Weighted Quasi-Arithmetic Means
非对称度量空间上的不动点定理
非对称度量空间上的不动点定理刘保庆;姚雪春【摘要】非对称度量是一种不一定满足对称性的度量,目前非对称度量空间的基本理论在多目标约束最优化、人工智能、非线性控制等领域已得到广泛应用.文章结合非对称伪度量区间的相关概念,研究非对称伪度量空间中的共线性问题与始点问题,给出并证明非对称度量空间上集值映射和有向压缩映射的不动点定理与弱一致映射的公共不动点定理.【期刊名称】《淮北师范大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2017(038)001【总页数】7页(P17-23)【关键词】非对称度量空间;左(右)完备性;不动点定理【作者】刘保庆;姚雪春【作者单位】南京财经大学应用数学学院,江苏南京 210023;南京财经大学应用数学学院,江苏南京 210023【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O177.91研究发现，用于衡量两个事物之间相近程度的量并不一定满足对称性，例如市场信息就满足不对称性，在军事领域，国与国之间对情报的收集也具有不对称性特点.于是，从数学角度而言，人们开始考虑非对称度量、非对称度量空间的概念.不动点定理自Brouwer提出以来，已引起国内外学者的广泛关注和兴趣.它在度量空间、赋范空间、拓扑向量空间等空间框架下都有经典的结果.不动点理论已成为非线性分析的重要组成部分，该问题的研究已经在偏微分方程、控制论、经济均衡理论、对策理论等领域获得广泛的应用.本文主要在非对称度量空间框架下，给出有向压缩映射的不动点定理与弱一致映射的公共不动点定理.定义1 若集合X上的映射ρ:X×X→[0,∞)满足：（1）ρ(x,y)≥0,ρ(x,x)=0;（2）ρ(x,z)≤ρ(x,y)+ρ(y,z),∀x,y,z∈X;则称ρ是非对称伪度量，(X,ρ)为非对称伪度量空间.若ρ还满足，（3）ρ(x,y)=ρ(y,x)=0⇒x=y,∀x,y∈X;则称ρ是非对称度量，(X,ρ)为非对称度量空间.非对称度量ρ的共轭度量记为，其中(x,y)=ρ(y,x),x,y∈X.ρs(x,y)=max{ρ(x,y),(x,y)}是X上的度量当且仅当ρ是X上的非对称度量，x,y∈X.例1 在实数集R上定义函数ρ(x,y)=max{x-y,0}，则(R,ρ)是非对称度量，容易知道ρs(x,y)= |x-y|是实数集R上的欧氏距离.定义2［1］若序列具有依拓扑收敛到点x的收敛性，则称序列是ρ收敛的，记当且仅当定义3［2］设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，对于序列{xn}⊂X，如果存在a∈X使得并且，若b∈X，，则有ρ(a,b)=0，称序列是上收敛的，a是序列{xn} 的上极限，记作同理，如果存在a∈X使得，并且，若b∈X，，则有ρ(b,a)=0，称序列是下收敛的，a是序列的下极限，记作定义4［1］设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，对任意的x∈X,r＞0，定义X上的开球和闭球如下：Bρ(x,r)={y∈X:ρ(x,y)＜r} 开球，Bρ[x ,r]={y∈X:ρ(x,y)≤r} 闭球.注1 非对称度量空间(X,ρ)的拓扑τρ是指由非对称度量ρ诱导的拓扑，即对任意点x∈X的邻域族vρ(x):V∈vρ(x) ⇔存在r＞0，使得Bρ(x,r)⊂V⇔存在r′＞0，使得Bρ[x,r′⊂V] .由于一个空间有两个拓扑τρ和τ，所以非对称度量空间可以被看作为一个双拓扑空间［1］.定理1［2］非对称度量空间(X,ρ)具有如下的拓扑性质：（1）非对称度量空间是T0空间，但不一定是T1空间.（2）非对称度量空间是A1（满足第一可数性公理）空间.（3）由于非对称度量空间未必是T2（Hausdorff）空间，所以其极限一般不具有唯一性.（4）因为非对称度量空间是T0、A1空间，所以非对称度量空间中，列紧、可数紧和序列紧之间是等价的.定义5 若集合X上的二元关系≤满足：（1）（自反性）∀x∈X，有x≤x；（2）（反对称性）∀x,y∈X，x≤y且y≤x，有x=y；（3）（传递性）∀x,y,z∈X，x≤y且y≤z，有x≤z.则称≤是X上的偏序.定义6 设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，在其上定义序关系为x≤ρy⇔ρ(x,y)=0.容易证明，≤ρ确实是X上的偏序关系.因此，每一个非对称度量都对应一个偏序关系，反之也成立.例2［4］设(X,≤)是一个偏序集，对于任意的x,y∈X，显然，ρ是一个非对称度量.由ρ诱导的拓扑τ(ρ)称为Alexandroff拓扑.例3［4］ R+上的非对称度量ρ:R+×R+定义为：ρ诱导R上的T1拓扑τ(ρ)的基是由所有以x∈R为中心的开球Bρ(x,r)组成，其中0＜r＜1.拓扑空间(R,τ(ρ))称为Sorgenfrey线.定义7［2］设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，是非对称度量空间(X,ρ)中的序列.若对任意的ε＞0，存在nε∈N，使得对任意的n,m∈N，且nε≤n＜m，有ρ(xn,xm)＜ε，则称{xn}是非对称度量空间(X,ρ)中的上柯西序列（在文献［1］中也称为左柯西序列）.若对任意的ε＞0，存在nε∈N，使得对任意的n,m∈N，且nε≤n＜m，有ρ(xm,xn)＜ε，则称{xn}是非对称度量空间(X,ρ)中的下柯西序列（在文献［1］中也称为右柯西序列）.注2 依ρ收敛的序列不需要是左柯西序列，非对称度量空间比度量空间中的情形更为复杂.定义8［2］设A是非对称度量空间(X,ρ)的子集，如果A中任意上收敛序列的上极限属于A，称A是上闭集.定义9［2］如果非对称度量空间(X,ρ)中的每一个上（下）柯西序列都存在上（下）极限，则称(X,ρ)是上（下）完备的.定义10［1］如果非对称度量空间(X,ρ)中的每一个左（右）柯西序列都是依ρ收敛的，则称(X,ρ)是左（右）完备的.注3 在非对称度量空间(X,ρ)中，左ρ柯西序列与右柯西序列是等价的，而左ρ完备性与右完备性并不等价.因为右完备性是指每一个左ρ柯西序列在(X,)中都是收敛的，而左ρ完备性是指每一个左ρ柯西序列在(X,ρ)中都是收敛的.定义 11［3］设 (X,d)是非对称伪度量空间，对x,y∈X，定义包含 x,y的 X的子集称x,yd是(X,d)的非对称伪度量区间.例4［3］考虑包含4个点的集合X={1,2,3,4}，非对称度量q由如下矩阵定义:即qi,j=q(i,j),i,j∈X，可以验证q是X上的非对称伪度量.定义12［3］设(X,d)是非对称伪度量空间.（1）若集合 X中有限序列{x1,x2,…,xn}，对任意i＜j＜k≤n，都有d(xi,xk)=d(xi,xj)+d(xj,xk)，则称{x1,x2,…,xn}在(X,d)中是共线性的.（2）若存在一个元素y∈X，使得d(y,x)＞0，且对于任意的z∈X，满足(y,x,z)在(X,d)中共线性，都有x=z，称元素x∈X是(X,d)的终点.（3）若存在一个元素y∈X，使得d(x,y)＞0，且对于任意的z∈X，满足(z,x,y)在(X,d)中共线性，都有x=z，称元素x∈X是(X,d)的始点.定义13［3］设(X,d)是非对称伪度量空间，若(X,τ(ds))是序列紧致空间，则称(X,d)是间接序列紧致空间.引理1（Zorn′s引理）设P是一个偏序集，若偏序集P中任意的链（即全序子集）在P中都有上界，则偏序集P至少有一个最大元.设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，对于x,y∈X，定义连接 x和 y的ρ度量片段为[x;y]ρ={z∈X:ρ(z,x)+ρ(z,y)=ρ(x,y)}.定义14［1］若存在α,0＜α＜1，使得对每一个x∈X，f(x)≠x，存在z∈[x;f(x)]ρ,z≠x，使得ρ(f(x),f(z))≤αρ(z,x)，则称映射f:X→X是一个有向压缩映射.定理2 设(X,ρ)是右完备的非对称度量空间，f:X→X是一个映射使得（i）对于每一个由不同的点组成的序列（ii）对于某一个α,0＜α＜1，f是一个α有向压缩映射，且对任意的x,y∈X，ρ(f(x),y)≤αρ(x,f(y)).则 f有一个不动点.证明定义函数g:X→R如下：设 {xn}⊂X是由不同的点组成的序列，且则由（i）知，因此，对任意n∈N，有对上述不等式两边同时取下极限得，即函数g在点x处是接近下半连续的.对某一个0＜ε＜1-α1，存在z0∈X，使得对任意x∈X\{z0}，下面证明z0是 f的不动点.若f(z0)≠z0，则由（ii）知，存在z1∈[z0;f(z0)]ρ,z1≠z0，使得又令式（1）中的x=z1，得所以ρ(z0,f(z0))=0.又由f(z0)≠z0，知存在0＜α2＜1，z2∈[f(z0);z0]ρ,z2≠z0，使得因此，所以，于是，又(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，知 f(z0)=z0，即z0是 f的不动点.注4 定理2在文献［1］的基础上通过增加说明ρ(f(z0),z0)=0，将文献［1］中的结论由T1非对称度量空间推广到一般的非对称度量空间上.定义15［5］设 f和g是非空集合X上的自映射.如果存在点x∈X，使得w=fx=gx，则称点x是 f和g的一致点，w是 f和g一致点.定义16［5］设 f和g是非空集合X上的自映射，如果 f和g在它们的一致点是可替换的，则称它们是弱一致映射.引理2［5］设 f和g是非空集合X上的弱一致自映射，如果 f和g有唯一的一致点w=fx=gx，则w是 f和g的唯一的公共不动点.定义17［6］设Γ0是所有连续函数F(t1,t2,…,t6):R6+→R的全体，且函数F满足下列条件：（A1） F关于变量t5是非单调增的，（A2）存在某一个函数h1使得对所有的u,v≥0，F(u,v,v,u,u+v,0)≤0，有u≤h1(v)，（A3）存在某一个函数h2使得对所有的t,s＞0，F(t,t,0,0,t,s)≤0，有t≤h2(s).用Ψ表示函数ψ:[0,∞)→[0,∞)的全体，且函数ψ满足下列条件：（ψ1）：ψ是非单调增的，（ψ2）：对每一个其中ψn是ψ的n次迭代.注5 容易看出，如果ψ∈Ψ，则ψ(t)＜t对任意的t＞0都成立.定义18 设Γ是所有连续函数F(t1,t2,…,t6):R6+→R的全体，且函数F满足下列条件：（F0）F(t1,t2,…,t6)=0当且仅当t1=t2=…=t6=0，（F1） F关于变量t5是非单调增的，（F2）存在某一个函数h1∈Ψ使得对所有的u,v≥0，F(u,v,v,u,u+v,0)≤0，有u≤h1(v)，（F3）存在某一个函数h2∈Ψ使得对所有的t,s＞0，F(t,t,0,0,t,s)≤0，有t≤h2(s).这里h1和h2的假设与定义17中不同，下面关于上述定义给出两个具体例子［8］.例5 F(t1,t2,…,t6)=t1-at2-bt3-ct4-dt5-et6，其中a+b+c+2d+e＜1,a,b,c,d,e≥0.（F1）显然成立.设u,v≥0，F(u,v,v,u,u+v,0)=u-av-bv-cu-d(u+v)≤0，则即存在函数使得u≤h1(v)，（F2）成立.设t,s＞0，F(t,t,0,0,t,s)=t-at-dt-es≤0，则有，即存在函数使得t≤h2(s)，（F3）成立.例6 F(t1,t2,…,t6)=t1-kmax{t2,t3,…,t6}，其中（F1）显然成立.设u,v≥0，F(u,v,v,u,u+v,0)=u-kmax{u,v,u+v}≤0，则有即存在函数使得u≤h1(v)，（F2）成立.设t,s＞0，F(t,t,0,0,t,s)=t-kmax{t,s}≤0.如果t＞s，则t(1-k)≤0，矛盾.因此t≤s，于是t≤ks，即存在函数h2(s)=ks使得t≤h2(s)，（F3）成立.定理3 设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，函数f,g:(X,ρ)→(X,ρ)使得其中F∈Γ.（fx表示 f(x)，gx表示g(x)，其他的以此类推）.如果 f(X)⊆g(X),g(X)是(X,ρ)的完备的非对称度量子空间且F(t1,t2,…,t6)关于第一个变量非递减，那么函数 f和g存在唯一的一致点.特别地，如果函数 f和g还是弱一致映射，那么 f 和g存在唯一的公共不动点.证明设x0是集合X中的任意一个点，由 f(X)⊆g(X)，可以选出点x1∈X使得fx0=gx1.类似地，可以选出x2,x3,…,xn,…，使得 fxn=gxn+1.由（2）式，有于是，由定义18中的性质（F1）和非对称度量的三角不等式知，由定义18中的性质（F2）可以得到如上述重复进行下去，可以得到因此，对于任意的m＞n，由非对称度量的三角不等式，可以得到当n,m→∞时，有ρ(gxn,gxm)→0，即{gxn}是左柯西序列.类似地，由（2）式，有于是，由定义18中的性质（F1）和非对称度量的三角不等式知，由定义18中的性质（F2）有如上重复下去有因此，对于任意的n＞m与非对称度量的三角不等式有当n,m→∞时，ρ(gxn,gxm)→0，即{gxn}是右柯西序列.因此，{gxn}是柯西序列.由于g(X)是(X,ρ)完备的非对称度量子空间，所以存在点q∈g(X)使得gxn→q=gp,n→∞.下面证明 fp=gp.由（2）式，令x=xn-1,y=p，有即当n→∞时，有由定义18中的性质（F2）知，ρ(gp,fp)=0.同理，由（2）式，令x=p,y=xn-1，有即当n→∞时，有由ρ(gp,fp)=0和（3）式知由F(t1,t2,…,t6)关于第一个变量非递减和（4）式可得因此，F(ρ(fp,gp),0,0,0,0,0)=0.由定义17中性质（F0）知，ρ(fp,gp)=0.故ρ(gp,fp)=ρ(fp,gp)=0，由非对称度量空间的定义知,fp=gp.因此w=fp=gp是函数 f和g唯一的一致点.此外，如果函数 f和g还是弱一致映射，由引理2可知，w是 f和g的唯一的公共不动点.注6 定理3是在本文定义的非对称度量空间下（不同于文献［7］中的非对称度量空间）研究映射的公共不动点问题，它是文献［7］中定理2的推广.推论1 设(X,ρ)是非对称度量空间，函数f,g:(X,ρ)→(X,ρ)使得对任意的x,y∈X，成立，其中如果 f(X)⊆g(X)，g(X)是(X,ρ)的完备的非对称度量子空间，那么函数 f 和g存在唯一的一致点.特别地，如果函数 f和g还是弱一致映射，那么 f和g存在唯一的公共不动点.证明取F是例6中的F，即F(t1,t2,…,t6)=t1-kmax{t2,t3,…,t6}，其中显然，F(t1,t2,…,t6)关于第一个变量是非递减的，由定理3知结论成立.［1］CHEN S B，TIAN S P，MAO Z Y.Quasi-pseudo-metric of measurable classifiers［J］.Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on MachineLearning and Cybernetics，2005（7）：4340-4344.［2］陈少白.非对称度量空间的上收敛性［J］.武汉科技大学学报，2005，28：420-423.［3］KARAPMAR E，ROMAGUERA S.On the weak form of Ekeland′s variational principle in quasi-metric spaces［J］.Topology and Its Applications，2015，184：54-60.［4］KUNZI H P A，VAJNER V.Weighted quasi-metrics.Papers on gnenerd topology and applications［M］.New York：New York Acad Sci，1994：64-77.［5］ABBAS M，RHOADES B mon fixed point results for noncommuting mappings with-out continuity in generalized metric spaces ［J］.Appl Math Comput，2009（215）：262-269.［6］POPA V，PATRICIU A M.A general fixed point theorem for pairs of weakly compatible mappings in G-metric spaces［J］. Nonlinear Sci Appl，2012（5）：151-160.［7］AYDI H，BILGILI N，KARAPINAR mon fixed point results from quasi-metric spaces to G-metric spaces［J］.J Egyptian Mathematical Society，2015,23（2）：356-361.。
VRay渲染器使用手册及参数设定
VRay渲染器使用手册及参数设定此使用手册不是完整使用手册，只针对静止图像的渲染，对动画部份不作介绍。
使用手册以实用为主，对在实际渲染中常用的参数与设置的方法作了全面介绍；少用或用不到参数选项以及和3DS max 通用的参数在此不作介绍，请参阅3DS max的相关手册。
VRay 渲染面板参数设置一、Frame buffer（帧缓冲）卷展栏Enable built-in frame buffer（激活内置帧缓冲）——选中该先项后使用VR内置的帧缓冲。
Get resolution from max（使用3ds max的分辨率）——选中该选项后使用3ds max的的渲染分辨率设置。
Lutput resolution （输出分辨率）——设置帧缓冲的分辨率。
Rendrr to memory frame buffer（渲染到内存储器——将输出的内容的保存到内存中。
v-ray ray image file（渲到文件）——将渲染的内容保存到文件中。
Generate prvview (产生预览)——可以在渲染的时候产生一个小尺寸的预览图，以便观察现在渲染的进度。
Save separate g-buffer channesl(保存分离的g-buffer通道)——先中该项后可以将g-buffer通道分离保存。
二、global switches（全局开关）卷展栏1、geometry（几何体）参数组Displacement（贴图置换）——控制所有贴图的置换功能。
2、lights（灯光参数组lights（灯光）——控制场景中所有的灯光。
Drfault lights（默认灯光）——系统灯光的开/关控制。
勾选为关闭系统的灯光，请取消该选项的勾选。
Hiden oights(隐藏灯洵)——控制被隐藏的灯光是否在渲染时影响场景，请勾选该选项。
Shadows （阴影片——全局阴影开关。
请勾选该选项。
Show gi only （只显全局光阴——是否关闭全局直接光照。
偏好凸向原点的英文
偏好凸向原点的英文## Convex Preferences and the Origin.In economics, a preference relation is a binaryrelation that represents an individual's preferences over a set of alternatives. A preference relation is said to be convex if it satisfies the following condition:> For any three alternatives x, y, and z, if x is preferred to y and y is preferred to z, then x is preferred to any convex combination of y and z.In other words, a preference relation is convex if, for any two alternatives x and y, the individual prefers any weighted average of x and y to any alternative that is not on the line segment connecting x and y.Convex preferences have a number of important implications. First, they imply that the indifference curves of an individual are convex. An indifference curveis a curve that represents all of the alternatives that an individual is indifferent between. If an individual's preferences are convex, then their indifference curves will be bowed outward, as in the following diagram:[Image of a convex indifference curve]Second, convex preferences imply that the demand curve of an individual is downward sloping. A demand curve is a curve that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of the good that an individual demands. If an individual's preferences are convex, then their demand curve will be downward sloping, as in the following diagram:[Image of a downward sloping demand curve]Third, convex preferences imply that the utility function of an individual is quasi-concave. A utility function is a function that represents an individual's preferences over a set of alternatives. If an individual's preferences are convex, then their utility function will bequasi-concave, which means that the level sets of theutility function will be convex.Convex preferences are a common assumption in economic models. This is because convex preferences are consistent with a number of reasonable assumptions about human behavior. For example, convex preferences are consistent with the assumption that individuals are risk-averse.## Applications of Convex Preferences.Convex preferences have a number of applications in economics. For example, convex preferences can be used to explain why individuals demand more of a good when its price decreases. This is because, when the price of a good decreases, the individual can afford to purchase more of the good without giving up any other goods.Convex preferences can also be used to explain why individuals are willing to pay more for a good when its quality increases. This is because, when the quality of a good increases, the individual's utility from consuming thegood increases.Finally, convex preferences can be used to explain why individuals are more likely to choose a risky option when the expected value of the option is high. This is because, when the expected value of a risky option is high, the individual's expected utility from choosing the option is also high.## Conclusion.Convex preferences are a powerful tool for understanding human behavior. Convex preferences can be used to explain a wide range of economic phenomena, including the shape of indifference curves, the slope of demand curves, and the behavior of individuals under uncertainty.。
统计学术语中英文对照
population 母体sample 样本census 普查sampling 抽样quantitative 量的qualitative/categorical质的discrete 离散的continuous 连续的population parameters 母体参数sample statistics 样本统计量descriptive statistics 叙述统计学inferential/inductive statistics 推论 ...抽样调查（sampliing survey单纯随机抽样（simple random sampling 系统抽样（systematic sampling分层抽样（stratified sampling整群抽样（cluster sampling多级抽样（multistage sampling常态分配(Parametric Statistics)无母数统计学(Nonparametric Statistics) 实验设计(Design of Experiment)参数(Parameter)Data analysis 资料分析Statistical table 统计表Statistical chart 统计图Pie chart 圆饼图Stem-and-leaf display 茎叶图Box plot 盒须图Histogram 直方图Bar Chart 长条图Polygon 次数多边图Ogive 肩形图Descriptive statistics 叙述统计学Expectation 期望值Mode 众数Mean 平均数Variance 变异数Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Covariance matrix 共变异数矩阵Inferential statistics 推论统计学Point estimation 点估计Interval estimation 区间估计Confidence interval 信赖区间Confidence coefficient 信赖系数Testing statistical hypothesis 统计假设检定Regression analysis 回归分析Analysis of variance 变异数分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Sampling survey 抽样调查Census 普查Sampling 抽样Reliability 信度Validity 效度Sampling error 抽样误差Non-sampling error 非抽样误差Random sampling 随机抽样Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样法Stratified sampling 分层抽样法Cluster sampling 群集抽样法Systematic sampling 系统抽样法Two-stage random sampling 两段随机抽样法Convenience sampling 便利抽样Quota sampling 配额抽样Snowball sampling 雪球抽样Nonparametric statistics 无母数统计The sign test 等级检定Wilcoxon signed rank tests 魏克森讯号等级检定Wilcoxon rank sum tests 魏克森等级和检定Run test 连检定法Discrete uniform densities 离散的均匀密度Binomial densities 二项密度Hypergeometric densities 超几何密度Poisson densities 卜松密度Geometric densities 几何密度Negative binomial densities 负二项密度Continuous uniform densities 连续均匀密度Normal densities 常态密度Exponential densities 指数密度Gamma densities 伽玛密度Beta densities 贝他密度Multivariate analysis 多变量分析Principal components 主因子分析Discrimination analysis 区别分析Cluster analysis 群集分析Factor analysis 因素分析Survival analysis 存活分析Time series analysis 时间序列分析Linear models 线性模式Quality engineering 品质工程Probability theory 机率论Statistical computing 统计计算Statistical inference 统计推论Stochastic processes 随机过程Decision theory 决策理论Discrete analysis 离散分析Mathematical statistics 数理统计统计学: Statistics母体: Population样本: Sample资料分析: Data analysis统计表: Statistical table统计图: Statistical chart圆饼图: Pie chart茎叶图: Stem-and-leaf display盒须图: Box plot直方图: Histogram长条图: Bar Chart次数多边图: Polygon肩形图: Ogive叙述统计学: Descriptive statistics 