实时频谱分析基础-Tektronix
Tektronix MDO3000 Series 数字多功能作业仪用户指南说明书
19StandardMath ToolsDisplay up to four math function traces (F1-F4). The easy-to-use graphical interface simplifies setup of up to two operations on each function trace;and function traces can be chained together to perform math-on-math.absolute value integralaverage (summed)invert (negate)average (continuous)log (base e)custom (MATLAB) – limited points product (x)derivativeratio (/)deskew (resample)reciprocaldifference (–)rescale (with units)enhanced resolution (to 11 bits vertical)roof envelope (sinx)/x exp (base e)square exp (base 10)square root fft (power spectrum, magnitude, phase,sum (+)up to 50 kpts) trend (datalog) of 1000 events floorzoom (identity)histogram of 1000 eventsMeasure ToolsDisplay any 6 parameters together with statistics, including their average,high, low, and standard deviations. Histicons provide a fast, dynamic view of parameters and wave-shape characteristics.Pass/Fail TestingSimultaneously test multiple parameters against selectable parameter limits or pre-defined masks. Pass or fail conditions can initiate actions including document to local or networked files, e-mail the image of the failure, save waveforms, send a pulse out at the rear panel auxiliary BNC output, or (with the GPIB option) send a GPIB SRQ.Jitter and Timing Analysis Software Package (WRXi-JTA2)(Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)•Jitter and timing parameters, with “Track”graphs of •Edge@lv parameter (counts edges)• Persistence histogram, persistence trace (mean, range, sigma)Software Options –Advanced Math and WaveShape AnalysisStatistics Package (WRXi-STAT)This package provides additional capability to statistically display measurement information and to analyze results:• Histograms expanded with 19 histogram parameters/up to 2 billion events.• Persistence Histogram• Persistence Trace (mean, range, sigma)Master Analysis Software Package (WRXi-XMAP)(Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)This package provides maximum capability and flexibility, and includes all the functionality present in XMATH, XDEV, and JTA2.Advanced Math Software Package (WRXi-XMATH)(Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)This package provides a comprehensive set of WaveShape Analysis tools providing insight into the wave shape of complex signals. Includes:•Parameter math – add, subtract, multiply, or divide two different parameters.Invert a parameter and rescale parameter values.•Histograms expanded with 19 histogram parameters/up to 2 billion events.•Trend (datalog) of up to 1 million events•Track graphs of any measurement parameter•FFT capability includes: power averaging, power density, real and imaginary components, frequency domain parameters, and FFT on up to 24 Mpts.•Narrow-band power measurements •Auto-correlation function •Sparse function• Cubic interpolation functionAdvanced Customization Software Package (WRXi-XDEV)(Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)This package provides a set of tools to modify the scope and customize it to meet your unique needs. Additional capability provided by XDEV includes:•Creation of your own measurement parameter or math function, using third-party software packages, and display of the result in the scope. Supported third-party software packages include:– VBScript – MATLAB – Excel•CustomDSO – create your own user interface in a scope dialog box.• Addition of macro keys to run VBScript files •Support for plug-insValue Analysis Software Package (WRXi-XVAP)(Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Measurements:•Jitter and Timing parameters (period@level,width@level, edge@level,duty@level, time interval error@level, frequency@level, half period, setup, skew, Δ period@level, Δ width@level).Math:•Persistence histogram •Persistence trace (mean, sigma, range)•1 Mpts FFTs with power spectrum density, power averaging, real, imaginary, and real+imaginary settings)Statistical and Graphical Analysis•1 Mpts Trends and Histograms •19 histogram parameters •Track graphs of any measurement parameterIntermediate Math Software Package (WRXi-XWAV)Math:•1 Mpts FFTs with power spectrum density, power averaging, real, and imaginary componentsStatistical and Graphical Analysis •1 Mpts Trends and Histograms •19 histogram parameters•Track graphs of any measurement parameteramplitude area base cyclescustom (MATLAB,VBScript) –limited points delay Δdelay duration duty cyclefalltime (90–10%, 80–20%, @ level)firstfrequency lastlevel @ x maximum mean median minimumnumber of points +overshoot –overshoot peak-to-peak period phaserisetime (10–90%, 20–80%, @ level)rmsstd. deviation time @ level topΔ time @ levelΔ time @ level from triggerwidth (positive + negative)x@ max.x@ min.– Cycle-Cycle Jitter – N-Cycle– N-Cycle with start selection – Frequency– Period – Half Period – Width– Time Interval Error – Setup– Hold – Skew– Duty Cycle– Duty Cycle Error20WaveRunner WaveRunner WaveRunner WaveRunner WaveRunner 44Xi-A64Xi-A62Xi-A104Xi-A204Xi-AVertical System44MXi-A64MXi-A104MXi-A204MXi-ANominal Analog Bandwidth 400 MHz600 MHz600 MHz 1 GHz 2 GHz@ 50 Ω, 10 mV–1 V/divRise Time (Typical)875 ps500 ps500 ps300 ps180 psInput Channels44244Bandwidth Limiters20 MHz; 200 MHzInput Impedance 1 MΩ||16 pF or 50 Ω 1 MΩ||20 pF or 50 ΩInput Coupling50 Ω: DC, 1 MΩ: AC, DC, GNDMaximum Input Voltage50 Ω: 5 V rms, 1 MΩ: 400 V max.50 Ω: 5 V rms, 1 MΩ: 250 V max.(DC + Peak AC ≤ 5 kHz)(DC + Peak AC ≤ 10 kHz)Vertical Resolution8 bits; up to 11 with enhanced resolution (ERES)Sensitivity50 Ω: 2 mV/div–1 V/div fully variable; 1 MΩ: 2 mV–10 V/div fully variableDC Gain Accuracy±1.0% of full scale (typical); ±1.5% of full scale, ≥ 10 mV/div (warranted)Offset Range50 Ω: ±1 V @ 2–98 mV/div, ±10 V @ 100 mV/div–1 V/div; 50Ω:±400mV@2–4.95mV/div,±1V@5–99mv/div,1 M Ω: ±1 V @ 2–98 mV/div, ±10 V @ 100 mV/div–1 V/div,±10 V @ 100 mV–1 V/div±**********/div–10V/div 1 M Ω: ±400 mV @ 2–4.95 mV/div, ±1 V @5–99 mV/div, ±10 V @ 100 mV–1 V/div,±*********–10V/divInput Connector ProBus/BNCTimebase SystemTimebases Internal timebase common to all input channels; an external clock may be applied at the auxiliary inputTime/Division Range Real time: 200 ps/div–10 s/div, RIS mode: 200 ps/div to 10 ns/div, Roll mode: up to 1,000 s/divClock Accuracy≤ 5 ppm @ 25 °C (typical) (≤ 10 ppm @ 5–40 °C)Sample Rate and Delay Time Accuracy Equal to Clock AccuracyChannel to Channel Deskew Range±9 x time/div setting, 100 ms max., each channelExternal Sample Clock DC to 600 MHz; (DC to 1 GHz for 104Xi-A/104MXi-A and 204Xi-A/204MXi-A) 50 Ω, (limited BW in 1 MΩ),BNC input, limited to 2 Ch operation (1 Ch in 62Xi-A), (minimum rise time and amplitude requirements applyat low frequencies)Roll Mode User selectable at ≥ 500 ms/div and ≤100 kS/s44Xi-A64Xi-A62Xi-A104Xi-A204Xi-A Acquisition System44MXi-A64MXi-A104MXi-A204MXi-ASingle-Shot Sample Rate/Ch 5 GS/sInterleaved Sample Rate (2 Ch) 5 GS/s10 GS/s10 GS/s10 GS/s10 GS/sRandom Interleaved Sampling (RIS)200 GS/sRIS Mode User selectable from 200 ps/div to 10 ns/div User selectable from 100 ps/div to 10 ns/div Trigger Rate (Maximum) 1,250,000 waveforms/secondSequence Time Stamp Resolution 1 nsMinimum Time Between 800 nsSequential SegmentsAcquisition Memory Options Max. Acquisition Points (4 Ch/2 Ch, 2 Ch/1 Ch in 62Xi-A)Segments (Sequence Mode)Standard12.5M/25M10,00044Xi-A64Xi-A62Xi-A104Xi-A204Xi-A Acquisition Processing44MXi-A64MXi-A104MXi-A204MXi-ATime Resolution (min, Single-shot)200 ps (5 GS/s)100 ps (10 GS/s)100 ps (10 GS/s)100 ps (10 GS/s)100 ps (10 GS/s) Averaging Summed and continuous averaging to 1 million sweepsERES From 8.5 to 11 bits vertical resolutionEnvelope (Extrema)Envelope, floor, or roof for up to 1 million sweepsInterpolation Linear or (Sinx)/xTrigger SystemTrigger Modes Normal, Auto, Single, StopSources Any input channel, External, Ext/10, or Line; slope and level unique to each source, except LineTrigger Coupling DC, AC (typically 7.5 Hz), HF Reject, LF RejectPre-trigger Delay 0–100% of memory size (adjustable in 1% increments, or 100 ns)Post-trigger Delay Up to 10,000 divisions in real time mode, limited at slower time/div settings in roll modeHold-off 1 ns to 20 s or 1 to 1,000,000,000 events21WaveRunner WaveRunner WaveRunner WaveRunner WaveRunner 44Xi-A 64Xi-A 62Xi-A104Xi-A 204Xi-A Trigger System (cont’d)44MXi-A64MXi-A104MXi-A204MXi-AInternal Trigger Level Range ±4.1 div from center (typical)Trigger and Interpolator Jitter≤ 3 ps rms (typical)Trigger Sensitivity with Edge Trigger 2 div @ < 400 MHz 2 div @ < 600 MHz 2 div @ < 600 MHz 2 div @ < 1 GHz 2 div @ < 2 GHz (Ch 1–4 + external, DC, AC, and 1 div @ < 200 MHz 1 div @ < 200 MHz 1 div @ < 200 MHz 1 div @ < 200 MHz 1 div @ < 200 MHz LFrej coupling)Max. Trigger Frequency with400 MHz 600 MHz 600 MHz 1 GHz2 GHzSMART Trigger™ (Ch 1–4 + external)@ ≥ 10 mV@ ≥ 10 mV@ ≥ 10 mV@ ≥ 10 mV@ ≥ 10 mVExternal Trigger RangeEXT/10 ±4 V; EXT ±400 mVBasic TriggersEdgeTriggers when signal meets slope (positive, negative, either, or Window) and level conditionTV-Composite VideoT riggers NTSC or PAL with selectable line and field; HDTV (720p, 1080i, 1080p) with selectable frame rate (50 or 60 Hz)and Line; or CUSTOM with selectable Fields (1–8), Lines (up to 2000), Frame Rates (25, 30, 50, or 60 Hz), Interlacing (1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1), or