英文介绍中医2

QI, BLOOD AND BODY FLUID OF MUTUAL CAUSALITY
气、血、津液的相互关系
Despite their differences in nature, form and function, qi, blood and body fluid have something in common with each other. They are the basic materials that constitute the human body and maintain life activities; they all derive from cereal essence; they, physiologically, depend on each other for existence and restrain and utilize each other; they, pathologically, act upon each other and have causality between them. 尽管气、血、津液
的性状及其功能各不相同，但它们却有许多共同之处。

三者均为构成人体和维持人体生命活动的基本物质。

它们均来自水谷精气。

在生理上，它们相互依存、相互制约、相互为用；在病理上，它们相互影响，互为因果。

Qi and blood are closely related. Qi is the "commander" of blood, and blood is the "mother" of qi. As the commander of blood, for one thing, qi is the motive power for blood formation, or rather, it produces blood. Blood is formed from mutritive qi and body fluid, both of which come from food and water. All these cannot be separated from the functions of qi. Blood circulation depends on the propelling function of heart-qi. For another, qi controls blood and keep it flowiing in the blood vessels without extravasation. This function of qi is performed by spleen-qi. When qi is deficient, it fails to control blood, thus leading to hemorrhage. Blood is referred to as the mother of qi because, on the one hand, blood is a carrier of qi; and on the other, blood provides adequate nutrients for qi. Therefore, it is impossible for qi to exist without its"mother", blood. 气血紧密相关。

气
为血之帅，血为气之母。

气为血帅，一方面因为气是血液形成的原动力；另一方面是由于气可生血。

血由营气和津液形成，后两者都源于水谷。

而以上这些都离不开气的作用。

血液循行依赖气的推动功能，另一方面，气摄血，维持血行于脉中不致外溢。

气的此项功能由脾气来执行。

气虚不能摄血可导致出血。

所谓“血为气之母”，是因为，一则，血以载气；二则，血为气提供充足的营养。

因此，如无气之母－血，则气也不可能存在。

The relationship between qi and body fluid is rather similar to that between qi and blood. This is shown in the following four aspects. First, qi produces body fluid. The formation, distribution and excretion of body fluid depend upon all the movements of qi and its warming, promoting and controlling functions. The existence of qi in the body not only depends upon blood, but on body fluid which is formed from food essence by the functions of the stomach and spleen. So, whether body fluid is adequate or inadequate depends upon the conditions of 气和津液的关系
与气和血的关系非常相似。

这可以从以下四方面表明。

第一，气生津。

津液的形成、分布和排泄依赖气的运动和温煦、推动和固摄功能。

人体气的存在不仅依赖血，也依赖脾运化的水谷精微所形成的津液。

因此，津液的充足与否依赖脾胃之气的状态。

第二，气推动津液的
spleen-qi and stomach-qi. Second, qi promotes the transportation of body fluid. The movements of qi are the motivity for the transportation, and distribution of body fluid, and the excretion of sweat and urine. Therefore, In case of deficiency of qi or dysfunction of qi, disturbance of body fluid in transportation, distribution and excretion will occur. Thereby leading to the stagnation of body fluid. Third, qi controls body fluid. Qi may control the excretion of body fluid and maintain the balance of the metabolism of body fluid, In case qi fails to control the excretion of body fluid some of body fluid will run off. Fourth, body fluid is a carrier of qi .（Qi resides in body fluid, Body fluid serves as a carrier of qi ） That is, body fluid carries qi. Qi cannot exist without body fluid. This is the reason why the loss of body fluid often damages qi. If qi fails to attach to body fluid, qi-deficiency and even qi prostration will ensue. So the medical book Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet says:"No one has perfect qi after hidrosis , vomiting etc."
Examples in point are:hidrosis, polyuria,
enormous vomiting and diarrhea cause great loss
of body fluid, which, in turn, gives rise to qi
colapse.
运行。