期望值: Expectation众数: Mode平均数: Mean变异数: Variance标准差: Standard deviation标准误: Standard error共变异数矩阵: Covariance matrix推论统计学: Inferential statistics点估计: Point estimation区间估计: Interval estimation信赖区间: Confidence interval信赖系数: Confidence coefficient统计假设检定: Testing statisticalhypothesis回归分析: Regression analysis变异数分析: Analysis of variance相关系数: Correlation coefficient抽样调查: Sampling survey普查: Census抽样: Sampling信度: Reliability效度: Validity抽样误差: Sampling error非抽样误差: Non-sampling error随机抽样: Random sampling简单随机抽样法: Simple randomsampling分层抽样法: Stratified sampling群集抽样法: Cluster sampling系统抽样法: Systematic sampling两段随机抽样法: Two-stage randomsampling便利抽样: Convenience sampling配额抽样: Quota sampling雪球抽样: Snowball sampling无母数统计: Nonparametric statistics等级检定: The sign test魏克森讯号等级检定: Wilcoxon signedrank tests魏克森等级和检定: Wilcoxon rank sumtests连检定法: Run test离散的均匀密度: Discrete uniformdensities二项密度: Binomial densities超几何密度: Hypergeometric densities卜松密度: Poisson densities几何密度: Geometric densities负二项密度: Negative binomial densities连续均匀密度: Continuous uniformdensities常态密度: Normal densities指数密度: Exponential densities伽玛密度: Gamma densities贝他密度: Beta densities多变量分析: Multivariate analysis主因子分析: Principal components区别分析: Discrimination analysis群集分析: Cluster analysis因素分析: Factor analysis存活分析: Survival analysis时间序列分析: Time series analysis线性模式: Linear models品质工程: Quality engineering机率论: Probability theory统计计算: Statistical computing统计推论: Statistical inference随机过程: Stochastic processes决策理论: Decision theory离散分析: Discrete analysis数理统计: Mathematical statistics统计名词市调辞典众数(Mode) 普查(census)指数(Index) 问卷(Questionnaire)中位数(Median) 信度(Reliability)百分比(Percentage) 母群体(Population)信赖水准(Confidence level) 观察法(Observational Survey)假设检定(Hypothesis Testing) 综合法(Integrated Survey)卡方检定(Chi-square Test) 雪球抽样(Snowball Sampling)差距量表(Interval Scale) 序列偏差(Series Bias)类别量表(Nominal Scale) 次级资料(Secondary Data)顺序量表(Ordinal Scale) 抽样架构(Sampling frame)比率量表(Ratio Scale) 集群抽样(Cluster Sampling)连检定法(Run Test) 便利抽样(Convenience Sampling)符号检定(Sign Test) 抽样调查(SamplingSur)算术平均数(Arithmetic Mean) 非抽样误差(non-sampling error)展示会法(Display Survey)调查名词准确效度(Criterion-RelatedValidity)元素(Element) 邮寄问卷法(Mail Interview)样本(Sample) 信抽样误差(Sampling error)效度(Validity) 封闭式问题(Close Question)精确度(Precision) 电话访问法(TelephoneInterview)准确度(Validity) 随机抽样法(RandomSampling)实验法(Experiment Survey)抽样单位(Sampling unit) 资讯名词市场调查(Marketing Research) 决策树(Decision Trees)容忍误差(Tolerated erro) 资料采矿(DataMining)初级资料(Primary Data) 时间序列(Time-Series Forecasting)目标母体(Target Population) 回归分析(Regression)抽样偏差(Sampling Bias) 趋势分析(TrendAnalysis)抽样误差(sampling error) 罗吉斯回归(Logistic Regression)架构效度(Construct Validity) 类神经网络(Neural Network)配额抽样(Quota Sampling) 无母数统计检定方法(Non-Parametric Test)人员访问法(Interview) 判别分析法(Discriminant Analysis)集群分析法(cluster analysis) 规则归纳法(Rules Induction)内容效度(Content Validity) 判断抽样(Judgment Sampling)开放式问题(Open Question) OLAP(OnlineAnalytical Process)分层随机抽样(Stratified Randomsampling) 资料仓储(Data Warehouse)非随机抽样法(Nonrandom Sampling) 知识发现(Knowledge DiscoveryAbsolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs),BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector,卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Collinearity, 共线性Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate,相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation, 相关性Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差）Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Image factoring,, 多元回归法Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logi t转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC（多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图（又称佩尔托图）Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA（主成分分析）Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS（偏最小二乘法）Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified randomsampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q 图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显著水平Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数。
CFA一级笔记-第八部分 固定收益证券
CFA一级考试知识点第八部分固定收益证券债券五类主要发行人超国家组织supranational organizations，收回贷款和成员国股金还款主权（国家）政府sovereign/national governments，税收、印钞还款非主权（地方）政府non-sovereign/local governments（美国各州），地方税收、融资、收费。
准政府机构quasi-governments entities（房利美、房地美）公司（金融机构、非金融机构）经营现金流还款Maturity到期时间、tenor剩余到期时间小于一年是货币市场证券、大于一年是资本市场证券、没有明确到期时间是永续债券。
计算票息需要考虑付息频率，未明确的默认半年一次付息。
双币种债券dual-currency bonds支付票息时用A货币，支付本金时用B货币。
外汇期权债券currency option bongds给予投资人选择权，可以选择本金或利息币种。
本金偿还形式子弹型债券bullet bond，本金在最后支付。
也称为plain vanilla bond（香草计划债券）摊销性债券amortizing bond，分为完全摊销和部分摊销。
偿债基金条款sinking found provision，也是提前收回本金的方式，债券发行方在存续期间定期提前偿还部分本金，例如每年偿还本金初始发行额的6%。
票息支付形式固定票息债券fixed-rate coupon bonds，零息债券会折价发行，面值与发行价之差就是利息，零息债券也称为纯贴现债券pure discount bond。
梯升债券step – up coupon bonds票息上升递延债券deferred coupon bonds/split coupon bonds，期初几年不支付，后期才开始支付票息。
（前期资金紧张或研发型项目）实物支持债券payment-in-kind/PIK coupon bonds票息不是现金，而是实物。
统计学专业名词(中英对照)
统计学专业名词·中英对照我大学毕业已经多年，这些年来，越发感到外刊的重要性。
读懂外刊要有不错的英语功底，同时，还需要掌握一定的专业词汇。
掌握足够的专业词汇，在国内外期刊的阅读和写作中会游刃有余。
在此小结，按首字母顺序排列。
这些词汇的来源，一是专业书籍，二是网上查找，再一个是比较重要的期刊。
当然，这些仅是常用专业词汇的一部分，并且由于个人精力、文献查阅的限制，难免有不足和错误之处，希望读者批评指出。
Aabscissa 横坐标absence rate 缺勤率Absolute deviation 绝对离差Absolute number 绝对数absolute value 绝对值Absolute residuals 绝对残差accident error 偶然误差Acceleration array 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential 切向加速度Acceleration vector 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设Accumulation 累积Accumulated frequency 累积频数Accuracy 准确度Actual frequency 实际频数Adaptive estimator 自适应估计量Addition 相加Addition theorem 加法定理Additive Noise 加性噪声Additivity 可加性Adjusted rate 调整率Adjusted value 校正值Admissible error 容许误差Aggregation 聚集性Alpha factori ng α因子法Alternative hypothesis 备择假设Among groups 组间Amounts 总量Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 协方差分析Analysis of data 分析资料Analysis Of Effects 效应分析Analysis Of Variance 方差分析Analysis of regression 回归分析Analysis of time series 时间序列分析Analysis of variance 方差分析Angular transformation 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）方差分析ANOVA Models 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta 分组计算方差分析Arcing 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve 曲线面积AREG 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper 算术格纸Arithmetic mean 算术平均数Arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数Arrhenius relation 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit 拟合的评估Associative laws 结合律Assumed mean 假定均数Asymmetric distribution 非对称分布Asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数Asymptotic bias 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency 渐近效率Asymptotic variance 渐近方差Attributable risk 归因危险度Attribute data 属性资料Attribution 属性Autocorrelation 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals 残差的自相关Average 平均数Average confidence interval length 平均置信区间长度average deviation 平均差Average growth rate 平均增长率BBar chart/graph 条形图Base period 基期Bayes' theorem Bayes 定理Bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator 最好切尾估计量Bias 偏性Biometrics 生物统计学Binary logistic regression 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution 二项分布Bisquare 双平方Bivariate Correlate 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体Biweight interval 双权区间Biweight M-estimator 双权M 估计量Block 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs) BMDP 统计软件包Box plot 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound 崩溃界/崩溃点CCanonical correlation 典型相关Caption 纵标目Cartogram 统计图Case fatality rate 病死率Case-control study 病例对照研究Categorical variable 分类变量Catenary 悬链线Cauchy distribution 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship 因果关系Cell 单元Censoring 终检census 普查Center of symmetry 对称中心Centering and scaling 中心化和定标Central tendency 集中趋势Central value 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector 卡方自动交互检测Chance 机遇Chance error 随机误差Chance variable 随机变量Characteristic equation 特征方程Characteristic root 特征根Characteristic vector 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces 切尔诺夫脸谱图chi-sguare(X2) test 卡方检验卡方检验/χ2 检验Choleskey decomposition 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart 圆图Class interval 组距Classification 分组、分类Class mid-value 组中值Class upper limit 组上限Classified variable 分类变量Cluster analysis 聚类分析Cluster sampling 整群抽样Code 代码Coded data 编码数据Coding 编码Coefficient of contingency 列联系数Coefficient of correlation 相关系数Coefficient of determination 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression 回归系数Coefficient of skewness 偏度系数Coefficient of variation 变异系数Cohort study 队列研究Collection of data 资料收集Collinearity 共线性Column 列Column effect 列效应Column factor 列因素Combination pool 合并Combinative table 组合表Combined standard deviation 合并标准差Combined variance 合并方差Common factor 共性因子Common regression coefficient 公共回归系数Common value 共同值Common variance 公共方差Common variation 公共变异Communality variance 共性方差Comparability 可比性Comparison of bathes 批比较Comparison value 比较值Compartment model 分部模型Compassion 伸缩Complement of an event 补事件Complete association 完全正相关Complete dissociation 完全不相关Complete statistics 完备统计量Complete survey 全面调查Completely randomized design 完全随机化设计Composite event 联合事件Composite events 复合事件Concavity 凹性Conditional expectation 条件期望Conditional likelihood 条件似然Conditional probability 条件概率Conditionally linear 依条件线性Confidence interval 置信区间Confidence level 可信水平，置信水平Confidence limit 置信限Confidence lower limit 置信下限Confidence upper limit 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research 证实性实验研究Confounding factor 混杂因素Conjoint 联合分析Consistency 相合性Consistency check 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate 相合估计Constituent ratio 构成比，结构相对数Constrained nonlinear regression 受约束非线性回归Constraint 约束Contaminated distribution 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution 污染正态分布Contamination 污染Contamination model 污染模型Continuity 连续性Contingency table 列联表Contour 边界线Contribution rate 贡献率Control 对照质量控制图Control group 对照组Controlled experiments 对照实验Conventional depth 常规深度Convolution 卷积Coordinate 坐标Corrected factor 校正因子Corrected mean 校正均值Correction coefficient 校正系数Correction for continuity 连续性校正Correction for grouping 归组校正Correction number 校正数Correction value 校正值Correctness 正确性Correlation 相关，联系Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Correlation 相关性Correlation index 相关指数Correspondence 对应Counting 计数Counts 计数/频数Covariance 协方差Covariant 共变Cox Regression Cox 回归Criteria for fitting 拟合准则Criteria of least squares 最小二乘准则Critical ratio 临界比Critical region 拒绝域Critical value 临界值Cross-over design 交叉设计Cross-section analysis 横断面分析Cross-section survey 横断面调查Crosstabs 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table 复合表Cube root 立方根Cumulative distribution function 分布函数Cumulative frequency 累积频率Cumulative probability 累计概率Curvature 曲率/弯曲Curvature 曲率Curve Estimation 曲线拟合Curve fit 曲线拟和Curve fitting 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression 曲线回归Curvilinear relation 曲线关系Cut-and-try method 尝试法Cycle 周期Cyclist 周期性DD test D 检验data 资料Data acquisition 资料收集Data bank 数据库Data capacity 数据容量Data deficiencies 数据缺乏Data handling 数据处理Data manipulation 数据处理Data processing 数据处理Data reduction 数据缩减Data set 数据集Data sources 数据来源Data transformation 数据变换Data validity 数据有效性Data-in 数据输入Data-out 数据输出Dead time 停滞期Degree of freedom 自由度degree of confidence 可信度，置信度degree of dispersion 离散程度Degree of precision 精密度Degree of reliability 可靠性程度degree of variation 变异度Degression 递减Density function 密度函数Density of data points 数据点的密度Dependent variableDepth 深度Derivative matrix 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods 无导数方法Design 设计design of experiment 实验设计Determinacy 确定性Determinant 行列式Determinant 决定因素Deviation 离差Deviation from average 离均差diagnose accordance rate 诊断符合率Diagnostic plot 诊断图Dichotomous variable 二分变量Differential equation 微分方程Direct standardization 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin 斜交旋转Discrete variable 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT 判断Discriminant analysis 判别分析Discriminant coefficient 判别系数Discriminant function 判别值Dispersion 散布/分散度Disproportional 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape 分布形状Distribution-free method 任意分布法Distributive laws 分配律Disturbance 随机扰动项Dose response curve 剂量反应曲线Double blind method 双盲法Double blind trial 双盲试验Double exponential distribution 双指数分布Double logarithmic 双对数Downward rank 降秩Dual-space plot 对偶空间图DUD 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method 新复极差法/Duncan 新法EError Bar 均值相关区间图Effect 实验效应Effective rate 有效率Eigenvalue 特征值Eigenvector 特征向量Ellipse 椭圆Empirical distribution 经验分布Empirical probability 经验概率单位Enumeration data 计数资料Equal sun-class number 相等次级组含量Equally likely 等可能Equation of linear regression 线性回归方程Equivariance 同变性Error 误差/错误Error of estimate 估计误差Error of replication 重复误差Error type I 第一类错误Error type II 第二类错误Estimand 被估量Estimated error mean squares 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance 欧式距离Event 事件Exceptional data point 异常数据点Expectation plane 期望平面Expectation surface 期望曲面Expected values 期望值Experiment 实验Experiment design 实验设计Experiment error 实验误差Experimental group 实验组Experimental sampling 试验抽样Experimental unit 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差）Explanatory variable 说明变量Exploratory data analysis 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize 探索-摘要Exponential curve 指数曲线Exponential growth 指数式增长EXSMOOTH 指数平滑方法Extended fit 扩充拟合Extra parameter 附加参数Extrapolation 外推法Extreme observation 末端观测值Extremes 极端值/极值FF distribution F 分布F test F 检验Factor 因素/因子Factor analysis 因子分析Factor Analysis 因子分析Factor score 因子得分Factorial 阶乘Factorial design 析因试验设计False negative 假阴性False negative error 假阴性错误Family of distributions 分布族Family of estimators 估计量族Fanning 扇面Fatality rate 病死率Field investigation 现场调查Field survey 现场调查Finite population 有限总体Finite-sample 有限样本First derivative 一阶导数First principal component 第一主成分First quartile 第一四分位数Fisher information 费雪信息量Fitted value 拟合值Fitting a curve 曲线拟合Fixed base 定基Fluctuation 随机起伏Forecast 预测Four fold table 四格表Fourth 四分点Fraction blow 左侧比率Fractional error 相对误差Frequency 频率Freguency distribution 