历史专业英语第一单元
unit1 vocabulary
Trojan [ˈtrəʊdʒən] (Trojan) 特洛伊的;特洛伊人的 n. (Trojan) 特洛伊人;勇士;勤勉的人
polis /ˈpɒlɪs/ [ 复数 poleis ] N an ancient Greek city-state 古希腊城邦 polis /ˈpolɪs/ N N the police or a police officer 警察; 警官 monarchy [ˈmɒnəki] 1 the monarchy [sing.] 君主制;君主政
古希腊文明的兴起
早在古希腊文明兴起之前约800年,爱琴海地区就孕育 了灿烂的克里特文明和迈锡尼文明。大约在公元前1200 年,多利亚人的入侵毁灭了迈锡尼文明,希腊历史进入 所谓“黑暗时代”。因为对这一时期的了解主要来自 《荷马史诗》,所以又称“荷马时代”。在荷马时代末 期,铁器得到推广,取代了青铜器;海上贸易也重新发 达,新的城邦国家纷纷建立。希腊人使用腓尼基字母创 造了自己的文字,并于前776年召开了第一次奥林匹克 运动会。奥林匹克运动会的召开也标志着古希腊文明进 入了兴盛时期。前750年左右,随着人口增长,希腊人 开始向外殖民。在此后的250年间,新的希腊城邦遍及 包括小亚细亚和北非在内的地中海沿岸。在诸城邦中, 势力最大的是斯巴达和雅典。对美的事物的热爱是希腊 神话的灵魂。
Thrace n. 色雷斯(自爱琴海至多瑙河的巴尔干半岛东南 部地区)
位于巴尔干半岛东部地区,地势平坦,土地肥沃,物产 丰富。
Peloponnese [,peləpə'ni:s] n. 伯罗奔尼撒(希腊南部的 摩里亚半岛)
Cyclades [saɪˈkleɪdiz] n. 基克拉迪群岛(希腊) fragment [ˈfræɡmənt] noun 碎片;片段 a small part of sth that has broken off
历史学专业英语08-Political_Philosophy共22页文档
Development
• Arthur Lovejoy (1930s) ‘Unit ideas’ traced through time
• Foundation of ideas • Psychological impact • 1940 – Journal of the History of Ideas
Criticisms
• Not welcomed by traditional historians • Some concerned about the impact of theory • Geoffrey Elton ‘the virus of theory’ • ‘by its very nature, likely to lose contact with
created against this background? • The ‘Zeitgeist’ (spirit of the time)
Key questions
• How does cultural and intellectual change happen?
• Replacement of intellectual frameworks • How do people respond to intellectual
Foundations
• Universality • Roots in Aristotle’s thoughts • Science, politics, ethics, aesthetics, rhetoric,
poetry, history • Anything that creates ‘wonder’
Changes in society
历史专业英语课后习题答案
历史专业英语课后习题答案1、I have to _______ my glasses, without which I can’t read the book. [单选题] *A. put upB. put awayC. put downD. put on(正确答案)2、He didn't allow _____ in his room. Actually he didn't allow his family _____ at all. [单选题] *A. to smoke; to smokeB. smoking; to smoke(正确答案)C. to smoke; smokingD. smoking; smoking3、—Do you like to watch Hero?—Yes. I enjoy ______ action movies. ()[单选题] *A. watchB. watching(正确答案)C. to watchD. watches4、I like the food very much.It is _______. [单选题] *A. terribleB. expensiveC. delicious(正确答案)D. friendly5、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure()that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end6、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big7、My English teacher has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. storiesB. suggestions(正确答案)C. messagesD. practice8、_____ whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. [单选题] *A. What is not yet knownB. It is not yet known(正确答案)C. As is not yet knownD. This is not yet known9、He always ______ the teacher carefully in class. [单选题] *A. listensB. listens to(正确答案)C. hearsD. hears of10、My friend and classmate Selina()running in her spare time. [单选题] *A.likeB. likes (正确答案)C. is likedD. is liking11、Many young people like to _______ at weekends. [单选题] *A. eat out(正确答案)B. eat upC. eat onD. eat with12、--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A. workersB. nursesC. waitersD. teachers(正确答案)13、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully14、He _______ walks to school, because he lives near school. [单选题] *A. sometimes(正确答案)B. neverC. doesn’tD. don’t15、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that16、She has no idea of what the book is about. She_______ have read it carefully. [单选题]*A. Can’t(正确答案)B. mustn’tC. shouldn’tD. needn’t17、Li Lei often takes a walk early ______ the morning.()[单选题] *A. atB. onC. in(正确答案)D. for18、—______ pencils are these?—They are Tony’s.()[单选题] *A. WhatB. WhereC WhoD. Whose(正确答案)19、( ) They have_____ useful dictionary. They want to lend it___ us. [单选题] *A. an; forB. a; fromC. an; toD. a; to(正确答案)20、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务21、You are getting too old for football.You had better _____tennis instead. [单选题] *A.take up(正确答案)B.take inC.take forD.take over22、I will _______ at the school gate. [单选题] *A. pick you up(正确答案)B. pick up youC. pick you outD. pick out you23、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions24、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)25、There are many_____desks in the room. [单选题] *rge old brown(正确答案)B.old large brownrge brown oldD.brown old large26、--Why are you late for school today?--I’m sorry. I didn’t catch the early bus and I had to _______ the next one. [单选题] *A. wait for(正确答案)B. ask forC. care forD. stand for27、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a28、The commander said that two _____ would be sent to the Iraqi front line the next day. [单选题] *A. women's doctorB. women doctorsC. women's doctorsD. women doctor(正确答案)29、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests30、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!()[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness。
大学英语 英国历史文化第一单元The Birth of a Nation
V.The Norman Conquest (1066)
2.The Norman Conquest and its consequences
➢ William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. ➢ He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. ➢ Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. ➢ Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. ➢ The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.
大学英语英国历史文化第一单元thebirthofanation
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Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury.
So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him.
历史学专业英语教程
历史学专业英语教程History is a fascinating subject that allows us to explore the past, understand the present, and shape the future. As a history student, it is essential to develop a strong foundation in English language skills to effectively communicate and analyze historical events and concepts. In this English tutorial for history students, we will cover key aspects of academic writing, reading comprehension, and oral communication.1. Academic Writing:Academic writing plays a crucial role in history studies as it enables students to present their research findings and arguments in a clear and organized manner. To excel in academic writing, history students should focus on the following aspects:a. Structure: A well-structured essay or research paper should have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide background information and a clear thesis statement. Body paragraphs should present evidence, analysis, and supporting arguments. The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis.b. Language: Use formal and concise language to convey your ideas effectively. Avoid colloquial expressions, slang, and jargon. Maintain a consistent tone throughout your writing.c. Referencing: Accurate referencing is crucial in academic writing. Familiarize yourself with the preferred citation style, such as APA or MLA, and ensure that all sources are properly cited. Plagiarism is strictly prohibited in academic writing.2. Reading Comprehension:Reading comprehension is a fundamental skill for history students. It allows you to understand and critically analyze historical texts, primary sources, and scholarly articles. Here are some tips to enhance your reading comprehension skills:a. Preview: Before reading a text, skim through the headings, subheadings, and introductory paragraphs to get an overview of the content. This will help you identify the main ideas and anticipate the author's arguments.b. Active Reading: While reading, actively engage with the text by highlighting important points, taking notes, and asking questions. This