跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献
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中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文:
本地化跨境电子商务的模型
摘要
通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务,跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层,消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
由于伊朗的电子商务的要求,每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗,建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型,实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词:电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介
电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B(企业对企业),描述了企业间的电子商务交易,如制造商和批发商,或批
发商和零售商之间。
本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口,可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关,可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此,首先,简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后,区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层,业务处理层和内容层。
本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性,从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口
在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位,最后结束本文。
2.背景
在本节中,除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况,还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗
如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。
伊朗和许多其他国家接壤,它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路,铁路,海上和空中的方式来完成。
因此,这个国家的中部和战略作用,使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。
今天,在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成,由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。
今天,伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的,商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。
介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。
这里提到的一些系统,由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及:进口订单管理系统。
贸易统计制度。
伊朗法典伊朗。
这些电子系统的主要使用,以促进在伊朗贸易过程。
这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。
在亚洲的区域性单窗口中,加入伊朗到世界贸易组织关于数据元素的标准化和贸易流程的标准化,是一个很好的趋势。
从设计的角度来看,伊朗文件数据统一化的主要优势之一是减少数据元素的形式。
因此,他们可以尽可能地在不同的文件中重复使用。
这使得该国准备使用任何标准形式的数据。
所以本地化的跨国模式B2B电子商务可以
使交易过程快速、安全,如今已是伊朗贸易的必需品。
2.2.单一窗口
单一窗口是一个系统,使单入口单和提交数据和信息的同步处理。
这些可以帮助系统做为运输货物有效的关键服务版本的边界是:一个决策的通关和货物通关点。
要通过建立一个全国性的单一窗口在伊朗,以接近加入一个区域性的单一窗口。
2.3海运买卖收费参考模型
为了了解国际贸易的复杂性,这个简单的模型可以清楚地了解一个贸易交易的关键要素,从而正确地编制必要的贸易促进措施。
UN/CEFACT制定了这个使用国际公认的建模技术提供参考模型的国际供应链模型,并提出了完整的国际供应链。
基于BSP模型的国际供应链的简单视图包括购买过程的三个主要类别,船和付出,再加上四种类型的角色,如顾客、权威、中介和供应商。
正如上面所讨论的,建议的措施,分为四类,涉及到在这个模型中的过程。
购买涉及商品的订购相关的所有商业活动;船覆盖所有涉及的商品实体的转移活动,包括官方控制;要覆盖所有涉及的货物支付活动。
在对跨境供应链中的角色和流程进行分类的分类之后,需要有一个更紧密的观点,在不同的类型,这些类别可以支持。
不同的程序和BSP模型的作用可以通过用例图来显示角色和过程之间的关系。