频数分布Frequency polygon 频数多边图Frontier point 界限点Function relationship 泛函关系GGamma distribution 伽玛分布Gauss increment 高斯增量Gaussian distribution 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment 高斯-牛顿增量General census 全面普查Generalized least squares 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models) 广义线性模型Geometric mean 几何平均数Gini's mean difference 基尼均差GLM (General liner models) 通用线性模型Goodness of fit 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square 希腊拉丁方Grand mean 总均值Gross errors 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity 大错敏感度Group averages 分组平均Grouped data 分组资料Guessed mean 假定平均数HHalf-life 半衰期Hampel M-estimators 汉佩尔M 估计量Happenstance 偶然事件Harmonic mean 调和均数Hazard function 风险均数Hazard rate 风险率Heading 标目Heavy-tailed distribution 重尾分布Hessian array 海森立体阵Heterogeneity 不同质Heterogeneity of variance 方差不齐Hierarchical classification 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method 系统聚类法High-leverage point 高杠杆率点High-Low 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge 折叶点Histogram 直方图Historical cohort study 历史性队列研究Holes 空洞HOMALS 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance 方差齐性Homogeneity test 齐性检验Huber M-estimators 休伯M 估计量Hyperbola 双曲线Hypothesis testing 假设检验Hypothetical universe 假设总体IImage factoring 多元回归法Impossible event 不可能事件Independence 独立性Independent variable 自变量Index 指标/指数Indirect standardization 间接标准化法Individual 个体Inference band 推断带Infinite population 无限总体Infinitely great 无穷大Infinitely small 无穷小Influence curve 影响曲线Information capacity 信息容量Initial condition 初始条件Initial estimate 初始估计值Initial level 最初水平Interaction 交互作用Interaction terms 交互作用项Intercept 截距Interpolation 内插法Interquartile range 四分位距Interval estimation 区间估计Intervals of equal probability 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature 固有曲率Invariance 不变性Inverse matrix 逆矩阵Inverse probability 逆概率Inverse sine transformation 反正弦变换Iteration 迭代JJacobian determinant 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function 分布函数Joint probability 联合概率Joint probability distribution 联合概率分布KK-Means Cluster 逐步聚类分析K means method 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart Kaplan-Merier 图Kendall's rank correlation Kendall 等级相关Kinetic 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test Kruskal 及Wallis 检验/多样本的秩和检验/H 检验Kurtosis 峰度LLack of fit 失拟Ladder of powers 幂阶梯Lag 滞后Large sample 大样本Large sample test 大样本检验Latin square 拉丁方Latin square design 拉丁方设计Leakage 泄漏Least favorable configuration 最不利构形Least favorable distribution 最不利分布Least significant difference 最小显著差法Least square method 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line 最小绝对残差线Legend 图例L-estimator L 估计量L-estimator of location 位置L 估计量L-estimator of scale 尺度L 估计量Level 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance 预期期望寿命Life table 寿命表Life table method 生命表法Light-tailed distribution 轻尾分布Likelihood function 似然函数Likelihood ratio 似然比line graph 线图Linear equation 线性方程Linear programming 线性规划Linear regression 直线回归Linear Regression 线性回归Linear trend 线性趋势Loading 载荷Location and scale equivariance 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance 位置同变性Location invariance 位置不变性Location scale family 位置尺度族Log rank test 时序检验Logarithmic curve 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation 对数变换Logic check 逻辑检查Logistic distribution 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation Logit 转换LOGLINEAR 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution 对数正态分布Lost function 损失函数Lower limit 下限Lowest-attained variance 最小可达方差LSD 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable 潜在变量MMain effect 主效应Major heading 主辞标目Marginal density function 边缘密度函数Marginal probability 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution 边缘概率分布Matched data 配对资料Matched distribution 匹配过分布Matching of distribution 分布的匹配Matching of transformation 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation 数学期望Mathematical model 数学模型Maximum L-estimator 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method 最大似然法Mean 均数Mean squares between groups 组间均方Mean squares within group 组内均方Means (Compare means) 均值-均值比较Median 中位数Median effective dose 半数效量Median lethal dose 半数致死量Median polish 中位数平滑Median test 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator 最小方差估计量MINITAB 统计软件包Minor heading 宾词标目Missing data 缺失值Model specification 模型的确定Modeling Statistics 模型统计Models for outliers 离群值模型Modifying the model 模型的修正Modulus of continuity 连续性模Morbidity 发病率Most favorable configuration 最有利构形MSC（多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL) 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison 多重比较Multiple correlation 复相关Multiple covariance 多元协方差Multiple linear regression 多元线性回归Multiple response 多重选项Multiple solutions 多解Multiplication theorem 乘法定理Multiresponse 多元响应Multi-stage sampling 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution 多元T 分布Mutual exclusive 互不相容Mutual independence 互相独立NNatural boundary 自然边界Natural dead 自然死亡Natural zero 自然零Negative correlation 负相关Negative linear correlation 负线性相关Negatively skewed 负偏Newman-Keuls method q 检验NK method q 检验No statistical significance 无统计意义Nominal variable 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics 非参数统计Nonparametric test 非参数检验Nonparametric tests 非参数检验Normal deviate 正态离差Normal distribution 正态分布Normal equation 正规方程组Normal P-P 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges 正常范围Normal value 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis 无效假设Numerical variable 数值变量OObjective function 目标函数Observation unit 观察单位Observed value 观察值One sided test 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial 开放型序贯设计Optrim 优切尾Optrim efficiency 优切尾效率Order statistics 顺序统计量Ordered categories 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable 有序变量Orthogonal basis 正交基Orthogonal design 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions 正交条件ORTHOPLAN 正交设计Outlier cutoffs 离群值截断点Outliers 极端值OVERALS 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot 迭代过度PPaired design 配对设计Paired sample 配对样本Pairwise slopes 成对斜率Parabola 抛物线Parallel tests 平行试验Parameter 参数Parametric statistics 参数统计Parametric test 参数检验Pareto 直条构成线图（佩尔托图）Partial correlation 偏相关Partial regression 偏回归Partial sorting 偏排序Partials residuals 偏残差Pattern 模式PCA（主成分分析）Pearson curves 皮尔逊曲线Peeling 退层Percent bar graph 百分条形图Percentage 百分比Percentile 百分位数Percentile curves 百分位曲线Periodicity 周期性Permutation 排列P-estimator P 估计量Pie graph 构成图饼图Pitman estimator 皮特曼估计量Pivot 枢轴量Planar 平坦Planar assumption 平面的假设PLANCARDS 生成试验的计划卡PLS（偏最小二乘法）Point estimation 点估计Poisson distribution 泊松分布Polishing 平滑Polled standard deviation 合并标准差Polled variance 合并方差Polygon 多边图Polynomial 多项式Polynomial curve 多项式曲线Population 总体Population attributable risk 人群归因危险度Positive correlation 正相关Positively skewed 正偏Posterior distribution 后验分布Power of a test 检验效能Precision 精密度Predicted value 预测值Preliminary analysis 预备性分析Principal axis factoring 主轴因子法Principal component analysis 主成分分析Prior distribution 先验分布Prior probability 先验概率Probabilistic model 概率模型probability 概率Probability density 概率密度Product moment 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace 截面迹图Proportion 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers 成比例次级组含量Prospective study 前瞻性调查Proximities 亲近性Pseudo F test 近似F 检验Pseudo model 近似模型Pseudosigma 伪标准差Purposive sampling 有目的抽样QQR decomposition QR 分解Quadratic approximation 二次近似Qualitative classification 属性分类Qualitative method 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q 图Quantitative analysis 定量分析Quartile 四分位数Quick Cluster 快速聚类RRadix sort 基数排序Random allocation 随机化分组Random blocks design 随机区组设计Random event 随机事件Randomization 随机化Range 极差/全距Rank correlation 等级相关Rank sum test 秩和检验Rank test 秩检验Ranked data 等级资料Rate 比率Ratio 比例Raw data 原始资料Raw residual 原始残差Rayleigh's test 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z 雷氏Z 值Reciprocal 倒数Reciprocal transformation 倒数变换Recording 记录Redescending estimators 回降估计量Reducing dimensions 降维Re-expression 重新表达Reference set 标准组Region of acceptance 接受域Regression coefficient 回归系数Regression sum of square 回归平方和Rejection point 拒绝点Relative dispersion 相对离散度Relative number 相对数Reliability 可靠性Reparametrization 重新设置参数Replication 重复Report Summaries 报告摘要Residual sum of square 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance 耐抗性Resistant line 耐抗线Resistant technique 耐抗技术R-estimator of location 位置R 估计量R-estimator of scale 尺度R 估计量Retrospective study 回顾性调查Ridge trace 岭迹Ridit analysis Ridit 分析Rotation 旋转Rounding 舍入Row 行Row effects 行效应Row factor 行因素RXC table RXC 表SSample 样本Sample regression coefficient 样本回归系数Sample size 样本量Sample standard deviation 样本标准差Sampling error 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ) SAS 统计软件包Scale 尺度/量表Scatter diagram 散点图Schematic plot 示意图/简图Score test 计分检验Screening 筛检SEASON 季节分析Second derivative 二阶导数Second principal component 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling) 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis 贯序分析Sequence 普通序列图Sequential data set 顺序数据集Sequential design 贯序设计Sequential method 贯序法Sequential test 贯序检验法Serial tests 系列试验Short-cut method 简捷法Sigmoid curve S 形曲线Sign function 正负号函数Sign test 符号检验Signed rank 符号秩Significant Level 显著水平Significance test 显著性检验Significant figure 有效数字Simple cluster sampling 简单整群抽样Simple correlation 简单相关Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样Simple regression 简单回归simple table 简单表Sine estimator 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate 单值估计Singular matrix 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution 偏斜分布Skewness 偏度Slash distribution 斜线分布Slope 斜率Smirnov test 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation 变异来源Spearman rank correlation 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor 特殊因子Specific factor variance 特殊因子方差Spectra 频谱Spherical distribution 球型正态分布Spread 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science) SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlation 假性相关Square root transformation 平方根变换Stabilizing variance 稳定方差Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Standard error of difference 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate 标准估计误差Standard error of rate 率的标准误Standard normal distribution 标准正态分布Standardization 标准化Starting value 起始值Statistic 统计量Statistical control 统计控制Statistical graph 统计图Statistical inference 统计推断Statistical table 统计表Steepest descent 最速下降法Stem and leaf display 茎叶图Step factor 步长因子Stepwise regression 逐步回归Storage 存Strata 层（复数）Stratified sampling 分层抽样Stratified sampling 分层抽样Strength 强度Stringency 严密性Structural relationship 结构关系Studentized residual 学生化残差/t 化残差Sub-class numbers 次级组含量Subdividing 分割Sufficient statistic 充分统计量Sum of products 积和Sum of squares 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression 偏回归平方和Sure event 必然事件Survey 调查Survival 生存分析Survival rate 生存率Suspended root gram 悬吊根图Symmetry 对称Systematic error 系统误差Systematic sampling 系统抽样TTags 标签Tail area 尾部面积Tail length 尾长Tail weight 尾重Tangent line 切线Target distribution 目标分布Taylor series 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity 线性检验Tendency of dispersion 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses 假设检验Theoretical frequency 理论频数Time series 时间序列Tolerance interval 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit 容忍上限Torsion 扰率Total sum of square 总平方和Total variation 总变异Transformation 转换Treatment 处理Trend 趋势Trend of percentage 百分比趋势Trial 试验Trial and error method 试错法Tuning constant 细调常数Two sided test 双向检验Two-stage least squares 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance 双因素方差分析Two-way table 双向表Type I error 一类错误/α错误Type II error 二类错误/β错误UUMVU 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data 不分组资料Uniform coordinate 均匀坐标Uniform distribution 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit 单元Unordered categories 无序分类Unweighted least squares 未加权最小平方法Upper limit 上限Upward rank 升秩VVague concept 模糊概念Validity 有效性V ARCOMP (Variance component estimation) 方差元素估计Variability 变异性Variable 变量Variance 方差Variation 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation 方差最大正交旋转V olume of distribution 容积WW test W 检验Weibull distribution 威布尔分布Weight 权数Weighted Chi-square test 加权卡方检验/Cochran 检验Weighted linear regression method 加权直线回归Weighted mean 加权平均数Weighted mean square 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square 加权平方和Weighting coefficient 权重系数Weighting method 加权法W-estimation W 估计量W-estimation of location 位置W 估计量Width 宽度Wilcoxon paired test 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point 野点/狂点Wild value 野值/狂值Winsorized mean 缩尾均值Withdraw 失访X此组的词汇还没找到YYouden's index 尤登指数ZZ test Z 检验Zero correlation 零相关Z-transformation Z 变换。
撰写英文论文会用到的统计学词汇