will help you retain information and facilitate critical thinking.c. Analyze: After reading, analyze the author's arguments, evidence, and biases. Consider the historical context and evaluate the credibility of the source. Compare different perspectives to develop a well-rounded understanding.3. Oral Communication:Oral communication skills are essential for history students, as they often need to present their research findings, participate in discussions, and engage in debates. Here are some strategies to improve your oral communication skills:a. Preparation: Before a presentation or discussion, thoroughly research the topic and organize your thoughts. Prepare a clear and concise outline to guide your speech.b. Clarity: Speak clearly and articulate your words. Use appropriate vocabulary and avoid excessive jargon. Maintain eye contact with your audience and use gestures to enhance your communication.c. Active Listening: Active listening is crucial in oral communication. Pay attention to others' viewpoints, ask questions, and provide thoughtful responses. Engage in constructive discussions and be open to different perspectives.In conclusion, mastering English language skills is essential for history students to excel in their academic pursuits. By focusing on academic writing, reading comprehension, and oral communication, students can effectively communicate their research findings, analyze historical texts, and actively participate in academic discussions. With consistent practice and dedication, history students can develop astrong foundation in English language skills and enhance their overall academic performance.。
历史专业英语演讲稿范文
历史专业英语演讲稿范文Historical Significance of the Declaration of Independence.Ladies and gentlemen, honored guests, esteemed faculty, and fellow students,。
Today, I stand before you to elucidate the profound historical significance of the Declaration of Independence, a pivotal document that has indelibly shaped the course of human history.Penned by the brilliant minds of the Continental Congress in 1776, the Declaration of Independence was more than a mere statement of grievances against British tyranny. It was a clarion call for liberty, equality, and the inalienable rights of humankind.Revolutionary Principles of the Declaration.The Declaration boldly asserted that "all men are created equal" and endowed with the inherent rights of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." These principles, which had been germinating in the Enlightenment, were revolutionizing the political landscape of the time.The Declaration challenged the traditional notion of divine right to rule and established the principle of popular sovereignty, where the ultimate authority restswith the people themselves. By declaring independence, the American colonists asserted their right to self-determination and the establishment of a government basedon the consent of the governed.Impact on American History.The Declaration of Independence played a pivotal rolein the American Revolutionary War. It rallied the colonists under a common cause, inspiring them to fight for their newfound freedom. The principles enshrined within the Declaration served as a guiding light for the young American nation, shaping its institutions and laws.The Declaration's influence extended beyond the American shores. Its ideas of liberty and equality ignited revolutions around the globe, inspiring people from Franceto Latin America to Africa to break the chains of oppression.Global Legacy.Today, the Declaration of Independence continues to resonate worldwide. It is cited as an inspiration for human rights movements, constitutional reforms, and democratic struggles. Its principles of individual liberty, constitutional government, and the rule of law have become the bedrock of modern democracies.The Declaration has faced challenges throughout history, but its core principles have endured. It has survived civil wars, economic depressions, and global conflicts. It serves as a constant reminder of the human spirit's unyielding pursuit of freedom and equality.Conclusion.In the tapestry of history, the Declaration of Independence stands as a masterpiece. It is a testament to the ingenuity, courage, and foresight of the Founding Fathers. Its principles have shaped the destiny of nations and continue to inspire people to this day.The Declaration of Independence is more than just a historical document. It is a living legacy that reminds us of the importance of liberty, equality, and human dignity. It is a beacon of hope for all who yearn for a world where justice prevails and the rights of all are respected.As we reflect on the historical significance of the Declaration of Independence, let us recommit ourselves to the principles upon which it was founded. Let us strive to build a more just, equitable, and free society for ourselves and for generations to come.。
人教精通版小学历史单词
人教精通版小学历史单词Unit 1: 古代的人们- civilization 文明- ancient 古代的- emperor 皇帝- dynasty 朝代- palace 宫殿- archaeology 考古学- artifact 古物- ancestor 祖先- hieroglyphics 象形文字- tomb 坟墓Unit 2: 文化遗产- heritage 遗产- tradition 传统- monument 纪念物- landmark 地标- sculpture 雕塑- mural 壁画- relic 遗迹- ruins 废墟- temple 寺庙- castle 城堡Unit 3: 中国古代的发明- invention 发明- gunpowder 火药- papermaking 造纸术- printing 印刷术- porcelain 瓷器- silk 丝绸- tea 茶- calligraphy 书法- acupuncture 针灸Unit 4: 革命年代- revolution 革命- independence 独立- leader 领导者- protest 抗议- uprising 起义- rebellion 叛乱- freedom 自由- equality 平等- democracy 民主- constitution 宪法Unit 5: 世界大战- war 战争- alliance 联盟- soldier 士兵- weapon 武器- strategy 战略- battle 战斗- trench trenches- casualties 伤亡人数- peace 和平- victory 胜利Unit 6: 现代化的世界- technology 技术- industry 工业- transportation 交通- internet 互联网- globalization 全球化- pollution 污染- climate change 气候变化- sustainable 可持续的- innovation 创新Unit 7: 保护环境- environment 环境- conservation 保护- renewable 可再生的- ecosystem 生态系统- deforestation 森林砍伐- pollution 污染- recycling 回收利用- endangered 濒危的- habitat 栖息地- biodiversity 生物多样性Unit 8: 文化交流- culture 文化- diversity 多样性- language 语言- customs 风俗- tradition 传统- cuisine 烹饪- festival 节日- music 音乐- art 艺术- literature 文学Unit 9: 与他人合作- cooperation 合作- teamwork 团队合作- respect 尊重- trust 信任- leadership 领导力- collaboration 合作- empathy 移情作用- negotiation 谈判Unit 10: 成功与失败- success 成功- failure 失败- perseverance 毅力- determination 决心- goal 目标- motivation 动力- resilience 应变能力- self-confidence 自信心- learning 研究- reflection 反思。
历史专业英语词汇1
