新世纪实用英语写作第三章
新世纪大学英语第二册Unit 3 Text A 课文概述
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2.2.4 Oral Presentation
(Para 3.) In 1959, I left the US Coast Guard and became a full-time writer proudly in a storage room at Greenwich Village with the help of my “brother”George. (Para. 4) After a year also, I barely made enough money to eat and began to doubt myself because I hadn't receive a break. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 One (Para. 5-10) day to inGeorge, 1960, II (Para. 11-14) Thanks (Para. 15-16) Intempting 1967, I got a to contract (Para. 17-18) In 1976, Roots wasI received a call me give struggled while learning from role (Para.19-21) One day in 1980s, supporting my writing for Black published and I had the fame and up my dream, and finally I chose to models because things didn't get came across the old things and had American after one day's lunch with success. stick it out and wtirte. better in 1960s. them framed becauseDigest they are the editors of Reader's . parts of my roots as the courage and persistence in the shadowland of dreams.
新世纪综合英语B3-U3
Unit 3 Book 3HappinessI. Difficult Sentences1. When most people exist near thebreadline, material progressdoes indeed make them happier.(1) What does “exist near the breadline” mean in this passage?(=“E xist near the breadline” means“just have enou gh money to feedthemselves.”)(2) Paraphrase the sentence.(=When a multitude of people in a society only have money enough to feed themselves, they would feel much happier if they can earn more money.)2. But when material discomfort has been banished, extra income becomesmuch less important than ourrelationships with each other: withfamily, with friends and in thecommunity.(1) What does “material disc omfort has been banished” mean?(=This part means that people have enough money to meet everyday ne eds, they don‟t worry about their daily life anymore.)(2) Translate the sentence.(=然而，物质上的匮乏一旦消除，收入的增加便不如亲情、友情、邻里和睦等人际关系那么重要。
新世纪大学英语综合教程3word in action完整版本
1. They bound his hands and legs with a rope so he couldn’t escape.2. His bright clothes were hardly appropriate for such a solemn occasion.3. He’s been charged with possessing guns and attempting to attack the police.4. Is this your p ermanent address, or are you only staying there for a short time?5. Ten minutes before the appointed time, he sat nervously outside her office.6. We parted three years ago and haven’t met each other ever since. How I miss her!7. Janet and Bob had corresponded with each other for many years before8. Tina gazed steadily at the famous singer, unable to believe she was so close to him.9. The notion that women should serve as homemakers has already gone out of fashion.10. My grandfather still has keen e yesight — he is able to read road signs in the distance.11. They try to preserve their interesting old customs against the impacts of the modern world.12. The old man grasped my hand warmly and shook it, saying, “Congratulations. You’ve won.”13. When I saw what a poor driver he was, I figured he was probably not the best instructor14. The lawyer’s arguments are well grounded because he has collected enough proof15. It is very sensible of you to bring your umbrella to Kunming at this time of the year it16. Her greatest attribute is her kindness which has earned her lots of friends in the17. The two countries are united by common interests; so I think their relationship is likely to18. My cousin is leaving the company to pursue his own fortune even though he has a light19. The President failed in his attempts to win the … he hadn’t fulfilled his commitments made20. Even though there are strict rules r egulatingthe use of chemicals in food, some food producers1. I don’t like my straight hair so I’m going to have it curled2. This price is her minimum she refuses to lower it any further.3. I often clip recipes out of newspapers and magazines but never use them when I cook.4. She yielded _ to temptation and had another chocolate even though she was going on a diet.5. Given the fact that she loves children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.6. I handed in my application for the job last week and I am now eagerly awaiting their reply.7. Philip was fascinated to see how the old woman wove (编织) cloth with such simple tools.8. Among all his relatives, he has an especially deep affection for his aunt who cares for him9. Teaching is not a one-way activity; teachers and students should interact_ with each other in10. After his wife died, he remarried with much haste , which caused a lot of gossip (闲话)11. The race will be held soon. You must harden your heart and do not encourage your daughter to12. Without your love and support, he would have been weighed down (颓丧) with grief after his13. I have never seen a house like that — its untidiness defies d escription; I think she ought14. These pictures may not look nice at first glance, but on closer examination you’ll find they’re not15. These days more and more pregnant (怀孕的) women want the presence of their husbands at16. I strongly advise you not to take this medicine because… while but the effec t isn’t lasting .17. We can communicate with others via such means as the telephone and e-mail; but the most18. It is quite possible for a student to master English grammar and acquire a large vocabulary19. She watched him manipulate all the handles and gears [（汽车上的）排挡] in his20. Lack of money and lack of machinery are the two major restraintson the growth of this1. Why don’t you voice your opinions? how canyou be so indifferent to such important public2. A judge must be free from prejudicehis opinions must be fair and reasonable.3. The police are appealing to the public for detailed information about the murderer.4. They have rendered us a great service without which we couldn’t have finished our task.5. I won’t take his threats seriously — he often says he will punish me, but he never does.6. These proposals are impractical in every respect; I cannot recommend them to my staff.7. It is the hospital’s policy to isolate any patient who is suffering from an infectious disease.8. I was so thirsty that I bought a bottle of lemonade and sucked it up through a straw9. If one child gets sick with chicken-pox (水痘), t.... to the danger of being infected10. His total ignorance of the subject is truly surprising. How come he knows nothing about it?11. Switzerland is surrounded by four largeneighbours, namely France, Germany,12. It’s possible tha t they will win, but judging bytheiances it doesn’t seem very probable.13. He wanted to stay at home, but at last he agreed, very reluctantly, to go to the cinema14. Amid stormy applause , she concluded her speech and returned to her seat, leaving many of15. The little girl wept with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were16. The Department of Public Health has issuedstrict instr…e epidemic area (疫区) without17. Without an umbrella I had to shelter_from the rain under a big tree.18. He contracted _ such bad habits as smoking and drinking when he was fifteen, and now it is19. I realized I’d been cheated when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it.20. Corruption in government is not toleratedin any country that wants to achieve rapid1.I ofen associate summer with holidays2Having anticipated the problems,I was well equipped to deal with3.Prejudice combined with ignorance4.I thik we should put as much emphasis on preventing5.Isee teaching as an opportunity to enlighten