气的运动是津液运行分布和汗尿液排泄的原动力。

因此，气虚或气的功能失常，就会发生津液运行、分布和排泄的紊乱，使津液停滞。

第三，气固摄津液。

气可以控制津液的排泄，维持体液代谢平衡。

如气无法控制津液的排泄，便会导致津液的横溢。

第四，津液是气的载体。

这就是津能载气。

如果没有津液，气就无法存在。

这就是为什么伤津就会耗气。

如气无法依托于津液，则气虚甚则气陷就会随之发生。

这就是《千金翼方》所说的：“汗吐之后无完气。

”过汗、大汗、大泻使津液丢失从而导致气脱就是一个例子。

Blood and body fluid are liquids and, what's more, they both perform the nourishing and moistening functions. Body fluid will become and important component of blood when infiltrating into the blood vessels. As blood and body fluid originate from the essence of food and water, they are known as "body fluid and blood are derived from a common source." Recurrent or severe bleeding may do damage to body fluid, resulting in thirst, scanty urine and dry skin. And severe consumption or loss of body fluid will affect the source of blood, leading to the exhaustion of both blood and body fluid. For this reason, it is not advisable to use diaphoretics for haemorrhagic patients, and the methods of breaking blood or pricking blood should be avoided in treating patients with the inadequate of body fluid and hidrosis. Miraculous Pivot states:" The patients 血和津液都是液体，而且它们都有滋养功能。

津液进入脉中就会成为血液的重要组成部分。

因为血和津液都源于水谷津液，因此被称为“津血同源”。

周期或严重出血会损伤津液导致口渴、尿少和皮肤干燥。

严重的津液耗损和丢失会影响血源，导致津液和血液的枯竭。

因此，对于出血的患者不宜用汗法，破血或活血法不宜用于津液不足或汗证的患者。

《灵枢》指出：“夺血者无汗，夺汗者无血。

”并说：“形肉已夺，是一夺也；大夺血
lost bolld should avoid perspiring; while the patients lost perspiration should avoid Losing blood." And "the first contraindication refers to emaciated patients; the second to patients lost blood; the third to patients after severe perspirationl;the fourth to patients after
severe diarrheal and the fifth to patients of
postpartum hemorrhage. Purgation is
contraindicated in all these cases."
之后，是二夺也；大出汗之后，是三夺也；大泄之后，是四夺也；新产及大血之后，是五夺也。

此皆不可泻。

”
To sum up, the close and complicated relationships between the three are often shown in physiology and pathology, and are of great importance in TDS. 总之，三者的关系是紧密复杂的，这常在生理和病理上体现，对于辨证论治非常重要。

Unit Eleven
Text
MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY(1)
经络—人体联络的通道(1)
The meridian-collateral theory is
concerned with the physiological functions
and the pathological changes of the meridian-collateral system, and their relationships with zang-fu organs. It is an important component of the theoretical system of TCM. And it is considered as a theoretical basis of all clinical subjects of TCM, especially that of acupuncture, moxibustion, tuina and qigong. Besides, it guides the clinical practice of other
branches of TCM.
经络理论是有关经络系统的生理功能和病理变化以及和脏腑之间关系的理论。

它是中医理论系统的重要组成部分，被认为是所有中医临床学科特别是针灸、推拿和气功的理论基础。

另外，它还指导其它分支学科的临床实践。

The meridians and collaterals are
pathways along which qi and blood circulate
through the whole body. The meridians are the major trunks of the meridian-collateral system and run longitudinally within the body, while the collaterals are the branches of the meridians and are reticularly distributed over the whole body. Hence, the meridians and collaterals, connecting the zang-fu organs with extremities, the upper
with the lower and the internal with ihe
经络是气血循行全身的通道。

经是经络系统的主干，纵行于人体，而络是经的分支，呈网状分布于全身。

因此，经络沟通人体脏腑肢节，上下内外，使人体的脏腑组织成为一个有机整体。

external portions of the body, make all the
body's organs and tissues an organic whole.
The Composition of the Meridian-Collateral
System
经络系统的组成 The meridian-collateral system consists
of meridians and collaterals as well as their subsidiary parts. This system, internally, links the zang-fu organs and, externally, joins the tendons, museles and skin. 经络系统由经和络互
补而成。