众数(Mode) 普查(census)指数(Index) 问卷(Questionnaire)中位数(Median) 信度(Reliability)百分比(Percentage) 母群体(Population)信赖水准(Confidence level) 观察法(Observational Survey)假设检定(Hypothesis Testing) 综合法(Integrated Survey)卡方检定(Chi-square Test) 雪球抽样(Snowball Sampling)差距量表(Interval Scale) 序列偏差(Series Bias)类别量表(Nominal Scale) 次级资料(Secondary Data)顺序量表(Ordinal Scale) 抽样架构(Sampling frame)比率量表(Ratio Scale) 集群抽样(Cluster Sampling)连检定法(Run Test) 便利抽样(Convenience Sampling)符号检定(Sign Test) 抽样调查(Sampling Sur)算术平均数(Arithmetic Mean) 非抽样误差(non-sampling error) 展示会法(Display Survey)调查名词准确效度(Criterion-Related Validity)元素(Element) 邮寄问卷法(Mail Interview)样本(Sample) 信抽样误差(Sampling error)效度(Validity) 封闭式问题(Close Question)精确度(Precision) 电话访问法(Telephone Interview)准确度(Validity) 随机抽样法(Random Sampling)实验法(Experiment Survey)抽样单位(Sampling unit) 资讯名词市场调查(Marketing Research) 决策树(Decision Trees)容忍误差(Tolerated erro) 资料采矿(Data Mining)初级资料(Primary Data) 时间序列(Time-Series Forecasting)目标母体(Target Population) 回归分析(Regression)抽样偏差(Sampling Bias) 趋势分析(Trend Analysis)抽样误差(sampling error) 罗吉斯回归(Logistic Regression)架构效度(Construct Validity) 类神经网络(Neural Network)配额抽样(Quota Sampling) 无母数统计检定方法(Non-Parametric Test)人员访问法(Interview) 判别分析法(Discriminant Analysis)集群分析法(cluster analysis) 规则归纳法(Rules Induction)内容效度(Content Validity) 判断抽样(Judgment Sampling)开放式问题(Open Question) OLAP(Online Analytical Process)分层随机抽样(Stratified Random sampling) 资料仓储(Data Warehouse)非随机抽样法(Nonrandom Sampling) 知识发现(Knowledge Discovery[1]存活分析 : Survival analysis时间序列分析 : Time series analysis线性模式 : Linear models品质工程 : Quality engineering机率论 : Probability theory统计计算 : Statistical computing统计推论 : Statistical inference随机过程 : Stochastic processes决策理论 : Decision theory离散分析 : Discrete analysis数理统计 : Mathematical statisticspopulation 母体sample 样本census 普查sampling 抽样quantitative 量的qualitative/categorical质的discrete 离散的continuous 连续的population parameters 母体参数sample statistics 样本统计量descriptive statistics 叙述统计学inferential/inductive statistics 推论 ...抽样调查（sampliing survey单纯随机抽样（simple random sampling系统抽样（systematic sampling分层抽样（stratified sampling整群抽样（cluster sampling多级抽样（multistage sampling常态分配(Parametric Statistics)无母数统计学(Nonparametric Statistics)实验设计(Design of Experiment)参数(Parameter)Statistics 统计学Population 母体Sample 样本Data analysis 资料分析Statistical table 统计表Statistical chart 统计图Pie chart 圆饼图Stem-and-leaf display 茎叶图Box plot 盒须图Histogram 直方图Bar Chart 长条图Polygon 次数多边图Ogive 肩形图Descriptive statistics 叙述统计学Expectation 期望值Mode 众数Mean 平均数Variance 变异数Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Covariance matrix 共变异数矩阵Inferential statistics 推论统计学Point estimation 点估计Interval estimation 区间估计Confidence interval 信赖区间Confidence coefficient 信赖系数Testing statistical hypothesis 统计假设检定Regression analysis 回归分析Analysis of variance 变异数分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Sampling survey 抽样调查Census 普查Sampling 抽样Reliability 信度Validity 效度Sampling error 抽样误差Non-sampling error 非抽样误差Random sampling 随机抽样Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样法Stratified sampling 分层抽样法Cluster sampling 群集抽样法Systematic sampling 系统抽样法Two-stage random sampling 两段随机抽样法Convenience sampling 便利抽样Quota sampling 配额抽样Snowball sampling 雪球抽样Nonparametric statistics 无母数统计The sign test 等级检定Wilcoxon signed rank tests 魏克森讯号等级检定Wilcoxon rank sum tests 魏克森等级和检定Run test 连检定法Discrete uniform densities 离散的均匀密度Binomial densities 二项密度Hypergeometric densities 超几何密度Poisson densities 卜松密度Geometric densities 几何密度Negative binomial densities 负二项密度Continuous uniform densities 连续均匀密度Normal densities 常态密度Exponential densities 指数密度Gamma densities 伽玛密度Beta densities 贝他密度Multivariate analysis 多变量分析Principal components 主因子分析Discrimination analysis 区别分析Cluster analysis 群集分析Factor analysis 因素分析Survival analysis 存活分析Time series analysis 时间序列分析Linear models 线性模式Quality engineering 品质工程Probability theory 机率论Statistical computing 统计计算Statistical inference 统计推论Stochastic processes 随机过程Decision theory 决策理论Discrete analysis 离散分析Mathematical statistics 数理统计统计学 : Statistics母体 : Population样本 : Sample资料分析 : Data analysis叙述统计学 : Descriptive statistics期望值 : Expectation众数 : Mode平均数 : Mean变异数 : Variance标准差 : Standard deviation标准误 : Standard error共变异数矩阵 : Covariance matrix推论统计学 : Inferential statistics点估计 : Point estimation区间估计 : Interval estimation信赖区间 : Confidence interval信赖系数 : Confidence coefficient统计假设检定 : Testing statistical hypothesis 回归分析 : Regression analysis变异数分析 : Analysis of variance相关系数 : Correlation coefficient抽样调查 : Sampling survey普查 : Census抽样 : Sampling信度 : Reliability效度 : Validity抽样误差 : Sampling error非抽样误差 : Non-sampling error随机抽样 : Random sampling简单随机抽样法 : Simple random sampling分层抽样法 : Stratified sampling群集抽样法 : Cluster sampling系统抽样法 : Systematic sampling两段随机抽样法 : Two-stage random sampling便利抽样 : Convenience sampling配额抽样 : Quota sampling雪球抽样 : Snowball sampling无母数统计 : Nonparametric statistics等级检定 : The sign test魏克森讯号等级检定 : Wilcoxon signed rank tests 魏克森等级和检定 : Wilcoxon rank sum tests连检定法 : Run test离散的均匀密度 : Discrete uniform densities二项密度 : Binomial densities超几何密度 : Hypergeometric densities卜松密度 : Poisson densities几何密度 : Geometric densities负二项密度 : Negative binomial densities连续均匀密度 : Continuous uniform densities常态密度 : Normal densities指数密度 : Exponential densities伽玛密度 : Gamma densities贝他密度 : Beta densities多变量分析 : Multivariate analysis 主因子分析 : Principal components 区别分析 : Discrimination analysis 群集分析 : Cluster analysis因素分析 : Factor analysis。
计量经济学中英文词汇对照
Common variance Common variation Communality variance Comparability Comparison of bathes Comparison value Compartment model Compassion Complement of an event Complete association Complete dissociation Complete statistics Completely randomized design Composite event Composite events Concavity Conditional expectation Conditional likelihood Conditional probability Conditionally linear Confidence interval Confidence limit Confidence lower limit Confidence upper limit Confirmatory Factor Analysis Confirmatory research Confounding factor Conjoint Consistency Consistency check Consistent asymptotically normal estimate Consistent estimate Constrained nonlinear regression Constraint Contaminated distribution Contaminated Gausssian Contaminated normal distribution Contamination Contamination model Contingency table Contour Contribution rate Control
计量经济学(重要名词解释)
——名词解释将因变量与一组解释变量和未观测到的扰动联系起来的方程，方程中未知的总体参数决定了各解释变量在其他条件不变下的效应。
与经济分析不同，在进行计量经济分析之前，要明确变量之间的函数形式。
经验分析（Empirical Analysis）：在规范的计量分析中，用数据检验理论、估计关系式或评价政策有效性的研究。
确定遗漏变量、测量误差、联立性或其他某种模型误设所导致的可能偏误的过程线性概率模型（LPM）（Linear Probability Model, LPM）：响应概率对参数为线性的二值响应模型。
没有一个模型可以通过对参数施加限制条件而被表示成另一个模型的特例的两个（或更多）模型。
有限分布滞后（FDL）模型（Finite Distributed Lag (FDL) Model）：允许一个或多个解释变量对因变量有滞后效应的动态模型。
布罗施-戈弗雷检验（Breusch-Godfrey Test）：渐近正确的AR（p）序列相关检验，以AR（1）最为流行；该检验考虑到滞后因变量和其他不是严格外生的回归元。
布罗施-帕甘检验（Breusch-Pagan Test）/（BP Test）：将OLS 残差的平方对模型中的解释变量做回归的异方差性检验。
若一个模型正确，则另一个非嵌套模型得到的拟合值在该模型是不显著的。
因此，这是相对于非嵌套对立假设而对一个模型的检验。
在模型中包含对立模型的拟合值，并使用对拟合值的t 检验来实现。
回归误差设定检验（RESET）（Regression Specification Error Test, RESET）：在多元回归模型中，检验函数形式的一般性方法。
它是对原OLS 估计拟合值的平方、三次方以及可能更高次幂的联合显著性的F 检验。
怀特检验（White Test）：异方差的一种检验方法，涉及到做OLS 残差的平方对OLS 拟合值和拟合值的平方的回归。
这种检验方法的最一般的形式是，将OLS 残差的平方对解释变量、解释变量的平方和解释变量之间所有非多余的交互项进行回归。
(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引
(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引（以首字的汉语拼音为序)A安全性 SafetyB半随机对照试验 quasi— randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题 background questions比值比 odds ratio，OR标准化均数差 standardized mean difference, SMD病例报告 case report病例分析 case analysis病人价值观 patient value (此词删除)病人预期事件发生率 patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学 complementary and alternative medicine, CAM不良事件 adverse event不确定性 uncertaintyCCochrane图书馆 Cochrane Library, CL Cochrane系统评价 Cochrane systematic review, CSRCochrane协作网 Cochrane Collaboration， CC Cox比例风险模型 Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚 References test bias肠激惹综合征 irritable bowel syndrome，IRB测量变异 measurement variation成本—效果 cost-effectiveness成本—效果分析 cost—effectiveness analysis成本—效益分析 cost-benefit analysis成本—效用分析 cost—utility analysis成本最小化分析（最小成本分析）cost-minimization analysis重复发表偏倚 Multiple publication bias 传统医学 Traditional Medicine，TMDD—L法 DerSimonian & Laird method发生一例不良反应所需治疗的病例数the number needed to harm one more patients from the therapy，NNH对抗疗法 allopathic medicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率 control event rate，CER多重发表偏倚 multiple publication bias （删除此词）E二次研究 secondary studies二次研究证据 secondary research evidenceF发表偏倚 publication bias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数number needed to treat，NNT非随机同期对照试验 non—randomized concurrent control trial分层随机化 stratified randomization分类变量 categorical variable风险（危险度） riskG干扰 co-intervention工作偏倚 Workup bias固定效应模型 fixed effect model国际临床流行病学网 International Clinical Epidemiology Network, INCLENH灰色文献 grey literature后效评价 reevaluation获益 benefitJ(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引机会结 chance node疾病谱偏倚 Spectrum bias技术特性 Technical properties加权均数差 weighted mean difference, WMD 假阳性率（误诊率） false positive rate假阴性率（漏诊率） false negative rate简单随机化 simple randomization检索策略 search strategy交叉对照研究（交叉设计） crossover design 经济学分析 economic analysis经济学特性 Economic attributes or impacts经验医学 empirical medicine精确性 precision决策结 decision node决策树分析 decision tree analysis绝对获益增加率 absolute benefit increase, ABI 绝对危险度降低率 absolute risk reduction, ARR 绝对危险度增加率 absolute risk increase， ARIK可重复性 repeatability，reproducibility可靠性（信度) reliability可信区间 confidence interval ,CI可信限 confidence limit ，CLLLogistic回归模型 Logistic regression model历史性对照研究 historical control trial利弊比 likelihood of being helped vs harmed，LHH连续性变量 continuous variable临床对照试验 controlled clinical trial， CCT临床结局 clinical outcome临床经济学 clinical economics临床决策分析 clinical decision analysis临床流行病学 clinical epidemiology, CE临床实践指南 clinical practice guidelines, CPG 临床试验 clinical trial 临床研究证据 clinical research evidence临床证据 clinical evidence临床证据手册 handbook of clinical evidence零点 Zero time灵活性 flexibility临界点 Cut off points漏斗图 funnel plots率差(或危险差） rate difference，risk difference,RDMMeta—分析 Meta-analysis敏感度 sensitivity敏感性分析 sensitivity analysis墨克手册 Merck manualN脑卒中病房 Stroke Unit内在真实性 internal validityP偏倚 biasQ起始队列 inception cohort前—后对照研究 before-after study前景问题 foreground questions区组随机化 block randomizationS散点图 scatter plots森林图 forest plots伤残调整寿命年 disability adjusted life year，DALY生存曲线 survival curves生存时间 survival time生存质量（生活质量） quality of life世界卫生组织 World Health Organization, WHO 失安全数 fail—Safe Number试验组某事件发生率 experimental event rate，(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引EER似然比 likelihood Ratio, LR适用性 applicability受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线）receiver operator characteristic curve随机对照临床试验 randomized clinical trials, RCT随机对照试验 randomized control trial, RCT 随机化隐藏 randomization concealment随机效应模型 random effect modelT特异度 specificity同行评价 colleague evaluation统计效能（把握度） power同质性检验 tests for homogeneityW外在真实性 external validity完成治疗分析 per protocol，PP腕管综合征 carpal tunnel syndrome, CTS卫生技术 health technology卫生技术评估 health technology assessment，HTAX系统评价 systematic review, SR相对获益增加率 relative benefit increase, RBI 相对危险度 relative risk,RR相对危险度降低率 relative risk reduction, RRR 相对危险度增加率 relative risk increase, RRI 效果 effectiveness效力 efficacy效应尺度 effect magnitude效应量 effect size序贯试验 sequential trial选择性偏倚 selection bias循证儿科学 evidence-based pediatrics循证妇产科学 evidence—based gynecology & obstetrics循证购买 evidence-based purchasing循证护理 evidence-based nursing循证决策 evidence—based decision—making 循证内科学 evidence-based internal medicine 循证筛选 evidence—based selection循证外科学 evidence-based surgery循证卫生保健 evidence-based health care循证诊断 evidence-based diagnosis循证医学 evidence—based medicine, EBMY亚组分析 subgroup analysis严格评价 critical appraisal验后比 post—test odds验后概率 post-test probability验前比 pre-test odds验前概率 pre—test probability阳性预测值 positive predictive value原始研究 primary studies异质性检验 tests for heterogeneity意向治疗分析 intention-to—treat, ITT阴性预测值 negative predictive value引用偏倚 citation bias尤登指数 Youden’s index语言偏倚 language bias预后 prognosis预后因素 prognostic factor预后指数 prognostic index原始研究证据 primary research evidence原始研究证据来源 primary resourcesZ沾染 contamination真实性(效度） validity诊断参照标准 reference standard of diagnosis 诊断阈值 testing threshold诊断﹣治疗阈值 test—treatment threshold(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引质量调整寿命年 quality adjusted life year，QALY治疗阈值 Treatment threshold准确度 accuracy自我评价 self-evaluation最佳证据 best evidenceAbsolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals，绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension，加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential，切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis，可接受假设Accumulation，累积Accuracy，准确度Actual frequency，实际频数Adaptive estimator，自适应估计量Addition，相加Addition theorem，加法定理Additivity，可加性Adjusted rate，调整率Adjusted value，校正值Admissible error，容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series，时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation，反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG ，评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA，季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper，算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit，拟合的评估Associative laws，结合律Asymmetric distribution，非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance，渐近方差Attributable risk，归因危险度Attribute data，属性资料Attribution，属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length，平均置信区间长度Average growth rate，平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph，条形图Base period, 基期Bayes’ theorem , Bayes定理Bell—shaped curve，钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution，伯努力分布Best—trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval，双权区间Biweight M-estimator，双权M估计量Block，区组/配伍组BMDP（Biomedical computer programs）, BMDP统计软件包Boxplots，箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound，崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation，典型相关Caption，纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable，分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and—effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring，终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency，集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance，机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable，随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root，特征根Characteristic vector，特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces，切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test，卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition，乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid—value，组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable，分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding，编码Coefficient of contingency，列联系数Coefficient of determination，决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production—moment correlation，积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness，偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect，列效应Column factor，列因素Combination pool，合并Combinative table，组合表Common factor，共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance，共性方差(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Comparability，可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value，比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion，伸缩Complement