历史专业英语词汇历史学科英语词汇(部分)历史学科英语词汇(部分) Abdicate 退位,逊位 Aberdonian 阿伯丁人(苏格兰) Ableseaman 英国海军水兵英国海军水兵Aborigine 土著,土人土著,土人 Accession ,就就任职,就就任职Accord ,协议,条约,协议,条约Ac veservice ,战时服役,战时服役Adherent ,拥护着,拥护着Adjourn ,休庭,延期,休庭,延期Adjudge ,宣判,裁决,宣判,裁决Adopted ,,移居的,移居的Adviser ,顾问,忠告者,顾问,忠告者Affair ,政治事物,政治事物African ,非洲的,非洲的Afrikaans ,阿非利堪死语,阿非利堪死语Afrikaner ,荷兰裔南非人,荷兰裔南非人Archdiocese ,大主教区,大主教区Archduchess ,大公夫人,大公夫人Asian ,亚洲人,亚洲人Ash Wednesday ,圣灰星期三,圣灰星期三Asean ,东南亚国家联盟,东南亚国家联盟Afo-asian ,亚非的,亚非的Aide-de-camp ,副官,随从参谋,副官,随从参谋Aircra carrier ,航空母舰,航空母舰Airmarshal ,空军中将,空军中将 Airraid ,炼金术士,炼金术士Alchemist ,高级市政官,高级市政官Alderman ,真主,真主Allah ,结盟的,结盟的Amazon ,亚孙族女战士,亚孙族女战士Amerasian ,美亚混血儿,美亚混血儿Americana ,典型美国事物,典型美国事物Anglo-saxon ,撒克逊人,撒克逊人Annals ,编年史,编年史An -christ ,敌基督,敌基督An -semi sm ,反犹太主义,反犹太主义April fool ,在愚人节开的玩笑,在愚人节开的玩笑,在愚人节开的玩笑 Arabian ,阿拉伯的,阿拉伯的Biscay,比斯开湾,比斯开湾 Bolivia,玻利维亚,玻利维亚 Bonn,波恩,波恩Bombay,孟买,孟买 Bonaparte,波拿巴,波拿巴Boston ,波士顿,波士顿 Bourgeois,布尔乔亚,布尔乔亚 Britain,不列颠,不列颠 Brunei,文莱,文莱 Buenosaires,白金汉宫,白金汉宫 Bucklingham,布达佩斯,布达佩斯 Bvdapest,布宜诺斯艾诺斯,布宜诺斯艾诺斯 Bush,布什,布什 Byelorossia,白俄罗斯,白俄罗斯 Byron,拜伦,拜伦Babylon,巴比伦,巴比伦 Bacbugvlf,北部湾,北部湾 Bach,巴赫,巴赫Bacon,培根,培根Bagh bad,巴格达,巴格达 Bahrain,巴林岛,巴林岛 Balzac,巴尔扎克,巴尔扎克 Balkan,巴尔干半岛的人,巴尔干半岛的人 Bal c,波罗地海的人,波罗地海的人 Bandvng,万窿,万窿 Bangkok,曼谷,曼谷 Bangladesh,孟加拉,孟加拉 Barcelona,巴塞罗那,巴塞罗那 Bassanio,巴塞尼奥,巴塞尼奥Bas lle巴士底监狱巴士底监狱Bc,公元前,公元前 Beethoven,贝多芬,贝多芬 Beirut,贝鲁特,贝鲁特 Belfast,贝尔法斯特,贝尔法斯特 Belgium,比利时,比利时Bell,贝尔,贝尔Bengal,孟加拉,孟加拉 Bering,白令,白令Berlin,柏林,柏林 Bermudas,百慕大群岛,百慕大群岛 Berne,伯尔尼,伯尔尼 Bethune,白求恩,白求恩 Bhutan,不丹,不丹Birmingham ,伯名翰,伯名翰China ,中国,中国Chinese ,中国人,中国人 Constan ne ,君士坦丁,君士坦丁Church and state dualism not a unifield leadership ,教会和国家二元结构,教会和国家二元结构 Compass earth ,环球航行,环球航行Conquistador ,西班牙征服者,西班牙征服者Cherubim ,有翅天使,有翅天使Cape bojador ,博亚而尔多角,博亚而尔多角Council of constance ,康斯坦茨会议,康斯坦茨会议,康斯坦茨会议 Cape ,纳恩角,纳恩角Charles ,查理五世,查理五世Cossaclc ,哥萨克,哥萨克Calvin ,加尔文,加尔文Co a ,科塔,科塔Congrega onalist ,公理会教友,公理会教友Chrysostom ,克利芬斯托,基督教神学院,克利芬斯托,基督教神学院 Commonwealth ,共和国,共和国Calicut ,卡利卡特,卡利卡特Cuba ,古巴,古巴Co-religionists ,信仰同样宗教的人,信仰同样宗教的人Christopher ,哥伦布,哥伦布Cas le ,斯提尔王国,斯提尔王国Conven on parliament ,英国代表国会,英国代表国会Colbert ,柯尔伯,柯尔伯Combria ,坎布里亚地区,坎布里亚地区Chief of staff,参谋总长,参谋总长Communist fi h column ,共产党第五纵队,共产党第五纵队,共产党第五纵队 Ccp , 中国共产党中国共产党Commune ,公社,公社E Emancipa onist 解放主义者解放主义者Emancipa on 解放的解放的Embargo policy 禁运政策禁运政策Embassage 大使大使Embassy 大使馆大使馆Emba le 整军备战整军备战Embourgeoisement 资产阶级化资产阶级化Emigra on commission 移民委员会移民委员会Emigra on policy 移民政策移民政策Emission at par 平价发行法平价发行法平价发行法 Emperor 皇帝,君主皇帝,君主Emphyteuta 永久佃户永久佃户Empire帝国,帝权帝国,帝权Empire-building扩张疆域领土扩张扩张疆域领土扩张Empiriocri cism经验批评主义经验批评主义 Empiriomonism经验一元论经验一元论Empirism经验论经验论employed labour force就业劳动力就业劳动力employed popula on就业人口就业人口employment act就业法就业法expanded reproduc on扩大再生产扩大再生产 extraterritoriality治外法权治外法权extrality治外法权治外法权extremist极端主义极端主义extra surplus value超额剩余价值超额剩余价值external representa on对外代表权对外代表权 experimentalist实验主义者实验主义者experien alist经验主义者经验主义者expansionist领土扩张轮着领土扩张轮着expansionary policy经济扩张政策经济扩张政策expansion of the currency通货膨胀通货膨胀通货膨胀export-import bank of Washington美国进出口银行美国进出口银行 Expo世界博览会世界博览会Explosion of monetary crisis金融危机金融危机Existen alist Marxism存在主义的马克思主义存在主义的马克思主义 Exeter艾克赛特艾克赛特Exec ve yuan行政院行政院Execu ve veto行政否决权行政否决权Execu ve privilege 行政特权行政特权Execu ve mansion州长官邸州长官邸Execu ve agreement 行政协定行政协定Execu ve council 参政会议参政会议Exclusivist 排他主义排他主义Exclusion policy 闭关政策闭关政策Excise tax 特许权税特许权税Excess of import/export 出(入)超Excess of capital 过剩资本过剩资本E EAC 东非共同体东非共同体EAEC 东非经济共同体东非经济共同体EAEA 欧洲原子能机构欧洲原子能机构Ealing 伊令(英格兰东南部城市) Eath Iethniko Apelevthero ko metopo (第二次世界大战希腊的)民族解放阵线(第二次世界大战希腊的)民族解放阵线Earl marchal 英国宫廷典仪大臣兼纹章局局长英国宫廷典仪大臣兼纹章局局长Earl marshal 纹章局局长纹章局局长Earlship 伯爵爵位(领地)伯爵爵位(领地) Earldom 伯爵爵位伯爵爵位 Earnings in foreign exchange 外汇收入外汇收入 East Pakistan 东巴基斯坦东巴基斯坦East London 东伦敦东伦敦East mor 东帝汶东帝汶Eastbourne 伊斯特本伊斯特本Easter 复活节复活节Eastern estabcishment 东部权势集团东部权势集团东部权势集团 Eastern samoa 东萨摩亚东萨摩亚Eastside 纽约市曼哈顿东区纽约市曼哈顿东区 EBC (英国)教育广播公司(英国)教育广播公司 Eaton 伊顿(姓氏) Eau Claire 奥克莱尔(美国城市)奥克莱尔(美国城市) Eastern church 东正教会东正教会EC(European community) 欧盟欧盟欧盟 Ecclesias c 基督教传教士基督教传教士 Echelon 等级,阶级等级,阶级Edward VII 爱德华七世爱德华七世Egypt 埃及埃及Elizabeth I 伊丽莎白一世伊丽莎白一世 Emerald isle 爱尔兰岛爱尔兰岛Emir 埃米尔(对穆斯林国家统治者称呼)埃米尔(对穆斯林国家统治者称呼) Emperor 皇帝,君主皇帝,君主Encyclopedia 百科全书百科全书Entente cordiale 1904英法协约英法协约 Established church 国教国教Estonian 爱沙尼亚人爱沙尼亚人Ethiopian 埃塞俄比亚族人埃塞俄比亚族人 Eblaite 埃卜拉语(古代闪米特语)埃卜拉语(古代闪米特语) Ecclesiae 教会,教堂教会,教堂ECA(economic eommission for africa) 非洲经济委员会非洲经济委员会ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会亚洲及远东经济委员会 Economic centre 经济中心经济中心ECO(economic coopera on organiza on)经济合作组织经济合作组织经济合作组织 Economic community 经济共同体经济共同体 Economic crisis 经济危机经济危机 Economix incen re 经济刺激经济刺激 Economic policy 经济政策经济政策 Economic reconstruc on 经济复兴经济复兴 Ecosoc 联合国经济及社会理事会联合国经济及社会理事会 Ecumenicity 普世基督教大联合普世基督教大联合Ecumenism 泛基督教主义泛基督教主义 EDD(English dialect dic onary) 《英国方言词典》《英国方言词典》 Edge act 国际条例国际条例Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡European econormic community 欧洲经济共同体欧洲经济共同体 European free trade associa on 欧洲自由贸易协会欧洲自由贸易协会 Eisenhower 艾森豪威尔,美国第三十四任总统艾森豪威尔,美国第三十四任总统 Ekaterinburg 叶卡特琳堡,前苏联乌拉尔地区城市叶卡特琳堡,前苏联乌拉尔地区城市 Elam 埃兰埃兰 Elbe 易北河易北河emeerate 阿拉伯酋长阿拉伯酋长 Russia 俄国俄国Research 研发研发Repara ons 赔偿赔偿Religious freedom 宗教自由宗教自由Renminbi 人民币人民币Republic of China 中华民国中华民国中华民国 Republic of korea 朝鲜朝鲜朝鲜 Renolu on 革命革命Rural Coopera ve Medical Scheme 农村合作医疗计划农村合作医疗计划 Robert mar n 罗伯特·马丁马丁Renaissance 文艺复兴文艺复兴Roman cism 浪漫主义浪漫主义Race 种族种族Religion 宗教宗教Reforma on 宗教改革宗教改革Ritual 礼仪礼仪Rome 罗马罗马Campaign 整风运动整风运动Pacific 和平的,爱好和平的和平的,爱好和平的Pacificatory 和解的,调解的,绥靖的和解的,调解的,绥靖的 Pacifism 和平主义,不抵抗主义和平主义,不抵抗主义 Paddlefoot 步兵步兵Padishah 君主,国王,王,伊朗国王君主,国王,王,伊朗国王 Pagan 异教徒,非基督教徒异教徒,非基督教徒Paganize 使变为异教徒使变为异教徒Pakistan 巴基斯坦,巴基斯坦的巴基斯坦,巴基斯坦的 Pakeha 白种人白种人Pales ne 巴勒斯坦巴勒斯坦 a 巴勒斯坦的,巴勒斯坦人的巴勒斯坦的,巴勒斯坦人的 Papacy 罗马教皇的职位,罗马天主教会制度罗马教皇的职位,罗马天主教会制度 Papal 罗马教皇的,罗马教皇职位的罗马教皇的,罗马教皇职位的 Papist 罗马天主教徒罗马天主教徒Parish 教区教区Parley会谈,与敌方的谈判会谈,与敌方的谈判Parliament议会,国会议会,国会Parliamentary议会的,国会的,议会政治的议会的,国会的,议会政治的 Parliamentarism 议会制度,议会主义议会制度,议会主义Par san党人,低吼游击队员,党派性的党人,低吼游击队员,党派性的 Patriot爱国者,爱国主义者爱国者,爱国主义者Patrio c 爱国的,有爱国热忱的爱国的,有爱国热忱的Patrio sm 爱国主义,爱国精神爱国主义,爱国精神PAU 泛美联盟泛美联盟Peach和平,和平时期和平,和平时期Peaceful和平的,爱好和平的和平的,爱好和平的Pekingese 北京的,北京人的北京的,北京人的 Peking北京市北京市Pentateuch 基督教的旧约全书的首五卷基督教的旧约全书的首五卷 Pentecost 犹太人的五旬节犹太人的五旬节 Persecute 指政治,宗教信仰的迫害,残害。
历史专业英语
CONTENTS目录Unit One Greco-Roman Civilization第一单元希腊-罗马文明Part One General History : Ancient Times : Greece and Rome第一部分通史:古代:希腊和罗马Part Two Article : On Spartan Strategy第二部分论文:斯巴达人的战略Part Three Original Record : From Augustus to Tiberius第三部分原始文献:从奥古斯都到提比略Unit Two Classical Civilization of China第二单元中国古典文明Part One General History : Classics and Ch'in Empire第一部分通史:经和秦帝国Part Two Article : State Control of Bureaucrats第二部分论文:官僚控制的国家Part Three Original Record : Classics from Lun Y u , Mencius , and Y ao Tien 第三部分原始文献:《论语》《孟子》和《尧典》中的经Unit Three Great Three Religions第三单元三大宗教Part One General History : The Rise of Islam第一部分通史:伊斯兰教的兴起Part Two Article : The Sinicization of Buddhism第二部分论文:佛教的汉化Part Three Original Record : Sentences from the Holy Bible第三部分原始文献:《圣经》中的句子Unit Four The Chinese Empire Opening to the W orld第四单元向世界开放的中华帝国Part One General History : The Growth of Han Empire第一部分通史:汉帝国的发展Part Two Article : Sale of Office in the Later Han第二部分论文:汉后期的官职买卖Part Three Original Record : The Selections from New Discourses第三部分原始文献:《新语》选文Unit Five The Flow ering of Traditional China第五单元传统中国的盛世Part One General History : The Sui ,Tang , and Song Dynasties第一部分通史:隋、唐和宋王朝Part Two Article : Military Families and the Southern Song第二部分论文:军户和南宋Part Three Original Record : The Turpan Documents第三部分原始文献:吐鲁番文献Unit Six Italian Renaissance第六单元意大利文艺复兴Part One General History : Origins & Art第一部分通史:古代:起源和艺术Part Two Article : The Discovery of the Individual in Renaissance第二部分论文:文艺复兴中“人”的发现Part Three Original Record : The Prince第三部分原始文献:《君主论》Unit Seven Absorption of Nomadic Civilization into Agricultural Civilization第七单元游牧文明与农耕文明的融合Part One General History : China in the Mongol Empire第一部分通史:蒙古帝国时代的中国Part Two Article : What Set the Mongols in Motion ?