某些过程与识别的业务伙伴或协议的建立,这是被分离的范围的跨境模式。
3.模型介绍
在这一节中,引入了跨境电子商务的定制模式。
该部分包括模型的范围,主要的模型组件和它们的行为在不同的B2B交易层B2B交易。
3.1模型范围
本款的B2B跨境模型范围对于其角色和用例分析。
不同级别的数据集成存在,可以做,以简化数据集。
在这个模型中,重点是在国际层面上。
在交流过程中协调数据元素,导致有效的跨境贸易。
一般而言,本文模型的适用范围是国际层,主要目标是协调交易过程和内容的交易过程和内容。
基于供应链的两个方面的数据协调的概念,在分析模型的适当的标准和解决方案,可以选择。
这些标准必须支持跨境交易。
3.2模型组件
讨论海运收费的方法以简化过程和消除不必要的贸易场景的细节。
文件的项目建议集群和管理不同的文件。
这些标准作为解决方案,通过单一窗口政策。
首先让我们对系统的组成部分有一个高层次的看法,而一个跨国界的交流正在发生。
在每一个国家的海关都被放置在国家的单一窗口的国家。
在全国格式文件进入翻译模块,改变文件格式的标准文件格式。
然后,它可以通过一个中间制品,以宣布更多,最后的跨境单窗口是最后的网关。
每个国家都可以使用这种模式形成自己的一面到交换门户。
3.3在型号证书身份验证
在此模型中的CA之间的关系是根据基本类型的PKI互通性模型设计的。
根据伊朗的电子供应链的安全要求,则需要通过使用各种不同的关系的拓扑的好处,以支持认证机构。
这是在这里提出的架构的优势CA层次模型,证书信任列表和桥梁CA互联互通机型的优点。
这种拓扑结构的好处是:它会公布全国CA
的信任列表。
这些国家的CA可以检索列表自己,可以自由添加,从列表中减去CA和根据自己的国家偏好它发布到他们的政府的用户。
它也可以发布CA的信任列表中的特定部门,例如,CA的列表派驻提供健康证明。
它将与每个国家的CA交叉认证,并提供给其他CA该证书就可以自己进行交叉认证。
它将提供给批准的消息和或MS同时通过跨界车型的传输层认证机构中心。
因为它是上面提到的,在此拓扑CA的层次结构和模块化的好处是改善了4.B2B层本地模型化
本节中的模型的部件被过度B2B电子商务系统之间的通信的三个不同的层进行讨论。
每个小节显示了在贸易交易双方出口商,进口商,海关,区域单一窗口和国家单一窗口之间的关系。
4.1业务流程层
在业务流程层,参考模型和文件的项目是用来管理电子文档,但作为项目管理的第一个包含在模型交易的确切范围必须被描述的关键一步。
根据所提到的文件,它是说,这个项目主要是关于电子文件,但不确定的贸易伙伴或是用例之前的合同。
虽然角色和过程之间的关系进行了讨论,模型的范围可以更精确地描述
在业务流程层。
本文所考虑的过程的范围可以在文中看到。
4.2消息层
消息层负责建立组件之间的通信会话,并将消息发送到组件层次结构的下一层10。
出口商和进口商被视为在国家和地区的通信线路和单窗口系统的第一个和最后一个点,负责处理信息和移动他们的病房。
系统的证书颁发机构的组件是确保每个消息的确认。
海关部分是货物申报的授权系统。
系统的分层体系结构的主要因素之一,提高跨境模型的灵活性和可扩展性。
信息主要包括批准的形式在每一级和更新的雕像的证书管理模块的结构中的跨边界模型。
4.3内容层
局部模型的内容层涉及的文件,通过边界交换的对象,从出口到进口商和相反的。
此模型的一个主要挑战是,加入伊朗区域单一窗口的B2B电子商务系统。
在伊朗,文件的文件正在使用中的交易过程中,所以国际标准,以创建和调整文件,改变目前的文件,在国际供应链的其他合作伙伴的可读性,必须选择。
这一层从2
个方面进行了论述,一是设计形式的一个标准,二是通过一个独特的网关交换形式的11个解决方案。
这种模式的一个优点是数据的可重用性。
以不同的形式,同样的数据可以被检测和每层可以使用,进入系统前的数据元素。
在这个层次中考虑的最重要的规则是通过系统的下一个层来发送和接收文件,并且模型中的每一个文档都需要一个确认消息来保证通信系统的完整性。
4.4证书授权
作为PKI标准和B2B交易证书授权的必要性进行了讨论,最后,权威认证中心相关的跨境电子商务模式的其他组件的作用进行了讨论。
很显然,在授权的主要监督作用是一次进入一个周期,并在完成工作后,与该文件整理工作,以节省它作为一个使用代码。
图7中所示的分配数,显示在场景中一步一步发生的任务的优先级。
为重点的数字显示,在每个国家的国家单一窗口领取表格,这是通过适配器发送的消息。
这将把“国家格式”中的每一个信息的内容转为一个可以读取的区域单窗口,它对交易进行监督。
认证机构检查的形式号是唯一的,使得它更容易跟踪每笔交易。
基于实施的角度来看,局部模型是不依赖于特定的软件或硬件基础设施。
通过使用XML技术在供应链的每一方都需要改变数据元素的格式
为一个可读的格式。
这种规范的跨境模式,除了使用网络服务的通信解决方案,使建议的模型更轻便,独立于不同的平台。
实现本身可以通过不同的层次分析。
用户层是最接近用户界面层,称为基于Web的界面和数据库层的数据交换是根据所有的点,这是之前提到的关于B2B电子商务系统建立跨境数据交换。
5.样品过程分析
在这一节中,所建议的模型的验证是根据四个阶段的情况。
在这种情况下,双方之间的贸易点的边界,和各模型组件的作用进行了讨论。
这四个阶段是:,
1阶段:出口商签署系统和应用程序重新绳。
2阶段:出口国与出口国之间的互动关系。
3阶段:出口国与进口国的单一窗口之间的相互作用。
4阶段:进口和进口单窗口之间的相互作用。
现在,上述阶段通过下列各节讨论。
在每一小节中,根据信息和内容层的架构,讨论了跨边界模型中的每个组件的功能。
5.1第1阶段:出口商登录系统和应用程序记录
在这个阶段中,出口商和认证中心是该方案的主要参与者。
重要的目标是在国家单一窗口系统中记录一个成功的标志。
因此,出口商可以通过下一步的未来阶段。
模型的组件之间的详细的相互作用,包括发送应用程序的形式签署和接收的钙批准。
出口商发送他重新寻求开始一个交易到国家的单窗口。
为了记录这个信号在处理过程中,国家的单窗口要求的认证组件,并在接收该交易的批准消息是可以接受的,作为一个有效的出口过程。
应该考虑的是,在每一个步骤中,演员之间的沟通,如出口,进口商和认证的单窗口组件所做的。