of an event，补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics，完备统计量Completely randomized design，完全随机化设计Composite event，联合事件Composite events，复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation，条件期望Conditional likelihood，条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit，置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis ，验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor，混杂因素Conjoint，联合分析Consistency，相合性Consistency check，一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint，约束Contaminated distribution，污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution，污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control，对照Controlled experiments，对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean，校正均值Correction coefficient，校正系数Correctness，正确性Correlation coefficient，相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence，对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant，共变Cox Regression， Cox回归Criteria for fitting，拟合准则Criteria of least squares，最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design，交叉设计Cross-section analysis，横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs ，交叉表Cross—tabulation table，复合表Cube root，立方根Cumulative distribution function，分布函数(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature，曲率/弯曲Curvature，曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression，曲线回归Curvilinear relation，曲线关系Cut-and—try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank，数据库Data capacity，数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation，数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set，数据集Data sources，数据来源Data transformation，数据变换Data validity，数据有效性Data-in，数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time，停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision，精密度Degree of reliability，可靠性程度Degression，递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points，数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix，导数矩阵Derivative—free methods，无导数方法Design，设计Determinacy，确定性Determinant，行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation，离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization，直接标准化法Discrete variable，离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function，判别值Dispersion，散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub—class numbers，不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape，分布形状Distribution—free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve，剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution，双指数分布Double logarithmic，双对数Downward rank，降秩Dual-space plot，对偶空间图DUD，无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Eigenvalue，特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse，椭圆Empirical distribution，经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun—class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error，误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I，第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand，被估量Estimated error mean squares，估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance，欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point，异常数据点Expectation plane，期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling，试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis，探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth，指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit，扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes，极端值/极值F distribution， F分布F test, F检验Factor，因素/因子Factor analysis，因子分析Factor Analysis，因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design，析因试验设计False negative，假阴性False negative error，假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate，病死率Field investigation，现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite—sample，有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component，第一主成分First quartile，第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve，曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table，四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon，频数多边图Frontier point，界限点(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment，高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG （Generalized liner models），广义线性模型Geometric mean，几何平均数Gini's mean difference，基尼均差GLM (General liner models），通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant，行列式的梯度Graeco—Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean，总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross—error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half—life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators，汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance，偶然事件Harmonic mean，调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy—tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity，不同质Heterogeneity of variance，方差不齐Hierarchical classification，组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point，高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR，＊*＊列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge，折叶点Histogram，直方图Historical cohort study，历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M—estimators，休伯M估计量Hyperbola，双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence，独立性Independent variable，自变量Index，指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve，影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level，最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms，交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation，内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature，固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix，逆矩阵(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation，反正弦变换Iteration，迭代Jacobian determinant，雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution，联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan—Merier chart， Kaplan—Merier图Kendall’s rank correlation， Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫—斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit，失拟Ladder of powers，幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage，泄漏Least favorable configuration，最不利构形Least favorable distribution，最不利分布Least significant difference，最小显著差法Least square method，最小二乘法Least-absolute—residuals estimates，最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least—absolute—residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend，图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location，位置L估计量L-estimator of scale，尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance，预期期望寿命Life table，寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function，似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading，载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance，位置不变性Location scale family，位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve，对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution，对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation，对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution，逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, ＊＊*列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation，低度相关Lower limit, 下限(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Lowest—attained variance，最小可达方差LSD，最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable，潜在变量Main effect，主效应Major heading，主辞标目Marginal density function，边缘密度函数Marginal probability，边缘概率Marginal probability distribution，边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution，分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation，数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L—estimator，极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method，最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means （Compare means），均值—均值比较Median，中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish，中位数平滑Median test，中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator，最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers，离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity，连续性模Morbidity，发病率Most favorable configuration，最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling （ASCAL）, *＊*尺度/**＊标度Multinomial Logistic Regression ，多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions，多解Multiplication theorem，乘法定理Multiresponse，多元响应Multi—stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive，互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary，自然边界Natural dead，自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method， q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable，名义变量Nonconstancy of variability，变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression，非线性相关Nonparametric statistics，非参数统计Nonparametric test，非参数检验Nonparametric tests，非参数检验(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation，正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis，无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test，单侧检验One-way analysis of variance，单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA ，单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim，优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable，有序变量Orthogonal basis，正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN，正交设计Outlier cutoffs，离群值截断点Outliers，极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot，迭代过度Paired design，配对设计Paired sample，配对样本Pairwise slopes，成对斜率Parabola，抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics，参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation，偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting，偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling，退层Percent bar graph，百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation，排列P—estimator, P估计量Pie graph，饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot，枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution，泊松分布Polishing，平滑Polled standard deviation，合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial，多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population，总体Population attributable risk，人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed，正偏Posterior distribution，后验分布Power of a test，检验效能(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Precision，精密度Predicted value，预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis，主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model，概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling，按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate，成比例Proportionate sub—class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities，亲近性Pseudo F test，近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma，伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition， QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification，属性分类Qualitative method，定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q—Q 图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile，四分位数Quick Cluster，快速聚类Radix sort，基数排序Random allocation，随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event，随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data，等级资料Rate，比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test，雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z，雷氏Z值Reciprocal，倒数Reciprocal transformation，倒数变换Recording，记录Redescending estimators，回降估计量Reducing dimensions，降维Re-expression，重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square，回归平方和Rejection point，拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization，重新设置参数Replication，重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance，耐抗性Resistant line，耐抗线Resistant technique，耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R—estimator of scale，尺度R估计量Retrospective study，回顾性调查(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding，舍入Row，行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient，样本回归系数Sample size，样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error，抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram，散点图Schematic plot，示意图/简图Score test，计分检验Screening，筛检SEASON，季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM （Structural equation modeling）, 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper，半对数格纸Sensitivity curve，敏感度曲线Sequential analysis，贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method，贯序法Sequential test，贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short—cut method，简捷法Sigmoid curve， S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test，符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling，简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression，简单回归simple table，简单表Sine estimator，正弦估计量Single—valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness，偏度Slash distribution，斜线分布Slope，斜率Smirnov test，斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation，变异来源Spearman rank correlation，斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor，特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread，展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science）, SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation，假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation，标准差Standard error，标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate，标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table，统计表Steepest descent，最速下降法Stem and leaf display，茎叶图Step factor，步长因子Stepwise regression，逐步回归Storage，存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling，分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship，结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub—class numbers，次级组含量Subdividing，分割Sufficient statistic，充分统计量Sum of products，积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression，偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey，调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error，系统误差Systematic sampling，系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line，切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses，假设检验Theoretical