Synch Pulse Slope (Positive or Negative)SMART TriggersState or Edge Qualified Triggers on any input source only if a defined state or edge occurred on another input source.Delay between sources is selectable by time or eventsQualified First In Sequence acquisition mode, triggers repeatedly on event B only if a defined pattern, state, or edge (event A) is satisfied in the first segment of the acquisition. Delay between sources is selectable by time or events Dropout Triggers if signal drops out for longer than selected time between 1 ns and 20 s.PatternLogic combination (AND, NAND, OR, NOR) of 5 inputs (4 channels and external trigger input – 2 Ch+EXT on WaveRunner 62Xi-A). Each source can be high, low, or don’t care. The High and Low level can be selected independently. Triggers at start or end of the patternSMART Triggers with Exclusion TechnologyGlitch and Pulse Width Triggers on positive or negative glitches with widths selectable from 500 ps to 20 s or on intermittent faults (subject to bandwidth limit of oscilloscope)Signal or Pattern IntervalTriggers on intervals selectable between 1 ns and 20 sTimeout (State/Edge Qualified)Triggers on any source if a given state (or transition edge) has occurred on another source.Delay between sources is 1 ns to 20 s, or 1 to 99,999,999 eventsRuntTrigger on positive or negative runts defined by two voltage limits and two time limits. Select between 1 ns and 20 sSlew RateTrigger on edge rates. Select limits for dV, dt, and slope. Select edge limits between 1 ns and 20 s Exclusion TriggeringTrigger on intermittent faults by specifying the normal width or periodLeCroy WaveStream Fast Viewing ModeIntensity256 Intensity Levels, 1–100% adjustable via front panel control Number of Channels up to 4 simultaneouslyMax Sampling Rate5 GS/s (10 GS/s for WR 62Xi-A, 64Xi-A/64MXi-A,104Xi-A/104MXi-A, 204Xi-A/204MXi-A in interleaved mode)Waveforms/second (continuous)Up to 20,000 waveforms/secondOperationFront panel toggle between normal real-time mode and LeCroy WaveStream Fast Viewing modeAutomatic SetupAuto SetupAutomatically sets timebase, trigger, and sensitivity to display a wide range of repetitive signalsVertical Find ScaleAutomatically sets the vertical sensitivity and offset for the selected channels to display a waveform with maximum dynamic range44Xi-A 64Xi-A 62Xi-A104Xi-A 204Xi-A Probes44MXi-A 64MXi-A104MXi-A 204MXi-AProbesOne Passive probe per channel; Optional passive and active probes available Probe System; ProBus Automatically detects and supports a variety of compatible probes Scale FactorsAutomatically or manually selected, depending on probe usedColor Waveform DisplayTypeColor 10.4" flat-panel TFT-LCD with high resolution touch screenResolutionSVGA; 800 x 600 pixels; maximum external monitor output resolution of 2048 x 1536 pixelsNumber of Traces Display a maximum of 8 traces. Simultaneously display channel, zoom, memory, and math traces Grid StylesAuto, Single, Dual, Quad, Octal, XY , Single + XY , Dual + XY Waveform StylesSample dots joined or dots only in real-time mode22Zoom Expansion TracesDisplay up to 4 Zoom/Math traces with 16 bits/data pointInternal Waveform MemoryM1, M2, M3, M4 Internal Waveform Memory (store full-length waveform with 16 bits/data point) or store to any number of files limited only by data storage mediaSetup StorageFront Panel and Instrument StatusStore to the internal hard drive, over the network, or to a USB-connected peripheral deviceInterfaceRemote ControlVia Windows Automation, or via LeCroy Remote Command Set Network Communication Standard VXI-11 or VICP , LXI Class C Compliant GPIB Port (Accessory)Supports IEEE – 488.2Ethernet Port 10/100/1000Base-T Ethernet interface (RJ-45 connector)USB Ports5 USB 2.0 ports (one on front of instrument) supports Windows-compatible devices External Monitor Port Standard 15-pin D-Type SVGA-compatible DB-15; connect a second monitor to use extended desktop display mode with XGA resolution Serial PortDB-9 RS-232 port (not for remote oscilloscope control)44Xi-A 64Xi-A 62Xi-A104Xi-A 204Xi-A Auxiliary Input44MXi-A 64MXi-A104MXi-A 204MXi-ASignal Types Selected from External Trigger or External Clock input on front panel Coupling50 Ω: DC, 1 M Ω: AC, DC, GND Maximum Input Voltage50 Ω: 5 V rms , 1 M Ω: 400 V max.50 Ω: 5 V rms , 1 M Ω: 250 V max. (DC + Peak AC ≤ 5 kHz)(DC + Peak AC ≤ 10 kHz)Auxiliary OutputSignal TypeTrigger Enabled, Trigger Output. Pass/Fail, or Off Output Level TTL, ≈3.3 VConnector TypeBNC, located on rear panelGeneralAuto Calibration Ensures specified DC and timing accuracy is maintained for 1 year minimumCalibratorOutput available on front panel connector provides a variety of signals for probe calibration and compensationPower Requirements90–264 V rms at 50/60 Hz; 115 V rms (±10%) at 400 Hz, Automatic AC Voltage SelectionInstallation Category: 300 V CAT II; Max. Power Consumption: 340 VA/340 W; 290 VA/290 W for WaveRunner 62Xi-AEnvironmentalTemperature: Operating+5 °C to +40 °C Temperature: Non-Operating -20 °C to +60 °CHumidity: Operating Maximum relative humidity 80% for temperatures up to 31 °C decreasing linearly to 50% relative humidity at 40 °CHumidity: Non-Operating 5% to 95% RH (non-condensing) as tested per MIL-PRF-28800F Altitude: OperatingUp to 3,048 m (10,000 ft.) @ ≤ 25 °C Altitude: Non-OperatingUp to 12,190 m (40,000 ft.)PhysicalDimensions (HWD)260 mm x 340 mm x 152 mm Excluding accessories and projections (10.25" x 13.4" x 6")Net Weight7.26kg. (16.0lbs.)CertificationsCE Compliant, UL and cUL listed; Conforms to EN 61326, EN 61010-1, UL 61010-1 2nd Edition, and CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1-04Warranty and Service3-year warranty; calibration recommended annually. Optional service programs include extended warranty, upgrades, calibration, and customization services23Product DescriptionProduct CodeWaveRunner Xi-A Series Oscilloscopes2 GHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/ChWaveRunner 204Xi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in interleaved mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 1 GHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/ChWaveRunner 104Xi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in interleaved mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 600 MHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/Ch WaveRunner 64Xi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in interleaved mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 600 MHz, 2 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/Ch WaveRunner 62Xi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in interleaved mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 400 MHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/Ch WaveRunner 44Xi-A(25 Mpts/Ch in interleaved mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen DisplayWaveRunner MXi-A Series Oscilloscopes2 GHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/ChWaveRunner 204MXi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in Interleaved Mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 1 GHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/ChWaveRunner 104MXi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in Interleaved Mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 600 MHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/Ch WaveRunner 64MXi-A(10 GS/s, 25 Mpts/Ch in Interleaved Mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen Display 400 MHz, 4 Ch, 5 GS/s, 12.5 Mpts/Ch WaveRunner 44MXi-A(25 Mpts/Ch in Interleaved Mode)with 10.4" Color Touch Screen DisplayIncluded with Standard Configuration÷10, 500 MHz, 10 M Ω Passive Probe (Total of 1 Per Channel)Standard Ports; 10/100/1000Base-T Ethernet, USB 2.0 (5), SVGA Video out, Audio in/out, RS-232Optical 3-button Wheel Mouse – USB 2.0Protective Front Cover Accessory PouchGetting Started Manual Quick Reference GuideAnti-virus Software (Trial Version)Commercial NIST Traceable Calibration with Certificate 3-year WarrantyGeneral Purpose Software OptionsStatistics Software Package WRXi-STAT Master Analysis Software Package WRXi-XMAP (Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Advanced Math Software Package WRXi-XMATH (Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Intermediate Math Software Package WRXi-XWAV (Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Value Analysis Software Package (Includes XWAV and JTA2) WRXi-XVAP (Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Advanced Customization Software Package WRXi-XDEV (Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Spectrum Analyzer and Advanced FFT Option WRXi-SPECTRUM Processing Web Editor Software Package WRXi-XWEBProduct Description Product CodeApplication Specific Software OptionsJitter and Timing Analysis Software Package WRXi-JTA2(Standard with MXi-A model oscilloscopes)Digital Filter Software PackageWRXi-DFP2Disk Drive Measurement Software Package WRXi-DDM2PowerMeasure Analysis Software Package WRXi-PMA2Serial Data Mask Software PackageWRXi-SDM QualiPHY Enabled Ethernet Software Option QPHY-ENET*QualiPHY Enabled USB 2.0 Software Option QPHY-USB †EMC Pulse Parameter Software Package WRXi-EMC Electrical Telecom Mask Test PackageET-PMT* TF-ENET-B required. †TF-USB-B required.Serial Data OptionsI 2C Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-I2Cbus