在这一阶段之后,出口贸易的电子记录将被保存并在下一个阶段使用,这是出口国和出口国之间的相互作用国家单一窗口。
5.2阶段:出口国与出口国家
在第二阶段的单一窗口的情况下,主要演员是出口和认证中心,但有更多的组件涉及这部分的过程。
这个阶段的前提是要与国家单一窗口的连接,能够发送和接收的形式和消息。
在国家和地区级的基础上,根据出口商的私人密钥,该表单的签名的有效性正在得到批准。
每一个由模型发送的单信息或文档必须通过区
域单窗口检查。
在消息传递方案中,通过区域性的规定,将审批信息发送到区域性单窗口,并在该区域批准后将其发送回给出口商,以批准该过程。
也就是说,国家的单一窗口是使链的沟通完成,而区域的窗口是在法规的监督下的。
在接受地区批准后,最后一个状态的形式被改变为“批准”。
这表明,过程可以在第三阶段,出口商和进口商之间的相互作用的单窗口。
5.3阶段:出口国与进口国的单一窗口之间的相互作用
第三阶段是出口国与进口国之间的互动关系,主要行为主体是进口商和海关。
每一个文件或其批准,必须通过国家单打窗口和区域的单窗口发送。
类似的第二个阶段,每个组件负责转发或批准的形式。
作为进口商的一面正在讨论中,海关是一个主要的演员,必须批准的形式,如申报过程。
在消息层的第三个阶段中,在发送端收到的表单的批准将从海关发送到出口商的中心。
由于区域性单窗口向进口商国家发送批准,国家单一窗口通过表单批准请求向海关申报。
海关将这一要求作为一项审批信息,结果将被发送到相关部门。
5.4阶段:进口商和进口商单窗口
第四阶段相互作用的进口商和进口单窗口之间的相互作用进行了讨论。
这一阶段的主要演员是进口商和海关。
进口商和海关通过进口国的单一窗口彼此相连。
在此阶段后,进口商必须能够得到最终的批准,从海关。
但很显然,海关和进口商之间的关系正在通过进口国家单一窗口申请。
在这一阶段的形式的最后批准,通过在国家和地区的单一窗口发送到出口的中心。
其结果是,在供应链中的出口和进口端之间的样本交易,以及在内容和消息层中的跨边界模型的每个组件的功能进行了讨论。
当认证中心接收来自进口国海关的批准信息时,下一个阶段是进口商和进口单窗口之间的相互作用。
6.结论
文中在在伊朗的B2B电子商务一看,介绍了一种新的本地化的跨境电子商务模式基于单窗口的概念。
该模型可以实现开展B2B交易在边界及作为一个路线图,通过建立国家单一窗口在跑。
这可以是一个步骤,虽然加入伊朗区域单窗
口在未来的步骤。
此模型的一个关键的好处是它可以实现格式。
许多贸易伙伴国家今天使用这个布局调整其纸质和电子形式,因此他们可以交换文件纸张甚至电子PDF格式。
由联合国贸易促进中心发布完成指南将帮助商家和海关填写和检查形式轻松。
设计了基于文件的数据模型的形式在国际格式,所以在模型的内容层的形式进行国际交易。
文件是一个项目,基于UML,这样交易的角色可以被映射的数据建模容易。
这个模型的形式可以用路径工具等信息,可以通过电子邮件发送[17,18]。
基于XML的表单,易于采用和提供更好的服务,使其易于集成单一窗口中的信息。
每一部分的本地化是基于在亚洲地区的最佳做法,使模型更符合贸易伙伴。
所提出的局部模型的分层结构,使其更简单,可扩展性和灵活的模型来实现电子文件管理在伊朗的交易系统或其他国家的类似交易系统。
7.致谢
将一个成功的进程发送到国家的单一窗口。
如果根据规定,该公司的认证需要在一个文件中记录下来,这条消息可以发送到存储的出口商的钙。
作者要感谢研究院ICT和在2010年建立了电子商务实验室在Tarbiat Modares大学。
原文:
A Model of a Localized Cross-Border E-Commerce
By the explosive growth of B2B e-commerce transactions in international supply chains and he rapid increase of business documents in Iran’s cross-border trading, effective management of trade processes over borders is vital in B2B e-commerce systems. Structure of the localized model in this paper is based on three major layers of a B2B e-commerce infrastructure, which are messaging layer, business process layer and content layer. For each of these layers proper standards and solutions are chosen due to Iran’s e-commerce requirements. As it is needed to move smoothly towards electronic documents in Iran, UNedocs standard is suggested to support the contents of both paper and electronic documents. The verification of the suggested model is done by presenting a four phase scenario through case study method. The localized model in this paper tries to make a strategic view of business documents exchange in trade processes, and getting closer to the key target of regional single windows establishment in global trade e-supply chains.