students6.The new heating system is in the trial phase of its operation;7.Each students writing will be graded by three examiners8.Asked about the data,the Prime Mnister commented that no decision9.He had a suspicion,but on close inspection he realized10.He never acts on his own judgment,but merely waits passively for others to11.Many old people prefer to live in the contry because rural life is usually more peaceful12.The governments says it will not negotiate with the terrorists13.This guidebook is indispensable for traverls14.He finally realized that…months was just an illsion15.The committees suggestion…can be implemented remain a problem 16.Its not unusal to hear people…are in decline rather than17.Workers usually demand high wages…to reconcile these two aims18.Theoretically…but p ractically s peaking19.The local r esidents were annoyed with the lack of20.The internet has created..between the virtual world1.Do you have any proof2.Could you slice a piece of cake for me3.A new furnace暖气 increased efficiency and more heat output4.Her capacity to remember figures is remarkable5.The company has increased its share …and abroad6.In many cultures,the shape of the human skull is a symbol that presents7.Our party will be held next…ou t invitations8.the tennis clud rules dicate that suitable tennis9.Having said how much she liked the vase,she then proceeded to criticize me10,im afraid id have to throw my tshrit because ther are splashes of paint on it11.To make the meat tender enough for my grandfather12.I couldt resist cufarettes even though my docter had repearetly warned13The food we had last night had no flavor at all14.I dislike that shop…with an easy familiarity he treated me as if..15.Some diseases are transmitted from parents to children16.My uncle has spent a tremendous anount of money on that house17.She worried a lot about her husbands health…was no cure for his disease18.The stepping-stones look really slippery19.The entire village went to the church for Jims funeral20.随遇而安的，they are transplanted to mother place1.A truck went by too fast and narrowly missed2.The law of supply and demand goveners the prices of goods3.Its an Ausrralian com[any whose logo features ared kangaroo4.Its a natural tendency that one learns to crawl before he learns to talk5.He heard footsteps behind him,spun around to see who is was6Mother flashed a smile at her child when7.A woman who claimed to have witnessed the bank robbery would give8.Now悲剧that…theres no point in shedding tears over it9.A truck crashe into a bus,kill five passengers and critically injuring ten others10,If you computer goes wrong feaquently,I suggest you go and see a computer consultant11.In the race he will compete against wordckass runners12.Our original plan was to go camping,but we13.At the last minute of the game Spain scored a ,,and conquered their rivals对手14.when the parking lot has spaces available,the barrier at the entrance will be removed15.After being questioned for severa hoursthe suspct finally confessed that he had stolen and yo16.Unfortunately he tripped a fell over17With his left foot injurd,the basketball player had tolimp off the field18.Our team defeated all others and became the champion at the竞标赛19.She`s young and dynamic,full of energy and new ideas20.The official version of the event is that the police were arracked first。
新世纪实用英语写作Chapter_3
《新世纪实用英语写作》
everything, even the number of paper clips. An essential is hiring smart people. You can learn a great deal
Argumentation 论证 · Induction · Deduction
Figures & Statistics 图表数据 · Statistics · Times
Quotation 引证 ·Direct & Indirect · Proverbs
Combination of Methods 综合法
《新世纪实用英语写作》
3.1 Description
（1） Description of an Object or Event 用于描写人物、事物、地点，这种描述告诉读者客观 事物的状态，有时用来辅助解说、议论或叙述。
（2）Description of a Process or Procedure 根据事情发生的先后顺序、应该遵循的程序或步骤逐 步描述。这种段落扩展方法也称为 “how to paragraph” 或“process paragraph”，常为科技文章所采用，主要 描述实验、生产、操作和制造等具体清晰的过程。
A deficiency causes pernicious anemia, and if the deficiency is prolonged, a degeneration of the spinal cord occurs.
新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材写作教程第三部分参考答案
PART II FOCUSThe teacher is expected to help students appreciate the effects of using participles and absolutes in their writingsParticiplesGetting to know participlesReference for the excisesReference for the Classroom Activities1. Sentence b: handing (describing she)Sentence c: wandering, picking (both describing friends) ;Sentence d: made (used with had to indicate the past perfect tense)Sentence e: surprised (describing Tigger) ;Sentence f. filled (used with were to indicate the passive voice)Sentence g. staring (describing Tigger)Sentence h: left (describing nothing) ; checking (describing Roo)Sentence i: looking (describing Pooh)Sentence j. looking (describing Roo);Sentence k. gone (used with have to indicate the present perfect tense)Sentence l: picking (describing friends), fallen (describing raspberries)Sentence m. waiting (used with was to indicate the present continuous tense)2. a. smiling b. Readingc. Swimmingd. competinge. mentionedf. Jumping, thrown, brokeng. published, informing h. Having, exhausted, relievedComplex participle phrasesA. Present participles in different modes and aspects*In this passive form, being is usually omitted, and then it becomes the past participle. Reference for the Classroom Activities1. Refer to the above table for the meanings of the present participles.2. a. The computer bought last week brings happiness to everyone in my family.b. Being back in my hometown, I didn't know that my professor had assigned another 5,000-word paper.c. Standing in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, many people pretended that they could understand it. / Many people stood in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, pretending that they could understand it.d. Looking out of the window of the train, the boy was amused by the power lines dancing up and down in the air.Extra ActivitiesCombine each of the following groups of sentences into one sentence using participlesa. She was born in a common family.She was educated in an average college.She is satisfied with her present life.b. The students have finished their exams.They feel greatly relieved.As a result, they plan to play cards the whole nightc. Jimmy set his feet into the starting blocks.He stared ahead intently.d. Larry was sitting in a corner of the pub.Larry held his head in his hands.Larry was so depressed that even the best joke in the world couldn't cheer him up.Suggested answers to the Extra Activitiesa. Born in a common family and educated in an average college, she is satisfied with her present life.b. Having finished their exams and feeling greatly relieved, the students plan to play cards the whole night.c. Jimmy set his feet into the starting blocks, staring ahead intently.d. Holding his head in his hands, Larry was sitting in a corner of the pub, so depressed that even the best joke in the world couldn't cheer him up.B. Participles with conjunctionsSuggested answers to the questionStructure: They are all composed of a conjunction and a participle, and the noun in the main clause is the logical subject or object.Meaning: Sentence a: time; Sentence b: concession; Sentence c: condition.Reference for the Classroom Activities1. a. Kate fell asleep when/while reading Bob's letter.b. She started to chat with her friend after finishing / having finished her work.c. Although having seen it a thousand and one times, the old man still watches