TD SPI Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-SPIbus TD UART and RS-232 Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-UART-RS232bus TD LIN Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-LINbus TD CANbus TD Trigger and Decode Option CANbus TD CANbus TDM Trigger, Decode, and Measure/Graph Option CANbus TDM FlexRay Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-FlexRaybus TD FlexRay Trigger and Decode Physical Layer WRXi-FlexRaybus TDP Test OptionAudiobus Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-Audiobus TDfor I 2S , LJ, RJ, and TDMAudiobus Trigger, Decode, and Graph Option WRXi-Audiobus TDGfor I 2S LJ, RJ, and TDMMIL-STD-1553 Trigger and Decode Option WRXi-1553 TDA variety of Vehicle Bus Analyzers based on the WaveRunner Xi-A platform are available.These units are equipped with a Symbolic CAN trigger and decode.Mixed Signal Oscilloscope Options500 MHz, 18 Ch, 2 GS/s, 50 Mpts/Ch MS-500Mixed Signal Oscilloscope Option 250 MHz, 36 Ch, 1 GS/s, 25 Mpts/ChMS-500-36(500 MHz, 18 Ch, 2 GS/s, 50 Mpts/Ch Interleaved) Mixed Signal Oscilloscope Option 250 MHz, 18 Ch, 1 GS/s, 10 Mpts/Ch MS-250Mixed Signal Oscilloscope OptionProbes and Amplifiers*Set of 4 ZS1500, 1.5 GHz, 0.9 pF , 1 M ΩZS1500-QUADPAK High Impedance Active ProbeSet of 4 ZS1000, 1 GHz, 0.9 pF , 1 M ΩZS1000-QUADPAK High Impedance Active Probe 2.5 GHz, 0.7 pF Active Probe HFP25001 GHz Active Differential Probe (÷1, ÷10, ÷20)AP034500 MHz Active Differential Probe (x10, ÷1, ÷10, ÷100)AP03330 A; 100 MHz Current Probe – AC/DC; 30 A rms ; 50 A rms Pulse CP03130 A; 50 MHz Current Probe – AC/DC; 30 A rms ; 50 A rms Pulse CP03030 A; 50 MHz Current Probe – AC/DC; 30 A rms ; 50 A peak Pulse AP015150 A; 10 MHz Current Probe – AC/DC; 150 A rms ; 500 A peak Pulse CP150500 A; 2 MHz Current Probe – AC/DC; 500 A rms ; 700 A peak Pulse CP5001,400 V, 100 MHz High-Voltage Differential Probe ADP3051,400 V, 20 MHz High-Voltage Differential Probe ADP3001 Ch, 100 MHz Differential Amplifier DA1855A*A wide variety of other passive, active, and differential probes are also available.Consult LeCroy for more information.Product Description Product CodeHardware Accessories*10/100/1000Base-T Compliance Test Fixture TF-ENET-B †USB 2.0 Compliance Test Fixture TF-USB-B External GPIB Interface WS-GPIBSoft Carrying Case WRXi-SOFTCASE Hard Transit CaseWRXi-HARDCASE Mounting Stand – Desktop Clamp Style WRXi-MS-CLAMPRackmount Kit WRXi-RACK Mini KeyboardWRXi-KYBD Removable Hard Drive Package (Includes removeable WRXi-A-RHD hard drive kit and two hard drives)Additional Removable Hard DriveWRXi-A-RHD-02* A variety of local language front panel overlays are also available .† Includes ENET-2CAB-SMA018 and ENET-2ADA-BNCSMA.Customer ServiceLeCroy oscilloscopes and probes are designed, built, and tested to ensure high reliability. In the unlikely event you experience difficulties, our digital oscilloscopes are fully warranted for three years, and our probes are warranted for one year.This warranty includes:• No charge for return shipping • Long-term 7-year support• Upgrade to latest software at no chargeLocal sales offices are located throughout the world. Visit our website to find the most convenient location.© 2010 by LeCroy Corporation. All rights reserved. Specifications, prices, availability, and delivery subject to change without notice. Product or brand names are trademarks or requested trademarks of their respective holders.1-800-5-LeCroy WRXi-ADS-14Apr10PDF。
频谱分析仪使用攻略
国内频谱分析仪市场频谱分析仪简称频谱仪，是用来显示频域信号幅度的仪器，在射频领域有“射频万用表”的美称。
在射频领域，传统的万用表已经不能有效测量信号的幅度，示波器测量频率很高的信号也比较困难，而这正是频谱分析仪的强项。
频谱仪与示波器属于两种类型的仪器，示波器主要显示时域信号幅度的变化，而频谱仪显示的是频域信号幅度的变化。
对于研究射频的工程师和爱好者，频谱仪是工作的好帮手，它可以形象地展示一定频率范围内信号的幅度，可以据此发现信号的存在和不同类型信号的特征。
随着科技的发展，频谱仪也从传统的模拟线路进化到数字化频谱仪，被赋予更多的功能，以适应不断出现的复杂信号。
应用与意义频谱分析仪在射频领域应用非常广泛。
频谱仪最基本的作用就是发现和测量信号的幅度。
频谱仪可以以图示化的方式显示设定频率范围内的射频信号，信号越强，频谱仪显示的幅度也越大。
通过这种特性，频谱仪被用来搜索和发现一定频段内的射频信号，广泛应用在监测电磁环境、无线电频谱监测、电子产品电磁兼容测量、无线电发射机发射特性、信号源输出信号品质、反无线窃听器等领域。
频谱仪可以测量射频信号的多种特征参数，包括频率、选频功率、带宽、邻道功率、调制波形、场强等。
在射频信号的频率测量方面，虽然频率计是专业的设备，但遇到时分多址的信号（GSM移动电话、IDEN、TETRA的信号）、跳频的信号、宽带的信号，普通频率计无法准确计数，功率计无法及时测量，而频谱仪由于基于高速的信号捕捉，则可以有机会测量这些信号。
针对这些常见的不稳定信号，很多中高档频谱仪还在测量软件上做了优化，提供专用的自动测量工具。
由于频谱仪具有图示化射频信号的能力，频谱图可以帮助我们了解信号的特性和类型，有助于最终了解信号的调制方式和发射机的类型。
在军事领域，频谱仪在电子对抗和频谱监测中被广泛应用，不同类型的雷达信号、通信电台信号、应答机信号、“敌我”识别器信号都有各自不同特征的频谱图。
在民用无线电管理领域，通过频谱图，我们可以及时发现非法使用的频率，这比传统扫描监听的效率要高得多。
罗德与施瓦茨 SA2600 手持式实时频谱分析仪说明书
SA2600Real-Time SpectrumAnalyzerThe SA2600handheld real-time spectrum analyzer is ideal for a wide variety of applications,ranging from small radio repair depots,to spectral interference management in the field.Featuring true real-time DPX™capability in a handheld spectrum analyzer,the SA2600offers practical solutions to discover short transient spectral events that slip past conventional spectrum and batch processing vector signal analyzers.The portability allows easy instrument sharing in the laboratory environment and robust all-day battery operation in the field,all with the largest display in its class.With field-ready,rugged hardware featuring outstanding displayed average noise level (DANL),spurious free dynamic range (SFDR),phase noise and easy LAN networking capability in a portable unit,the SA2600is a great choice for general purpose spectrum measurements.Handheld Real-Time spectrum analyzer with DPX™technologyproviding live RF view of the spectrumI100%POI for transients with a minimum duration of 500microsecondsI Rapid in-field detection and location of elusive and intermittent signals IRugged handheld platform optimized for field useFeatures &BenefitsDatasheet |/SA2600I D i s c o v e rIRevolutionary DPX™ spectrum processing provides intuitive understanding of live RF signals using colors based on frequency of occurrence, displaying 2,500 spectrums per sec with a 100% POI for transients with a minimum duration of 500 microseconds IInput Frequency Range 10kHz-6.2GHz to cover most modern signal sources IUnsurpassed ability to detect very low level signals with -153dBm DANL at 10 Hz RBWI L o c a t eIFind outdoor signals by plotting measurements directly onto GPS-integrated maps IFind in-building signals with a Tap-and-Walk-and-Tap interface using mapsIIntegrated mapping solution allows on-site analysis of difficult problemsI R e a d y f o r t h e F i e l dIBenchtop spectrum analyzer performance in a ruggedized handheld battery-operated field unit IIntuitive Windows CE-based touch screen intuitive interface designed for field conditions I Backlit display, viewable in direct sunlight IExtended battery performance with hot-swappable dual batteries2The SA2600 has a variety of unique features such as visual and audio signal strength indicators and integrated GPS measurements’ mapping with direction-findingvectors for easy location of signal emitters. Having 100%probability of intercept for signals of 500 microseconds or greater, and crystal-clear spectrograms, the SA2600 is an ideal tool for surveying the RF spectrum, mappingreceived signal strength and resolving spectral interference disputes.It is perfect for engineers doing pre-deployment analyses, signal strength mapping or troubleshooting interference, as well as regulatory agencies who need portable measurement capabilities suitable for today’s RF systems.The SA2600 is designed for general purpose field use in a wide range of frequency bands and modulation types. It incorporates a unique touch-screen interface that allows very fast tuning and zooming in and out on signals, improving operator efficiency when working across a wide range of frequency bands. The SA2600 offers both performance handheld spectrum analysis as well as innovative must-have technologies like DPX™ and GPS mapping at an affordable price.Datasheet | SA2600 Real-Time Spectrum AnalyzerTektronix SA2600 Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer3DiscoverThe patented DPX™ spectrum display offers an intuitive live color view of signal transients changing over time in the frequency domain, giving you immediate confidence in the stability of your design or instantly displaying a fault when it occurs. The Live RF spectrum processing engine brings real time analysis of transient events to spectrum analyzers. Performing 2,500 spectrum updates persecond, transients as brief as 500 µs can be displayed in the frequency domain. This offers tremendousimprovement over swept analysis techniques. Events are color-coded by rate of occurrence onto a bitmappeddisplay, providing unparalleled insight into the behavior ofintermittent signals.Figure 1. DPX showing three hopping frequencies/SA2600Figure 2. Trace math showing signals not presentin the referenceScanning the RF spectrum allows users to spot which signal emitters are in the area. New signals with significant power are usually candidates for further analysis. However, weak signals can also be of interest, especially when they are close to strong signals. Of particular interest are signals that are present in the spectrum today but were not there yesterday. Signals can be stored as reference and deviations from this reference can be quickly identified using the trace math feature. The SA2600 makes analysis easier by quickly logging signals that are weak, bursty, hopping, timemultiplexed, or intentionally random. It takes advantage of the FFT -based spectrum analysis capability to allow users to