第二部分论文:什么使蒙古人动起来?Part Three Original Record : Kublai Khan's Life in Shangdu第三部分原始文献:忽必烈大汗在上都的生活Unit Eight The Empire Trying to Be " Blue China "第八单元试图成为“蓝色中国”的帝国Part One General History : The Maritime Expedition of Zheng He第一部分通史:郑和的海洋探险Part Two Article : From Rebel Base to Imperial Capital第二部分论文:从反叛基地到帝国都城Part Three Original Record : Stone Record of the Pacification of the Pirates第三部分原始文献:《平寇碑记》Unit Nine Religious Reform第九单元宗教改革Part One General History : Luther and Lutheranism第一部分通史:路德和路德教Part Two Article : The Diversity of Revelation第二部分论文:启示录的差异Part Three Original Record : Institutes of the Christian Religion第三部分原始文献:《基督教原理》Unit T en Iberian Expansion第十单元伊比利亚的扩张Part One General History : Portugal's and Spain's Colonial Conquest第一部分通史:葡萄牙和西班牙的殖民征服Part Two Article : The Theory of Natural Slavery第二部分论文:天生奴隶说Part Three Original Record : The Documents of Iberian Expansion第三部分原始文献:伊比利亚扩张的文献Unit Eleven The Last Dynasty of China's Dynastic Circle第十一单元中国朝代循环的末代王朝Part One General History : The Qing Dynasty Before 1800第一部分通史:1800年以前的清王朝Part Two Article : Social Discrimination in Traditional China第二部分论文:传统中国的社会歧视Part Three Original Record : A Bridge and Its Man第三部分原始文献:一座桥及其观光者Unit Tw elve Three Bourgeois Revolutions第十二单元三大资产阶级革命Part One General History : The English Revolution第一部分通史:英国革命Part Two Article : The Central Themes of the American Revolution第二部分论文:美国革命的核心主题Part Three Original Record : The Documents of French Bourgeois Revolution第三部分原始文献:法国资产阶级革命的文献Unit Thirteen Industrial Revolution第十三单元工业革命Part One General History : The Age of Machines第一部分通史:机器时代Part Two Article : The Industrial Revolution—— an Overview第二部分论文:工业革命——概观Part Three Original Record : Reminiscences of the First Railroad Over the Allegheny Mountain第三部分原始文献:追忆通过阿勒格尼山的第一条铁路(1879)Unit Fourteen The Semi-Colonial and Semi-Feudalist China第十四单元半殖民地半封建社会的中国Part One General History : The Opium War第一部分通史:鸦片战争Part Two Article : The Great Policy Debate in China ,1874: Maritime Defense vs. Frontier Defense第二部分论文:中国1874年政策大讨论:海防对陆防Part Three Original Record : Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) ,1842第三部分原始文献:《南京条约》,1842Unit Fifteen The Meiji Restoration of Japan第十五单元日本明治维新Part One General History : The Establishment of the New Government The First World War第一部分通史:新政府的成立Part Two Article : The Military第二部分论文:军队Part Three Original Record : Thoughts on the Political Economy第三部分原始文献:政治经济学上的思考Unit Sixteen Tw o W orld W ars第十六单元希腊-罗马文明Part One General History : The First World War第一部分通史:第一次世界大战Part Two Article : Nazi Foreign Policy第二部分论文:纳粹的对外政策Part Three Original Record : The Documents of WW II第三部分原始文献:第二次世界大战的文献Unit Seventeen Russian Revolution of 1917第十七单元俄国1917年革命Part One General History : The Revolution of 1917第一部分通史:1917年革命Part Two Article : The Sources of Soviet Conduct第二部分论文:苏维埃现象的根源Part Three Original Record : The October Revolution第三部分原始文献:十月革命Unit Eighteen The Rise of Modern China第十八单元中国的兴起Part One General History : The Birth of the People's Republic第一部分通史:人民共和国的诞生Part Two Article : To Reform a Revolution : Under the Righteous Mandate 第二部分论文:改良革命:按照正义的指令Part Three Original Record : The War of Resistance Against Japan第三部分原始文献:抗日战争Unit Nineteen The Cold W ar第十九单元冷战Part One General History : The Beginning of the Cold War第一部分通史:冷战的开始Part Two Article : US Foreign Policy and Origins of the Cold War第二部分论文:美国对外政策和冷战的形成Part Three Original Record : The Iron Curtain第三部分原始文献:铁幕演说Unit Tw enty China on the W ay to a Rich Pow er第二十单元走在富强之路上的中国Part One General History : Economic Reform and the Open Door Policy 第一部分通史:经济改革和对外开放政策Part Two Article : The Rise of China第二部分论文:中国的崛起Part Three Original Record : Deng Xiaoping's Speech第三部分原始文献:邓小平的演说。
历史专业英语单词表
Unit 1 Le Roy Ladurie [l ə rwa ladju'ri:] 拉鲁瓦•拉杜里history ['histri] n. 历史,历史学Marc Bloch [mark bl ɔk]马克•布洛克narrative ['nær ətiv]n. 记事,叙事Lucien Febvre [lysjæn fevr] 吕西安•费弗尔Herodotus [h ə'rɔdətəs]n. 希罗多德multi-disciplinary [.m ʌlti'disiplinəri]adj. 多学科的circa ['s ə:kə]prep.(拉丁语)大约(简写c., c a., c ir., c irc., the Annales ['æn əlz] School 年鉴学派C.)quantitative history 数量史学Thucydides [θju'sidə di:z] n. 修昔底德raw data 原始数据chronological [.kr ɔnə'lɔdʒikəl]adj. 年代学的,按年代顺ethnic ['e θnik] adj. 族群的,族裔的序的racial ['rei ʃəl]adj. 种族的territorial [.teri't ɔ:riəl]adj. 区域性的,地方性的genre [' ʒɑ:nr ə]n. 类型,流派,风格thematically [ θi'mætikli] adv. 按主题方式,按专题方式history of everyday life 日常生活史Big History 大历史(学派)archaeology [. ɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi]n. 考古学methodology [.meθə 'dɔlədʒi]n. 方法论approach [ə'prəutʃ] n. 研究方法discipline ['disiplin] n. 学科perspective [p ə'spektiv]n. 观点thehumanities[hju:'mænitiz] 人文学科the social sciences 社会科学classification [.klæsifi'kei ʃən]n. 分类anthropology [.ænθrə 'pɔlədʒi] n. 人类学global history 全球史historiography [.hist ɔ:ri'ɔgrəfi]n. 历史编纂学,史学史,文献学biographical [.bai ə'græfikəl]adj. 传记的,传记体的thematic [ θi'mætik] adj. 主题的,专题的medieval [medi'i:v əl] adj. 中世纪的philosophy of history 历史哲学meta-level ['met ə'levəl]总体层面,元级teleological [.teli' ɔlədʒikəl]adj. 目的论的diplomatic [.dipl ə'mætik]adj. 外交的historical method 史学方法primary sources 原始材料epistemology [i.pisti'm ɔlədʒi]n. 认识论Peloponnesian [.pel əpə'ni:ʃən] adj. 伯罗奔尼撒半岛的divine [di'vain] adj. 神的,神圣的chronology [kr ə'nɔlədʒi]n. 编年史cyclical ['saiklikl] adj. 循环的posthumous ['p ɔstjuməs]adj. 身后的,死后的dynastic [dai'næstik] adj. 王朝的Saint Augustine [seint ɔ:'gʌstin]n. 圣奥古斯丁Christian ['kristj ən]adj. 基督教的,基督教徒的the Renaissance [r ə'neisəns]n. 文艺复兴,文艺复兴时期religious [ri'lid ʒəs]adj. 宗教的Hegel ['heigl] n. 黑格尔secular ['sekjul ə]adj. 世俗的Ranke [ræŋk]n. 兰克epic ['epik] adj. 史诗的,叙事的;史诗,叙事诗nationalistic [.næʃənəl'istik]adj. 民族主义的Fernand Braudel [fer'nan br ɔ'del]费尔南•布罗代尔Marxist ['m ɑ:ksist] adj., n. 马克思主义(者)的;马克思主义者Eric Hobsbawm ['erik 'h ɔbsbɔm]埃里克•霍布斯鲍姆Georges Lefebvre [ ʒɔrʒlə'fevr]乔治•勒费弗尔Franç ois Furet [fran'swa fy're] 弗朗索瓦•弗雷Roland Mousnier [r ɔ'lan mu:'njei] 罗兰•穆尼埃anti-Marxist adj. 反马克思主义的feminist ['feminist] adj. 女性主义的,女权主义的;女权主义者postmodernist [.p əust'mɔdərnist]n., adj. 后现代主义者;后现代主义(者)的Richard Evans ['rit ʃə d 'evənz]理查德•埃文斯Keith Windschuttle [keiθ'winʃʌtl] 凯斯•温修德historical periodization [pi əriədai'zeiʃən]历史分期classificatory[.klæsifi'k eit əri]adj. 类别的,分类上的retrospective [.retr əu'spektiv]adj. 事后回想的,回顾的the Gilded Age 镀金时代the D ark A ge(s) 黑暗时代the First World War 第一次世界大战decimal ['desim əl] adj. 十进法的,以十为基础的talismanic [.tæliz'mænik] adj. 护符(般)的,有护符般效力的the Victorian [vik't ɔ:riən] Era 维多利亚时代the Napoleonic [n ə.pəuli'ɔnik] Era 拿破仑时代the Meiji ['mei'd ʒi:] Era 明治时代the Merovingian [.mær ə'vindʒiən] Period 墨洛温王朝时期Romantic [r ə'mæntik] period 浪漫主义时期the sexual ['seksju əl] revolution 性革命conservative [k ən'sə:vətiv]adj. 保守的Roman Catholic ['kæθə lik] culture 罗马天主教文化Franco ['fr ɔŋkəu]n. 弗朗哥Unit 2primitive culture 原始文化Paul Tournal [p ɔl turnal] 保罗·杜纳尔anté -historique ['a :ŋ tei 'ist ɔrik]n.(法语)史前的prehistoric ['pri:his't ɔrik] n. 史前的Daniel Wilson ['dænj əl 'wilsn] 丹尼尔·威尔逊prehistorian [pri:hi'st ɔ:ri n] n. 从事史前史研究的专家,史前史学家the Stone Age 石器时代the B ronze A ge 青铜器时代theIronAge 铁器时代excavation [.eksk 'veiʃn] n. 发掘geologic [d ʒi'lɔdʒik]adj. 地质学的geographic [d ʒi'græfik] adj. 地理学的literate ['lit rit] adj. 识字的,有文化的geneticist [d ʒi'netisist] n. 遗传学家linguist ['liŋgwist]n. 语言学家代的the M iddle S tone A ge 中石器时代Neolithic [.ni: u'liθik]n. 新石器时代;adj. 新石器时代的Pleistocene ['plaist usi:n] n. 更新世;adj. 更新世的millennia [mi'leni ] (millenniums) n. 数千年marshland ['m ɑ:ʃlænd]n. 沼泽地midden ['midn] n. 贝冢deforestation [.di:f ɔris'teiʃn] n. 森林开发,滥发森林composite ['k ɔmp zit] adj. 合成的,复合的flint [flint] n. 极硬的东西,打火石paleontology [.pæli ɔn'tɔl dʒi]n. 古生物学biology [bai' ɔl dʒi]n. 生物学microlith ['maikr limicroburin [.maikrθ]n. 细石器'bju rin] n. 小雕刻刀geology [d ʒi'ɔl dʒi]n. 地质学archaeoastronomy [. ɑ:kius'trɔn n. 考古天文学tackle ['tæk l] n. 用具,滑车adze, adz [ædz] n. 锛子linguistics[liŋ'gwisti k m s]i]n. 语言学canoe [k 'n u:] n. 独木舟molecular [m 'lekjul ] adj. 分子的genetics [d ʒi'netiks]n. 遗传学archaeological [.a:ki 'lɔdʒik l] adj. 考古的,考古学上的artifact [' ɑ:tifækt]n. 人工制品anonymous [ 'nɔnim s] adj. 无名无姓的,匿名的Neanderthal [ni'ænd tɑ:l]n. 尼安德特人academic [.æk 'd emik] adj. 学术上的,从事学术研究的New Guinea [nju: 'gini] n. 新几内亚bow [b u] n. 弓the New Stone Age 新石器时代domestication [d .mesti'kei ʃn] n. 驯养,驯化warfare ['w ɔ:fɛ] n. 