这个系统在内联络脏
腑组织，在外沟通筋骨肌肤。

The meridians are classified into three
categories: the regular meridians and the
extra meridians and the divergent meridians.
There are twelve regular meridians, namely
the three yin meridians as well as the three
yang meridians of the hands and feet. They are known collectively as "the twelve regular meridians", which are the main passages for qi and blood circulation and start and terminate at given seats, run along fixed routes and meet indefinite orders. They are directly connected with the relevant zang-fu organs. The eight extra meridians are composed of Du,Ren, Chong, Dai, Yinqiao, Yangqiao, Yinwei and Yangwei meridians. They are interlated with the twelve regular meridians and perform the functions of dominating, connecting and adjusting the twelve regular meridians. And they are not directly related to the internal organs in addition, the twelve divergent meridians are the extensions of the twelve meridians. They originate from the limbs, run deeper into the zang-fu organs and emerge from the shallow neck. Their action is to enhance the Links between every pair of meridians exteriorly-interiorly related in the twelve meridians and complement the organs and bodily areas to which the regular meridians can not get. 经可以分为三类：正
经、奇经和经别。

有十二正经即手足三阴三阳经。

它们被总称为“十二正经”，是气血循行的主要通道，有固定的起止点，按照一定的路径循行并按一定顺序交接。

它们与相对应的脏腑直接相连。

奇经八脉由督、任、冲、带、阴蹻、阳蹻、阴维和阳维脉组成。

它们与十二正经相互联系，并行使控制、联系和调节十二正经的功能。

另外，它们不与脏腑直接相关。

十二经别是十二正经的延续。

它们起于四肢，深入脏腑，浅出于项部。

它们的作用是加强十二正经表里两经的联系，并补充十二正经所不能到达的脏腑和身体区域。

The collaterals are the branches of the meridians. They are divided into three groups: the divergent collaterals, superficial collaterals and tertiary
络是经的分支，可分为三类：别络、浮络和孙络。

起源于十二正经和任督二脉的别络和脾之大络统称为“十五别
collaterals. The divergent collaterals are the larger and main collaterals. The divergent collaterals originate from the twelve meridians as well as Du and Ren meridians respectively. Together with a large splenic collateral, they are
altogether "fifteen divergent collaterals".
Their chief task is to strengthen the links
between every pair of meridians
exteriorly-interiorly related on the body
surface. The superficial collaterals are
ones that run through the surface layer of the
human body, and often emerge on the surface.
And the tertiary collaterals refer to the
smallest and the thinnest ones of the whole
body.
络”。

它们的作用是加强表里两经在体表上的联系。

浮络循行于人体的表层并常出于体表。

孙络是整个人体中最细小的络脉。

In addition, there are the subsidiary
parts of the meridian system, including the
twelve skin zones and twelve musculature zones . Therefore, they are the parts that connect the twelve meridians with the superficial portions and the muscular portions of the body respectively. Considering the important place of the twelve meridians and the eight extra meridians in the meridian-collateral system. we are going
to take them as the main subject for
discussion.
此外，尚有经络系统的附属部分包括十二皮部和十二经筋。

因此，它们是分别连接人体浅表和肌肉的部分。

考虑到十二正经和奇经八脉是经络系统的重要组成部分，我们将以其为主题进行讨论。

Tab. 2 The Nomenclature and Classification of the Twelve Meridians
表2.十二正经的命名和归类 Tab.2 shows that every meridian consists of three parts. 表2说明了每条经都由三部分组成。

1 ) Hand or foot: （1）手或足
The meridians starting or terminating
at the hand are named "Hand", while those starting or terminating at the foot are named "Foot". So the twelve meridians are divided into four groups: three yin meridians of hand, three yang meridians of hand, three yin meridians of foot, and three yang-meridians of foot. Each of the meridian is named according to the medial or the lateral aspect of hand or foot, the names to which zang and
经脉起于或止于手者命名为“手”，起于或止于足者命名为“足”。

所以，十二正经可分为四组：手三阴经，手三阳经，足三阴经，足三阳经。

每条经都是根据其所在手足的内外面的位置、脏腑归属和阴阳性质命名的。

fu pertain, and the nature of yin or yang.
2 ) Yin or yang: （2）阴或阳
The meridians going in the medial aspect
of the limbs are named "yin", whereas those
in the lateral aspects are named "yang". The medial aspect of the limbs is subdivided into the anterior border, midline and the posterior border. And the yin meridians running through these parts are named Taiyin,Jueyin and Shaoyin respectively. The lateral surface of the limbs is also subdivided into the anterior border, the midline and the posterior border. And yang meridians are termed "Yangming","Shaoyang",
and "Taiyang".
循行于四肢内侧的经脉命名为“阴”，而循行于外侧者为“阳”。