see the true shape of the signal, even when it is bursty.Masks can be automatically created from traces captured earlier. You can compare this mask to the current trace and if a mask violation occurs, the trace is logged. Finally,when the spectrogram is paused, you can scroll through the spectrogram’s time-axis and view the results.4Datasheet | SA2600 Real-Time Spectrum AnalyzerLocateOnce a signal of interest is identified, the SA2600 provides various field-proven signal-hunting tools to locate it. For the easier-to-find signals, the signal strength meterproduces audible tones that vary in pitch as a function of the received power. The user can simply point the antenna in the direction that receives maximum power. This allows them to look for signals while watching their surroundings,not the screen.Harder to find signals, such as those influenced by multipath, fading or low signal strength, the SA2600provides several signal-mapping tools to facilitate hunting for these signals. Maps can be imported from a variety of formats using the PC-based iMap Converter application.Signal intensity can be directly recorded, and direction-finding arrows can be directly placed on the map by the user to show the directions where the signal intensity is the greatest. Once you are done, you have a record ofyour work.Figure 4. Color-coded measurementsfor rapid in-field analysisFigure 3. Signal strength for accurate signal finding5Analyzing mapped signals is a quick way to locate signals that can be difficult to find otherwise. Traces can be recorded on a map either manually or automatically. Built-in GPS can be used to record signal position and time data as the instrument moves.The mapping functionality works indoors as well. Using the unique “tap-and-walk-and-tap” interface, users tap on the map to indicate a start location for data acquisition. The end location is similarly recorded. The SA2600 captures the data with the initial tap and follows a straight-line to the end tap. It then displays the measurements, equally spaced between these two measurement points.Figure 5. Locating Interference withintegrated mapping solutionFigure 6. Mapping signals IndoorsReady for the fieldThe SA2600 will quickly scan the RF environment and help you locate the interference sources with its field-proven signal hunting tools. The instrument’s layout is designed in a way that helps reduce the possibility of user mistakes even if the issue is complex. The instrument does not get in your way. The Windows CE-based touch screeninterface is designed specifically to enhance productivity and navigation. While other solutions sometimes require offline GPS and mapping software, the SA2600 includes integrated GPS and mapping tools to allow more efficient interference location capability. The extremely rugged,rubberized magnesium alloy case is designed for harsh field environments and can withstand drops and mistreatment. With the optional second battery, the SA2600 provides more than five hours of use forcontinuous Spectrum Mode. The hot-swappable batteries can dramatically extend the in-field usage time because they can be replaced one at a time./SA26006Datasheet | SA2600 Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer26007/SA2600G e n e r a l P u r p o s e R F M e a s u r e m e n t s C h a r a c t e r i s ti c sD P X ™ M e a s u r e m e n t s P r o c es s i n g C h a ra c t e r i s t i c sDatasheet | SA2600 Real-Time Spectrum AnalyzerM a p p i n gB a t t e r y L i f e8E n v i r o n m e n ta l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sM i s c e l l a n e o u s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sS a f e t y c o m p l i a n c eD i s p l a y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s/SA26009Contact Tektronix:Please visit /communications Phone:1-800-833-9200 option 1+1-469-330-4000Locate your nearest Tektronix representative at:/contactusCopyright © Tektronix. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pend-ing. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification and price change privileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. All other trade names referenced are the service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.06/08 | CWW-22258-0For Further Information:Tektronix maintains a comprehensive, constantly expanding collection of application notes, technical briefs and other resources to help engineers working on the cutting edge of technology.Please visit /communicationsAbout Tektronix:Tektronix has more than 60 years of experience in providing network operators and equipment manufacturers a comprehensive andunparalleled suite of network diagnostics and management solutions for fixed, mobile, IP and converged multi-service networks.These solutions support architectures and applications such as fixed mobile convergence, IMS, broadband wireless access, WiMAX, VoIP and triple play, including IPTV .Learn more about Tektronix' communications test, measurement and network monitoring solutions by visiting:/communicationsDatasheet | SA2600 Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer。
Tektronix 产品数据用户手册说明书
Infiniium 80000 Series OscilloscopesInfiniiMax II Series Probes13, 12, 10, and 8 GHz OscilloscopeMeasurement SystemsData Sheet•13, 12, 10, and 8GHz bandwidthreal-time oscilloscopes with upto 40GSa/s sample rate•Up to 2Mpts MegaZoom deepmemory at 40GSa/s samplerates and 64Mpts MegaZoomdeep memory at 4GSa/s•InfiniiMax II probing system withup to 13GHz bandwidth•Trigger jitter less than 500fs rms•Lowest vertical noise floor andlowest jitter measurement floorin the industry•After-Burner upgrade program protects your Infiniium 80000Series investment •Electronic attenuators eliminate the reliability and ESD discharge concerns associated withmechanical attenuator relays •Unrivaled InfiniiMax probing accessories support browsing,solder-in, socket use, and SMAuse models all at 12GHz orgreater bandwidth•Award-winning userinterface based on MicrosoftWindows®XP Pro supportsCD-RW, dual-monitor, andthird-party software packagesAgilent DSOsBreaking the 10 GHzPerformance Barrier The highest signal integritymeasurement system availableAn oscilloscope and probingsystem with bandwidths up to13GHz and a maximum samplerate of 40GSa/s is required tomeet the performance needs ofengineers designing state of the arthigh-speed serial communicationlinks and other ultra-high-speedelectronic systems. Modernindustry bus standards such asFibre Channel, Fully BufferedDIMM, Serial ATA, Serial AttachedSCSI, and PCI-Express haveperformance points in the 4 to8.5Gb/s range. Proprietaryhigh-speed serial buses canalso have clock rates in the 4 to8.5Gb/s range as well as risetimes faster than 50ps. Scopeswith bandwidths of 8, 10, 12, or13GHz are required to capture2Benefitsthe frequency harmonics of such high-speed signals and make accurate and repeatable measurements on them.Agilent’s award-winning InfiniiMax probing system set the standard for probing systems and the rest of the oscilloscope industry is now following this trend-setting architecture. Agilent’s InfiniiMax II probing system takes thisinnovation to an unmatched level of performance and usability.U.S. Navy imagery used in illustration without endorsement expressed or implied.3/find/infiniimaxII45/find/infiniimaxIIKey trends in theelectronics market•Technologies with dramatically increased clock speeds and edge rates have emerged.•Very fast serial differential buses are being used to save board space, reduce power and provide better noise immunity.•Densely packed circuit boards,often with stacked daughter boards, increase the need to probe in very hard-to-reach places.Key benefits of the 80000 and InfiniiMax II Series•Up to 13GHz bandwidth can track even the fastest signal speeds.• A sample rate of up to 40GSa/s can measure high-speed differential buses reliably and repeatedly.•The innovative InfiniiMax II probing system supports even the most demanding mechanical access requirements without sacrificing performance.6•The full real-time bandwidth of the oscilloscope is supported by up to a 40GSa/s sample rate.•This industry-leading sample rate produces more accurate and repeatable measurements,avoiding measurement error and signal aliasing due to under sampling, as shown above. This is especially important for high-quality jitter measurements.