战争,战事Stonehenge ['st un'hend ʒ]n. 巨石阵millennium [mi'leni m] n. 一千年Sumerians [su:'miri ns] n. 苏美尔人Peru [p 'ru:] n. 秘鲁Paleolithic [.pæli u'liθi n. 旧石器时代;adj. 旧石器时Mesoamerica [.mez u 'merik ] n. 中美洲代的k]the Lower Paleolithic 旧石器时代早期Homo sapiens ['h um u 'seipienz] n. 智人(现代人的学名)Homo habilis ['h um u 'hæbilis] n. 能人the Fertile Crescent ['kres nt] n. 新月沃地(西亚伊拉克两河流域连接叙利亚一带地中海东岸的一片弧形地区,为上古文明发源地之一)irrigation [.iri'gei ʃn] n. 灌溉the Metal Age 金属时代species ['spi: ʃi:z]n. 种类,物种Chalcolithic [.kælk 'l iθi n. 铜石并用时代;adj. 铜石usher [' ʌʃ ] vi. 引入,引导anatomic [.æn 'tɔmik]adj. 解剖学上的burial ['beri l] n. 埋葬,葬礼,坟墓并用时代的k]the Old World 旧大陆,东半球(尤指欧洲)metallurgy [me'tæl dʒi]n. 冶金术,冶金学sophisticated [s 'fisti.keitid] adj. 复杂的,精密的,老练metalworking ['met l.w:ki n. 金属加工的tin [tin] n. 锡ŋ]highlight ['hailait] n. 精彩部分,闪光点outcropping ['autkr ɔpiŋ]n. 露出,露出地表the Middle Paleolithic 旧石器时代中期arsenic ['ɑ:sni n. 砷,砒霜the Cro-Magnon ['kr 'mænj ɔŋ]n. 克罗马尼翁人ferrous ['f e k r]s] adj. 含铁的nomadic [n u'mædik]ʊ的adj. 游牧的,游牧民族的,流浪cradle ['kreid l] n. 摇篮,发源地va l ey ['væli] n. 流域hunter-gatherer n. 捕猎采集者egalitarian [i.gæli't ɛri n] adj. 平等主义的sedentary ['sed n.t ri] adj. 定居的,固定不动的chiefdom ['t ʃi:fd m] n. 首领的地位,首领的权威stratification[.strætifi'k ei ʃn] n. 分层indigenous [in'did ʒin s] adj. 土著的,土生土长的,本地的the Upper Paleolithic 旧石器时代晚期Euphrates [ju:'freiti:z] n. 幼发拉底河Tigris ['taigris] n. 底格里斯河Mesopotamia [.mes p 'teimi ] n. 两河流域Nile [nail] n. 尼罗河Indus ['ind s] n. 印度河subcontinent [s ʌb'kɔntin nt] n. 次大陆adjacent [ 'dʒeis nt] adj. 临近的implement ['implim nt] n. 工具,器具Mesolithic [.mes 'liθik]n. 中石器时代;adj. 中石器时ornament [' ɔ:n m nt] n. 装饰物,装饰pottery ['p ɔt ri] n. 陶器(总称)decorative ['dek r tiv] adj. 装饰的,装饰性的synchronous ['siŋkr n s] adj. 同时的,同步的sequence ['si:kw ns] n. 顺序,次序,连续boon [bu:n] n. 恩惠,所感激的事elite [ei'li:t] n. 精英,精华linen ['linin] n. 亚麻布,亚麻线,亚麻制品; adj. 亚麻布制的,亚麻的colony ['k ɔl ni] n. 殖民地sarcophagus [s ɑ:'kɔfg n. 石棺uncolonized [' ʌn'kɔl naizd] adj. 没有被殖民的coffin ['k ɔfin]s]n. 棺材Unit 3crystallize ['krist laiz] v. (使)成形,(使)具体化topography [t 'pɔgr fi] n. 地志,地形学,地势,剖析axis ['æksis] n. 轴,中枢图Nubia ['nju:bi ] n. 努比亚pharaoh ['f ɛ r u] n. 法老deify ['di:ifai] vt. 神化,把......当作神来崇拜或敬畏,崇拜archaic [ ɑ:'keiik]adj. 古老的,古代的Intermediate [.int 'mi:di t]Period 中间期the Old Kingdom 古王国the Middle Kingdom 中王国the New Kingdom 新王国pyramid ['pir mid] n. 金字塔Giza ['giza] n. 吉萨(埃及第三大城市)Sphinx [sfiŋks]n. 狮身人面像,谜一样的人Anatolia [.æn 't uli ] n. 安纳托利亚(土耳其的亚洲部分)quarry ['kw ɔri]v. 采石;n. 采石场temple ['templ] n. 神殿,寺院,庙宇obelisk ['ɔb lisk] n. 方尖碑faience [fai' ɑ:ns]n. 彩色陶器antiquity [æn'tikwiti] n. 古代,古物,古迹hieroglyphic [.hai r 'g lifik] adj. 符号的,象形文字的;n. 象形文字hieroglyph ['hai r glif] n. 象形文字,图画文字determinative [di't :min tiv] n. 限定词,决定因素;adj. 限定的,决定的script [skript] n. 手迹,字体,手稿cursive ['k :siv] adj. 草书的,草书体的;n. 草书,草书原稿hieratic [.hai 'rætik] adj. 手写草书体的,神圣风格的,僧侣的,僧侣用的ceremonial [.seri'm unj l] adj. 仪式的;n. 仪式priest [pri:st] n. 教士,神父decipher [di'saif ] vt. 译解,辨认Byzantine [bi'zæntain] adj. 拜占庭的,拜占庭式建筑风格的;n. 拜占庭人Islamic [iz'læmik, is'læmik] adj. 伊斯兰教的Rosetta [r u'z et ] n. 罗塞塔immortality [.im ɔ:'tæliti]n. 不朽,永生mummification [.m ʌmifi'keiʃ n] n. 木乃伊化natron ['neitr ɔn]n. 天然碳酸钠amulet ['æmjulit] n. 护身符anthropoid ['ænθr pɔid]adj. 像人类的,类人猿的mummy ['m ʌmi]n. 木乃伊cartonnage ['ka:t nid ʒ]n. 木乃伊盒Ptolemaic [.t ɔli'meiik]adj. 托勒密王朝的books of the dead 亡灵书prayer ['prei ] n. 祈祷,祷告,祷文cuneiform ['kju:niif ɔ:m]n. 楔形文字;adj. 楔形的,楔形文字的arch[ ɑ:tʃ]n. 拱,拱门,拱状物wedge-shaped ['wed ʒʃeipt]adj. 楔形的,V 形的triangular [trai'æŋgjul ] adj. 三角形的stylus ['stail s] n. 尖笔pictogram ['pikt græm] n. 象形图,象形文字Hammurabi [.hæm 'rɑ:bi:]汉谟拉比Hittite ['hitait] n. 赫梯人,赫梯语;adj. 赫梯人的,赫梯语的Phoenician [fi'ni ʃn] n. 腓尼基人,腓尼基语;adj. 腓尼基语的,腓尼基人的alphabet ['æ l f bit] n. 字母表,符号系统Hebrew ['hi:bru:] n. 希伯来人,希伯来语;adj. 希伯来人的,希伯来语的religion [ri'lid ʒn] n. 宗教,宗教信仰Judaism ['d ʒu:deiiz m] n. 犹太教,犹太教徒,犹太主义Assyrian [ 'siri n] n. 亚述人,亚述语;adj. 亚述人的,亚述语的Chaldean [kæl'di: n] n. 迦勒底人Nebuchadnezzar [.nebjuk d'nez ] n. 尼布甲尼撒Persian ['p :ʃn] n. 波斯,波斯人;adj. 波斯的,波斯人的Zoroastrian [.z ɔr u'æstri n] adj. 与琐罗亚斯德教有关的;n. 琐罗亚斯德教教徒Zoroastrianism [z ɔ:r u'æstri niz m] n. 索罗亚斯德教,拜火教,祆教Babylonian [.bæbi'l unj n] adj. 巴比伦的;n. 巴比伦人,巴比伦语Gilgamesh ['gilg meʃ]n. 吉尔伽美什(传说中的苏美尔国王)Epic of Gilgamesh 《吉尔伽美什史诗》astronomical [.æstr 'nɔmik l] adj. 天文学的Punjab [p ʌn'dʒɑ:b]n. 旁遮普(印度西北部的一地方)afterlife [' ɑ:ftlai n. 来世,后来的岁月handicraft ['hændikr ɑ:ft]n. 手工艺品,手艺,技巧desiccation f]['desikei ʃn] n. 干燥Harappan ['her pa:n] adj. 哈拉帕文化的Harappa ['her pa:] n. 哈拉帕(位于巴基斯坦境内)Parthenon['pɑ:θinɔn]n(.希腊)帕特农神庙(Parthenon Mohenjo-daro [mu'end ʒ u'der u] n. 摩亨佐达罗(位于是雅典娜的别号,本意为“处女”、“贞女”)巴基斯坦境内)Sparta ['sp ɑ:t n. 斯巴达Dravidian [dr 'vidi n] n. 达罗毗荼人cemetery ['semit ri] n. 墓地ochre [' uk ] n. 赭石,赭色Rajasthan [r ɑ:dʒ 'stɑ:n]n. 拉贾斯坦邦(印度邦名) Ganges ['gæŋdʒ i:z] n. 恒河(起源于喜马拉雅ft脉的一条河流)Gangetic [gæn'd ʒetik] Plain 恒河平原cremation [kri'mei ʃ n] n. 火化,火葬,焚烧Hinduism ['hinduiz m] n. 印度教chariot ['t ʃæri t] n. 二轮战车Athens ['æθ]inz] n. 雅典Etruscan [i'tr ʌsk n] adj. 伊特鲁里亚的;n. 伊特鲁里亚人,伊特鲁里亚语the A rchaic period 古风时期the Classical period 古典时期the Hellenistic [.heli'nistik] period 希腊化时期Aegean [i:'d ʒi: n] adj. 爱琴海的Mycenaean [.maisi'ni n] adj. 迈锡尼的;n. 迈锡尼人Mycenae [.maisi'ni:] n. 迈锡尼Crete [kri:t] n. 克里特岛articulation [ ɑ:.tikju'leiʃn. (清楚的) 表达Troy [tr ɔi]n. 特洛伊mandate ['mæn n]deit] n. 命令,指令,要求the Mandate of Heaven 天命,天意Code of Hammurabi 《汉谟拉比法典》provision [pr 'viʒn] n. 规定,条款transaction [træn'zæk ʃn] n. 交易,办理,处理,事务liability [.lai 'biliti] n. 责任,债务,倾向inheritance [in'herit ns] n. 遗传,遗产,继承,继承物paternity [p 't :niti] n. 父权,父子关系stele ['sti:li] n. 刻有碑文的石柱,石碑,匾额inscribe [in'skraib] v. 题写,题赠,铭刻于,铭记Louvre [lu:vr ] n. (巴黎)卢浮宫Akkadian [æk'ædj n] adj. 阿卡德人的,阿卡德语的bracket ['brækit] vt. 将……归类ensnare [in'sn ɛ ] vt. 诱入陷阱,使进入罗网shekel [' ʃek l] n. 谢克尔(古希伯来或巴比伦的衡量单位和钱币)hew [hju:] (过去分词hewn [hju:n] v. 砍,劈,砍倒,砍成unbeknown [' ʌnbi'n un] adj. 未知的,不为人知的patrician [p 'tri ʃn] n. 贵族;adj. 贵族的,显贵的mina ['mi:n ] n. 迈纳(古代希腊等地的货币或重量单位)unit 4C lassics ['klæsiks] n. 古典学Classical Studies 古典研究Classical Civilization 古典文明canon ['kæn n] n. 标准,准则,真经,教规Church Father 教父New Testament 《新约全书》philology [fi'l ɔl dʒi]n. 文献学,语言学Graeco-Roman [.gri:k u'r um n] adj. 希腊罗马的,在希腊影响下的罗马的the Dorian ['d ɔ:ri n] n. 多利安人Peloponnesus [.pel p 'ni:s s] n. 伯罗奔尼撒(半岛)Attica ['ætik ] n. 阿提卡Ionia [ai' unj ] n. 爱奥尼亚the Delian ['di:lj n] League 提洛同盟( Delos ['di:l ɔs]n. 提洛岛)democracy [di'm ɔkr si] n. 民主,民主制Pericles ['p ɛri.kliz]n. 伯里克利Macedonia [.mæsi'd uni ] n. 马其顿Plato ['pleit u] n. 柏拉图Homer ['h um ] n. 荷马Iliad['ili d] n.《伊利亚特》Odyssey [' ɔdisi]n.《奥德赛》Dionysus [.dai 'nais s] n.(希神)狄俄尼索斯(酒神)obscenity [ ɔb'si:niti] n. 猥亵下流,猥亵的话(或行为) Socrates ['s ɔkr ti:z] n. 苏格拉底Aristotle ['ærist ɔtl]n. 亚里士多德mythology [mi'θɔ l dʒi]n. 神话,神话学cult [k ʌlt]n. 崇拜goddess ['g ɔdis]n. 女神,受崇拜的女性Zeus [zju:s] n.(希神)宙斯(主神)Poseidon [p ɔ'said n, p u'said n] n.(希神)波塞冬(海神,宙斯的哥哥)Hades ['heidi:z] n.(希神)哈德斯(冥界之神);冥府,地狱Apollo [ 'pɔl u] n.(希神)阿波罗(人类的保护神、光明之神、预言之神)Artemis [' ɑ:timis]n.(希神)阿耳忒弥斯(狩猎女神和月神)Aphrodite [.æfr 'daiti] n.(希神)阿佛洛狄忒(爱与美之女神)Ares ['ɛ ri:z] n.(希神)阿瑞斯(战神)philologist [fi'l ɔl dʒist]n. 语言学家,文献学家Athena ['θi:] n.(希神)雅典娜(女天神,丰产女神)Corinthian [k 'r inθn] order (建筑)科林斯柱式Demeter [n di'm i:t ] n.(希神)得墨忒耳(掌农业、结婚、Doric ['d ɔrik]i order (建筑)多利安柱式Ionic [ai' ɔnik] order (建筑)爱奥尼亚柱式丰饶之女神)Hestia ['hesi ] n.(希神)赫斯提(女灶神)Hera ['hi ərə]n. 赫拉(宙斯的姐姐和妻子)Stoicism ['st əuisizəm]n. 斯多噶学派,禁欲主义Platonism ['pleit ənizəm]n. 柏拉图哲学,柏拉图主义,精神恋爱transcendent [træn'send ənt]adj. 卓越的,超然的deity ['di:iti] n. 神,神灵worship ['w ə:ʃip]n. 崇拜epithet ['epiθet]n. 性质描述词,称号torsion ['t ɔ:ʃən]n. 扭转catapult ['kæt əpʌlt]n. 弹弩,发射机Archimedes [. ɑ:ki'mi:di:z]n. 阿基米德the Italian Peninsula 意大利半岛Romulus ['r ɔmjuləs]n. 