四肢内侧又可分为前、中、后三部，阴经循行于该部分的分别称为太阴、厥阴和少阴。

四肢外侧同样可以分为前、中、后三部。

阳经循于此者分别为阳明、少阳和太阳。

3) Zang or fu: （3）脏或腑
The nomenclature of zang or fu is
determined in the light of the nature to which zang or fu pertains. For example, the meridian pertaining to the kidney is named the kidney meridian, and the rest may be deduced by analogy.
脏或腑的命名是根据脏或腑的归属决定的。

例如，属于肾的经脉命名为肾经，其余由此类推。

To sum up, it is quite evident that there is no name that does not involve hand or foot, yin or yang, zang-organ or fu-organ in the twelve meridian.(To Be Continued)
总之，很显然十二正经中没有不以手足、阴阳、脏腑命名的。

MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY
经络—人体联络的通道
Courses, Connections, Distributions, Exterior-lnterior Relations and Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians 十二正经的起源、交接、分布、表里关系和走行规律
1. The Coursing and Connecting Law of the Twelve Meridians 1.十二正经的起源和交接规律
The coursing and connecting law of the twelve meridians is: the three yin meridians of the hand travel from the chest to the end of the fingers where they connect with the three yang meridians of the hand; the three yang meridians of the hand go up from the end of the fingers to the head on which they connect with the three yang meridians of the foot; the three yang meridians of the foot 十二正经的起源和交接规律是：手三阴经起于胸部行至手指端，在此与手三阳经交接；手三阳经由手指端上行至头，在此与足三阳经相交接；足三阳经由头向下行至脚趾头处，在此与足三阴
descend from the head to the the end of toes where they join the three yin meridians of the foot; the three yin meridians of the foot ascend from the toes to the abdomen and chest in which they meet the three yin meridians of the hand. Thus, the twelve meridians are connected with each other, forming a circle like pathway along which yin and yang smoothly circulate without terminus. See the
following diagram.
经相交接；足三阴经由脚趾头处上行至胸腹部，在此与手三阴经相交接。

这样，十二正经彼此联系，形成了一个阴阳畅通循行的通道，如环无端。

见下表。

Fig. 5 Flowing direction and Connecting Law of the Twelve Meridians 表5.十二正经循行方向及交接规律
It is clearly seen from fig. 5 that the three yang meridians of the hand terminate at the head from which the three yang meridians of the foot start. The three yang meridians of the hand and the foot meet at the head So, TCM says:"The head is the junction of all yang meridians" 从表5可以清楚的知道手三阳经止于头而足三阳经起于头，手足三阳经在头部相会。

因此，中医云：“头乃诸阳之会”。

2. Distributions and Exterior-Interior Relations of the Twelve Regular Meridians1) Distributions 2.十二正经的分布和表里关系
The twelve meridians are distributed symmetrically on the left and right sides of the body and run along their fixed courses. Distribution in the limbs: The medial aspect of the limbs attributes to yin, the lateral to yang. Each limb is distributed by Taiyin and Yangming meridians are on the anterior border, Shaoyin and Taiyang meridians are on the posterior border, and Jueyin and Shaoyang meridians are on the midline. 十二正经对称的分布于人体的左右两边，并按一定的路径循行。

在四肢的分布是：阴经分布于四肢的内侧面，阳经分布于四肢的外侧面。

太阴和阳明分布于肢体的前部，少阴和太阳分布于后部，厥阴和少阳分布于中部。

Distribution on the head and face: Yangming meridians run through the face and forehead, Taiyang meridians run through the cheek, vertex and occiput of the head and Shaoyang meridians run through both sides of the head.
头面的分布：阳明经行于面额部，太阳经行于颊部、头顶及枕部，少阳行于头的两侧。

Distribution in the body trunk: The three yang meridians of hand run through the scapular part. Among the three yang meridians of foot, Yangming meridians run in the front of the trunk (thoracico-abdominal aspect), Taiyang meridians along the back (the dorsal aspect) , and Shaoyang meridians along the sides. All the three yin meridians of the hand come out of the axillae without exception, all the three yin meridians of 在躯干部的分布：手三阳经行于肩胛部。