Keywords: E-Commerce; Cross-Border Trade; Electronic Document Management; International Supply Chain
1. Introduction
Electronic commerce is about buying and selling products or services over electronic systems like internet and other networks. The term B2B (Business-to-Business) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. In this paper the research focus is on the communication between traders in two different countries. Today one of the main targets of the world trade organization is to establish regional single windows which can increase the trade facilitation in different parts of world. Establishing a regional single window needs cross border gateways that can exchange trade documents efficiently. So first, the key necessity of managing the simplified documents over borders is to move toward national single windows. After that, the regional single windows can authorize the communication between countries. E-commerce models are studied based on the three major logical layers. These three layers are messaging layer, business process layer and content layer [1,2]. Generally the localized model in this paper is a way to automate the process of exchanging reading documents. This can be a step through establishing the National single window of Iran and then with the more interoperability between the East Asian and Middle Eastern countries a regional single window can be improved in the future.
In this paper the second section is discussed basic concepts and standards required to introduce the cross-border B2B model in international supply chains.The third section is assigned to introduce the scope of the model and its components functionality in a big picture schema. The forth section discusses the model localization over B2B transaction layers, and finally the paper in concluded.
2. Background
In this section, besides, having a look at B2B e-commerce in Iran, the background concepts such as standards and reference models which are being used in localization of the B2B e-commerce cross border model are disussed.
2.1 B2B E-Commerce in Iran
Today the performance of the trade processes in Iran is a key trade success point. Iran has long borders with many of the countries in the region and its import and export processes can be done over road, rail, sea and air ways. So the central and strategic role of this country makes it a key trade point of goods transit in the Asia and Middle East region. Today, almost all of trade
processes in Iran customs are done through paper forms, and the electronic services given by the ministry of commerce are restricted to the merchants who trade inside the country. The introduced model tries to simplify the process of exchanging electronic documents in the cross-border e-supply chains of Iran trading. Here some of the systems which give the electronic services by the ministry of commerce in Iran are mentioned: Importation Order Management System. Trade Statistics System. Iran Code.Made In Iran. These are the main electronic systems which are using today to facilitate trade processes in Iran. The systems are mentioned here as independent trade facilitators which can have interaction with the suggested model in this paper in the future. Joining Iran to the world trade organization regarding the standardization of data elements and trade processes can be a good movement through improving regional single windows in Asia. From the designing point of view, one of the main advantages of document data harmonization in Iran is the reduction of data elements of the forms. So they can be reused in different documents as much as possible. This makes the country ready for using any standard forms of data. So the localized cross-border model in B2B e-commerce can make the trade processes make faster and safer which is one of the necessities of Iran’s trading today.
2.2. Single Window
The Single Window is a system, which enables single submission entry and Single and synchronous processing of data and information.These can help the system to make a key service which is so effective in shipping goods ver the borders which is:A Single Decision-making point for customs release and clearance of cargo [3,4]. It is needed to go through establishing a National single window in Iran to get closer to joining a regional single window.
2.3. Buy-Ship-Pay Reference Model
In order to understand the complexity of international trade, this simple model can make a clear view of the key elements of a trade transaction, and consequently to properly compile the necessary trade facilitation measures. UN/CEFACT has set out this to model the international supply chain using an internationally accepted modeling technique to provide reference model, which gives a view of the international supply chain in its entirety [5]. A simple view of the international supply chain based on BSP model includes three main categories of processes which are buy, ship and pay, plus four types of roles such as customer, authority, intermediary and
supplier (Figure 1). As discussed above, the recommended measures, group-ed into four categories, relate to the processes in this model. BUY—Covering all commercial activities related to the ordering of goods; SHIP—Covering all of the activities involved in the physical transfer of the goods, including official controls;PAY—Covering all of the activities involved in the payment for the goods [5,6]. After classifying the main categories of roles and processes in a cross-border supply chain, it is needed to have a closer view at different types that each of these categories can support. Different procedures and roles of the BSP model can be described by use case diagrams to show the relation between roles and processes. Some processes are related to identifying business partners or agreement establishment which is being separated regarding the scope of cross-border model .