the video from time to time.d. Although closely watched by the guards, the prisoner plans to escape.e. It is believed that if read many times, an article will naturally be understood.f. If buying more, you can pay less.2. Ask students to work on their own and write two sentences for each of the types.Getting to know participles' functionsA. Creating concise sentencesSuggested answers to the questions1. Yes.2. There are two complete ideas in each sentence.3. The relationship between the two complete ideas becomes closer from Sentence a through Sentence d. Sentence d has the closest relationship between the two ideas4. Sentence d is the most efficient.B. Producing more detailed sentencesSuggested answers to the questionIn Group a, Sentence 2 is the best, in which the present participles describe live animated actions. In Group b, the best sentence is also Sentence 2, in which the actions are simultaneous. In Group c, Sentence 3 is the best sentence in which the present participle and the past participle are combined most efficiently.C. Establishing clearer logicReference for the Classroom Activities1. a. Thinking about her kid at home, Judy made several mistakes in her work.b. The car raced along the street, sending passers-by to run for shelter. / Racing along the street, the car sent passers-by to run for shelter.c. Born in Guangzhou and educated in Nanjing, she is now working as a manager in Beijing.d. Having been shocked and chased by a ferocious dog, the thief hid behind a dustbin, holding his breath for fear of being found.e. The bomb blew up in the distance, shaking the ground slightly and making bursts of light on the dark horizon.2. a. Hearing the news, I thought the world had ended for me.b. I sat happily in my chair, reading a newspaper.c. (correct)d. Shocked at the sight of his teacher, the boy stood there dumbfounded.e. Having lived there for twenty years, I know this place like the back of my hand.3. Ask students to go over their writings, and pay attention to their use of the participles.AbsolutesGetting to know absolutesSuggested answers to the exercise1. An absolute construction is a participle phrase whose logical subject is different fromthe sentence subject.2. A. determiner + n. + participle verb + other parts of the participle phraseB. n. + participle verb+ other parts of the participle phraseC. n. + other parts of the participle phraseReference for the Classroom ActivitiesAsk students to work on their own and write three sentences using different forms of absolute constructions.Using absolutes with purposeA. Adding descriptive detailsSuggested answers to the exerciseYou can get the following sentences:a + b: The manager sat quietly in his office, his eyes closed, a cigarette burning his hand.c + d: Sam walked slowly off the playground, his face streaked with tears, his leg bleeding.What's more, participles and absolutes, although somewhat different, can be used together to create vivid descriptions. For example:The girl sat nervously in her office, eyes closed, waiting for the telephone to ring.The middle-aged man stood in the street corner, hands put in his pockets, eyeing every passer-by.B. Indicating cause-effect relationshipsIn most cases, when the absolute is used for description, it is put at the end of the sentence; when it is used to suggest a cause-effect relationship, it is put at the beginning of the sentence.Reference for the Classroom Activities1. a. The boy leaned against a tree, hands in pockets.b. He glared at his boss, his mouth shut, and his hands clenched.c. The interviewee entered the office, her eyes fixed on her feet.d. The rabbit stared at the approaching wolf, his four feet fixed to the ground, to frightened to move.e. The girl was enjoying her favorite song, her eyes shut, her head moving from side to side.2. a. Two of my new bikes having got stolen here, I will never come to this place again.b. Several flecks coming upon her face again, she doesn't want to meet her boyfriend today.c. Its bottom torn open by a bomb, the ship sank slowly into the sea.d. Its overseas advertisements being rather successful, the school has attracted manyforeign students.e. The accountant being careless, I was given $1,000 more last month.3. Ask students to look at their written work again, and see if they can combine some sentences by using absolutes. This can be done either as individual or group/pair work.PART III GRAMMARComma-Split SentencesSuggested answers to the questions1. There are two ideas in each sentence. The two ideas are connected by a comma.2. No, the relationship is not clear. We can try to use some compound or subordinate conjunctions to clarify the relationship.3. See the rules in the summary.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa. I had no idea what I was getting into, and I did not really care.b. You can't go home now since it is raining so heavily.c. Seeing the escaping thief, the cop stopped his car, got off, and started to chase himd. If you study hard, you will succeed.e. When she said "Yes," he felt he was in heaven.Now, ask students to summarize the rules against comma-split sentences Summary1.When we use a comma to connect two separate ideas, or two independentsentences, we commit a comma-split;ma-split sentences are not acceptable because a comma is not strong enoughto indicate the relationship between two ideas;ma-split sentences can be improved by clarifying the relationship between thetwo ideas. Commonly used methods are:1)using a comma and a conjunction like and, but, yet, etc.2)turning one idea into a subordinate clause with if, when, although, because,etc.3)using participles and absolutes;4)using punctuation marks that are strong enough, like colon(:) and semicolon(:).Fused SentenceSuggested answers to the questions1. Each sentence contains two ideas.2. Yes, because the sentences are not clearly divided.3. Strategies suggested to improve comma-split sentences can also be used toimprove fused sentences.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa. In some part of China marriages are still arranged by parents. Consequentlymoney becomes more important than love.b. Vegetables are good to your health. However, overeating them will also beharmful.c. People watch TV for different reasons, so their judgement naturally differs.d. These houses sell very well, because they enjoy first of all a very desirablelocation.e. Nobody will completely love this kind of mass-produced food, but nobody will be unbearably put off, either.Now, ask students to summarize the rules against fused sentences。
新世纪高职高专综合英语 2 unit 3
• merely 仅，只，不过
e.g. It’s not merely a matter of cost, but whether they could come up with high quality products.
advance
① n. a change, discovery, or invention that brings progress 进步，发展 e.g. Recent advances in biotechnology have raised moral questions. ②vi.if something such as technical or scientific knowledge advances, it develops and improves 进步 关于人类行为的研究从20世纪20年代开始已经有了快速进步。 e.g. The research on human behavior has advanced rapidly since the 1920’s.
mark
① vt. to be a sign of an important change or an important stage in the development of something 标志着... e.g.His third film marks a major advance in cinematic techniques. ② vt. to write or draw on something, so that someone will notice what you have written 做标记 这条路线已标有记号，很容易跟着走。 e.g. The route has been marked so that it is easy to follow. ③ n. a shape or sign that is written or printed （书写或印刷的）符号 e.g. Her letter was full of exclamation marks.