•The combination of up to13GHz bandwidth and 40GSa/s sample rate makes the 80000Series ideal for designs that include: PCI-Express II, Serial ATA II/III, 6Gbs SAS, 4.25 and 8.5Gbs Fibre Channel, 4.8Gbs Fully Buffered DIMM, or other high-speed electronic signals.The DSO 80000 Series Produces Accurate and Repeatable Measurements5 Gb/s real-time eye diagram with DSO81004A 8 Gb/s real-time eye diagram with DSO81204A7/find/infiniimaxIIE2690A Timing Interval and Jitter Analysis software The Agilent E2690A Advanced Time Interval and Jitter Analysis Software, licensed from Amherst Systems Associates (ASA); offers the most powerful and comprehensive set of tools for exploratory debug of jitter, and it is remarkably easy to use. The E2692A Basic Time Interval and Jitter Analysis Software offers the basic tools you need for jitter debug with the same precision you get with the advanced version. Both advanced and basic software versions provide complete jitterdecomposition into its components – including deterministic, random, and total jitter – as well as AutoMeasure to provide quick insight.Jitter Application Software PackagesE2681A EZJIT Jitter analysis softwareIncludes the following key measurements:cycle-to-cycle jitter, n-cycle jitter, period jitter,time interval error, setup and hold time,measurement histograms, measurement trending, and jitter frequency spectrum.N5400A EZJIT Plus Jitter analysis softwareQuickly separate random and deterministic jitter components and estimate total jitter at low BER for standards compliance. Automatic clock recovery and pattern detection, an easy-to-use setup wizard and graphical display views integrated into the Infiniium oscilloscope software further simplify navigation and RJ/DJ analysis.Infiniium: “It’s like someone who sits down and actually uses a scope designed this one.”Steve Montgomery, Director of Engineering, Linx TechnologiesUp to 40 GSa/s sample rate on two channelssignificantly reduces the chances of aliasing,increases measurement accuracy, and delivers thefull real-time bandwidth of the oscilloscope on twochannels simultaneously.Four channels at 20GSa/s with 8GHz real-time bandwidth or full bandwidth equivalent time modes are also available.Get fast answers to your questions with the built-in information system. Infiniium’s task-oriented Setup Guide provides step-by-step instructions for several advanced measurements and procedures.See your signal more clearly with a large (8.4-inch) high-resolution color display. Infiniium’s bright TFT display with anti-glare coating lets you see the details of your signal from all angles.20 Gb hard drive, 3.5” 1.44 MB floppy drive and rear USB port make it easy to save setup files, data files, screen shots, etc.Identify anomalies easily with color-graded persistence, a colorful visual representation of waveform distribution.Label waveforms and add notes to your screen captures — Infiniium’s keyboard makes it easy.Drag and drop markers with your mouse or use the arrow keys.Easy access to advanced features like math functions and FFTs, is provided by the Windows-based graphical user interface. This GUI also gives you unique capabilities like drag-and-drop measurements and zooming, and offers a graphical equivalent to all front panel controls.Remote access with Web-enabled connectivity,e-mail on trigger, and GPIB over LAN allows you to access your scope from remote locations.64 Mpts acquisition memory at 4GSa/s sample rate on two channels allows you to capture long time windows at high resolution – such as identifying glitches due to a power supply start-up from reset.QuickMeas+ key gives you any five automated measurements with a push of a button. You can also configure this key to print/save screen shots, save waveforms, or load a favorite setup.8Zoom and search with instant response.Zoom into your signal using the horizontal scale knob and search through your waveform with the position knob. MegaZoom technology allows you to find your area of interest quickly and easily – even with 64 Mpts waveforms.Built-in CD-R drive on rear panel allows you to update the system software conveniently and can be used to install third-party application packages.9/find/infiniimaxIIHands-free operation with the Infiniium VoiceControl option. Just speak into the microphone to operate front-panel controls.Segmented memory acquisition mode captures bursting signals at maximum sample rate without consuming memory during periods of inactivity.Removable hard disk drive option is available for added data security.Install third-party software packages such as Excel, LabView, Agilent Vee, MATLAB®, anti-virus software, and more to perform customizedprocessing and automation of your oscilloscope or to make the scope compliant to the network environment of your company.An external monitor allows you to run third-party applications on a large, high-resolution display while using the scope’s built-in monitor for high-speed waveform display.Windows® XP Pro operating system.A familiar interface makes simple tasks simple.Infiniium’s analog-like front panel has a full set of controls color coded to the waveforms and measurements, making simple tasks simple.One-year standard warranty and a variety of Agilent support options protect your investment for the long term.10MHz reference clock can be input (optional) to or output (standard) from the scope to allow precise timebase synchronization with RF instruments or logic analyzers.A new 18 GHz, BNC-compatible connectorprovides a high signal fidelity connection to Agilent active probes, SMA adapters, and standard BNCs.AutoProbe interface completely configures your scope for use with the InfiniiMax probing system and previous generation Agilent active probes.10/100 Mbps LAN interface lets you easily print waveforms on networked printers, save your results on your office PC, share information with others,and control the scope over the Web.10Two new high-bandwidth InfiniiMax IISeries probe amplifiers have been added to the InfiniiMax product line. InfiniiMax I probe amplifiers and probe heads can also be used with DSO 80000 Series scopes for lower performance applications.InfiniiMax II: The World’s Best High-Speed Probing System Just Got Better12GHz Hi-BW solder-in differential probe head provides maximum bandwidth and minimizes capacitive loading to ≤210fF.Variable spacing from 0.2 to 3.3mm (8 to 130 mills).12GHz Hi-BW differential browser provides maximum bandwidth for hand-held or probe holder use. Variable spacing from 0.2 to 3.3mm (8 to 130 mills).InfiniiMax offers you the highest performance available for measuring differential andsingle-ended signals, with flexible connectivity solutions for today’s high-density ICs and circuit boards.InfiniiMax probes have fully characterized performance for all of their various probe heads.This includes:•Swept frequency response plot•Common mode rejection vs. frequency plot •Impedance vs. frequency plot •Time-domain probe loading plot •Time-domain probe tracking plotOne-year standard warranty on active probes and a variety of Agilent support options to choose from.Controlled impedance transmission lines in every probe head deliver full performance versus the performance limitations produced by traditional wire accessories.Probe interface software allows you to save the calibration information for up to 10 different probe heads per channel and will automatically retrieve calibration data for a probe amplifier as it is attached to the scope.High-input impedance active probes minimize loading, support differential measurements and DC offset, and can compensate for cable loss.Probe calibration software delivers the most accurate probe measurements, linear phaseresponse and allows various probe combinations to be deskewed to the same reference time.InfiniiMax II probe headsThe 54006A 7.5 GHz resistive divider probe is available as a low-cost probing alternative for casual inspection of signals.A flat frequency response over the entire probe bandwidth eliminates the distortion and frequency-dependent loading effects that are present in probes that have an in-band resonance.InfiniMax I probe headsProbe Performance Plots AvailableThe InfiniiMax II probe manuals contain an extensive set of performance plots (bandwidth, probe tracking, CMRR, step response, impedance) for various probe configurations. See the following web site for this information/manuals/scopes/01169-9700_man.pdfInfiniium 80000 Series Performance CharacteristicsInfiniiMax II Series Performance CharacteristicsOrdering InformationReturn to service center required U.S. List$10,000$17,000Ordering Information (continued)as power supplies, inverters, semiconductor measurements,500 MHz (with supplied 10073C passive probe)500 MHz (with 10073C passive probe and80000 Series oscilloscope)Take the frustration out of communications testing and prove your designs conform to industry standards with the E2625A Communications Mask Test Kit option. Infiniium’s familiar Windows interface makes it easy for you to access the masks you need and configure your tests.In addition, the E2625A Communication Mask Test Kit comes with a set of electrical communication adapters to ensure convenient, reliable and accurate connections to your device under test. Included are more than 20 industry standard ANSI T1.102 and ITU-T G.703 communication signal mask templates. Logic Analyzer/Oscilloscope Time-Correlation Fixture.E2699A N5391AThe Agilent Serial BERT generator N4901B (N4902B)option 200 provides high speed digital stimulus to yourdevice with PRBS or memory based pattern from150Mb/s up to 13.5Gb/s (7Gb/s). For mor information,see /find/pulse-generators.Product Web site Array For the most up-to-date andcomplete application and productinformation, please visit ourproduct Web site at:/find/infiniimaxII /find/infiniimaxIIAgilent Technologies’ Test and Measurement Support, Services, and AssistanceAgilent Technologies aims to maximize the value you receive, while minimizing your risk and problems. We strive to ensure that you get the test and measurement capabilities you paid for and obtain the support you need. Our extensive support resources and services can help you choose the right Agilent products for your applications and apply them successfully.Every instrument and system we sell has a global