frequency，理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval，容忍区间Tolerance lower limit，容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion，扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation，转换Treatment，处理Trend，趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial，试验Trial and error method，试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test，双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling，二阶段抽样Two—tailed test，双侧检验Two—way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two—way table，双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error，二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate，无偏估计(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Unconstrained nonlinear regression ，无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number，不等次级组含量Ungrouped data，不分组资料Uniform coordinate，均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate，方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories，无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept，模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation)，方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable，变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation，方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution，容积W test， W检验Weibull distribution，威布尔分布Weight，权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method，加权直线回归Weighted mean，加权平均数Weighted mean square，加权平均方差Weighted sum of square，加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location，位置W估计量Width，宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean，缩尾均值Withdraw，失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation，零相关Z—transformation， Z变换安全性， Safety半随机对照试验, quasi— randomized control trial,qRCT背景问题, background questions比值比， odds ratio，OR标准化均数差, standardized mean difference，SMD病例报告， case report病例分析, case analysis病人价值观, patient value （此词删除）病人预期事件发生率, patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学, complementary and alternative medicine， CAM不良事件， adverse event不确定性， uncertaintyCochrane图书馆, Cochrane Library， CL Cochrane系统评价, Cochrane systematic review， CSRCochrane协作网， Cochrane Collaboration，CCCox比例风险模型, Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚， References test bias肠激惹综合征, irritable bowel syndrome,IRB 测量变异， measurement variation。
结构力学专业英语
结构力学结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structural dynamics 拱Arch 三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolic arch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载[荷] snow load 风载[荷] wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading 弹簧支座spring support 支座位移support displacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis 结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线influence line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix 总体坐标global coordinates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem 高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mechanics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite 单向复合材料unidirectional composite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite 颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply 多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delamination 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力ply stress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准则failure criterion 蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics 概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics 格里菲思理论Griffith theory 线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture 解理断裂cleavage fracture 蠕变断裂creep fracture 延性断裂ductile fracture 晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack 裂缝Flaw 缺陷Defect 割缝Slit 微裂纹Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹elliptical crack 深埋裂纹embedded crack [钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack 短裂纹short crack 表面裂纹surface crack 裂纹钝化crack blunting 裂纹分叉crack branching 裂纹闭合crack closure 裂纹前缘crack front 裂纹嘴crack mouth 裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance 裂纹面crack surface 裂纹尖端crack tip 裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracture mode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型opening mode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixed mode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus 断裂准则fracture criterion J积分J-integral J阻力曲线J-resistance curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone 张拉区stretched zone 热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature 剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip 无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage 连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage 脆性损伤brittle damage 延性损伤ductile damage 宏观损伤macroscopic damage 细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准则damage criterion 损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damage tensor 损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue 腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatigue damage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage 零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette 应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette 引伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge 粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge 电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring 应变放大镜strain amplifier 疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线contour of equal Displacement 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method 动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering 空间频率spatial frequency 起偏镜Polarizer 反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope 残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect 应变条纹值strain fringe value 应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-optic pattern 暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography 透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry 网格法grid method 全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram 全息照相Holograph 全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography 全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle 错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe [叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern 离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating 试件栅specimen grating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method 坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 计算结构力学computational structural mechanics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation 里茨法Ritz method 广义变分原理generalized variational Principle 最小二乘法least square method 胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理modified variational Principle 约束变分原理constrained variational Principle 混合法mixed method 杂交法hybrid method 边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method 半解析法semi-analytical method 协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点internal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element 桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参[数]元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element 拉格朗日族Lagrange family 巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement 节点载荷nodal load 位移矢量displacement vector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵mass matrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping 刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix 质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coordinate system 局部坐标local coordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitute function 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P收敛p-convergence H收敛h-convergence 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping 双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test 非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newtonmethod 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure 子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing 组合结构composite structure。
固体力学英语词汇翻译（2）
固体力学英语词汇翻译(2)裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端 crack tip裂尖张角 crack tip opening angle, ctoa裂尖张开位移 crack tip opening displacement, ctod 裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity field裂纹扩展速率 crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展 stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展 steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展 subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速 crack retardation止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型 fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode张开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型 mixed mode撕裂 tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准则 fracture criterionj积分 j-integralj阻力曲线 j-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factorhrr场 hutchinson-rice-rosengren field守恒积分 conservation integral有效应力张量 effective stress tensor应变能密度 strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate内聚区 cohesive zone塑性区 plastic zone张拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, haz延脆转变温度 brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带 shear band剪切唇 shear lip无损检测 non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件 double edge notched specimen, den specimen 单边缺口试件 single edge notched specimen, sen specimen 三点弯曲试件 three point bending specimen, tpb specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, cct specimen中心裂纹板试件 center cracked panel specimen, ccp specimen 紧凑拉伸试件 compact tension specimen, ct specimen大范围屈服 large scale yielding小范围攻屈服 small scale yielding韦布尔分布 weibull distribution帕里斯公式 paris formula空穴化 cavitation应力腐蚀 stress corrosion概率风险判定 probabilistic risk assessment, pra损伤力学 damage mechanics损伤 damage连续介质损伤力学 continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学 microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤 accumulated damage脆性损伤 brittle damage延性损伤 ductile damage宏观损伤 macroscopic damage细观损伤 microscopic damage微观损伤 microscopic damage损伤准则 damage criterion损伤演化方程 damage evolution equation 损伤软化 damage softening损伤强化 damage strengthening损伤张量 damage tensor损伤阈值 damage threshold损伤变量 damage variable损伤矢量 damage vector损伤区 damage zone疲劳 fatigue低周疲劳 low cycle fatigue应力疲劳 stress fatigue随机疲劳 random fatigue蠕变疲劳 creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳 corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤 fatigue damage疲劳失效 fatigue failure疲劳断裂 fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹 fatigue crack疲劳寿命 fatigue life疲劳破坏 fatigue rupture疲劳强度 fatigue strength疲劳辉纹 fatigue striations疲劳阈值 fatigue threshold交变载荷 alternating load交变应力 alternating stress应力幅值 stress amplitude应变疲劳 strain fatigue应力循环 stress cycle应力比 stress ratio安全寿命 safe life过载效应 overloading effect循环硬化 cyclic hardening循环软化 cyclic softening环境效应 environmental effect裂纹片 crack gage裂纹扩展 crack growth, crack propagation 裂纹萌生 crack initiation循环比 cycle ratio实验应力分析 experimental stress analysis 工作[应变]片 active[strain] gage基底材料 backing material应力计 stress gage零[点]飘移 zero shift, zero drift应变测量 strain measurement应变计 strain gage应变指示器 strain indicator应变花 strain rosette应变灵敏度 strain sensitivity机械式应变仪 mechanical strain gage直角应变花 rectangular rosette引伸仪 extensometer应变遥测 telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数 transverse gage factor横向灵敏度 transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计 weldable strain gage平衡电桥 balanced bridge粘贴式应变计 bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计 bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计 bonded wire gage桥路平衡 bridge balancing电容应变计 capacitance strain gage补偿片 compensation technique补偿技术 compensation technique基准电桥 reference bridge电阻应变计 resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计 self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计 semiconductor strain gage集流器 slip ring应变放大镜 strain amplifier疲劳寿命计 fatigue life gage电感应变计 inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学 photomechanics光弹性 photoelasticity光塑性 photoplasticity杨氏条纹 young fringe双折射效应 birefrigent effect等位移线 contour of equal displacement暗条纹 dark fringe条纹倍增 fringe multiplication干涉条纹 interference fringe等差线 isochromatic等倾线 isoclinic等和线 isopachic应力光学定律 stress- optic law主应力迹线 isostatic亮条纹 light fringe光程差 optical path difference热光弹性 photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法 photoelastic coating method光弹性夹片法 photoelastic sandwich method动态光弹性 dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波 spatial filtering空间频率 spatial frequency起偏镜 polarizer反射式光弹性仪 reflection polariscope残余双折射效应 residual birefringent effect应变条纹值 strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度 strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应 stress freezing effect应力条纹值 stress fringe value应力光图 stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应 temporary birefringent effect脉冲全息法 pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪 transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法 real-time holographic interferometry网格法 grid method全息光弹性法 holo-photoelasticity全息图 hologram全息照相 holograph全息干涉法 holographic interferometry全息云纹法 holographic moire technique全息术 holography全场分析法 whole-field analysis散斑干涉法 speckle interferometry散斑 speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry,shearography散斑图 specklegram白光散斑法 white-light speckle method云纹干涉法 moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹 moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法 moire method云纹图 moire pattern离面云纹法 off-plane moire method参考栅 reference grating试件栅 specimen grating分析栅 analyzer grating面内云纹法 in-plane moire method脆性涂层法 brittle-coating method条带法 strip coating method坐标变换 transformation of coordinates计算结构力学 computational structural mechanics 加权残量法 weighted residual method有限差分法 finite difference method有限[单]元法 finite element method配点法 point collocation里茨法 ritz method广义变分原理 generalized variational principle最小二乘法 least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理 