新世纪大学英语第三册unit 3
C) Someone who has experienced hardships with you.
D) Someone who together with you makes up a single soul in two bodies.
5) What is the passage mainly about?
Three6 According to Cicero, true friendship is only possible between good men. In such friendships and relationships, those who possess any superiority must regard themselves as equals of those who are less fortunate.
3) What does a “friend for a season” mean?
A) Someone who is good at making you laugh.
B) Someone who teaches you how to have fun.
C) Someone who will stay in your life for a short time.
He emphasizes the element of virtue in friendship.
新世纪实用英语写作第三版读书笔记
新世纪实用英语写作第三版读书笔记摘要：一、前言- 简述新世纪实用英语写作第三版对自己的帮助- 提及学习英语写作的重要性二、本书的结构和内容- 介绍新世纪实用英语写作第三版的篇章结构- 概括各章节的主要内容三、本书的特点- 分析新世纪实用英语写作第三版的亮点- 说明本书在英语写作教学方面的优势四、学习心得与建议- 分享在学习新世纪实用英语写作第三版过程中的心得体会- 提供针对英语写作学习的实用建议五、总结- 总结新世纪实用英语写作第三版对自己的影响- 表达对英语写作学习成果的期许正文：【前言】作为一名热衷于学习英语的学生，我深知英语写作在实际应用中的重要性。
新世纪实用英语写作第三版为我提供了丰富的英语写作技巧和方法，让我在英语写作方面取得了显著的进步。
在这篇读书笔记中，我将分享我的学习心得，并简要介绍新世纪实用英语写作第三版的亮点。
【本书的结构和内容】新世纪实用英语写作第三版从篇章结构、语法、词汇、表达和修辞等方面，全面系统地阐述了英语写作的基本技巧和方法。
全书共分为十二章，从基础的句子写作到高级的应用文写作，涵盖了各种类型的英语写作。
此外，本书还提供了大量实例和练习，帮助读者巩固所学知识，提高写作能力。
【本书的特点】新世纪实用英语写作第三版具有以下几个特点：首先，内容丰富，既有理论讲解，又有实践操作，使读者能够全面掌握英语写作技巧。
其次，实例典型，贴近生活，能够激发读者的学习兴趣。
再次，本书的编写团队具有丰富的英语写作教学经验，所提供的写作方法和技巧具有较高的实用价值。
最后，本书注重培养读者的实际写作能力，通过不断练习，使读者能够独立完成各种类型的英语写作任务。
【学习心得与建议】在学习新世纪实用英语写作第三版的过程中，我深刻体会到英语写作的技巧和方法对于提高写作水平的重要性。
同时，我意识到英语写作的学习是一个长期的过程，需要不断地积累和实践。
因此，我建议大家在学习英语写作时，要充分利用本书提供的资源，多做练习，多向他人请教，培养自己的英语思维习惯，不断提高自己的英语写作能力。
新世纪综合英语B4-U3
Unit 3 Book 4The Rainbow of Knowledge1. Difficult Sentences1) (LL. 1~2) For more than ¾ of my life — 39 of my 50 years —I’ve eitherstudied or taught in a school or a college in New York.What might people think of the author since he has spent more than ¾ of his life either studying or teaching?(=People might think that the author would know more than the average person, and that he would feel confident in his knowledge and understanding of life.)Translate this sentence into Chinese.(=我这辈子四分之三以上的时间（50年中有39年）是在纽约的中小学或大学里度过的，不是在上学，就是在教学。
)2) (LL. 3~6) You might think, then, that after all this time I’d have somegrasp of the situation, that I’d actually know things — thatI’d have some positive sense of assurance, of certainty,about knowledge and about life.Why does the author use the modal verb ―might‖ here?(=The modal verb ―might‖here is used to show that it is possible that someone may think this way, but the author is not quite sure about it.) How do you understand the part ―I’d have some positive sense of assurance, of certainty, about knowledge and about life‖?(=I’d have full confidence in terms of understanding knowledge and life.)3) (LL. 8~9) To say that the more I know, the more I know I don’t know is,of course, contradictory.What does the author think of the statement ―the more I know, the more I know I don’t know‖?(=He thinks it is a self-contradictory statement — a paradox.)Have you ever felt ―the more I know, the more I know I don’t know‖? Please cite your personal experiences to illustrate your point.(=Open-ended.)4) (LL. 19~22) As it grows, so does its circumference. And if that growingblackness represents knowledge, then as it grows, sodoes the awareness of what remains unknown.As one’s knowledge grows, what will happen to him according to the author?(=According to the author, as one’s knowledge grows, his awareness of what he still doesn’t know increases, too. In other words, the more he knows, the more he knows he doesn’t know.)Translate this part into Chinese.(=随着它的扩大，它的周缘也跟着扩大。
English Paragraph Development
《新世纪实用英语写作》
Description of a Process
Language, like any other aspect of life and human behavior, changes from one generation to the next. As children we learn our first or native language from our parents. It is then modified through association with playmates, who learned their language from their elders. This learning process is heightened and extended in school. In adulthood our language attains relative stability. It reflects our education, our occupation, our personal interests and contacts—in short, our total environment. By this time, however, we are already conveying the language to our children, and the process begins a new cycle. The history of a language is an account of what has happened to it in the course of its continuous transmission from one generation to another. 本段运用一般现在时、以时间顺序叙述了人类的语言习得过程。
新世纪高职高专综合英语3-unit 4
Treat your customers as LUNCH L: Listen to your customer U: Understand your product and your customer N: Meet the customer’s needs C: Care for your customer H: Help your customer
Unit 4 Customer Service
New Words & Expressions
refer sb/sth to sb/sth: to send someone or something to a person or organization to be helped or dealt with 将…送交给… 我的投诉被提交给了制造商。 e.g. My complaint was referred to the manufacturers. 我们把提议交给了董事会。 e.g. We referred the proposal to the board of directors. e.g. The doctor referred the patient to a specialist.