warranty. Two concepts underlie Agilent's overall support policy: "Our Promise" and "Your Advantage."Our PromiseOur Promise means your Agilent test and measurement equipment will meet its advertised performance and functionality. When you are choosing new equipment, we will help you with product information, including realistic performance specifications and practical recommendations from experienced test engineers. When you receive your new Agilent equipment, we can help verify that it works properly and help with initial product operation.Your AdvantageYour Advantage means that Agilent offers a wide range of additional expert test and measurement services, which you can purchase according to your unique technical and business needs. Solve problems efficiently and gain a competitive edge by contracting with us for calibration, extra-cost upgrades, out-of-warranty repairs, and on-site education and training, as well as design, system integration, project management, and other professional engineering services. Experienced Agilent engineers and technicians worldwide can help you maximize your productivity, optimize the return on investment of your Agilent instruments and systems, and obtain dependable measurement accuracy for the life of those products.For more information on Agilent Technologies’products, applications or services, please contact your local Agilent office. The complete list is available at:/find/contactus Phone or Fax United States:(tel) 800 829 4444(fax) 800 829 4433Canada:(tel) 877 894 4414(fax) 800 746 4866China:(tel) 800 810 0189(fax) 800 820 2816Europe:(tel) 31 20 547 2111Japan:(tel) (81) 426 56 7832(fax) (81) 426 56 7840Korea:(tel) (080) 769 0800(fax) (080) 769 0900Latin America:(tel) (305) 269 7500Taiwan:(tel) 0800 047 866(fax) 0800 286 331Other Asia Pacific Countries:(tel) (65) 6375 8100(fax) (65) 67556 0042Email:*****************Contacts revised: 05/05/05Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2005Printed in USA, May 12, 20055989-1487ENUS /find/emailupdates Get the latest information on the products and applications you select.Agilent T&M Software and ConnectivityAgilent's Test and Measurement software and connectivity products, solutions and developer network allows you to take time out of connecting your instruments to your computer with tools based on PC standards, so you can focus on your tasks, not on your connections. Visit /find/connectivityfor more /find/agilentdirectQuickly choose and use your test equipment solutions with confidence.Agilent Email UpdatesAgilent Direct。
Tektronix 示波器 说明书
光源光电元件 3Y(电压)X(时间)Z(亮度)X(时间)Z(亮度)示波器什么是示波器，它是如何工作的？本节将解答这些基本问题。
示波器本质上是一种图形显示设备，它描绘电信号的图形曲线。
在大多数应用中，呈现的图形能够表明信号随时间的变化过程：垂直（Y）轴表示电压，水平（X）轴表示时间。
有时称亮度为Z轴。
（参看图2。
）这一简单的图形能够说明信号的许多特性，例如：信号的时间和电压值振荡信号的频率信号所代表电路的“变化部分”信号的特定部分相对于其他部分的发生频率是否存在故障部件使信号产生失真信号的直流值 (DC) 和交流值 (AC)信号的噪声值和噪声是否随时间变化 5正弦波衰减的正弦波方波矩形波锯齿波三角波阶跃波图4.普通波形的激励源6 正弦波衰减的正弦波图6. 方波和矩形波正弦波正弦波波的类型大多数波都属于如下类型：正弦波方波和矩形波三角波和锯齿波阶跃波和脉冲波周期和非周期信号同步和异步信号复杂波正弦波有几个原因说明正弦波是基本波形。
它具有和谐的数学特性，这与您高中在三角学课程中学习到的正弦函数曲线的形状一样。
房间墙角的电源出口输出的电压值也如同正弦波那样变化。
信号发生器振荡电路产生的测试信号通常就是正弦波。
大多数AC电源产生的是正弦波。
（AC表示的是交流，实际上电压值也在改变。
DC表示的是直流，同时意味着稳定的电流和电压，电池产生的就是DC。
）衰减的正弦波是振荡电路产生的特殊实例，它随时间而衰减。
图5是正弦波和衰减的正弦波的示例。
图7.锯齿波和三角波三角波锯齿波方波和矩形波方波是另一种常见的波形。
从本质上看，方波是以相同的时间间隔，不停开关的电压（或者不断为高低值）。
它是测试放大器的标准波形，好的放大器在增加方波幅值的同时有最小的失真。
电视、广播和计算机电路中经常使用方波作为定时信号。
矩形波与方波类似，不同之处在于高低电压值的间隔时间并不等长。
在分析数字电路时，矩形波非常有用。
图6是方波和矩形波的示例。
tektronix TBS2000B系列示波器 用户手册
前言
主要特点 ........................................................................................................................................ 9 TBS2000B 的带宽选件 ............................................................................................................... 10 本手册中使用的约定 .................................................................................................................. 10
操作要求
Environment requirements ........................................................................................................... 11 Power requirements ...................................................................................................................... 11
信号监测、监控和实时频谱分析
扫描分析 带宽
扫描时间
扫频式频谱分析仪(SA) 没有信号分析!
下一个 扫描
为查看 RTSA 怎样有效地捕获所需的信息，我们先概括 介绍这一技术，然后简要考察其在信号监测中的应用。
矢量信号分析仪(VSA)
然后，我们将考察信号监测的技术挑战和主要的仪器性 能指标，其中包括 RTSA 实时频率模板触发技术对难检 信号的独特价值。
信号监控的挑战 本应用指南中使用的信号监控和信号监测的意思不同。 信号监测是指检查信号，主要目的是预防干扰，保持质 量，或对发射机运营商采取强制措施。信号监控则用于 收集信息，调查情况。在本应用指南中，监控一词主要 用于智能采集。监控经常会私下进行，因此被监控目标 并不知道这一行为，而监测则具有公开的特点。
帧 没有信号分析
记录
实时频谱分析仪(RTSA)
最后，我们还介绍了使用多域解调测量及安全环境中使 用的部分特定功能，从捕获的波形中挖掘智能。
RTSA 概述 RTSA 的起源可以追溯到信号智能界的需求上。扫频分 析仪只能捕获 RF 频谱的间歇性样点。在扫描通过跨度 时，只会为分析提供非常窄的分辨率带宽。这使得许多 频谱频率自由变化时而检测不到，同时它们要等待分析 带宽到达这些频率。另外它也没有考虑扫描之间的周 期，这些周期没有被解释而消失了。类似的，矢量信号 分析仪最初是为重复的CW 调制研制的，在记录之间有 多个时间周期，在这些周期期间没有进行任何信号分 析。即使捕获存储器非常长，但 VSA 仍会漏掉间歇性事 件。
2 /rsa
信号监测、监控和实时频谱分析
应用指南
RTSA 的 RF 前端接收机可以在 DC 到 8 GHz 之间调谐， 把输入信号下变频到固定的 IF。然后信号进行滤波，通 过模数转换器(ADC)进行数字化转换，然后传送到数字 信号处理(DSP)器中，DSP处理器管理着仪器的触发、存 储和分析功能。
数字式示波器Tektronix TDS1002初步使用讲解
第四章 常用仪器简介数字式示波器Tektronix TDS1002初步使用示波器最主要的功能就是把测量点的电压随时间变化曲线直观地显示在屏幕上。
示波器是最重要的电子测量仪器之一，也是使用最频繁的电子仪器之一。
要正确使用一台示波器，要充分利用一台示波器的功能和性能指标，就必需充分阅读该示波器的使用说明书。
示波器使用说明书中的主要性能指标和基本操作方法列于本节之后。
下面所介绍的仅仅是实验中使用该示波器所所涉及到的最基本的内容。
1. 功能简介Tektronix TDS1002示波器是数字式示波器，其正面外形如图1。
它对来自探头的信号经放大，然后采样，再将采样数据对应的波形记录，最后将波形显示在屏幕上。
同时，在示波器内部可对数据作一些处理，例如，统计平均，快速付立叶变换，并将处理过的波形显示在屏幕上。
它还可以通过GPIB 卡（General Purpose Interface Bus ）与计算机、打印机等设备进行数据交换，因此，可由计算机对示波器采集到的数据做进一步的处理。
Tektronix TDS1002示波器的最高采样率1GHz ，屏幕显示的波形由2500采样点的数据连接而成。
其原理示意图如图2。
2. 关于Tektronix TDS1002数字式示波器使用中的若干问题2．1．探头×1、×10本示波器的输入阻抗为1M Ω电阻和20pF 电容的并联。
并联电容是为了抑制高频干扰。
示波器探头有×1、×10转换开关。
当探头开关置于×1时，示波器输入回路的等效电路如图4。
通常有R s <<R 1。
若输入为方波，当信号源输出上升沿时，由于信号输出功率有限，给电容充电需要时间，所以，示波器输入回路 向示波器内部电路输出的电压信号的前沿变缓，上升 时间延长，如图中右上方为其示意图。
这样一来，在示屏幕上看到的方波的上升沿将大于实际输入方波的上升沿。
当示波器探头置于×10时，输入回路的等效电路如图5。
Tektronix波形分析仪用户指南说明书
The TDS3000B Series of Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes Provides Unmatched Performance and Portability at an Affordable PriceThe TDS3000B packs the power of Enhanced Troubleshooting• TDS3000B Series •/tds3000b2Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054Be*Scope ®Web-based Remote Controle*Scope means you can control your TDS3000B oscilloscope from anywhere,using the Internet and your PC.Simply battery pack,the TDS3000B Series oscillo-WaveAlert ™waveform anomaly detection alerts you to any waveform that deviates from the “normal”input.Easily document and analyze measurement results using OpenChoice ™software.Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054BDigital Phosphor Oscilloscopes • TDS3000B Series •3 Look for unintentional circuit noise with theTDS3000B Series’ FFT capability.TDS3000B Series Electrical Characteristics• TDS3000B Series •/tds3000b4Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054BTrigger SystemMain Trigger Modes – Auto (supports Roll Mode for 40ms/div and slower),Normal.B Trigger – Trigger after time or events.Custom video trigger allows the TDS3000B to trigger on standards such as RS343 (26.6 kHz scan rate).Trace and identify ITU-R BT.601 video signals with the TDS3SDI 601 serial digital video module.Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes • TDS3000B Series •5Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054B• TDS3000B Series •/tds3000b6Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054BOrdering InformationTDS3012B, TDS3014B,TDS3032B, TDS3034B,TDS3052B, TDS3054B Standard AccessoriesProbes:2each P301010X passive probes (TDS3012B),4each P301010X passive probes (TDS3014B),2each P6139A 10X passive probes (TDS3032B and TDS3052B),4each P6139A 10X passive probes (TDS3034B and TDS3054B).Documentation:User manual (hard copy and CD),quick reference manual,programmer’s manual,and application module manuals.Power cord.Accessory tray.Protective front cover:Has holder for user manual and/or 3.5in.floppy disks.NIST-Traceable Certificate of Calibration.Please specify power plug and manual version when ordering.Recommended OptionOption BND –Available on all TDS3014B,TDS3034B and TDS3054B models.Includes TDS3GV communication module with OpenChoice ™software,TDS3AAM and TDS3LIM application modules,TDS3BATB battery pack and AC3000 soft carrying case.Recommended AccessoriesTDS3TMT –Telecom mask testing application module.TDS3AAM –Advanced analysis module.TDS3LIM –Limit test module.TDS3VID –Extended video application module.TDS3SDI –601 serial digital video module.TDS3GV –GPIB,VGA,RS-232interfaces,and TDSPCS1 OpenChoice ™PC Communication software.TDSPCS1 OpenChoice ™PC Communication Software –A collection of programs that enable fast and easy transfer communication between MS Windows PCs and Tektronix oscilloscopes.Available in single-license packages and included in TDS3GV communication module.Minimum System Requirements:500 MHz Pentium equivalent or greater 128 MBMS Windows 98 SE,XP Professional,Me or 2000MS Office 2000 or XP (for TDS toolbars only) – Excel 2000 or 2002; Word 2000or 2002Keyboard and mouse LAN,GPIB or serial connector WaveStar ™Software for Oscilloscopes –Microsoft Windows 98/Me/2000/NT 4.0Application.TDS3BATB –Lithium Ion battery pack for up to 3 hours continuous operation without line power.Note:The instrument must be grounded at all times.TDS3PRT –Plug-in printer adds easy,portable documentation capability to your TDS3000B or TDS3000 oscilloscope.Note:Printer operates on battery power only with TDS3000B Series oscilloscope.016-1907-00 –5-roll pack of paper for TDS3PRT plug-in thermal printer.TDS3CHG –Fast charger for battery pack.AC3000 –Soft case for carrying instrument.HCTDS32 –Hard plastic case for carrying instrument.RM3000 –Rackmount kit.Service Manual (TDS3000B Series) –English only (071-0972-00).TDS3GV Programmers Manual –English only (071-0381-01).TNGTDS01 –Self-paced self-study operator training kit.For customer training on this product outside the U.S.call 1-503-627-7510,inside the U.S.call 1-800-833-9200 ext.77510.Recommended ProbesADA400A –100X,10X,1X,0.1X high gain differential amplifier.P6243 –1 GHz,≤1 pF input C 10x active probe.P5205 –1.3 kV,100 MHz high voltage differential probe.P5210 –5.6 kV,50 MHz high voltage differential probe.P5100 –2.5 kV,100X high voltage passive probe.TCP202 –15 A,DC + peak AC 50 MHz AC/DC current probe.Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes • TDS3000B Series •7Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054BServiceTektronix probes are expressly designed for your oscilloscope,with identical quality standards and built-in compatibility for optimum performance.Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3012B •TDS3014B •TDS3032B •TDS3034B •TDS3052B •TDS3054BOur most up-to-date product information is available at:Copyright © 2003,Tektronix,Inc.All rights reserved.Tektronix products are coveredby U.S.and foreign patents,issued and rmation in this public ationsupersedes that in all previously published material.Specification and price changeprivileges reserved.TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix,Inc.All other trade names referenced are the service marks,trademarks or regis-tered trademarks of their respective companies.09/03 HB/SFI3GW-12482-10 Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes • TDS3000B Series •/tds3000b8Contact Tektronix:ASEAN / Australasia / Pakistan (65) 6356 3900Austria +43 2236 8092 262Belgium+32 (2) 715 89 70Brazil & South America55 (11) 3741-8360Canada1 (800) 661-5625Central Europe & Greece+43 2236 8092 301Denmark+45 44 850 700Finland+358 (9) 4783 400France & North Africa+33 (0) 1 69 86 80 34Germany +49 (221) 94 77 400Hong Kong(852) 2585-6688India(91) 80-2275577Italy+39 (02) 25086 1Japan81 (3) 3448-3010Mexico,Central America & Caribbean52 (55) 56666-333The Netherlands+31 (0) 23 569 5555Norway+47 22 07 07 00People’s Republic of China86 (10) 6235 1230Poland+48 (0) 22 521 53 40Republic of Korea82 (2) 528-5299Russia,CIS& The Baltics+358 (9) 4783 400South Africa+27 11 254 8360Spain +34 (91) 372 6055Sweden+46 8 477 6503/4Taiwan886 (2) 2722-9622United Kingdom & Eire+44 (0) 1344 392400USA1 (800) 426-2200USA(Export Sales) 1 (503) 627-1916For other areas contact Tektronix,Inc.at:1 (503) 627-7111Updated 20 September 2002 generator with the power of an arbitrary waveform generator,offering the performance needed to accuratelyexperience with 24-hour response to technical questionsonline support to request assistance,check service status or arrange for trainingturn-around service timereliable support with demonstrated on-time deliveryVisit /support。
tektronix示波器的使用方法
tektronix示波器的使用方法【实用版4篇】篇1 目录1.Tektronix 示波器简介2.Tektronix 示波器操作步骤3.使用技巧与注意事项4.结论篇1正文1.Tektronix 示波器简介Tektronix 示波器是一种广泛应用于电子工程领域的测试仪器，它可以用来观察和测量电信号的波形、幅度、频率等特性。
Tektronix 示波器凭借其高精度、高速度和高可靠性，成为了众多工程师的首选工具。
2.Tektronix 示波器操作步骤（1）连接电路：在使用 Tektronix 示波器之前，首先要将待测电路与示波器连接。
通常需要使用一根信号线连接电路的地，另一根信号线连接电路的信号输出端。
（2）打开示波器：连接好电路后，打开 Tektronix 示波器。
此时，示波器会进行自检，并显示一些初始信息。
（3）调整示波器：根据待测信号的特点，调整示波器的垂直和水平缩放。
垂直缩放用于调整波形的纵向幅度，水平缩放用于调整波形的时间轴范围。
（4）选择测量模式：根据需要，可以选择示波器的测量模式，如实时测量、平均测量等。
（5）开始测量：调整好示波器后，按下“开始测量”按钮，示波器会开始捕捉并显示信号波形。
（6）分析波形：观察波形，分析信号的特性，如频率、幅度、相位等。
（7）保存和输出数据：如需保存或输出测量结果，可以使用示波器上的存储或输出功能。
3.使用技巧与注意事项（1）在使用 Tektronix 示波器时，应确保电路稳定，避免因电路波动导致的误操作。
（2）在连接电路时，应确保连接线牢固，避免因接触不良导致的信号丢失。
（3）在测量过程中，不要频繁切换测量模式，以免影响示波器的稳定性。
（4）使用完毕后，应将示波器关闭并放回原位，以保证示波器的使用寿命。
4.结论Tektronix 示波器是一种重要的电子测试仪器，掌握其使用方法对于电子工程师来说至关重要。
通过以上操作步骤和使用技巧，相信您已经对Tektronix 示波器的使用有了更深入的了解。
实时频谱分析仪中的数字荧光技术基础知识
/rtsa 1 5实时频谱分析仪中的数字荧光技术基础知识2 /rtsa目录实时频谱分析仪中的数字荧光技术：革命性的信号发现工具⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4数字荧光显示⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4-9应用: 找到强度更高的信号下的小信号⋯⋯⋯⋯4-6 DPX TM显示引擎⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6-7余辉⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8统计线轨迹⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯9超快速频谱更新⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯9-12 DPX变换引擎⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10应用: 有保证地检测偶发的短信号⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10-11侦听概率⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11-12揭密DPX⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12最大限度地利用DPX频谱显示⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13-14调节位图(bitmap)显示⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13余辉⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13强度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13调色板⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13颜色标度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13与其它RTSA功能交互⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14 RBW⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14跨度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14光标⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14频率模板触发⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14分析时间⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14功率电平触发⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14不同型号的技术数据⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14/rtsa 3实时频谱分析仪中的数字荧光TM技术：革命性的信号发现工具发现 (信号故障，问题) 是描述、诊断、了解和解决随时间变化的信号相关问题的第一步。
随着越来越多的信道涌入有限可用带宽中，新应用采用无线传输，和RF 系统变成基于数字的系统，工程师需要更好的工具，找到和理解复杂的行为和相互的影响。
TeKtronixTDS210数字示波器说明书
TeKtronixTDS210数字⽰波器说明书说到⽰波器，相信每⼀个电⼦通信专业的学⽣必不陌⽣，在嵌⼊式产品开发领域也是必不可少的辅助⼯具。
⽽⼈们（包括我⾃⼰）经常要是隔较长时间后再使⽤⽰波器时，难免会愣⼀下“直流交流切换的界⾯哪去了呢”“想量⼀下电压值，可是光标线怎么按出来”之类的问题，因⽽觉得还是有必要把⼀些操作简单做⼀下记录，毕竟好记性不如烂笔头~~~写这篇博客时，参考了不少⽹友的总结，在此表⽰感谢!I. 基本操作：⼀、显⽰区显⽰区除了波形以处，还包括许多有关波形和仪器控制设定值的指⽰等。
1．有三种不同的图形表⽰分别对应不同的获取⽅式：取样⽅式，峰值检测⽅式，平均值⽅式。
2．触发状态表⽰下列信息：Armed：⽰波器正采集预触发数据，此时所有触发将被忽略。
Ready：所有预触发数据均已被获取，⽰波器已准备就绪接受触发。
Trig'd:：⽰波器已检测到⼀个触发，正在采集触发后信息。
Auto：⽰波器处于⾃动⽅式并正采集⽆触发下的波形。
Scan：⽰波器以扫描⽅式连续地采集并显⽰波形数据。
Stop：⽰波器已停⽌采集波形。
5．指针表⽰触发电平。
6．读数表⽰触发电平的数值。
7．图标表⽰的所选触发类型。
有如下⼏种：上升沿触发；下降沿触发；⾏同步视频触发；场同步视频触发。
8．读数表⽰视窗时基设定值。
9．读数表⽰主时基设定值。
10．读数显⽰了主时基的设定值。
11．读数显⽰了通道的垂直标尺系数。
12．显⽰区短暂地显⽰在线信息。
13．在屏幕上指针表⽰所显⽰波形的接地基准点。
如果没有表明通道的指针，就说明该通道没有被显⽰。
此外依据波形的类型有三种不同的显⽰形式：⿊线、灰线和虚线。
⿊⾊实线波形表⽰显⽰的活动波形。
获取停⽌后，只要引起显⽰精确度不确定的控制值保持不变，波形将保持⿊⾊。
在获取停⽌以后，可以改变垂直和⽔平控制值。
⽽参考波形和使⽤显⽰持续时间功能的波形以灰⾊线条显⽰。
虚线波形表⽰波形显⽰精确度不确定。
产⽣虚线的原因是停⽌获取后改变控制设定值，但仪器⽆法相应改变显⽰波形与其相配。
频谱分析仪基础知识
幅度 (功率)
时域测量 （示波器）
频域测量 （频谱仪）
2 频谱分析仪结构及原理
频谱分析仪的类型：傅立叶频谱分析仪和超外差式频谱分析 仪 FFT频谱分析仪：被分析的信号通过模数转换器采样，变成 离散信号，采样值被保存在一个存储器中，经过离散FFT变 换计算，计算出信号的频谱 FFT频谱分析仪不足之处：FFT分析仪不适合脉冲信号的分 析，而且由于A/D转换器速度的限制，FFT分析仪仅适合测 量低频信号
未经视频滤波
经过视频滤波
锯齿波发生器、本振和显示
锯齿波发生器既控制显示器上曲线的位置，又控制LO的频 率，所以就可以通过校准，用显示器的水平轴来表示输入信 号频率 任何振荡器都不是绝对稳定的，而是在一定程度上被随机噪 声调频或调相的。LO的不稳定性会直接影响由LO和输入信 号混频后的中频，因此，LO的相位噪声调制边带也会在显 示器上任何谱分量的两边出现，LO越稳定，相位噪声越低 YIG振荡器经常被用作本振，也由一些频谱仪采用压控振荡 器作为本振，其调节范围较小，但较YIG调整起来更快；为 了增加频谱仪的频率精度，本振信号可以是合成信号，也就 是说，本振经锁相环锁定在参考信号上。参考信号通常由一 个温控晶振产生，为了增加频率精度与长期的稳定性，大多 数频谱仪广泛采用恒温控制晶振
模拟滤波器
模拟 数字 15:1 滤波器 数字 5:1
FFT滤波器
如果单纯为了测试精度而设置非常窄的分辨率带宽，则会造 成无法容忍的长时间扫描，因此在非常高的分辨率的情况下 建议采用FFT滤波器，从时域特性计算频谱，见下图。当采 用FFT滤波器时，频率非常高的信号不能通过A/D直接采样， 须经过与本振混频变为中频并在时域对带通信号取样
RF_fundamentals 频谱分析基础
Distortion
通信Communications
– – – – 现代无线通信技术多基于频域 分配频段 通信信道 需要确定占用带宽，调制质量等特性
Modulation
8
May 9-11, 2011
Trinity Product Champion Training - Tektronix Confidential
射频基础知识
2011 销售大学预习资料
1
May 9-11, 2011
Trinity Product Champion Training - Tektronix Confidential
示波器测量幅度相对于时间的变化
简单例子:正弦波
– 纵轴表示幅度 – 横轴表示时间 – 频率表示单位时间内的周期个数
Amplitude
A Time
f = 1/ T
2
May 9-11, 2011
Trinity Product Champion Training - Tektronix Confidential
频谱分析仪测量幅度（功率）相对于频率的变化
简单例子：正弦波
– 纵轴代表幅度的有效值 – 横轴代表频率 – 频谱分析仪在某一时刻只测量感兴趣的一定范围的频率，其他频率成分滤 除掉，从效果上看是特定频率的功率计.
– 这个范围之内的频率可以分析 – 在这个范围内频带是平坦的而不像示波器会滚降 – 通常从9kHz或100kHz开始到几个GHz
– 频谱分析仪的前端一般不能像示波器一样接收直流信号
14 May 9-11, 2011 Trinity Product Champion Training - Tektronix Confidential
频谱仪选型指南
实时频谱测试时代已经来临实时频谱分析仪选型指南复杂的RF问题要求新型分析当前的RF信号通常会以不可预测的方式随时间变化。
为有效检定这些信号，您需要一个工具，能够同时发现和触发已知事件和不可预测的事件，把信号无缝捕获到存储器中，分析频率、幅度和调制参数随时间变化的行为特点。
2 RTSA Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers 使用扫频分析仪和矢量信号分析仪等传统工具可能会在频域和调制域中提供信号快照，但通常不能提供足够的信息，使您满怀信心地描述被测设备生成的动态RF信号。
通过洞察参数在连续时间内的变化情况，实时频谱分析仪在所有这些测量中增加了另一个关键维度。
RSA3300B系列RSA3300B系列通过一次采集就可捕获瞬变的RF信号的连续时间记录，并在频域、时域和调制域中进行时间相关分析。
R S A3300B系列还提供了革命性的DPX?频谱显示功能，用颜色直观实时的显示瞬变信号在频域中随时间变化情况。
RSA3408B系列利用RSA3408B增强的触发功能、更高的捕获带宽和优秀的分析工具，快速解决复杂的问题。
此外，它还提供了革命性的DPX?频谱显示功能，在36 MHz频域带宽内用颜色直观实时的显示瞬变信号在频域中随时间变化情况。
RSA6100A系列RSA6100A系列提供了革命性的DPX?频谱显示技术，用颜色直观实时的显示瞬变信号在频域中随时间变化情况，同时提供了高达110 MHz的捕获带宽和-73 dBc的动态范围。
/rtsa 3实时频谱测试时代已经来临全面检定随时间变化的RF信号所有域(频率, 时间, 幅度, 相位, 调制)中多域相关视图，直观的用户界面。
革命性的DPX TM数字荧光频谱显示技术，无可比拟的调试和实时瞬态信号分析能力。
触摸屏、鼠标和前面板控制功能，直接在视图中调节设置。
Windows XP操作系统及使用Tek OpenChoice®，可方便的进行文件编辑、打印、及通过以太网和GPIB控制仪器、远程连接等等。
泰克便携式实时频谱仪总体介绍(完整版)
8
实时频谱显示与普通频谱对比显示WiFi信号
• 实时频谱可显示 WiFi 频谱的实时变化
9
泰克专利的 DPX™ 技术
RF
Transform Sample Sets
DFT Spectrums
Pixel Histogram
Temp. Grading
Analog RF To Digital Conversion
析仪
TSG4100A 矢量信号源 及射频器件
RSA500 RSA600
1990年以前
2000
2010
2014
扫频频谱仪 广播电视测量
第一代实时频 谱仪
移动通信测量
第二代实时频 谱仪(FMT)
移动通信测量
第一代便携 实时频谱仪 干扰及基站
测试
第三代实 时频谱仪 (DPX一代) 复杂电磁
环境
第四代实 时频谱仪 (DPX二代) 复杂电磁
第六代实时频谱分析技术