足三阳经当中，阳明经行于前腹部，太阳经沿背部循行，少阳行于两侧。

所有的手三阴经无一例外的起于腋窝部，所有的足三阳经沿腹部循行。

沿腹部循行的经脉由内
foot run along the ventral aspect. The meridians running through the ventral aspect from the medial to the lateral are, in turn, termed Foot-Shaoyin, Foot-yangming, Foot-Taiyin and Foot-Jueyin(note: as regards the medial sides of the two lower limbs, at 8cun (24cm) above the medial malleoli, Jueyin is located in theanterior, Taiyin in the middle
and Shaoyin in the posterior part.)
至外的顺序是：足少阴经、足阳明经、足太阴经和足厥阴经。

（注释：在双下肢，踝上8寸（24厘米）以下为厥阴在前，太阴在中，少阴在后。

） The Exterion-Interior Relations between the
Twelve Meridians 十二正经的表里关系 The twelve regular meridians, connected with
each other by the divergent meridians and
divergent collaterals, form six pairs of
exterior-interior relationships. Their exterior-interior relationships are as follows: the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-yangming and the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin; the Tri-energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang and the Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin; the Small intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang and the Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin; the Stomach Meridian of Foot-yangming and the spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin; the Gallbladder Meridian of foot-Shaoyang and the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin; and the Urinary Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang and the Kidney meridian of Foot-Shaoyin. The Taiyang meridianand Shaoyin meridian of foot are exteriorly-interiorly related, and so are the Shaoyang meridian and the Jueyin meridian of foot,and the Yangming meridian and Taiyin meridian of foot. These are called the"yin and yang of foot"; while the Taiyang meridian and the Shaoyin meridian of hand are exteriorly-interiorly related, and so are the
Shaoyang and the Jueyin meridians, and the
Yangming and the Taiyin meridians of hand. These
are called the"yin and yang of hand".
十二正经通过经别和别络彼此联系，形成了六对表里关系。

它们的表里关系如下：手阳明大肠经和手太阴肺经；手少阳三焦经和手厥阴心包经；手太阳小肠经和手少阴心经；足阳明胃经和足太阴脾经；足少阳胆经和足厥阴肝经；足太阳膀胱经和足少阴肾经。

足太阳和足少阴经相表里，足少阳和足厥阴经相表里，足阳明经和足太阴经相表里。

这些称为“足阴阳经”。

而手太阳经和手少阴经相表里，手少阳和手厥阴经相表里，手阳明经和手太阴经相表里。

这些称为“手阴阳经”。

The exterior-interior relationship of the twelve meridians not only strengthen the connection between each specific pair of meridians with exterion-interior relationship, but also promote each pair of zang-fu with the exterior-interior relationship to coordinate 十二正经的表里关系不仅加强了表里两经的联系，而且加强了每对相表里脏腑之间的联系使它们在生理上相互协调，在病理上相互影
each other physiologically and influence each other pathologically. In treatment, acupoints of the two meridians with the exterior-interior
relationship may be alternatively used.
响。

在治疗上，表里两经的穴位可以相辅为用。

3) The Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians 十二正经的走行规律 The circulation of qi and blood inside the
Twelve meridians is like the circular movement endlessly. Their circulation starts from the lung meridian of Hand-Taiyin, runs to the liver meridian.
十二正经中气血的循行如环无端。

它们起于肺经通往肝经。

THE CAUSES TO INDUCE DISEASES ——ETIOLOGY
疾病产生的原因— 病因学
Etiology is defined as various kinds of factors
that cause diseases. As TCM sees it, etiology mainly
includs the six exogenous pathogens, pestilence,
（epidemic pathogenc factors ） the seven emotions, emotional frustration , improper diet, overwork, maladjustment between work and rest, traumatic injuries, insect or animal bites, phlegm retention, blood stasis, etc. Zhang ZhongJing of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out: "Despite numerous diseases, they would not exceed three categories ". Up to the Song Dynasty, Chen Wuze put forward the theory of the three categories of etiologic factors i. e., exogenous pathogenic factors, endogenouspathogenic factors and non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. To be more specific, six pathogenic factors invading the body from the outside pertain to exogenous pathogenic factors; the seven emotions directly involving the internal organs are attributed to endogenous pathogenic factors; other pathogenic factors, such as improper diet, overwork, traumatic injury, insect and animal bites, etc. , are said to be non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. "The theory of the three categories of etiologic factors "
caused strong repercussions in later ages and
promoted the research into the etiology.
病因学的定义是造成疾病的各种原因。