Байду номын сангаас
credit n. 1) [C] an amount of money that is put into someone’s bank account or added to another amount 存款数额 e.g. Customers who pay in cash will get a credit of $10. 2) [U] a method of paying for goods or services at a later time, usually paying interest as well as the original money 赊购 e.g. The shop was offering six months’ interest free credit on electrical goods. 这个商店提供六个月的无息赊欠期来销售电子产品。 e.g. What’s the credit limit on your Visa card? on credit 赊欠 e.g. They decided to buy the car on credit. credit rating: a judgment made by a bank or other company about how likely a person or business is to pay their debts. (对某人以记账方式购物的付款情况作出的) 信誉评估，信用 等级。
新世纪大学英语第三册第三单元
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Unit 3: The Pursuit of Happiness for the Common Good
1. The world is full of very rich people who are asmiserable ________ as if they living in hell were ______________. dishonest means luck 2. If you obtain wealth through _________ or _________________, you will not be happy with it. You will think you are a mean person. productive work honesty and _______________, 3. Long-term happiness is based on _________, contribution, and self-esteem. external circumstances 4. If your happiness depends on _____________________, you will always missing feel unfulfilled because there will always be something ____________
Detailed Reading
Unit 3: The Pursuit of Happiness for the Common Good
新世纪大学英语综合教程3作文部分
Unit One FriendshipAs is commonly acknowledged / It is commonly recognised that humans are social animals. Bonded together in a community, we naturally expect to have friends. As to what friendship is, peopl e have different notions / ideas. Some make friends for mutual utility. Once the ground for such friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. However, a lot more peopl e long for "soul pals"— those who possess virtues and with whom we can go through trials and tribulations together. Such friendships keep us away from greed and violence and encourage us to have the courage of our convictions. Such is what we call "true and perfect friendship".1. Bob and I became brother-like friends in our childhood. We played, dined and discussed our ambitions together. Once grown up, he started for the West to make his fortune while I became a policeman in New York. Before his departure, we had dinner together and we agreed that we woul d meet at the same place exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come. Then came the day we were supposed to meet. I was on my beat then. Walking up to the appointed place which had been turned into a hardware store, I saw a man standing there with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. Before I coul d speak, he told me that he was waiting for a friend by the name of Jimmy Wells. When he struck a match to light his cigar, I saw a pale face with keen eyes and a scar. I recognized him immediately. It was Bob, and it was also the face of the man wanted by the Chicago Police. For a moment I felt like telling him to escape right away. After all, we had been friends for so many years and he had travel ed all the way to see me! But then my sense of duty told me the right thing to do. I said good-bye to him and continued my patrol, his last words still ringing in my ear: “I’ll wait forhalf an hour. Jimmy will keep his promise if he’s alive…” I then sent for a plain clothes man and had Bob arrested.2.An Important Friend in My LifeLi Qiang, one of my classmates, is fun to be with. He is always wearing a broad smile as if life is forever "sunshine and butterflies". One day, I revealed to him my worries and anxieties: I, an ordinary-looking girl, was 177 centimeters tall, even taller than any of the boys in my class. I thought no boy woul d like to date me. Besides, I was very poor at my academic courses.He suggested that I should learn to be myself and then he introduced me to a fashion show team of the university. Encouraged, I decided to change myself. After a 3-month training program on weekends, I could perform beautifully as a model, and surprisingly, I could concentrate on the required academic courses as well. The applauses I won at each fashion show and the scholarship I earned proved that being myself was terrific. Since then, my life has changed a l ot. Thus, Li Qiang became an important friend of mine.Last semester, we began to help young people who suffer pressures from physical defects, academic failures or financial problems. We set up a Confidence Club. Those who come to us for help find our work definitely beneficial. Our friendship has l ed me into a sparkling, rewarding life.Unit Two Love2.What Do Girl Students Look for in Love and Life?In order to know about girl students’ opinion about love and life, a survey with girl students was conducted in 2005 in two universities —Chongqing University of Technology andBusiness and East China Normal University. The survey sought answers to two questions: Wh at do you look for first in a boyfriend? What’s the most important thing for a happy life? About one third of the stud ents chose personality as the top factor in choosing a boyfriend, followed by 27 percent focusing on abilities. Next came common interests and goals, favoured by 17 percent, with only 14 percent of students claiming appearance to be uppermost in their minds. Fewer still, 11 percent, rated economic status as the first consideration.As to their views about a happy life, nearly seventy percent of the girls attached the greatest importance to marriage and family. “Career” was given top priority by just und er 20 percent, while even fewer, around 9 percent, believed that money was the key to a happy life.Based on the survey, we may conclude that nowadays, girl students generally hold a rational attitude towards love and life. Admittedly, the improved material conditions of life explain why girls take economic status and money rather lightly. But contrary to the popular view that girls are more concerned about self-development in the workplace and social status, they still regard upon marriage and family life as central to a happy life.Unit Three Happiness1. Man Does Not Live by Bread AloneNo one woul d doubt the truth that man’s existence relies essentially on material things. We need them to get fed, clothed and sheltered. Once we are living near the breadline, we’ll feel frustrated and miserable.However, our contentment does not merely lie in material things. This is especially the case in modern times. The fast-developing economy has noticeably improved our lives andfulfilled most of our material needs. Then there comes the need of spiritual satisfaction, which is derived from good health, close friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and an enjoyable job. Whil e material things may lose their charm over time, spiritual satisfaction will bring us lasting happiness. Therefore, to live a happy life, we should focus more on those things that meet our spiritual demands. After all, when our need for bread is met, happiness will not come unl ess we feel spiritually satisfied.Unit Four Health1. AIDS Across the EarthAIDS has killed and is threatening to kill millions all across the earth. Several million infections are reported by WHO each year. The virus does not care whether you are black or white, male or female, young or ol d. It will attack you as l ong as you are a