罗穆路Remus ['ri:m əs]n. 瑞摩斯aristocratic [.ærist ə'krætik]adj. 贵族的monarchical [m ə'nɑ:kikl]adj. 君主的Livy ['livi] n. 李维consul ['k ɔnsəl]n. 执政官senate ['senit] n. 元老院,参议院magistracy ['mæd ʒistrəsi]n.(地方)行政官职位(职权或任期)plebeian [pli'bi: ən]n. 平民Gaul [gɔ:l]n. 高卢the Po [p əu] Valley 波河流域Ga l ic ['gælik] adj. 高卢的Brennus ['bren əs]n. 布伦努斯Carthage ['k ɑ:θidʒ]n. 迦太基the Punic ['pju:nik] Wars 布匿战争the Seleucid [si'lu:sid] Empire 塞琉古帝国Senator ['sen ətə]n. 元老院成员,参议员latifundia [læti'f ʌndiə] (latifundium [.læti'f ʌndiəm]的复数形式) n. 大地产,大庄园electorate [i'lekt ərit]n. 选民Gracchi ['græki:] n. 格拉古(兄弟)tribune ['tribju:n] n. 保民官Caesar ['si:z ə]n. 恺撒Pompey ['pɔmpi]n. 庞培Crassus ['kræs əs] n. 克拉苏Triumvirate [trai' ʌmvirit]n. 三头政治Octavian [ ɔk'teiviən]n. 屋大维Antony ['ænt əni]n. 安东尼Lepidus ['lepid əs]n. 雷比达Cleopatra [kli ə'pætrə]n. 克里奥帕特拉Actium ['æktj ə m, 'æk ʃi:əm]n. 阿克兴Augustus [ ɔ:'gʌstəs]n. 奥古斯都Tiberius [tai'bi əri əs,t ai'biri: əs]n. 提比略the Julio-Claudian dynasty 尤利乌-克劳狄王朝Nero ['ni ərəu, 'nir əu]n. 尼禄the Flavian ['fleivj ən] dynasty 弗拉维王朝Pax Romana [pæks r əu'ma:nə]罗马式的和平,罗马帝国统治下的和平Trajan ['treid ʒən]n. 图拉真the Severan ['sev ərən] dynasty 塞弗鲁王朝Diocletian [dai ə'kli: ʃən]n. 戴克里先Constantine ['k ɔnstəntain]n. 君士坦丁,康斯坦丁Byzantium [bi'zænti əm]n. 拜占庭Constantinople [k ɔnstænti'nəupl]n. 君士坦丁堡the Eastern Roman Empire 东罗马帝国the Byzantine Empire 拜占庭帝国the Western Roman Empire 西罗马帝国barbarian [b ɑ:'bɛəriən]adj. 蛮族的,野蛮的Hun [h ʌn]n. 匈奴人Visigoth ['vizig ɔθ]n. 西哥特人Vandal ['vænd əl]n. 汪达尔人Iberian [ai'bi əriən]adj. 伊比利亚人的;n. 伊比利亚人,伊比利亚语Odoacer [ ɔdɔ'esə]n. 奥多亚克Law of the Twelve Tables 《十二表法》codification [k ɔdifi'keiʃən]n. 法典编纂Justinian ['d ʒʌstinjən] I 查士丁尼一世Citizen Law 公民法Law of Nations 万民法Natural Law 自然法senatorial [.sen ə'tɔ:riəl]adj. 元老院的,元老院议员的Jupiter ['d ʒu:pitə]n.(罗神)朱庇特(主神);木星Mars [m ɑ:z]n.(罗神)玛尔斯(战神);火星Neptune ['neptju:n] n.(罗神)尼普敦(海神);海王星Christianity[.kristi'æniti] n. 基督教Edict of Milan 《米兰敕令》Theodosius [θi:ə 'dəusi:əs] I 狄奥多西一世Colosseum [.k ɔlə's iəm]n. (古罗马)圆形大剧场Pont du Gard 加尔桥Pantheon [pæn 'θi:ə n] n.(古罗马)万神殿;(法国)先贤祠(Panthéon)Tuscan ['t ʌskən]adj. 托斯坎纳的siphon ['saif ən]n. 虹吸管theTiber['taib ə] River 台伯河surety [' ʃuəti]n. 保证人,保证,担保proletarian [.pr əuli'tɛəriən]n. 无产者kinsman ['kinzm ən]n. 亲属clansmen ['klænzm ən]n. 亲族conveyance [k ən'veiəns]n. 财产转让dilapidate [di'læpideit] v.(使)荒废,(使)毁坏sesterce ['sest ə:s]n. 塞斯特斯(古罗马货币单位)pyre ['pai ə]n. 火葬柴堆untoward [ ʌn'təuəd]adj. 麻烦的,不利的,不适当的decemvirate [di'semvirit] n. 十人委员会Solonian ['s əulənjən]adj. 梭伦的Unit 5feudalism ['fju:d əlizəm]n. 封建制度,封建主义fealty ['fi: lti] n. 效忠,忠诚Charlemagne [' ʃɑ:l 'mein] n. 查理曼,查理大帝manuscript ['mænjuskript] n. 手稿,原稿chanson de geste [' ʃansɔŋde ʒest]《武功歌》Frankish ['fræŋkiʃ ] adj. 法兰克的,法兰克人的,西欧人的charter ['t ʃɑ:t ] n. 特许状,宪章Gothic ['g ɔθik]adj. 哥特人的,哥特语的,野蛮的pejorative ['pi:d ʒ r tiv] adj. 贬低的,轻蔑的fief [fi:f] n. 采邑,封地,活动范围féo dalisme [fe ɔdalism]n.(法语)封建制度,封建主义Montesquieu [.m ɔntes'kju:, .m ɔnt'skju:] n. 孟德斯鸠denigrate ['denigreit] v. 诋毁,贬低,诬蔑antiquated ['æntikweitid] adj. 陈旧的,过时的,古老的Ancien Ré gime [ ɑsjɛreʒim](法语)旧制度,旧政权monarchy ['m ɔn ki] n. 君主制,君主国seigneurial [sei'nj ɔ: ri l] adj. 庄园主的,封建领主的,庄园的Constituent A ssembly (法国大革命期间的)制宪议会Adam Smith n. 亚当·斯密serf [s :f] n. 农奴ruralization [.ru:r lai'zei ʃen]n. 乡村化,田园化hierarchy ['hai rɑ:ki]n. (森严的)等级制度,僧侣统治manor ['mæn ] n. 庄园seigneurie [seinj 'r i:] n. (法语)领主权,领地,庄园,领主土地权seigneur [sei'nj :] n. (法语)领主,庄园主,老爷,贵人,大人bishop ['bi ʃp] n. 主教abbot ['æb t] n.(男)修院院长generic [d ʒi'nerik]adj. 一般的,普通的,通常的open field system 敞地制度manor house 庄园主的宅邸warrior ['w ɔri] n. 战士,武士Junker ['d ʒʌŋk ,'juŋk ] n.(德语)容克,地主贵族集团villain ['vil n] n. 维兰,农奴demesne [di'mein] n.(领主的)自营地manorial [m 'nɔ:ri l] n. 庄园的,庄园主的tenant ['ten nt] n. 佃户Essex ['eseks] n. 埃塞克斯(英格兰古国)chapter ['t ʃæpt ] n. 教堂参议会,牧师会capitalism ['kæpit liz m] n. 资本主义cathedral [k 'θi:d l] n. 主教座堂aristocracy [.æris't ɔkr si] n. (总称)贵族,贵族统治,chapel ['t ʃæp r l] n. 私人礼拜堂,私人小教堂贵族政府serfdom ['s :fd m] n. 农奴身份,农奴制commendation [.k ɔmen'deiʃn] n. 称颂,赞誉commendation ceremony 赞誉仪式William the Conqueror 征服者威廉vassal ['væs l] n. 封臣,附庸tenure ['tenju ] n. 占有,占有权,占有期,使用权,使用期Franç ois-Louis Ganshof [fr ɑswa lwi g ɑʃɔf] 弗朗索瓦-路易·岗绍夫lord [l ɔ:d]n. 封君,领主,贵族,地主sociological [.s usj 'lɔdʒik l, .s uʃi 'lɔdʒik l] adj. 社会学的,社会的hierarchical [.hai 'rɑ:kikl]adj. 等级的,等级制度的peer [pi ] n. 同行,同辈的人,相同身份的人lordship ['l ɔ:dʃip]n. 贵族权利,贵族身份,贵族领地anachronism [ 'nækr .niz m] n. 时代上的错误,被置错时代或年代的事物tyrannical[tai'rænik l] adj. 暴虐的,压制的,极端武断的reciprocal [ri'sipr k l] adj. 互惠的,相互的,互补的manorialism [m 'nɔ:ri lizm] n. 庄园制度villa ['vil ] n.(古罗马)大地产antecedent [.ænt 's i:d nt] n. 前例,前事,先祖coloni [k 'l uni] (colonus [k 'l un s]的复数形式)n. 科洛尼,隶农self-sufficiency ['selfs 'fi ʃnsi] n. 自给自足clergymen ['kl :dʒim n] n. 教士manorialization [m 'nɔ:ri lai.zeiʃn] n. 庄园化Stokesay ['st uksei] Castle 斯托克塞城堡Shropshire [' ʃrɔpʃi] n.(英国)什罗普郡tenement ['tenim nt] n. 租户,住户lay [lei] adj. 世俗的bishopric ['bi ʃprik] n. 主教管区,主教职位monastery ['m ɔn st ri] n. 修道院,隐修院ecclesiastical [i.kli:zi'æstik l] adj. 基督教会的Unit 6Medievalism [.medi'i:v liz m] n. 中世纪主义,中世纪精神,中世纪性质theological [.θi: 'lɔdʒik l] adj. 神学的Apostle [ 'pɔsl]n. 使徒Apocalypse [ 'pɔk lips] n. 世界毁灭,大灾难,天启Book of Daniel ['dænj l] 《但以理书》(《圣经》的组成部分)Jerome ['d ʒer m] n. 哲罗姆Book of Revelation [rev l'eiʃn] 《启示录》(《圣经》的组成部分)imperium [im'pi ri m] n. 帝国,绝对统治,最高权力Petrarch ['pi.tra:k] n. 彼特拉克apogee ['æp dʒi:]n. 最高点,顶点theology [θi'ɔ l dʒi]n. 神学Bruni ['bruni] n. 布鲁尼tripartite [trai'p ɑ:tait]adj. 分成三部分的,一式三份的Florentine ['fl ɔr ntain, 'fl ɔr n.ti:n] adj 佛罗伦萨的Biondo ['bj ɔ:ndəu]n. 比昂多Christoph Cellarius [s ə'læriəs]n. 克里斯托弗·塞勒里乌斯Estonia [es't əuniə]n. 爱沙尼亚Latvia ['lætvi ə]n. 拉脱维亚Turks ['t ə:ks]n. 土耳其人Gutenberg ['gu:tnb ə:g]n. 古腾堡Muslim ['muzlim] 穆斯林,伊斯兰教徒Christopher Columbus ['krist əfəkə'lʌmbəs]n. 克里斯托弗·哥伦布Florence ['fl ɔrəns]n. 佛罗伦萨baptistery ['bæptist əri]n. 洗礼堂Bosworth ['b ɔswə:θ]n. 博斯沃思the Battle of Bosworth Field 博斯沃思之战Henri Pirenne [a :ŋ ri: pir ɛnə]n. 亨利·皮雷纳(皮朗)Johan Huizinga [j ɔ'hæn h ə'zinga]n. 约翰·赫伊津哈the Early Middle A ges 中世纪早期the High Middle Ages 中世纪盛期(中世纪中期)the Late Middle A ges 中世纪晚期Romanticism [r əu'mæntəsizəm]n. 浪漫主义Pre-Raphaelite ['pri:'ræfi əlait]adj. 拉斐尔前派的,拉斐尔之前的neo-medievalism [.ni: əu.medi'i:vəlizəm]n. 新中世纪主义conservatism [k ən's ə:vətiz əm] n. 保守主义Erasmus [i'ræzm əs]n. 伊拉斯谟Scholasticism [sk ə'læstisizəm]n. 经院哲学superstition [.sju:p ə'stiʃən]n. 迷信the C atholic ['kæθə lik] Church 天主教会(Catholicism [k ə'θɔ lisiz əm]n. 天主教)doctrine ['d ɔktrin]n. 教义Protestant ['pr ɔtistənt]n. 抗议宗教徒,新教徒;adj. 新教徒的humanist ['hju:m ənist]n. 人文主义者pope [pəup]n. 教皇pagan ['peig ən]adj. 异教徒的,异教的,无宗教信仰的;n. 异教徒,无宗教信仰者celibate ['selibit] adj. 独身的,禁欲的priesthood ['pri:st.hud] n. 神职,僧职,祭司职hypocrisy [hi'p ɔkrəsi]n. 伪善uncouth [ʌn'ku:θ]adj. 粗俗的Edward Gibbon ['gib ən]n. 爱德华·吉本crusade [kru:'seid] n. 十字军征讨Inquisition [.inkwi'zi ʃən] n. 异端裁判所chivalric [' ʃivəlrik] adj. 骑士的romance [r əu'mæns]n. 传奇文学,浪漫史,冒险故事knight [nait] n. 骑士damsel ['dæmz əl]n. 年轻女人,闺女,落难女子William Blake ['wilj əm bleik] n. 威廉·布雷克Nazarene [.næz ə'ri:n]n. 拿撒勒画派成员;拿撒勒人,基督Neoclassicism [.ni: əu'klæsə.sizəm]n. 新古典主义virtuosity [.v ə:tʃu:'ɔsəti]n. 精湛技巧Vienna [vi'en ə] n. 维也纳Brotherhood ['br ʌðəhud]n. 同业会St.Luke [lu:k] n. 圣路加patron ['peitr ən]n. 庇护者,赞助者,守护神commission [k ə'miʃən] n. 项目委托,受委托的项目fresco ['fresk əu]n. 壁画epicenter ['episent ə]n. 中心,震中High Church 高教会Augustus Pugin [ ɔ:'gʌstəs 'pju:d ʒin]n. 奥古斯都·皮金convert ['k ɔnvə:t]n. 改宗者,改变信仰者;[kən'və:t] vt. 改变,使改变宗教信仰Birmingham ['b ə:miŋ.ə m] n. (英国)伯明翰Southwark ['s auθwɔ :k] n. 索斯沃克House of Parliament 议会大厦stained glass 彩色玻璃Anglican ['æŋglikən] adj. 安立甘的,英国国教会的Viollet-le-Duc[vj ɔle lə dyk] n.(法)维奥莱勒迪克Carcassonne [karkas ɔ:n]n. (法)卡尔卡松Notre-Dame [n ɔtr dam] n. (法)圣母院Sainte Chapelle [ ʃapεl](法)小圣堂supernatural [.sju:p ə'nætʃərəl]adj. 