3. Model Introduction
In this section the customized model in cross-border e-commerce is being introduced. The subsections include Model scope, main model components and their behavior over B2B transactions in different B2B transaction layers.
3.1. Model Scope
In this subsection the scope of the B2B cross border model regarding its roles and use cases is discussed. Different levels of data integration exist which can be done to simplify the data sets. In this model the focus is on the international layer. Harmonizing data elements in the exchange process, leads to effective cross-border trade. Generally, the scope of the model in this paper is about international layer, so the main aim is to harmonize trading transaction in processes and content [7]. Based on the concept of data harmonization which is suggested in both sides of supply chain; proper standards and solutions in analyzing the model can be chosen. These standards have to support the cross border transactions.
3.2. Model Components
The buy-ship-pay reference model discussed as a way to simplify the processes and eliminate unnecessary details of a trade scenario. UNedocs project is suggested to cluster and manage different documents. These standards are introduced as solutions to go through the single window policy. First let’s have a high level view of the components of the system while a cross-border communication is happening. In every side customs are placed which are leading to the national single window of the country. The documents in the National format are entering to
the translator module which is changing the format of the documents to the standard UNedocs format [8]. Then it can go through a middle ware to be declared more and finally the cross-border single windows is the last gateway. Every country can use this model form its own side to the exchange gateway (Figure 3).
3.3. Certificate Authentication in the Model
The relationship between CAs in this model is designed according to the basic types of PKI interoperability models. Based on the Iran’s e-supply chain security requirements, it is needed to support the certificate authority by using the benefits of a variety of different relationship topologies. The architecture which is suggested here benefits the advantages of CA hierarchy model, certificate trust list and bridge CA interoperability models. The benefits of this topology are: It will publish a trust list of national CAs. Those national CAs can retrieve the list themselves and are free to add and subtract CAs from the list and republish it to their government’s users according to their own national preferences. It may also publish trust lists of CAs in particular sectors—for example, a list of CAs accredited to provide health certificates.
It will cross-certify with each national CA and make that certificate available to other CAs to perform their own cross-certifications [9]. It will provide a certificate authority center for giving approval to messages and or ms while transferring through layers of the cross-border model. As it is mentioned above, the benefits of the hierarchy and modularity in this topology of CAs is improved Figure 4.
4. Model Localization over B2B Layers
In this section the components of the model are being discussed over three different layers of communication between B2B e-commerce systems. Each subsection shows the relationship between exporter, importer, customs, regional single window and the National single window in both sides of a trade transaction.
4.1. Business Process Layer
In the business process layers, the reference model and the UNedocs project are used to manage the electronic docs, but as a key step of project management first the exact scope of the transactions which are included in the suggested model must be described. According to what was mentioned about UNedocs, it is said that this project is mainly about the electronic documents but not about identifying the trading partner or the use cases which are about before contract.
While the relation between roles and processes are discussed, the scope of the model can be described more precisely in the business process layer. The scope of processes which are considered in the localized cross-border model of this paper can be seen inside the dotted line in Figure 2.
4.2. Messaging Layer
The messaging layer is responsible to establish the communication session between components, and send the contents of the message to next layers of the components hierarchy [10]. The exporter and importer are considered as the first and last points of a communication line and single window systems in national and regional levels are responsible to process information and move them for-ward. The certificate authority component of the system is using to assure the acknowledgement of each message. The customs component is the authorization system of goods declarations. The layered architecture of the system is one of the main factors that increase the cross-border model’s flexibility and extendibility. Messages mostly include approval of the forms in each level and updating the statues of certificate authority module in the structure of the cross-border model (Figure 5).
4.3. Content Layer
The content layer of the localized model deals with the documents, the objects which have to exchange through borders from exporter to importer and the opposite. One of the main challenges of this model is joining the B2B e-commerce system of Iran t a regional single window. As in Iran, paper documents are being used in the trading processes, so international standards to create and align documents which change the current documents readable for other partners in the international supply chains must be chosen. This layer is discussed from two aspects, first standards to design forms and second a solution for Exchanging forms through a unique gateway [11]. One more advantages of this model is data reusability. Same data elements in different forms can be detected and each layer can use the data elements which are entered in the system before [12,13]. The most important rule considered in this hierarchy is to send and receive documents via next layers of system, and every document submission in the model needs an acknowledgement message to guarantee the integrity of the communication system (Figure 6).
4.4. Certificate Authorization
As the PKI standards and the necessity of certificate authorization in B2B transactions were。