human. Today, AIDS has become the leading killer of young adults and is turning the chil dren whose parents suffer the disease into orphans. It is no exaggeration to say that we live und er the shadow of AIDS.There are several possible causes for such a situation: unsafe sexual intercourse; sharing or reusing contaminated needles; transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products; an infected person’s pregnancy, giving birth and breastfeeding, etc. Unfortunately, our ignorance, prejudice and silence have carried the situation to a desperate extreme. Patients are isolated or treated as outcasts by their families and their communities. AIDS victims feel ashamed to be identified as such and try hard to hide their disease. For this reason, they cannot get immediate medical treatment. Our harmful attitudes towards the disease and its victims have actually placed more people at risk.In our fight against this deadly disease, we should educate people on how to avoid being infected with the disease and how to lead a healthy and secure life and, more importantly, how to treat AIDS patients properly. Only in this way can we really bring AIDS und er control.Unit Five Education1. The Significance of Lifelong EducationDecades ago, due to the low standard of living in China, only a small percentage of the nation's population could receive college education. Once given the opportunity, one would surely secure a well-paid and much-respected job, which he or she would probably do for a lifetime. Therefore, to secure a college degree used to be the ultimate goal of a person's education.Today, however, we are living in what is called a "knowledge society", where creative ideas and innovations are generated at a fantastic speed. One must constantly renew one's knowledge and upgrade one's skills so as to meet the needs of the changing world. Moreover, at the stage of general education, it is pointless for a person to attempt to know everything. When one is required to settle down to be a specialist in a specific field, one has to make an in-depth study of the subject one is supposed to know. In this sense, general education can provide students with only a passport to lifel ong education. As Robert Maynard Hutchins once said, the object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives.In my opinion, life in modern society is not only a process of "learning to live" but also a process of "living to learn". The slogan "Live and Learn" can best reflect the concept of lifelong education.Unit Six Intercultural Communication1. My Views on Cultural DifferencesIn my opinion, cultural differences have more advantages than disadvantages. First of all, it is cultural differences that make our world so colorful. If you go to a foreign country, you will be impressed not only by its physical environment but also by its cultural environment —its foods, clothes, customs, social practices, etc. Differences between cultures have always been a source of joy and inspiration.Secondly, differences in culture enrich human civilization. Different cultures compete with as well as learn from each other. Roman culture was model ed on Greek culture, which had once borrowed a l ot from Egyptian culture. American culture is also a blend of many different cultures.Thirdly, differences in culture give each culture its unique identity. A culture is usually seen in relation to other cultures. Chinese culture distinguishes itself from others by its peculiar concepts and things that can hardly be found elsewhere.Of course, cultural differences may cause conflicts and misunderstandings. But interdependence, common interests and mutual goals of different nations always outweigh differences in culture. Nations with different cultures shoul d learn from each other and live peacefully together. To this end, we shoul d be more tolerant to other cultures while preserving, protecting and developing our own.Unit Seven The Olympic Spirit2. Benefits from Hosting the Olympic GamesJuly of 2001 witnessed a wave of national excitement in our land: Beijing had won the bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. It symbolized the strength of our country androused our national pride.Since then a l ot of changes have taken place in Beijing. Citizens of Beijing are now enjoying better transportation facilities, and the physical environment has improved significantly. With the construction of athletic venues, municipal infrastructure and other relevant facilities, new job opportunities have been created. A boom in Olympic-related businesses and industries has taken place not only in Beijing but also elsewhere.Hosting the Olympic Games is also a mega cultural event. It is a good opportunity to increase the international profile of the host city. Now more and more people are drawn to Beijing, and there has appeared a new boom in tourism. Preparations for the 2008 Olympic Games have given rise to numerous cultural and educational programs focusing on the citizens' commitment and dedication to this international event. Such programs have not only generated a widespread interest in sports but have also promoted the citizens' social, cultural and ethical visions. We must try our best to capitalize on this opportunity as fully as we can.Unit Eight Man and Society1. How to Survive in a Competitive SocietyCompetition in present-day society is fierce and cruel. It exists in different lines of work. For example, different musicians compete for each seat in their orchestra, and different orchestras compete for the privilege of making recordings with prestigious studios. Footballers compete for positions within the same team, and they work together to compete against other teams for championships. In short, whatever we do, we may feel the pressure of competition.However, instead of deploring competition, we should see the interrelationship betweencompetition and cooperation. Cooperation and competition exist side by side and they are both unavoidable in human society. For example, while competing with other factories, producers and distributors of the same factory must cooperate and make coordinated efforts to satisfy the needs of customers. Business rivals have to cooperate with one another when their common market is threatened. Therefore, competition alone will not bring us success in what we are doing.In the face of competition, we should keep acquiring new skills and updating our knowledge so as to enhance our competitive ability. At the same time, we shoul d learn the techniques of cooperating with others in the most effective manner.。
经典：Unit3新世纪英语专业综合教程2
Detailed reading
4 Anne’s secret is that she learns from life, then moves on. Born in Hanover, Germany, she fled to Belgium to escape fascism as a teenager. She then moved to Paris, surviving the occupation by putting her linguistic ability to work. Fluent in French, English, Italian and her native German, she supported herself by placing German subtitles on French films.
Detailed reading
11 That’s my wife’s method, finding ways her life can help others. I’ve been the beneficiary of that practice many times. The afternoon I had my stroke, Anne was playing bridge with Barbara Sonata, and I was home getting a manicure. When my speech started to slur, the manicurist, a former nurse, immediately phoned Anne. My wife was home within ten minutes and had me at the hospital within an hour.