超自然的the Teutonic [tju:'t ɔnik] Order 条顿骑士团Ludwig ['l ʌdwig]n. 路德维格Wagner ['vɑ:gnə]n. 瓦格纳Nazi ['n ɑ:tsi]n. 纳粹Magna Carta ['mægn ə 'ka:t ə] 《大宪章》Queen Victoria [vik't ɔ:riə]维多利亚女王the Eglinton [eg'lint ən] Tournament ['tu ənəmənt]埃格林顿比武大会masquerade [.mæsk ə'reid]n. 化装舞会Arthurian [' ɑ:θəriən]adj. 亚瑟王的Mannerist ['mæn ərist]n. 矫饰主义者,矫揉造作之人Raphael ['ræfei əl]n. 拉斐尔Michelangelo [.maik əl'ændʒə.ləu]n. 米开朗基罗Joshua Reynolds ['d ʒɔʃwə'renəldz]n. 乔舒亚·雷诺兹Mannerism ['mæn ərizm]n. 矫饰主义Quattrocento [.kw ɑ:trəu'tʃentəu]n. 十五世纪(欧洲文艺复兴初期)Jeanne d’Arc (Joan ['d ʒəun] of A rc) n. 贞德Robin Hood [r ɔbin'hud]n. 罗宾汉Nibelungenlied 《尼伯龙根之歌》The Seventh Seal 《第七封印》Wi l iam Wa l ace ['w ɔlis]n. 威廉·华莱士Ivanhoe ['aiv ənhəu]《劫后英雄传》Robin Hood Prince o f Thieves 《侠盗王子罗宾汉》The 13th Warrior 《终极奇兵》The Kingdom of Heaven 《天国王朝》neologism [ni:' ɔl.dʒiz m]n. 新字,新词,新语Umberto Eco [ ʌm'bɛ t u 'i:k u] n. 安伯托·艾柯Hedley Bull ['hedli bul] n. 赫德利·布尔sovereignty ['s ɔvrinti]n. 主权regent ['ri:d ʒnt] n. 摄政Charles Martel ['m ɑ:tel]n. 查理·马特Tours [tu ] n. 图尔Pyrenees [.pir 'n i:z] n. 比利牛斯ft脉Unit 7 Carloman ['k ɑ:l.m n. 卡洛曼lancer ['læns ] n. 长矛轻骑兵federate ['fed rit] adj. 同盟的,联合的;vt. 使联合,结盟Bulgar ['b ʌl.ga:]n. 保加利亚人Avars ['av :] n. 阿瓦尔人Magyar ['mægj ɑ:] n. 马札尔人,匈牙利人Vandalism ['vænd liz m] n. 汪达尔主义Charlemagne n[']ʃɑ:l.mein]n.查理曼,查理大帝Chronicle of Fredegar ['fred g ] 《弗莱德加编年史》Chlodio ['kl udj u] n. 克洛迪奥the Salian ['seili: n] Franks 撒利克(撒利安)法兰克人coronation [.k ɔr 'neiʃn] n. 加冕liturgy ['lit dʒi]n. 礼拜仪式,圣餐仪式Carolingian Renaissance 加洛林文艺复兴Slavic ['slævik] adj. 斯拉夫人的Aachen [' ɑ:k n. 亚琛arena [ 'r i:n ] n. 竞技场Ostrogoth [' ɔstr gɔθ]n. 东哥特人Suebi ['swibi:] n. 苏维汇人Galicia [g 'liʃi] n. 加利西亚Burgundian [b :'gʌndi n] n. 勃艮第人Angles ['æŋglz]n. 盎格鲁人Saxons ['sæks ns] n. 撒克逊人,萨克森人monasticism [m 'næstisiz m] n. 修道生活,禁欲主义Arian ['ɛri n] adj. 阿里乌斯派的Arius [' ɛri s] n. 阿里乌斯Presbyter ['prezbit ] n. 长老,牧师jurisprude n n]ce[.dʒuris'pru:d ns]n.法学体系liturgical [li't :dʒik l] adj. 礼拜仪式的scriptural ['skript ʃ r l] adj. 圣经的Alcuin ['ælk n] n. 阿尔昆Northumbria [n ɔ:'θʌ mbri ] n. 诺森布里亚chancery ['t ʃɑ:ns ri] n. 大法官法庭minuscule ['min skju:l] n. 小书写体Ottonian [ ɔ:'t uni n] adj. 奥托的Louis the Pious 虔诚者路易Lothair ['l ɔ:θæ ] n. 罗退尔Louis the German 日耳曼人路易Alexandria ['ælig'z ɑ:ndri 城] n. 亚历ft大里亚,亚历ft大Charles the Bald 秃头查理East Francia ['fra :ŋʃi ] 东法兰克王国Trinity ['triniti] n. 三位一体God the Father 圣父God the Son 圣子God the Holy Spirit 圣灵Clovis ['kl uvis] n. 克洛维orthodoxy [' ɔ:θ.dɔksi]n. 正统Arianism [' ɛ ri niz m] n. 阿里乌斯派Viking ['vaikiŋ]n. 维京人cenobitism [si:n 'baitiz m] n. 修道士生活,修道院制hagiographical [.hægi' ɔgr fik l] adj. 圣徒传记的,圣徒言行录的cenobite ['si:n ubait] n. 修道士proselytization [.pr ɔsilitai'zeiʃn ] n. 劝使改宗the Merovingian [.mær 'vind ʒi n] Dynasty 墨洛温王朝the Carolingian[.kær 'lind ʒi n] Dynasty 加洛林王朝Treaty of Verdun 《凡尔登条约》Middle Francia 中法兰克王国West Francia 西法兰克王国regna ['regn ] (regnum['regn m]的复数形式)统治,统治权Charles the Fat 胖子查理Lotharingia [.l ɔθ 'rind ʒi ] n. 罗泰林吉亚王国(罗退尔王国)(Holy) Roman Empire (神圣)罗马帝国Barbarossa [.ba:b 'rɔ:s ] n. 巴巴罗萨Diet ['dai t] n. 议会Cologne [k 'l un] n. 科隆Saracen ['sær s n] n. 萨拉森人,阿拉伯人,(十字军时代的)伊斯兰教徒Corsica ['k ɔ:sik ] n. 科西嘉Austrasia [ ɔ:s'treiʒ ] n. 奥斯特拉西亚Sardinia [s ɑ:'dini n. 撒丁岛Neustria ['nju:stri: ] n. 纽斯特里亚Merovech [.mer 'vetʃ]n. 墨洛温mayor ['me ] ( Mayor of the P alace ) n. 宫相denomination [di.n ɔmi'neiʃn] n. 面额Romanize ['r um naiz] v. 使罗马化Quinotaur ['kwin .tau ] n. 五角牛(海怪)patriarch ['peitri ɑ:k]n. 家长,元老Pippin ['p ipin] of L anden ['lænd n] 朗登的丕平Christianiza]tion [.kristj nai'zei ʃn] n. 基督教化basilica [b 'zilik ] n. 长方形教堂Romanesque [.r um 'nesk] adj. 罗马式的;n. 罗马式(建筑,雕塑,绘画)vault [v ɔ:lt]n. 地下室reliquary ['relikw ri] n. 圣骨匣,遗骨匣,圣物箱manuscript ['mænjuskript] n. 手稿vellum ['vel m] n.(羊)皮纸。
历史专业英语张德明课后题答案
历史专业英语张德明课后题答案1、It was _____ that the policy of reform and opening up came into being in China. [单选题] *A. in the 1970s(正确答案)B. in 1970sC. in the 1970s'D. in 1970's2、_____ Lucy _____ Lily has joined the swimming club because they have no time. [单选题] *A. Not only; but alsoB. Neither; nor(正确答案)C. Either; orD. Both; and3、( )Keep quiet, please. It’s ________ noisy here. [单选题] *A. many tooB. too manyC. too muchD. much too(正确答案)4、I always get ______ grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.()[单选题] *A. bestB. better(正确答案)C. goodD. well5、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)6、You can't rely on Jane as she is _____ changing her mind and you will never know what she is going to do next. [单选题] *A. occasionallyB. rarelyC. scarcelyD. constantly(正确答案)7、Nick got out of bed and _______ a shower. [单选题] *A. practicedB. took(正确答案)C. didD. made8、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *A. atB. toC. inD. with(正确答案)9、Mary _______ a small gift yesterday, but she didn’t _______ it. [单选题] *A. accepted; receiveB. received; accept(正确答案)C. receives; acceptedD. accepts; received10、In 2019 we moved to Boston,()my grandparents are living. [单选题] *A. whoB. whenC. where(正确答案)D. for which11、The traffic jams often happen in _______ hours. [单选题] *A. lunchB. workC. leisureD. rush(正确答案)12、51.People usually ________ the prices before they buy something. [单选题] *A.receiveB.payC.spendD.compare(正确答案)13、—What’s wrong with you, Mike?—I’m really tired because I studied for today’s test ______ midnight last night. ()[单选题] *A. althoughB. unlessC. until(正确答案)D. so that14、What’s the point of going to school when I can’t do anything there? [单选题] *A. 时间B. 意义(正确答案)C. 方向D. 目标15、He used to get up at six in the morning,()? [单选题] *A. used heB. did heC. didnt he (正确答案)D. should he16、He was?very tired,so he stopped?_____ a rest. [单选题] *A. to have(正确答案)B. havingC. haveD. had17、He is a student of _______. [单选题] *A. Class SecondB. the Class TwoC. Class Two(正确答案)D. Second Two18、20.Sometimes it often rains ________ in my hometown in summer. [单选题] * A.heavyB.hardlyC.heavily(正确答案)D.strongly19、77.You can watch TV when you finish________ your homework. [单选题] * A.to doB.doC.to doingD.doing(正确答案)20、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much21、While I _____ the morning paper, a headline caught my eye.. [单选题] *A. have readB. was reading(正确答案)C. had readD. am reading22、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for23、We are very hungry now. Can you _______ us something to eat? [单选题] *A. carryB. takeC. borrowD. bring(正确答案)24、()of the twins was arrested because I saw them both at a party last night. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. Neither(正确答案)D. All25、John is fond of playing _____ basketball and Jack is keen on playing _____ piano. [单选题] * A./…the(正确答案)B.the…/C./…/D.the…the26、16.Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] *A.haveB.make(正确答案)C.doD.take27、She has no idea of what the book is about. She_______ have read it carefully. [单选题]*A. Can’t(正确答案)B. mustn’tC. shouldn’tD. needn’t28、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple29、We ______ boating last weekend.()[单选题] *A. goB. went(正确答案)C. are goingD. will go30、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. ()[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)。
历史学专业英语09-_Political_History-精品文档27页
What does it look at
• Single nation • Political development
Challenges
• Social history • Women’s history • Feminist history
New political histories
• New post-Marxist challenge • Challenged reductionist analyses between
High politics
• Principles are not important • Motivated by belief • Ideas are important • Politicians ‘play to win’
High politics – newer approaches
