托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4

托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4

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TPO14Lecture4Archeology

Professor：When we think of large monumental structures built by early societies and Egyptian pyramid probably comes to mind.But there are some even earlier structures in the British Isles also worth discussing,and besides the well-known circle of massive stones of Stonehenge which don’t get me wrong is remarkable enough,well,other impressive Neolithic structures are found there too.Oh,yes,we are talking about the Neolithic period here,also called new Stone Age,which was the time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.It was about5000years ago,even before the first Egyptian pyramid that some of amazing Neolithic monuments---tombs, were racketed at the very size around ironed Great Britain and costal islands nearby.I am referring particular to structures that in some cases,look like ordinary natural hills.But we definitely build by humans,well-organized communities of human’s to enclose a chamber or room within stone walls and sometimes with a high,cleverly designed sealing of overlapping stones.These structures are called Passage Graves,because in the chamber,

sometime several chambers in fact,could only be entered from the outside through a narrow passage way.

Michael：Excuse me,professor,but you said Passage Graves.Was this just monument to honor the dead buried there or were they designed to be used somehow by the living?

Professor：Ah,yes!Good question,Michael.Besides being built as tombs,some of these Passage Graves were definitely what we might call Astronomical Calendars,with chambers they flooded with some light on the certain special days of the year,witch must see miraculous and inspired good dealer of they really just wonder.But research indicates that not just light but also the physics of sound help to enhance this religious experience.

Michael：How so?

Professor：Well,first the echoes.When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the stonewalls over and over again,it must seem like a whole chorus of other voices,spirits of God maybe join in.But even more intriguing is what physicists called Standing Waves.Basically,the phenomenon of Standing Waves occurs when sound waves of the same frequency reflect off the walls and meet from opposite directions.So,the volume seems to alternate between very loud and very soft.You can stand quite near a man singing in loud voice and hardly hear him.Yet step little further away and voice is almost defining.As you move around chamber,the volume of the sound goes way up and way down,depending on where you are and these standing waves.And often the acoustic makes it hard to identify where sounds are coming from.It is powerful voices that are