兰州大学出版社-化学专业外语备课+全文翻译

In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the line –the metalloids-have properties characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals.
specify by Oxygen=O
用…ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ明（表示）
nitrogen=N
neon=Ne
magnesium=Mg
Some elements; which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:
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increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns. Such an arrangement is called a periodic table.
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for example:
元素这个术语指的是仅仅由同一种类的原子组成的物质。对化学家（化学工作者）来说，原 子的种类由原子序数决定（表示） ，因为这是决定它的化学表现（行为）的性质。现在已经 发现了原子序数 Z=1 到 Z=107 的所有原子；这些是 107 种化学元素。每一种化学元素都被 赋予了一个名字和一个特有的（与众不同的）符号。对大部分元素来说，这个含有一个或两 个字母的符号仅仅是英文名字的缩写形式，例如：
Except for hydrogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal family. They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the element state in nature. However, their compounds are widespread. All the members of the alkali metal family form ions having a charge of 1+ only. In contrast, the elements of group IB-copper, silver, and gold-are comparatively inert. They are similar to the alkali metals in that they exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. However, as is
在周期表中， 一条粗的阶梯状的线把元素划分为金属元素和非金属元素。 处于线左边的 元素（H 元素除外）是金属元素，而处于线右边的元素是非金属元素。这种分法仅仅是为了 方便。靠近线两边的元素-准金属元素-同时具有金属和非金属元素的性质特征。可以看出， 大部分元素，包括过度元素和内过度元素，都是金属元素。
另外有些早已为人所知的元素的符号是拉丁文名字的缩写（是建立在拉丁文名字的基础上 的） ，例如： Iron （英文名字） =Fe （缩写） (ferrum) （拉丁文名字） copper=Cu(cuprum) lead=Pb(plumbum) A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1. 更完整的元素列表（清单）见表 1。
Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle （罗伯特波义耳， 英国化学家， 物理学家） , who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds. In 1869, D. Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of
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characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as well.
Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements. It shoud be noted that.
The term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all kinds of a single kind. To the chemist the “kind” of an atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z=1 to Z=107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters,
称某人（物）为
由…确定
原子核中质子的数目称为原子序数，或者质子数，以 Z 表示。电中性原子中电子的数 目也等于原子序数 Z。经测定，原子的总质量与原子核中质子与中子的总数差不多。 （几乎 相同） （或者说原子的总质量几乎可以由原子核中质子与中子的总数确定。 ） 这个总数叫质量 数，以 A 表示。因此，原子中的质子的数目，质子数，可以定量地由 A-Z 给出。即原子中 质子数=A-Z
应当注意的是
（在元素周期表中） ，水平的每一排元素组成了一个周期。应当注意的是，周期的长短
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是有变化的。首先是一个含有 2 种元素的极短周期，接着是两个短周期，每一周期含有 8 种元素，然后是各有 18 种元素的两个长周期，再下一个周期含有 32 种元素，最后一个周期 显然是不完整的（尚未完全发现） 。在这种排列下，处于同一纵列的元素具有相似的性质。 这些纵列就组成了元素周期表中的族。 由两个 8 元素周期中的元素开头的族被指定为主族元 素，其它族的元素叫过度元素或内过度元素。
1. The Elements and The Periodic Table