实时频谱监测于2010年正式写入国家无线电监测委员会频谱管理规范
2/12/2020
5
实时频谱分析技术
射频接收机发展历程
扫频分析仪 (SA)
基于FFT的现代分析仪
矢量信号分析仪 (VSA) 实时频谱分析仪 (RTSA)
7
实时差异
扫频频谱显示WIFI信号频谱
• 低扫描速度影响传统频谱仪完整观测突发信号频谱的能力
11
DPX的应用1－ 提高发现偶发信号的概率
12
DPX的应用1－ 提高发现偶发信号的概率
13
利用 DPX 发现 RFID 信号对 GSM 上行干扰
• RFID 门禁系统干扰GSM上行
14
泰克科技 RSA306B USB 实时频谱分析仪说明书
频谱分析仪RSA306B USB实时频谱分析仪RSA306使用您的电脑和泰克SignalVu-PC ™ RF 信号分析软件，为9 kHz ~ 6.2 GHz 信号提供实时频谱分析、流式捕获和深入信号分析功能，而且价格经济，携带异常方便，特别适合现场、工厂或科研应用。
主要性能指标9 kHz ~ 6.2 GHz 频率范围，满足各种分析需求+20 dBm ~ -160 dBm 测量范围Mil-Std 28800 Class 2 环境、撞击和振动规范，适用于严酷的条件40 MHz 采集带宽可以对现代标准执行宽带矢量分析以 100%侦听概率捕获持续时间最短 100μs 的信号主要特点使用标配泰克SignalVu-PC ™软件，获得全功能频谱分析功能标配17种频谱和信号分析测量地图绘制、调制分析、WLAN、LTE 和蓝牙标准选项支持脉冲测量、播放记录的文件、信号勘测和频率/相位稳定测量实时频谱/ 三维频谱图显示，使查找瞬态信号和干扰的时间达到最小标配应用编程接口(API)，适用于Microsoft Windows环境MATLAB 仪器驱动程序，用于仪器控制工具箱流式捕捉技术，记录长期事件三年保修应用学术/教育工厂或现场维护、安装和维修经济型设计和制造搜寻干扰RSA306B ：一种全新的仪器类别RSA306B 提供了全功能频谱分析和深入的信号分析功能，任何以前的产品都无法比肩其价格。
通过使用最新商用接口及计算能力，RSA306B 把信号采集与测量分开，明显降低了仪器硬件的成本。
数据分析、存储和重放都在电脑、平板电脑或笔记本电脑上进行。
从采集硬件中单独管理PC ，可以简便地升级计算机，最大限度地减少IT 管理问题。
SignalVu-PC ™软件和API ，支持深入分析和快速编程交互RSA306B 运行SignalVu-PC ，这一强大的程序是泰克高性能信号分析仪的基础。
SignalVu-PC 提供了以前经济型解决方案中没有提供的深入分析功能。
宽带RF信号分析和仿真测试
宽带RF信号分析和仿真测试Tektronix Inc.2010提纲•雷达和宽带通信系统的测试挑战•将“实时分析”的方法带入宽带系统测试•为宽带系统测试提供所需带宽性能•基带和数字部分——和射频中频部分共享测试解决方案•小结宽带无线系统的测试挑战•带宽（分析带宽）•严格的时序特性–需要把时域分析和频域、调制域分析结合起来•系统的瞬间失效故障定位•数字部分测试–高速串行信号的大量引入带来信号完整性测试需求测试系统的主要要求•足够的带宽•强大的多域同时观测能力–时域、频域、调制域等•良好的频谱监测能力•数字信号测试能力•对于仪器本身来说，最好是一套设备可以尽可能地满足更广泛的测试需求将“实时分析”的理念带入宽带射频系统•新体制宽带射频系统中的信号通常都是时变的，因此时域测试必不可少–幅度、频率、相位的时间特性在测试中至关重要•“实时”意味着实时观测、实时监控、实时捕获和分析•“实时”的目的和实现方法–在射频信号上实时采集–能够在信号中发现关心的信号–能够用各种手段隔离出关心的区域–能够灵活指定分析的时间和位置–对于关心的区域能够时间相关地测试各种参数实时观测•对于时变信号的频谱观测，关键在于得到频谱的速度有多快•泰克在实时频谱分析上使用专利的DPX技术，可以最高每秒获取292,000个频谱•信号只要驻留10.3us或以上，就能100%捕获；小于10.3us也能以较高的概览捕获•对于动态信号，如脉冲调制信号、复杂环境下的信号等，可以让用户看到生动的画面合成的扫频DPX实时监控•对于关心的信号，如何定位？——触发是最简便的方法，也是真正的“实时”方法•泰克提供的触发方式–时域上：电平或外触发；时间限定触发、欠幅信号触发；或是使用示波器的时域触发能力–频域上：频率模板触发，可以定义在信号进入、退出、进入再退出、退出再进入模板等多种逻辑为真或者假时触发采集系统–概率上：对于特定出现概率的信号，简单地点击“trigger on this”时间限定和欠幅信号触发•从雷达信号中隔离窄脉冲信号•从上千个脉冲中找出不符合规定的信号Trigger On This™(演示)•只要您能看到，DPX密度触发就可以捕获到“trigger on this！”11实时捕获和分析• • • •和传统矢量信号分析不同，泰克实时频谱分析设备可以指定捕获时间和分析时 间 让用户拥有了灵活的分析能力– – – – – 只分析关心的区域时间相关的分析能力在时域、频域、调制域等多个窗口，通过光标方便地关联起来专业的脉冲分析套件峰值功率、平均功率 传统的时域参数，如脉冲到达时刻、上升/下降时间、脉冲宽度、脉冲重频、纹波、 衰落、占空比等 时频参数，如脉冲内频率偏差、脉冲内相位偏差、脉冲到脉冲相位变化、脉冲到脉 冲频率变化等• 支持预设信号特性，建立理想信号，从而计算出偏差– –脉压参数分析 分析脉冲参数变化趋势，验证信号特性、发现失效原因12MSO70000 高性能混合信号示波器业内领先的配有高性能数字通道的实时示波器高性能80ps 数字定时分辨率 20 ps模拟定时分辨率深存储 对于模拟和数字通道全 部为250M/ch 16 数字通道 连同4个模拟通道 组成的采集系统 iCapture™ 同时进行模 拟数字时间相关调试 Event Qualified Triggering 隔离定位偶发的故障 新数字逻辑探头 提供高信号保证度 以及最小的负载13集成了并行总线、 I2C、SPI解码功能DPO7000 SeriesDPO7000 Series PerformanceModelsBandwidthDPO73543.5 GHzDPO72542.5 GHzDPO71041 GHzDPO7054500 MHzSample Rate(3, 4 ch) (2 ch) (1 ch)10 GS/s 20 GS/s 40 GS/s10 GS/s 20 GS/s 40 GS/s5 GS/s 10 GS/s 20 GS/s2.5 GS/s 5 GS/s 10 GS/sRecord Length(1 ch) (2 ch) (3, 4 ch)40M 20M 10M40M 20M 10M40M 20M 10M40M 20M 10MMax opt Record Length (1/2/3,4) Max Waveform Capture Rate Probing Interface400M / 200M / 100M >250,000 TekVPI400M / 200M / 100M >250,000 TekVPI200M / 100M / 50M >250,000 TekVPI200M / 100M / 50M >250,000 TekVPI14Performance Productivity Performance ProductivityDPO7000系列：通用型示波器的最高标杆 系列： 系列Insight InsightValue Value200psGlitch Trigger Trigger jitter±1%Vertical Accuracy<1.5psrms 1.25Gb/sSerial pattern triggeringMore Performance Than Any Other Mid-Range Oscilloscope15多域分析实例16多域联合观测关联的光标 联系每个窗口16QAM – 312.5MS/s17雷达信号分析实例18为宽带测试提供足够的带宽•实时频谱分析配合足够带宽的仪器，发挥更好的性能– – 实时频谱分析仪，73dB@110MHz 将示波器作为宽带/超宽带接收机，配合实时频谱分析软件，获得宽带分析所需要的 带宽和分析能力。
无线RF测试
无线/RF 测试选型指南2 3频谱分析仪4 5特色产品：RSA306 USB 频谱分析仪了解更多信息：/RSA306巨大的性能，外形出奇地小全新RSA306频谱分析仪，仅售3,490美元RSA306频谱分析仪全新RSA306频谱分析仪，身材虽小，却功能强劲。
它拥有两倍尺寸、两倍价格的频谱分析仪中预计提供的各种功能**，包括实时结构和已获专利的DPX ®技术。
强大直观利用RSA306强大的结构，发现最棘手、最难查找的事件，它采用先进的DPX ®技术，可以捕获更多的数据，最准确地查看信号。
凭借SignalVu ® Essentials 软件，RSA306不仅功能强大，而且界面直观。
SignalVu ® Eseentials 可以不受限制地访问高级测量和分析功能，您可以保存、定制或分享这些功能。
下载产品技术资料，了解所有特性，包括分析选项。
身材虽小，却灵动无限1.3磅RSA306频谱分析仪重仅1.3磅，由于尺寸小，它可以方便地在工作台和测试现场之间来回携带。
它借助笔记本电脑或平板电脑的处理能力，提供了巨大的灵活性和方便性。
为您提供的资源和频谱分配情况，使您成为RF专家。
索取我信号分析。
6泰克服务优势 7©2015年泰克公司版权所有，侵权必究。
泰克产品受到已经签发及正在申请的美国专利和外国专利保护。
本文中的信息代替所有以前出版的材料中的信息。
本文中的技术数据和价格如有变更，恕不另行通告。
TEKTRONIX 和TEK 是泰克公司的注册商标。
本文中提到的所有其它商号均为各自公司的服务标志、商标或注册商标。
02/15 RL/WWW 46C-60029-0如需进一步信息泰克和吉时利维护着完善的、且不断扩大的资料库，其中包括各种应用指南、技术简介和其它资源，帮助工程师开发尖端技术。
详情请访问：。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
实时频谱分析基础知识实时频谱分析基础知识基本读物目录第一章：简介和概述⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2 RF信号的演变⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2现代RF测量挑战⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2仪器结构纵览⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3扫频分析仪：传统频域分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3矢量信号分析仪：数字调制分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4实时频谱分析仪：触发，捕获，分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4实时频谱分析仪的主要概念⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5样点、帧和块⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5实时触发⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6无缝捕获和频谱图⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7时间相关的多域分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7第2章：实时频谱分析仪的工作方式⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10实时频谱分析仪中的数字信号处理技术⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10 IF数字转换器⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10数字下变频器⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11 I和Q基带信号⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11采样⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11取样速率对时域和频域的影响⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11实时触发⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12在具有数字采集的系统中触发⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13触发模式和特点⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13 RSA触发源⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14建立频率模板⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯15定时和触发⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16基带DSP⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16校准/归一化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16滤波⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16定时、同步和二次取样⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16快速傅立叶变换分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯17 FFT属性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯17窗口⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯17 FFT后的信号处理⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯18重叠帧⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯18调制分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯19调幅、调频和调相⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯19数字调制⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯19功率测量和统计⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20第3章：实时频谱分析仪测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯22频域测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯22实时频谱分析仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯22标准频谱分析仪模式⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23带频谱图的频谱分析仪模式⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23时域测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23频率随时间变化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23功率随时间变化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25互补累积分布函数⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25 I/Q随时间变化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26调制域测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26模拟调制分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26数字调制分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯27基于标准的调制分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28码域图显示⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28第4章：常见问答⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯30第5章词汇表⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯36参考缩略语⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯38/rsa实时频谱分析基础知识基本读物2 /rsa第一章：简介和概述RF 信号的演变早在19世纪60年代，James Clerk Maxwell 通过数学运算，预测出存在着能够通过真空传输能量的电磁波，此后，工程师和科学家一直在寻求创新方法利用R F 技术。
在Heinrich Hertz 在1886年物理演示了“无线电波”之后，Nikola Tesla 、Gugliemo Marconi 等人开创了利用这些波实现长途通信的方式。
一个世纪以后，无线电已经成为RF 信号第一个实际应用。
过去三十年中已经启动了多个研究项目，考察信号发送和接收方法，检测和定位远距离内的目标。
到第二次世界大战开始时，无线电探测和测距(也称为雷达)已经成为又一个盛行的RF 应用。
在很大程度上，由于军事和通信领域的持续增长，RF 技术创新在20世纪其余时间内都一直稳定加速增长，直到今天这种增长仍在继续。
为防止干扰、避免被探测及改善容量，现代雷达系统和商用通信网络已经变得非常复杂，这两种系统一般都采用全面组合的RF 技术，如脉冲、跳频、码分多址和自适应调制。
设计这些高级RF 设备，并把它们成功地集成到工作系统中，是非常复杂的任务。
同时，越来越广泛的蜂窝技术和无线数据网络的成功，导致了基本RF 元器件的成本直线下降。
这使得传统军事和通信领域之外的制造商能够把相对简单的RF 设备嵌入到各类商用产品中。
RF 发射机变得异常流行，几乎在任何想得到的位置都可以发现它们的身影，如家中的消费电子，医院中的医疗设备，工厂中的工控系统，跟踪设备甚至可植入家畜、宠物和人的皮肤下。
随着RF 信号在现代世界中变得无所不在，生成RF 信号的设备之间的干扰问题也随之增长。
在需要执照的频谱中工作的移动电话等产品，在设计时必须不会把RF 能量发送到相邻频率通道中，对在不同传输模式之间切换、并保持同步链接不同网元的复杂多标准设备来说，这一点尤其具有挑战性。
在无需执照的频段中工作的比较简单的设备，也必须设计成在存在干扰信号时能够正确运行，政府法规通常规定，这些设备只允许以低功率在短脉冲中传输信号。
为克服这些不断发展的挑战，当前工程师和科学家能够可靠地检测和检定随时间变化的RF 信号非常关键，而使用传统测量工具并不能简便地实现这一点。
为解决这些问题，泰克设计了实时频谱分析仪(RTSA)，这种仪器可以触发RF 信号，把信号无缝捕获到内存中，并在频域、时域和调制域中分析这些信号。
本文介绍了RTSA 的工作方式，可以基本了解怎样使用RTSA ，解决与捕获和分析现代RF 信号有关的许多测量问题。
现代RF 测量挑战鉴于检定当前RF 设备行为特点的挑战，必需了解频率、幅度和调制参数在短期和长期内的行为方式。
在这些情况下，使用传统工具如扫频频谱分析仪(SA)和矢量信号分析仪(VSA)可能会在频域和调制域内提供信号概况，但其通常不能提供足够的信息，让用户满怀信心地描述设备生成的那些动态的RF 信号。
RTSA 在所有这些测量中增加了另一个关键维度 - 时间。
捕获和分析瞬时及动态信号捕获脉冲传输、毛刺和开关瞬变检定PLL 稳定时间、频率漂移、微音扩大检测间歇性干扰，噪声分析捕获扩频信号和跳频信号 监测频谱使用情况，检测恶意发射 一致性测试，EMI 诊断实时频谱分析基础知识基本读物/rsa 3图1-1：扫频分析仪以一定步长扫描频段，通常会漏掉在当前扫描波段之外发生的重要的瞬时事件，如图中用黄色突出显示的部分。