研究生新世纪综合英语unit3
研究生新世纪综合英语unit3Unit3The new frontier of biomedicineIt was just over years ago that presidents and Nobel laureates were on stage to welcome the most momentous event in mod ern biology. Thanks to a huge international effort, the 3.1 billion letters of the human genome had been sequenced well ahead of sc hedule. “T he most wondrous map ever produced by human kind, ”was how president Bill Climton described it. With that event so clos e, it might seem surprising to hear that an even bigger revolution i n biology is now poised做好准备 to mop up 做好完成the advance s made by genomics and move on to something bigger still. But 2 003 looks set to be the year in which the science of proteomics, id entifying proteins and understanding what proteins do inside cel ls starts taking over the frontiers of biomedicine from the study o f genes.There is a simple reason for this progression. Genes are just the instructions for making proteins. As everyone now knows, gene tic material or DNA is a very long string of instructions written i n a chemical code. The instructions are broken up into sections, c alled genes. The string of letters in each gene translates into a stri ng of amino acids that make up a protein. It is the proteins that d o the work inside all the cells of the body, like creating energy fro m sugars, communicating with other cells, holding the cell toget her and much else besides.Nearly all drugs acts on proteins, not genes, so understandingproteins is the key to really effective new medicines. Similarly the first signs of ill health appear in changes to the body’s protein com plement, making them the most sensitive diagnostic indicators. For biomedicine, moving on to understanding genes. Why? There are far more proteins than genes and because after a protein has crea ted it can be modified in many ways. There might be only 35,000 human genes, but there are probably over a million proteins. They each have separate function and are active at varying times accor ding what the cell is going. Different cell types have quite different proteins. A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and prot eins to match. And proteins mostly work by interacting with other proteins, adding massively to the complexity of the system.Here is a simple analogy对比. A list of all the human genes is really just equivalent to a list of all the people who live in a small t own, an electoral roll for 35,000 people. We will know the names o f everyone who lives there, but we will not know what they do, how they interact, how the town is run, or how their economy functio ns. And we will not know who the crooks坏人 are in town, the equ ivalent of the malfunctioning proteins that need to be dealt with to stop disease. That is why biomedical science need to move on to understanding the whole complex, dynamic interacting world prote ins. Why expect big progress to begin in 2003? The answer is tech nology. Not one single breakthrough but a raft of advances are ma faster and more accurate. The new method are smarter and the d ata they produce more accessible. This is crucial because once you know what some proteins do, you can guess that other similar on es do a related task and therefore find their exact function faster.Perhaps the most exciting advances come from the possibilitie s offered by chips which carry a microarray of special molecules th at bind to specific proteins. Each chip can simultaneously detect th e activity of tiny levels of many different proteins, making it possibl e to begin monitoring the activity of systems of interacting protein s. But older techniques are being automated so they work faster a nd more accurately.Take gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, the standard ways of identifying proteins. A mixture of proteins can be sorted b y placing them on a sheet of polyacrylarnide gel and applying an el ectric charges, some will move faster than others and the mixture will separate out. Once separated they can be cut into fragments by enzymes, and fed into a mass spectrogragh machine that shoot s them through a vacuum and measures how fast they go. That de pends on how heavy the fragments are, which in turn reflects whic h amino acids they are made of. All the steps, from separating the proteins to finally computing what each is made of can now be per formed rapidly by robot handlers linked to computer databases.Another sign that the science of proteomics is on the march c omes from the growing number of worldwide collaboration s. sever al are being put together by the human proteomics Organisation(H UPO), the equivalent of the old human genome Organisa tion. It’s fi rst global gathering was held in Versailles at the end of 2002 withover a thousand scientists present. HUPO is creating common standards for projects so that scientists can work together on a large s cale. Among them is a liver proteome project, with Asian nations including China likely to take a lead, in part because of the prevalenc e of hepatitis-related liver disease there. And there is a blood plas ma proteome project in the works which the president of HUGO, Adescribes as “providing the basis for the ultimate diagnostic tool.” Blood circulates everyw here and a complete list of all the proteins in the plasma will give c lus to the health of organs throughout the body.2003 will be just the beginning of proteomics’s take-off. One d ay we will have a complete map of what the million proteins in our bodies do. But as the plasma priteome project shows, there will b e a pay-off even at the stage of cataloguing proteins. And if the un expected technological leaps made in the fiercely competitive race for the human genome are anything to go by根据，，作出判断, t hey will arrive faster than we might think.Electoral roll选民名册Feed into连续不断的放入Go by 根据，，，作出判断Mop up做好Pay-off收益Set to do sth很可能做某事Take-off成功。
新世纪高职英语3
• Translation Skills 1. 许多电视节目很优秀，把精彩的表演送进了千 家万户。 2. 你过去是，现在是，将来仍然是我亲爱的朋友。 3. 近年来，西方一些国家的人一直不断地由城市 迁往郊区。 4. 他们谈到了他们渴望的东西—谈到了肉，谈到 了热汤，谈.
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In general, customers should pay to log on the Internet for chatting with other users. Hard as he tried, all his efforts to get that job ended up in failure. The police had to check out the diary of the dead to find out who was involved in the case. We want to know who is responsible for cleaning work this week. Since I didn’t know how to cope with this matter, I was planning to consult a lawyer. Only a couple of days ago, I learned of the good news that he had won the honor of an “Outstanding Scientist”. Whatever job you have taken, you must be fully devoted to it. With his friend’s help, he got a job at an annual salary of 5000.
新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材写作教程第三单元语法和练习部分参考答案.doc
新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材写作教程第三单元语法和练习部分参考答案.doc第三单元语法部分参考答案PART III GRAMMAR-ing and -ed forms of verbsReference for the Classroom Activitiesa_ That woman who is laughing is my mother.b. Finally. they found the treasure that had been hidden.c. ~is is the place that is most frequently reported in the press.d. The boy who was enchanted stared at the screen, mouth wide open.Now, ask students to summarize the use of the -ing and -ed forms as modifiers Summary1.The –ing form of a verb is used when the action described by the verb continues tohappen or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is active.2.The –ed form of a verb is used when the action is completed at the time anotheraction occurs or when the relationship between the modified and the verb ispassive.NounsReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. development of career educatorsb. readjustment of the flight timetablec. money problems of high-school art educationd. country for family vacatione. the study of the growth of childhood personalityNow, ask students to summarize the rules of using nouns as modifiers. SummaryNouns can be put ahead of another noun as its modifiers in English; but too manly nouns clustered can cause ambiguity and misunderstanding. Very often the maximum of nouns as modifiers is two, though sometimes this number may be exceeded. So the guiding principle for noun modifiers is that they shouldn’t pose too much difficulty to the reader’s comprehension.AdverbsReference for the Classroom Activitiesa.drive breezily (modifying the verb)b.strangely beautiful(modifying the adjective)c.too slowly(modifying the adverb)d.Firstly,1et’s listen to Dr．