hu-washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理 hellinger-reissner principle修正变分原理 modified variational principle约束变分原理 constrained variational principle混合法 mixed method杂交法 hybrid method边界解法 boundary solution method有限条法 finite strip method半解析法 semi-analytical method协调元 conforming element非协调元 non-conforming element混合元 mixed element杂交元 hybrid element边界元 boundary element强迫边界条件 forced boundary condition 自然边界条件 natural boundary condition 离散化 discretization离散系统 discrete system连续问题 continuous problem广义位移 generalized displacement广义载荷 generalized load广义应变 generalized strain广义应力 generalized stress界面变量 interface variable节点 node, nodal point[单]元 element角节点 corner node边节点 mid-side node内节点 internal node无节点变量 nodeless variable杆元 bar element桁架杆元 truss element梁元 beam element二维元 two-dimensional element一维元 one-dimensional element三维元 three-dimensional element轴对称元 axisymmetric element板元 plate element壳元 shell element厚板元 thick plate element三角形元 triangular element四边形元 quadrilateral element四面体元 tetrahedral element曲线元 curved element二次元 quadratic element线性元 linear element三次元 cubic element四次元 quartic element等参[数]元 isoparametric element超参数元 super-parametric element亚参数元 sub-parametric element节点数可变元 variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元 lagrange element拉格朗日族 lagrange family巧凑边点元 serendipity element巧凑边点族 serendipity family无限元 infinite element单元分析 element analysis单元特性 element characteristics刚度矩阵 stiffness matrix几何矩阵 geometric matrix等效节点力 equivalent nodal force节点位移 nodal displacement节点载荷 nodal load位移矢量 displacement vector载荷矢量 load vector质量矩阵 mass matrix集总质量矩阵 lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵 consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵 damping matrix瑞利阻尼 rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集 assembly of stiffness matrices 载荷矢量的组集 consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集 assembly of mass matrices单元的组集 assembly of elements局部坐标系 local coordinate system局部坐标 local coordinate面积坐标 area coordinates体积坐标 volume coordinates曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates静凝聚 static condensation合同变换 contragradient transformation形状函数 shape function试探函数 trial function检验函数 test function权函数 weight function样条函数 spline function代用函数 substitute function降阶积分 reduced integration零能模式 zero-energy modep收敛 p-convergenceh收敛 h-convergence掺混插值 blended interpolation等参数映射 isoparametric mapping双线性插值 bilinear interpolation小块检验 patch test非协调模式 incompatible mode节点号 node number单元号 element number带宽 band width带状矩阵 banded matrix变带状矩阵 profile matrix带宽最小化 minimization of band width 波前法 frontal method子空间迭代法 subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法 determinant search method 逐步法 step-by-step method纽马克法 newmark威尔逊法 wilson拟牛顿法 quasi-newton method牛顿-拉弗森法 newton-raphson method 增量法 incremental method初应变 initial strain初应力 initial stress切线刚度矩阵 tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵 secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法 mode superposition method 平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration子结构 substructure子结构法 substructure technique超单元 super-element网格生成 mesh generation结构分析程序 structural analysis program 前处理 pre-processing后处理 post-processing网格细化 mesh refinement应力光顺 stress smoothing组合结构 composite structure。
第7章__分位数回归模型的理论与应用
t:yt X ˆ( )
不可微，因此传统的对目标函数求导的方法不再适用。估计分位数回归方
程参数 βˆ( ) 的一种较好的方法是线性规划方法。
基于 Barrodale 和 Roberts (1973，以下简写为 BR)提出的单纯形法 (simplex algorithm)，Koenker 和 D’Orey(1987)提出一种估计分位数回归 系数的方法。EViews 中应用的是 BR 算法的改进形式。
T
T
T
Q
0.5( yt X βˆ(0.5) )
0.5( yt X βˆ(0.5) ) 0.5 yt X βˆ(0.5)
t:yt X ˆ(0.5)
t:yt X ˆ(0.5)
t 1
yˆ (0.5)t = X t βˆ(0.5) 称作中位数回归方程， βˆ(0.5) 称作中位数回归系数估计量。
a
a
E( yt ) = -
(y ) f (y) dy
(y ) f (y)dy = -
f (y)d y
f ( y)dy
-
-
= dF( y) - dF( y) = F ( ) -[1- dF( y)] F ( ) - (1- F ( )) 2F ( ) -1
-
-
式（1）求极小的一阶条件是 E( yt ) = 0，即 2F() -1 =0， F() 0.5 。这意味着等于中位数
对于不同分位数回归函数如果回归系数的差异很大，说明在不同分位 数上解释变量对被解释变量的影响是不同的。
4. 分位数回归（Quantile Regression）模型的估计
由于目标函数（15.3）
T
T
Q
(1 )(yt X βˆ ( ) )
《统计学》 各章关键术语(中英文对照)
第二部分 各章关键术语（中英文对照）第1章统计学（statistics）随机性（randomness）描述统计学（descriptive statistics）推断统计学（inferential statistics）总体（population）母体（parent）(parent population）样本、子样（sample）调查对象总体（respondents population）有限总体（finite population）调查的理论总体（survey’s heoretical population）超总体（super population）变量（variable）数据（data）原始数据（original data）派生数据（derived data）定类尺度（nominal scale）定类尺度变量（nominal scale level variable）定类尺度数据（nominal scale level data）定序尺度（ordinal scale）定序尺度变量（ordinal scale level variable）定序尺度数据（ordinal scale level data）定距尺度（interval scale）定距尺度变量（interval scale level variable）定距尺度数据（interval scale level data）定比尺度（ratio scale）定比尺度变量（ratio scale level variable）定比尺度数据（ratio scale level data）分类变量（categorical variable）定性变量、属性变量（qualitative variable）数值变量（numerical variable）定量变量、数量变量（quantitative variable）绝对数变量（absolute number level variable）绝对数数据（absolute number level data）比率变量（ratio level variable）比率数据（ratio level data）实验数据（experimental data）调查数据（survey data）观察数据（observed data）第2章随机性（randomness）随机现象（random phenomenon）随机试验（random experiment）事件（event）基本事件（elementary event）复合事件（union of event）必然事件（certain event）不可能事件（impossible event）基本事件空间（elementary event space）互不相容事件（mutually exclusive events）统计独立（statistical independent）统计相依（statistical dependence）概率（probability）古典方法概率（classical method probability）相对频数方法概率（relative frequency method probability）主观方法概率（subjective method probability）几何概率（geometric probability）条件概率（conditional probability）全概率公式（formula of total probability）贝叶斯公式（Bayes’ formula）先验概率（prior probability）后验概率（posterior probability）随机变量（random variable）离散型随机变量（discrete type random variable）连续型随机变量（continuous type random variable）概率分布（probability distribution）特征数（characteristic number）位置特征数（location characteristic number）数学期望（mathematical expectation）散布特征数（scatter characteristic number）方差（variance）标准差（standard deviation）变异系数（variable coefficient）贝努里分布（Bernoulli distribution）二点分布（two-point distribution）0-1分布（zero-one distribution）贝努里试验（Bernoulli trials）二项分布（binomial distribution）超几何分布（hyper-geometric distribution）正态分布（normal distribution）正态概率密度函数（normal probability density function）正态概率密度曲线（normal probability density curve）正态随机变量（normal random variable）卡方分布（chi-square distribution）F_分布（F-distribution）t_分布（t-distribution）“学生”氏t_分布（Student’s t-distribution）列联表（contingency table）联合概率分布（joint probability distribution）边缘概率分布（marginal probability distribution）条件分布（conditional distribution）协方差（covariance）相关系数（correlation coefficient）第3章统计调查（statistical survey）数据收集（collection of data）统计单位（statistical unit）统计个体（statistical individual）社会经济总体（socioeconomic population）调查对象总体（respondents population）有限总体（finite population）标志（character）标志值（character value）属性标志（attributive character ）品质标志（qualitative character ）数量标志（numerical indication）不变标志（invariant indication）变异（variation）调查条目（item of survey）指标（indicator）统计指标（statistical indicator）总量指标（total amount indicator）绝对数（absolute number）统计单位总量（total amount of statistical unit ）标志值总量（total amount of indication value）（total amount of character value）时期性总量指标（time period total amount indicator）流量指标（flow indicator）时点性总量指标（time point total amount indicator）存量指标（stock indicator）平均指标（average indicator）平均数（average number）相对指标（relative indicator）相对数（relative number）动态相对指标（dynamic relative indicator）发展速度（speed of development）增长速度（speed of growth）增长量（growth amount）百分点（percentage point）计划完成相对指标（relative indicator of fulfilling plan）比较相对指标（comparison relative indicator）结构相对指标（structural relative indicator）强度相对指标（intensity relative indicator）基期（base period）报告期（given period）分组（classification）（grouping）统计分组（statistical classification）（statistical grouping）组（class）（group）分组设计（class divisible design）（group divisible design）互斥性（mutually exclusive）包容性（hold）分组标志（classification character）（grouping character）按品质标志分组（classification by qualitative character）（grouping by qualitative character）按数量标志分组（classification by numerical indication）（grouping by numerical indication）离散型分组标志（discrete classification character）（discrete grouping character）连续型分组标志（continuous classification character）（continuous grouping character）单项式分组设计（single-valued class divisible design）（single-valued group divisible design）组距式分组设计（class interval divisible design）（group interval divisible design）组界（class boundary）（group boundary）频数（frequency）（frequency number）频率（frequency）组距（class interval）（group interval）组限（class limit）（group limit）下限（lower limit）上限（upper limit）组中值（class mid-value）（group mid-value）开口组（open class）（open-end class）（open-end group）开口式分组（open-end grouping）等距式分组设计（equal class interval divisible design）（equal group interval divisible design）不等距分组设计（unequal class interval divisible design）（unequal group interval divisible design）调查方案（survey plan）抽样调查（sample survey）有限总体概率抽样（probability sampling in finite populations）抽样单位（sampling unit）个体抽样（elements sampling）等距抽样（systematic sampling）整群抽样（cluster sampling）放回抽样（sampling with replacement）不放回抽样（sampling without replacement）分层抽样（stratified sampling）概率样本（probability sample）样本统计量（sample statistic）估计量（estimator）估计值（estimate）无偏估计量（unbiased estimator）有偏估计量（biased estimator）偏差（bias）精度（degree of precision）估计量的方差（variance of estimates）标准误（standard error）准确度（degree of accuracy）均方误差（mean square error）估计（estimation）点估计（point estimation）区间估计（interval estimate）置信区间（confidence interval）置信下限（confidence lower limit）置信上限（confidence upper limit）置信概率（confidence probability）总体均值（population mean）总体总值（population total）总体比例（population proportion）总体比率（population ratio）简单随机抽样（simple random sampling）简单随机样本（simple random sample）研究域（domains of study）子总体（subpopulations）抽样框（frame）估计量的估计方差（estimated variance of estimates）第4章频数（frequency）（frequency number）频率（frequency）分布列（distribution series）经验分布（empirical distribution）理论分布（theoretical distribution）品质型数据分布列（qualitative data distribution series）数量型数据分布列（quantitative data distribution series）单项式数列（single-valued distribution series）组距式数列（class interval distribution series）频率密度（frequency density）分布棒图（bar graph of distribution）分布直方图（histogram of distribution）分布折线图（polygon of distribution）累积分布数列（cumulative distribution series）累积分布图（polygon of cumulative distribution）位置特征（location characteristic）位置特征数（location characteristic number）平均值、均值（mean）平均数（average number）权数（weight number）加权算术平均数（weighted arithmetic average）加权算术平均值（weighted arithmetic mean）简单算术平均数（simple arithmetic average）简单算术平均值（simple arithmetic mean）加权调和平均数（weighted harmonic average）加权调和平均值（weighted harmonic mean）简单调和平均数（simple harmonic average）简单调和平均值（simple harmonic mean）加权几何平均数（weighted geometric average）加权几何平均值（weighted geometric mean）简单几何平均数（simple geometric average）简单几何平均值（simple geometric mean）绝对数数据（absolute number data）比率类型数据（ratio level data）中位数（median）众数（mode）耐抗性（resistance）散布特征（scatter characteristic）散布特征数（scatter characteristic number）极差、全距（range）四分位差（quartile deviation）四分间距（inter-quartile range）上四分位数（upper quartile）下四分位数（lower quartile）在外截断点（outside cutoffs）平均差（mean deviation）方差（variance）标准差（standard deviation）变异系数（variable coefficient）第5章随机样本（random sample）简单随机样本（simple random sample）参数估计（parameter estimation）矩（moment）矩估计（moment estimation）修正样本方差（modified sample variance）极大似然估计（maximum likelihood estimate）参数空间（space of paramete）似然函数（likelihood function）似然方程（likelihood equation）点估计（point estimation）区间估计（interval estimation）假设检验（test of hypothesis）原假设（null hypothesis）备择假设（alternative hypothesis）检验统计量（statistic for test）观察到的显著水平（observed significance level）显著性检验（test of significance）显著水平标准（critical of significance level）临界值（critical value）拒绝域（rejection region）接受域（acceptance region）临界值检验规则（test regulation by critical value）双尾检验（two-tailed tests）显著水平（significance level）单尾检验（one-tailed tests）第一类错误（first-kind error）第一类错误概率（probability of first-kind error）第二类错误（second-kind error）第二类错误概率（probability of second-kind error）P_值（P_value）P_值检验规则（test regulation by P_value）经典统计学（classical statistics）贝叶斯统计学（Bayesian statistics）第6章方差分析（analysis of variance，ANOV A）方差分析恒等式（analysis of variance identity equation）单因子方差分析（one-factor analysis of variance）双因子方差分析（two-factor analysis of variance）总变差平方和（total variation sum of squares）总平方和SST（total sum of squares）组间变差平方和（among class(group) variation sum of squares），回归平方和SSR （regression sum of squares）组内变差平方和（within variation sum of squares）误差平方和SSE（error sum of squares）皮尔逊χ2统计量（Pearson’s chi-statistic）分布拟合（fitting of distrbution）分布拟合检验（test of fitting of distrbution）皮尔逊χ2检验（Pearson’s chi-square test）列联表（contingency table）独立性检验（test of independence）数量变量（quantitative variable）属性变量（qualitative variable）对数线性模型（loglinear model）回归分析（regression analysis）随机项（random term）随机扰动项（random disturbance term）回归系数（regression coefficient）总体一元线性回归模型（population linear regression model with a single regressor）总体多元线性回归模型（population multiple regression model with a single regressor）完全多重共线性（perfect multicollinearity）遗漏变量（omitted variable）遗漏变量偏差（omitted variable bias）面板数据（panel data）面板数据回归（panel data regressions）工具变量（instrumental variable）工具变量回归（instrumental variable regressions）两阶段最小平方估计量（two stage least squares estimator）随机化实验（randomized experiment）准实验（quasi-experiment）自然实验（natural experiment）普通最小平方准则（ordinary least squares criterion）最小平方准则（least squares criterion）普通最小平方（ordinary least squares，OLS）最小平方（least squares）最小平方法（least squares method）第7章简单总体（simple population）复合总体（combined population）个体指数：价比（price relative），量比（quantity relative）总指数（general index）（combined index）统计指数（statistical indices）类指数、组指数（class index）动态指数（dynamic index）比较指数（comparison index）计划完成指数（index of fulfilling plan）数量指标指数（quantitative indicator index）物量指数（quantitative index）（quantity index）（quantum index）质量指标指数（qualitative indicator index）价格指数、物价指数（price index）综合指数（aggregative index）（composite index）拉斯贝尔指数（Laspeyres’ index）派许指数（Paasche’s index）阿斯·杨指数（Arthur Young’s index）马歇尔—埃奇沃斯指数（Marshall-Edgeworth’s index）理想指数（ideal index）加权综合指数（weighted aggregate index）平均指数（average index）加权算术平均指数（weighted arithmetic average index）加权调和平均指数（weighted harmonic average index）因子互换（factor-reversal）购买力平价（purchasing power parity，PPP）环比指数（chain index）定基指数（fixed base index）连环替代因素分析法（factor analysis by chain substitution method）不变结构指数、固定构成指数（index of invariable construction）结构指数、结构影响指数（structural index）第8章截面数据（cross-section data）时序数据（time series data）动态数据（dynamic data）时间数列（time series）发展水平（level of development）基期水平（level of base period）报告期水平（level of given period）平均发展水平（average level of development）序时平均数（chronological average）增长量（growth quantity）平均增长量（average growth amount）发展速度（speed of development）增长速度（speed of growth）增长率（growth rate）环比发展速度（chained speed of development）定基发展速度（fixed base speed of development）环比增长速度（chained growth speed）定基增长速度（fixed base growth speed）平均发展速度（average speed of development）平均增长速度（average speed of growth）平均增长率（average growth rate）算术图（arithmetic chart）半对数图（semilog graph）时间数列散点图（scatter diagram of time series）时间数列折线图（broken line graph of time series）水平型时间数列（horizontal patterns in time series data）趋势型时间数列（trend patterns in time series data）季节型时间数列（season patterns in time series data）趋势—季节型时间数列（trend-season patterns in time series data）一次指数平滑平均数（simple exponential smoothing mean）一次指数平滑法（simple exponential smoothing method）最小平方法（leas square method）最小平方准则（least squares criterion）原资料平均法（average of original data method）季节模型（seasonal model）（seasonal pattern）长期趋势（secular trends）季节变动（变差）（seasonal variation）季节波动（seasonal fluctuations）不规则变动（变差）（erratic variation）不规则波动（random fluctuations）时间数列加法模型（additive model of time series）时间数列乘法模型（multiplicative model of time series）11。