在中医看来，病因主要有六淫、疫气、七情、饮食不节、劳逸失度、外伤、痰饮、瘀血等。

东汉时期的张仲景指出：“千般灾难，不越三条”。

到宋代，陈无择提出三因学说，即：外因、内因、不内外因。

更具体的说，六淫自外侵犯人体属于外因；七情直接伤及内脏属于内因；其它如饮食不节、过劳，外伤、虫害等属于不内外因。

三因学说在后世产生了强烈的反响并促进了病因学的研究。

In discerning etiology, besides having a sound knowledge of the objective conditions that possibly lead to illness, TCM centers attention on the clinical manifestations of diseases, and 辨别病因除了要对可能导致疾病的客观环境有全面的认识外，还要注意疾病的临
inquires into the etiology through analyzing the symptoms and signs so that a basis for treatment and medications may be is provided. This method is called "seeking cause of disease through differentiation of syndromes ."The six exogenous factors are a general term for wind, cold, summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire. Under normal conditions, they are six climatic factors. TCM calls them the "six qi." They are not harmful to human beings but rather are the essential conditions of the growth of all living things in nature. Thus, the six qi will not cause diseases normally. However, when the six qi become too excessive or deficient, or when the body's resistance is too weak to adapt itself to the abnormal changes, the six qi will be changed into the pathogenic factors to attack the human body and cause diseases. They, as such, are known as "six exogenous pathogens" (liu yin). Of the six exogenous pathogens the five result from the dysfunction of the zang-fu organs rather than the exogernous factors invading the body from the outside though they also have the symptoms similar to wind, cold, dampness, dryness and fire.（Of...是介词短语提前。

前置同倒装等一样，是强化信息的重要手段之一。

有如：a. Of the two the latter is far better than the former. b. Of the 100 cases treated with this therapy, 60 are male and 40 female. ) In
order to distinguish them from the six exogenous
pathogens, they are termed the "five endogenous
pathogens", i.e., the endogenous wind,endogenous
cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and
endogenous fire.
床表现，从分析症状中寻求病因，从而为药物治疗提供依据。

这种方法叫“辨证求因”。

六淫是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火的总称。

正常情况下，它们是六种气候因素，中医称为“六气”。

它们对人体无害，而是自然界万物生长的必要环境。

因此，正常情况下六气不导致疾病。

然而，当六气太过或不足、人体的抵抗拉太弱不能适应异常变化时，六气就会变成病因侵犯人体，导致疾病。

在六淫中，有五种是由于内脏功能失调所引起，并非外邪自外侵犯人体，虽然它们也有类似风、寒、湿、燥、火的证候。

为了将它们与六淫区别，把它们称为“内生五邪”即内风、内寒、内湿、内燥、内火。

The pathogenic features of the six exogenous
pathogens are as follows. 六淫的病理特征如下： (l) The six exogenous pathogens have close relationships with the seasonal changes and living environment. For example, diseases caused by wind-pathogen mostly occur in spring; summer-heat diseascs usually appear in summer; damp diseases often happen in later summer , dry diseases arise most often in autumn and cold diseases are often seen in winter. And the people who live in damp circumstances are susceptible to damp diseases, （1）六淫与季节变化和生活环境有密切关系。

例如，风邪致病多在春季；暑邪致病通常在夏季；暑邪致病通常发生在夏至后；燥邪致病多在秋季；寒邪致病见于冬季。

生活在潮湿环境的人易感受湿邪，而生
while the people living under a high temperature are liable to contract fire or dryness diseases. 活在高温环境下的人则易感染火邪或燥邪。

(2) The six exogenous pathogens may singly invade the body by a single pathogen and simultaneously and invade the body by more than two pathogen. For example, common cold results frequently from pathogenic wind and cold; diarrhea is caused by pathogenic dampnese and heat; bi-syndrome (arthralgia) is causcd by pathogenic wind, cold and dampness and so on.
（2）六淫可以单独侵犯人体也可两种以上同时侵犯人体。

例如，普通感冒通常由风寒之邪所致；泻泄由湿热之邪所致；风寒湿夹杂而致痹症等。

(3) They may be transformed into each other. Examples are: pathogenic cold in the body may be transformed into heat and prolonged summer-heat dampness may bring about dryness and fire to impair yin.
（3）六淫之间可以互相转化。