Smith’s report on his latest research．(modifying thewhole sentence)Now, ask students to summarize the rules of using adverbs as modifiers SummaryAn adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence. It usually appears after the verb it modifies but before the adjective or the adverb. If it modifies the whole sentence, it can appear either at the beginning or at the end.Problems with modifiersReference for the Classroom Activities1．The problem with these phrases is the redundancy of modifiers．The modifiers are useless for they do nothing but repeat what the following nouns say．Useless modifiers can make your writing repetitious and wordy．2．a. The notice said nothing else．b. People other than visitors were not invited to see the exhibits．c. The visitors were invited to do nothing but see the exhibits on the third floor．D. There might be exhibits on other floors but the visitors were invited to see those the third floor.Now．ask students to summarize the problems with modifiers.Summary1.One problem is about useless modifiers. A useless modifier adds nothing to themeaning of the modified but redundancy.2.Another problem is concerned with misplaced modifiers. Clear writing demandsthat modifiers be put as close as possible to the word or phrase being modified. PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1. a. When I was assigned a certain task, I did it to my best abilityb. Fog can cause blindness.c. Recently 1 joined a social club which raises money for the care of needychildren, and we meet every Wednesday afternoon.d. An essay should be understandable to the reader.e. Many items are expensive at discount stores.f. Bears that have just come out of hibernation are usually hungry and dangerousg. The author should have shortened the story by half.h. The city's environmental surroundings are not the most comfortablei. I learned certain facts that I believe are vital to every freshman.2. a. simmer: cook food gently at or just below boiling pointsauté: fry quickly in a little hot fatbake: cook by using direct heat in an ovenb. Other verbs about cooking include roast, steam, braise, fry, deep-fry, boil, poach,scramble, grill, stew, curry, baste, barbecue.3. a. For dinner we had barbecued steaks and sweet corn.b. Last week my brother John joined an insurance company.c. He is not a friendly and easy-going colleague.d. Our view of the sea at sunset was splendid / breathtaking.e. It was a fine day to play outdoors.f. What impressed me most about the city was the hustle and bustle in the streets4.. There are seize, hurl, choke, blind, leap, flee, etc5. a. I admire Jenny's long black glossy hair so much.b. The fearless explorer finally landed at the South Pole.c. Fast driving on a smooth road can be great fun.d. John and I often wrote each other long e-mails full of jokese. The pale skinny woman fainted suddenly.6. a. I invited the visiting professor to the English Club.b. Shooting stars warn us of catastrophe.c. The deleted sentence was unnecessary.d. Stephanie tiptoed up the carpeted steps.e. The students attending the art school are highly active.f. The taped dollar bill split in half.g. Amy was the only winning contestant who was below 10h. The freshly painted house shone in the sun.7, a. indescribably b. darkc. occasionald. steadilye. surely, badf. terribly8. a. At his mother's request, he agreed to wait at least a year before getting married.b. Half of the girls in town were in love with Ben, but he wanted to marryChristine only.c. John hopes that in the years to come he can be as successful as his father has been.d. The winner of the contest ate almost three dozen frankfurters.e. Debbie knew that chicken when fried always pleased Ed.f. Mary could not resist the temptation to whisper in her friend's ear about what she had seen.。
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Chapter 3 English Paragraph Development
Division & Classification · · Division Classification
Comparison & Contrast · · Point-by-Point Style Block Style
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Examples & Illustrations
Division & Classification
Comparison & Contrast
Cause & Effect
新世纪实用英语写作（第三版） Chapter 3
徐州工程学院教案
· · · · · Quotation ·
Block Organization / Chain Organization Induction Deduction 图表数据 Statistics Times 引证 Proverbs 综合法 Section 1 Description
1. Description of an Object or Event 用于描写人物、事物、地点，这种描述告诉读者客观事物的状态，有时用来辅助解说、议 论或叙述。 Sample Writing : Vitamin B12 is necessary for the normal development of red blood cells, and the functioning of all cells, particularly in the bone marrow, nervous system, and intestines. A deficiency causes pernicious anemia, and if the deficiency is prolonged, a degeneration of the spinal cord occurs. Abundant sources are: organ meats, lean meats, fish, milk, eggs, and shellfish. B12 is not present to any measurable degree in plants, which means that strict vegetarians should supplement their diets with this vitamin. 本段描述了维他命 12。 2. Description of a Process or Procedure 根据事情发生的先后顺序、应该遵循的程序或步骤逐步描述。这种段落扩展方法也称为 “how to paragraph” 或“process paragraph” ，常为科技文章所采用，主要描述实验、生产、 操作和制造等具体清晰的过程。 Sample Writing : Language, like any other aspect of life and human behavior, changes from one generation to the next. As children we learn our first or native language from our parents. It is then modified through association with playmates, who learned their language from their elders. This learning process is heightened and extended in school. In adulthood our language attains relative stability. It reflects our education, our occupation, our personal interests and contacts—in short, our total environment. By this time, however, we are already conveying the language to our children, and the process begins a new cycle. The history of a language is an account of what has happened to it in the course of its continuous transmission from one generation to another. 本段运用一般现在时、以时间顺序叙述了人类的语言习得过程。
新世纪实用英语写作（第三版） Chaptห้องสมุดไป่ตู้r 3
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徐州工程学院教案
Class activity: How to Start Your Own Business 1) Make sure you want to do it 2) Research the field, gather information ---talk to experts ---check out competition 3) Plan ---get experts for board of directors 4) Hire good people ---listen to them 5) Get more information ---classes ---consultants How to Start Your Own Business(Sample) First make sure you really want to start your own business, because it takes a lot of time. Once you are determined to do it, you need to research the field. This includes making sure no one else is doing exactly the same thing in your area. Find out how much need there is for your kind of service, locate the customers, and find out what kind of services they want. You’ll want to talk to experts, potential customers, and potential suppliers, and you’ll want to do a lot of reading. Then you need to plan. Make sure you have experts on your board of directors. Make up careful budgets and plan for everything, even the number of paper clips. An essential is hiring smart people. You can learn a great deal from them. You should also encourage them to continue to grow professionally by letting them attend seminars and development courses. Pay attention to your own training too. Take courses in business administration, if possible. It’s not only a good way to learn, it’s also a good way to make contacts. People you meet in your courses could become your consultants. At times you will want to hire consultants to help you solve problems or to give you and your staff seminars on particular issues. Section 2 Definition Definition · · 定义 Single-Sentence Definition Extended Definition ---encourage their professional development ---budget ---read ---do market research
徐州工程学院教案
徐 州 工 程 学 院 教 案
年至 课题名称（含教材章节） 教学目的和要求： 1. grasp the methods of English Paragraph Development; 2. master the contents in detail; 4. conduct a series of writing activities with several methods combined for paragraph development. 教学重点： the methods of English Paragraph Development Description Division & Classification Argumentation Combination of Methods 教学难点： Examples & Illustrations · · General to Particular or Vice Versa Enumeration or Extension Definition Comparison & Contrast Figures & Statistics Examples and Illustrations Cause & Effect Quotation 年 第 学期 第 周 星期