循证医学词汇大全
循证医学词汇大全循证医学(英语：Evidence-basedmedicine，缩写为EBM)，意为遵循证据的医学，又称实证医学，港台地区也译为证据医学。
接下来我为大家整理了循证医学词汇大全，希望对你有帮助哦!A安全性SafetyB半随机对照试验quasi-randomizedcontroltrial，qRCT背景问题backgroundquestions比值比oddsratio，OR标准化均数差standardizedmeandifference，SMD病例报告casereport病例分析caseanalysis病人预期事件发生率patientsexpectedeventrate，PEER补充替代医学complementaryandalternativemedicine，CAM不良事件adverseevent不确定性uncertaintyCCochrane图书馆CochraneLibrary，CLCochrane系统评价Cochranesystematicreview，CSRCochrane协作网CochraneCollaboration，CCCox比例风险模型Coxproportionalhazardmodel参考试验偏倚Referencestestbias肠激惹综合征irritablebowelsyndrome，IRB测量变异measurementvariation成本-效果cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析cost-effectivenessanalysis成本-效益分析cost-benefitanalysis成本-效用分析cost-utilityanalysis成本最小化分析(最小成本分析)cost-minimizationanalysis重复发表偏倚Multiplepublicationbias传统医学TraditionalMedicine，TMDDL法DerSimonianLairdmethod发生一例不良反响所需治疗的病例数thenumberneededtoharmonemorepatientsfromthether apy，NNH对抗疗法allopathicmedicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率controleventrate，CER多重发表偏倚multiplepublicationbias(删除此词)E二次研究secondarystudies二次研究证据secondaryresearchevidenceF发表偏倚publicationbias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数numberneededtotreat，NNT非随机同期对照试验non-randomizedconcurrentcontroltrial分层随机化stratifiedrandomization分类变量categoricalvariable风险(危险度)riskG干扰co-intervention工作偏倚Workupbias固定效应模型fixedeffectmodel国际临床流行病学网InternationalClinicalEpidemiologyNetwork，INCLENH灰色文献greyliterature后效评价reevaluation获益benefitJ时机结chancenode疾病谱偏倚Spectrumbias技术特性Technicalproperties加权均数差weightedmeandifference，WMD 假阳性率(误诊率)falsepositiverate假阴性率(漏诊率)falsenegativerate简单随机化simplerandomization检索策略searchstrategy穿插对照研究(穿插设计)crossoverdesign经济学分析economicanalysis经济学特性Economicattributesorimpacts经历医学empiricalmedicine准确性precision决策结decisionnode决策树分析decisiontreeanalysis绝对获益增加率absolutebenefitincrease，ABI 绝对危险度降低率absoluteriskreduction，ARR 绝对危险度增加率absoluteriskincrease，ARI K可重复性repeatability，reproducibility可靠性(信度)reliability可信区间confidenceinterval，CI可信限confidencelimit，CLLLogistic回归模型Logisticregressionmodel历史性对照研究historicalcontroltrial利弊比likelihoodofbeinghelpedvsharmed，LHH 连续性变量continuousvariable临床对照试验controlledclinicaltrial，CCT临床结局clinicaloutcome临床经济学clinicaleconomics临床决策分析clinicaldecisionanalysis临床流行病学clinicalepidemiology，CE临床实践指南clinicalpracticeguidelines，CPG 临床试验clinicaltrial临床研究证据clinicalresearchevidence临床证据clinicalevidence临床证据手册handbookofclinicalevidence零点Zerotime灵敏性flexibility临界点Cutoffpoints漏斗图funnelplots率差(或危险差)ratedifference，riskdifference，RD MMeta-分析Meta-analysis敏感度sensitivity敏感性分析sensitivityanalysis墨克手册MerckmanualN脑卒中病房StrokeUnit内在真实性internalvalidityP偏倚biasQ起始队列inceptioncohort前-后对照研究before-afterstudy前景问题foregroundquestions区组随机化blockrandomizationS散点图scatterplots森林图forestplots伤残调整寿命年disabilityadjustedlifeyear，DALY生存曲线survivalcurves生存时间survivaltime生存质量(生活质量)qualityoflife世界卫生组织WorldHealthOrganization，WHO失安全数fail-SafeNumber试验组某事件发生率experimentaleventrate，EER似然比likelihoodRatio，LR适用性applicability受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)receiveroperatorcharacteristiccurve随机对照临床试验randomizedclinicaltrials，RCT随机对照试验randomizedcontroltrial，RCT随机化隐藏randomizationconcealment随机效应模型randomeffectmodelT特异度specificity同行评价colleagueevaluation统计效能(把握度)power同质性检验testsforhomogeneityW外在真实性externalvalidity完成治疗分析perprotocol，PP腕管综合征carpaltunnelsyndrome，CTS卫生技术healthtechnology卫生技术评估healthtechnologyassessment，HTA X系统评价systematicreview，SR相对获益增加率relativebenefitincrease，RBI相对危险度relativerisk，RR相对危险度降低率relativeriskreduction，RRR相对危险度增加率relativeriskincrease，RRI效果effectiveness效力efficacy效应尺度effectmagnitude效应量effectsize序贯试验sequentialtrial选择性偏倚selectionbias循证儿科学evidence-basedpediatrics循证妇产科学evidence-basedgynecologyobstetrics循证购买evidence-basedpurchasing循证护理evidence-basednursing循证决策evidence-baseddecision-making循证内科学evidence-basedinternalmedicine 循证挑选evidence-basedselection循证外科学evidence-basedsurgery循证卫生保健evidence-basedhealthcare循证诊断evidence-baseddiagnosis循证医学evidence-basedmedicine，EBMY亚组分析subgroupanalysis严格评价criticalappraisal验后比post-testodds验后概率post-testprobability验前比pre-testodds验前概率pre-testprobability阳性预测值positivepredictivevalue原始研究primarystudies异质性检验testsforheterogeneity意向治疗分析intention-to-treat，ITT 阴性预测值negativepredictivevalue引用偏倚citationbias尤登指数Youdensindex语言偏倚languagebias预后prognosis预后因素prognosticfactor预后指数prognosticindex原始研究证据primaryresearchevidence 原始研究证据;primaryresourcesZ沾染contamination真实性(效度)validity诊断参照标准referencestandardofdiagnosis。
计量经济学英语词汇
A校正R2（Adjusted R-Squared）：多元回归分析中拟合优度的量度，在估计误差的方差时对添加的解释变量用一个自由度来调整。
对立假设（Alternative Hypothesis）：检验虚拟假设时的相对假设。
AR（1）序列相关（AR(1) Serial Correlation）：时间序列回归模型中的误差遵循AR（1）模型。
渐近置信区间（Asymptotic Confidence Interval）：大样本容量下近似成立的置信区间。
渐近正态性（Asymptotic Normality）：适当正态化后样本分布收敛到标准正态分布的估计量。
渐近性质（Asymptotic Properties）：当样本容量无限增长时适用的估计量和检验统计量性质。
渐近标准误（Asymptotic Standard Error）：大样本下生效的标准误。
渐近t 统计量（Asymptotic t Statistic）：大样本下近似服从标准正态分布的t统计量。
渐近方差（Asymptotic Variance）：为了获得渐近标准正态分布，我们必须用以除估计量的平方值。
渐近有效（Asymptotically Efficient）：对于服从渐近正态分布的一致性估计量，有最小渐近方差的估计量。
渐近不相关（Asymptotically Uncorrelated）：时间序列过程中，随着两个时点上的随机变量的时间间隔增加，它们之间的相关趋于零。
衰减偏误（Attenuation Bias）：总是朝向零的估计量偏误，因而有衰减偏误的估计量的期望值小于参数的绝对值。
自回归条件异方差性（Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity, ARCH）：动态异方差性模型，即给定过去信息，误差项的方差线性依赖于过去的误差的平方。
一阶自回归过程[AR（1）]（Autoregressive Process of Order One [AR(1)]）：一个时间序列模型，其当前值线性依赖于最近的值加上一个无法预测的扰动。
几种平均数（Meanfunction）
⼏种平均数（Meanfunction）前⾔：平均数是⽤来表⽰数据整体趋势的⼀个统计指标，本⽂参考wiki，采⽤⼀些简明的例⼦，主要是总结。
算术平均数（Arithmetic Mean）1. 计算公式2. 优点：相⽐于中位数、众数，更少收到随机因素的影响3. 缺点：更容易收到极端值（biased value）的影响4. 例⼦：data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. result = 5.5.⼏何平均数（Geometric Mean）1. 计算公式2. 优点:适⽤于对⽐率数据的平均，主要⽤于计算数据平均增长率3. 例⼦：data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. result = 4.5287.调和平均数（Harmonic Mean）1. 计算公式2. 优点：计算平均速率，感觉很多paper都在⽤，⽤于计算平均速率3. 例⼦:data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. result = 3.414.平⽅平均数（Quadratic Mean）1. 计算公式：2. 优点：是2次⽅的⼴义平均数的表达式。
可以定义在连续区间。
常⽤来计算⼀组数据与某个数据之间的平均差。
3. 例⼦:data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. result = 6.204.注意到各种算法得到的平均值有所差别，⽐如在这个例⼦之中，调和平均数偏⼩，平⽅平均数偏⼤，当然我没有严格formulate，不能说是⼀个通⽤的结论。
在看⼀篇Sigcomm的⽂章时，prediction的结果⼀般较为乐观（偏⼤）时，error⽐较⼤，作者采⽤了Harmonic mean。
附python实现代码（CalculateMeans.py）1#!/usr/bin/env python2# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-34from math import *56def ArithmeticMean(data):7 len_d = float(len(data))8 result = sum(data) / len_d9return result1011def GeometricMean(data):12 len_d = len(data)13 product = 1.014for i in range(len_d):15 product = product * data[i]16# the next line is equal to calculate the n-root17 result = product ** (1.0/len_d)18return result1920def HarmonicMean(data):21 len_d = len(data)22 x = [1.0/data[i] for i in range(len_d)]23 result = float(len_d) / sum(x)24return result2526def QuadraticMean(data):27 len_d = len(data)28 x = [data[i] * data[i] for i in range(len_d)]29 result = sqrt(sum(x) / float(len_d))30return result313233if__name__ == "__main__":34 data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]35print"Scenario used in the test:", data36print"The arithmetic mean:", ArithmeticMean(data) 37print"The geometric mean:", GeometricMean(data) 38print"The Harmonic mean:", HarmonicMean(data) 39print"The Quadratic mean:", QuadraticMean(data)实验结果：参考：。
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C(D)< := {[a, b] ∈ C(D)|a < b}. Let f : D → (−∞, ∞) be a continuous strictly
increasing function for utility, and let w : D → (0, ∞) be a continuous function for weighting. For a closed interval [a, b] ∈ C(D)<, a mapping Mwf : C(D) → D given by
b
b
Mwf ([a, b]) := f −1
f (x)w(x) dx
w(x) dx
(1)
a
a
is called weighted quasi-arithmetic mean with specified weighting w. For a closed interval [a, b] ∈ C(D)< we define an interior ratio θwf (a, b) from a position of weighted quasi-arithmetic mean Mwf ([a, b]) on the interval [a, b] by
b
f −1
f (x)w(x) dx
a
b
w(x) dx .
a
Hence, it represents a mean value given by real number c(∈ [a, b]) satisfying
b
b
f (c) w(x) dx = f (x)w(x) dx
a
a
in the first mean value theorem for integration. We investigate the weighted quasi-arithmetic means by a combined index regarding utility functions and
1 Introduction
This paper deals with weighted quasi-arithmetic means of an interval. Weighted quasi-arithmetic means are important tools in subjective estimation of data in decision making such as management, artificial intelligence and so on ([3–5]), and it is also strongly related to utility and stochastic risk in economics ([6]). Kolmogorov [9] and Nagumo [10] studied the aggregation operators and Acz´el [1] developed the theory regarding weighted aggregation. Yoshida [12–15] has studied weighted quasi-arithmetic means of an interval by utility functions and weighting functions from viewpoint of subjective decision making. In relation to decision making, a weighted quasi-arithmetic mean is defined as follows. For a continuous strictly increasing function f : [a, b] → (−∞, ∞) as decision maker’s utility function and for a continuous function w : [a, b] → (0, ∞) as weighting function, a weighted quasi-arithmetic mean on a closed interval [a, b] is given by
2 Weighted Quasi-Arithmetic Means and Their Properties
In this section, we introduce weighted quasi-arithmetic means and aggregated
mean ratios with utility functions and weighting functions, and we discuss suf-
V. Torra et al. (Eds.): MDAI 2013, LNAI 8234, pp. 25–36, 2013. c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
26
Y. Yoshida
weighting functions extending the results in Yoshida [13–15]. Weighting functions are corresponding to stochastic risk in economics. Using conditional expectation representations of weighted quasi-arithmetic means, the combined index characterizes decision maker’s attitude and background risk in stochastic environments. The first-order stochastic dominance and risk premium are also demonstrated using weighted quasi-arithmetic means and aggregated mean ratios.
ratio. Let D be a fixed interval which is not a singleton and we call it a domain.
Let C(D) be the set of all nonempty bounded closed subintervals of D and let
ficient conditions on utility functions and weighting functions to characterize
decision maker’s attitude based on quasi-arithmetic mean and aggregated mean
Abstract. This paper discusses weighted quasi-arithmetic means from viewpoint of a combined index of utility functions and weighting functions, which represent stochastic risk in economics. The combined index characterizes decision maker’s attitude and background risks in stochastic environments by conditional expectation representations of weighted quasi-arithmetic means. The first-order stochastic dominance and risk premium are demonstrated using weighted quasi-arithmetic means and aggregated mean ratios, and they are characterized by the combined index. Finally, examples of weighted quasi-arithmetic mean and aggregated mean ratio for various typical utility functions are given.
In Section 2, we give the definitions of weighted quasi-arithmetic means and aggregated mean ratios of weighted quasi-arithmetic means by interior ratios, and we show the relation among weighted quasi-arithmetic mean, aggregated mean ratio and decision maker’s preference/attitude based on his utility and weighting. In economics, decision maker’s attitudes, for example risk neutral, risk averse and risk loving, are characterized by Arrow-Pratt index of utility functions([2, 11, 7, 8]), and risks in stochastic environments are given as an index of weighing functions. In Section 3, this paper characterizes weighted quasiarithmetic means and mean ratios by not only utility functions but also weighing functions as a combined index. Next we investigate properties of weighted quasiarithmetic means and aggregated mean ratios regarding combinations of utility functions and weighting functions. Representing weighted quasi-arithmetic means by conditional expectations, we investigate relation between the index for stochastic risks and risk premium in economics. We also discuss the firstorder stochastic dominance using weighted quasi-arithmetic means. Finally, in Section 4, we show a lot of examples of the weighted quasi-arithmetic means and the aggregated mean ratios with various typical utility functions, and we demonstrate their relations with the classical quasi-arithmetic means.