例如，体内寒邪可化热，暑湿可以化火化燥伤阴。

(4) The last featurc of the six exogenous pathogens is that they invade the human body via the body surface or from the mouth and nose or through both concurrently. This is known as"affection resulting from six exogenous pathogens."
（4）六淫的最后一个特点是它们可以由体表或口鼻或同时侵犯人体。

这就是“外感六淫”。

The seven emotions refer to the human mental activities. In TCM, they are classified into seven classes: joy, anger, melancholy, anxiety, grief, fear and terror.They are the different responses to the environmental stimuli in the human body in general circumstances, they belong to the normal physiological activities and will not cause diseases. When sudden, strong,long or protracted （prolonged ）emotional stimuli go beyond the body's adaptability and endurance, the emotional stimuli will become pathogenic factors, which cause dysfunction of qi, blood and the zang-fu organs and imbalance of yin and yang, hence leading to diseases. This is known as "internal injury caused by the seven". 七情指的是人的精神活动。

中医把它们归为七类：喜、怒、哀、思、悲、惊、恐。

在正常情况下，它们是人体对环境刺激的不同反应，属于正常的生理活动，不会致病。

当突然、强烈、持久的精神刺激超出了人体的适应力和忍受力，情感刺激就会成为致病因素，引起气、血和脏腑的功能失调和阴阳失衡，从而导致疾病。

这就是“内伤七情”。

The seven emotions are different from the six exogenous pathogens in causing diseases. The six exogenous pathogens, as mentioned ahove, usually invade the body through the skin, mouth and nose, and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early stage of the onset. The seven emotions, however, directly affect the corresponding zang-fu organs to 七情致病与六淫不同。

正如以上所提及的，六淫通常由肌肤口鼻侵犯人体，在早期多属于表证。

而七情致病，则是直接影响相应的脏腑而发病。

因为某
bring on diseases because a certain zang-fu organ is closely related to a certain emotional activity. （不定式短语 to bring on ... 在句中作结果状语。

又如：a. Arthur returned home to be struck by another blow. b. What have I done to deserve so much? c. He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. ）So TCM says, "Anger impairs the liver; excessive joy impairs the heart; grief or melancholy impairs the lung, anxiety impairs tbe spleen, and fright or fear impairs the kidney", The abnormal emotions mainly influence qi activity of the internal organs, so as to cause the dysfunction in ascending and descending of qi. Concretely speaking, "Anger causes the qi (to the liver)to ascend: joy makes the qi (of the heart) sluggish ; sorrow makes the qi (of the lung) consumed; fear induces the qi (ofthe kidney) to dissipate; fright
causes the disorder of the qi (of the heart) ; and
anxiety brings about the depression of the qi (of
the spleen)." As concerns other pathogenic factors
such as pestilence, improper diet, maladjustment of
work and rest, parasites, surgical trauma, phlegm
retention, blood stasis, etc,we have to, though
they are of equal importance, give them upon account
of limited space.
一脏腑与某一情志活动有密切关系。

所以中医云：“怒伤肝；喜伤心；忧伤肺；思伤脾；惊恐伤肾”。

异常情绪主要影响内脏气的活动，导致气的升降失常。

具体的说“怒则气上；喜则气缓；悲则气消；恐则气下；惊则气乱；思则气结”。

至于其它病因如虫害、饮食不节、劳逸失度、寄生虫、外伤、痰凝、血瘀等，虽然同样重要，但鉴于篇幅所限，恕不论之。

Special phrases
特殊短语 1.Pathogenic factors; pathogens
1.邪气
2.exogenous pathogenic factors; (exogenous
pathogenic)
2.外邪
3.seasonal pathogenic factors (seasonal pathogens) 3.时邪
4.pathogenic wind
4.风邪
5.endogenous wind
5.内风
6.exogenous wind 6.外风
7.Wind is the first and foremost factor to cause various diseases
7.风为百病之长 8.Sudden spasm and rigidity of muscles result from wind.
8.诸暴强直，皆属于风 9.Vomiting with sour vomitus of spouting diarrhea with tenesmus is caused by wind. 9. 诸病吐酸，暴注下迫，皆属于热。

10.Abdominal distension is mainly related to heat 10.诸胀腹大，皆属于热
11.visible phlegm
11.有形之痰 12.invisible phlegm 12.无形之痰。