位盲人坐在地上乞讨，放在面前的纸牌上写道：“我是盲人，请各位给我点钱买饭吃。
”但过客反映冷淡。
后来一位路过的人，将牌子上的字改作：“现在已经是春天，可是我看不到。
”路人看过，不少人掏出了钱。
答：原来的用于直接乞讨，不易产生同情；后者则以与常人感受对比说话，更能打动路人心理，产生恻隐同情。
2．阅读下面这段新闻，就其间反映的与语言符号的关系谈谈你的认识：本报讯 8月6日，海口市交警部门做出了删除所有带“4”的新车号牌的决定后，在全国迅速掀起了一场讨论删“4”迷信与顺应民心之争的风波，正反双方据理力争，争论愈演愈烈。
昨日下午，海口交巡警专门召开新闻媒体通气会，针对新车牌删“4”引发的争议作出了官方的解释，删“4”既不是信奉迷信，也没有浪费牌号资源，反映了众多市民的意愿。
（《海南特区报》）答：同音忌讳。
反映了汉民族民间存在的语言忌讳心理。
3．话语形式与语境有紧密的联系，请以“欢迎”为题，构拟与以下两个语境相关的欢迎辞：（1）邀请老同学到家里做客时：有空到我家坐坐（2）高级宾馆迎宾小姐对客人说时：欢迎光临4．阅读下面这段文字，按照文意衔接的要求，在提供的四种选择中选择一个最恰当的填在横线上。
春意甚浓了，但在北方还是五风十雨，春寒料峭，乙，又来了一片沁人心脾的冷雨。
甲．一阵乌云刚刚布满天空乙. 一阵暖人心意的春风刚刚吹过丙．一群欢叫的大雁刚刚从高空飞过丁.一堆堆积雪刚刚融化三、问答题1．简述四种关于语言获得理论的主要观点。
答：（1）模仿说。
认为儿童是通过对大人语言的模仿来掌握语言的。
（2）强化说。
跟模仿说有联系，认为儿童除了模仿，更要通过不断受到外界的强化刺激来形成语言习惯。
（3）天赋说。
认为人的语言知识至少有一部分，即一些基本的类别范畴和语法原则，是通过生物进化和遗传得到的，然后通过后天接触的语言环境不断加以调整和补充，最后才获得完整的语言知识。
（4）认知说。
认为在儿童语言获得过程中既有遗传机制的作用，又有语言环境作用，或者说二者是相互作用的。
2．语言发展演变有什么特点？请举例加以说明。
答：有两个特点：第一是渐变性；例如现代汉语的时态助词“了”，是从古代汉语的动词“了”虚化而来，其演变过程大约经历了上千年的时间。
动词“了”大约出现在汉代，是“终了、了结”的意思。
由于动词“了”常用在动词之后充当补语，地位不及一般的动词，于是逐渐虚化，大约到了唐宋之际，“了”才出现了与现代汉语大致相同的用法，成为时态助词。
?第二是不平衡性。
在一千年中的发展变化情况做过统计，发现汉语和法语79％未发生变化，英语85％未发生变化，德语78％未发生变化，罗马尼亚语77％未发生变化，葡萄牙语82％未发生变化，西班牙语和意大利语85％未发生变化。
这说明基本词汇的发展变化速度是较为缓慢的。
正因如此，人们把语法和基本词汇看作决定一个语言基本面貌的最为稳定的部分。
3．语言会随着社会分化的不同类型而产生不同的分化，主要结果有哪些？答：一、是社会的地域分化会导致语言的地域分化，产生地域方言甚至亲属语言；二、是社会的社群分化会导致语言的社群分化，产生社会方言。
4．思维与语言之间有哪些主要不同？答：第一，功能上不同。
思维是服务对象，语言是工具。
第二，单位不对等（范畴上不同）。
概念、判断、推理与词语、句子、复句等并不对应。
第三，思维没有民族性，语言有鲜明的民族性。
5．什么是礼貌原则？请简单说明礼貌原则的内容。
答：所谓礼貌原则就是会话活动中会话得以顺利进行时需要的礼貌性的话语原则，一般需要言语形式表现。
从其形式和内容上看，一般礼貌原则主要包括以下几个方面的因素：得体；慷慨；赞誉；谦逊；一致；同情。