• Local factors • Individual behaviour within a group • Thought and political action • Emphasis on ‘situation’ • Look at history of ideas or popular politics
09.30 and 26 April, 08.00-09.30 in teaching building 5
What is political history?
• “is an idea of the state with a moral and spiritual force beyond the material interests of its subjects: it followed that the state was the main agent of historical change” - Hegel
中国古代史历史专业英语
Abstract:This comprehensive study delves into the rich tapestry of ancient Chinese history, exploring its multifaceted dimensions from various perspectives to provide a nuanced understanding of this epochal period. Spanning over several millennia, ancient China's history is marked by profound cultural, political, economic, and social transformations that have shaped not only the nation itself but also the broader global landscape. This paper examines these aspects through the lenses of political evolution, philosophical and intellectual developments, technological advancements, societal structures, and the influence of external factors on China's trajectory. The aim is to present a holistic, high-quality, and rigorous account of this critical era in world history, contributing to a deeper appreciation of China's enduring legacy.I. Political Evolution: Dynastic Cycles and Institutional InnovationsThe ancient Chinese political landscape was characterized by a succession of dynasties, each leaving an indelible mark on the nation's governance structure and territorial expansion. From the Xia (c. 2070 BC – c. 1600 BC) to the Qing (1644–1912 AD), dynastic cycles emerged as a recurrent theme, with periods of stability and prosperity often followed by decline and upheaval, ultimately leading to the rise of a new ruling house. This pattern reflects the delicate balance between centralized authority and regional autonomy, the effectiveness of bureaucratic systems, and the ability of rulers to maintain social harmony and economic prosperity.Key institutional innovations, such as the establishment of the imperial examination system during the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) and its subsequent refinement under the Tang (618–907 AD) and Song (960–1279 AD) dynasties, transformed the recruitment and administration of the scholar-official class. This merit-based system fostered a shared Confucian ideology among the ruling elite, contributing to political stability and cultural unity. Additionally, the development of a sophisticated legal code, epitomized by the Tang Code and the Great Qing Legal Code, codified social norms and regulated state-societyrelations, further consolidating imperial power.II. Philosophical and Intellectual Developments: The Roots of Chinese ThoughtAncient China witnessed the birth and maturation of several influential philosophical schools that continue to resonate in contemporary thought. Confucianism, founded by Confucius (551–479 BC), emphasized personal and social morality, filial piety, and the maintenance of harmonious relationships. Taoism, espoused by Laozi and Zhuangzi, advocated living in accordance with the natural order, or the 'Dao,' and emphasized spiritual cultivation and non-interference. Legalism, championed by figures like Han Feizi, prioritized strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain social order.These schools of thought coalesced and competed, shaping the moral, ethical, and political discourse of ancient China. They were instrumental in fostering a vibrant intellectual culture that produced seminal works such as the Five Classics and the Hundred Schools of Thought. Furthermore, the introduction of Buddhism from India during the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) enriched China's intellectual landscape, triggering extensive syncretic interactions with native philosophies and influencing various aspects of Chinese society, including art, literature, and popular belief.III. Technological Advancements: Innovation and Its ImpactAncient China was a crucible of groundbreaking technological innovations that significantly advanced human civilization. Some notable examples include:1. Agriculture: The invention of the plow, the development of irrigation systems like the Dujiangyan, and the widespread adoption of crop rotation and fertilization techniques contributed to increased agricultural productivity and population growth.2. Papermaking: Invented during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), paper revolutionized knowledge dissemination, facilitating the preservation and transmission of written records, artistic creations, and administrative documents.3. Printing: Woodblock printing emerged in the Tang Dynasty, while movable type printing was developed during the Song Dynasty, enabling mass production of books and the democratization of knowledge.4. Navigation and Cartography: The invention of the compass and the creation of detailed navigational charts facilitated long-distance maritime trade and exploration, laying the foundation for the Maritime Silk Road.5. Gunpowder and Firearms: Initially discovered for alchemical purposes, gunpowder's military applications transformed warfare, giving rise to advanced weaponry like rockets, fire lances, and cannons.IV. Societal Structures: Gender, Family, and Social StratificationAncient Chinese society was organized around a complex web of hierarchical relationships influenced by Confucian principles. The family, with its emphasis on filial piety and patriarchal authority, served as the fundamental unit of society. Women occupied a subordinate position, their roles largely confined to domestic duties and childrearing, although some notable exceptions, such as Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, defied these norms and wielded significant political power.Social stratification was rigidly defined, with the scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants forming the four broad occupational classes. Slavery, though present, was not as pervasive as in other ancient societies due to the prevalence of a labor-intensive peasantry. However, forms of servitude persisted, such as indentured labor and penal servitude. Despite these hierarchies, social mobility was possible, particularly through the imperial examination system, which allowed talented individuals from lower classes to ascend to positions of power and influence.V. External Influences and Interactions: The Silk Road and BeyondAncient China's history is intertwined with its extensive engagements with neighboring civilizations. The Silk Road, a network of overland and maritime trade routes, facilitated the exchange of goods, technologies, ideas, and religions between China, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. This vibranttranscontinental commerce fostered cultural diffusion, with China absorbing elements of foreign cultures while exporting its own inventions, such as silk, ceramics, and paper.Military encounters, both defensive and expansionist, also shaped China's historical trajectory. The Great Wall, a series of fortifications built over several centuries, symbolizes the country's efforts to protect its northern borders against nomadic incursions. Conversely, the Han and Tang dynasties embarked on ambitious campaigns that extended China's influence into Central Asia, Korea, and Vietnam, creating a vast Eurasian empire.Conclusion:Ancient Chinese history, spanning thousands of years, is a testament to the nation's resilience, adaptability, and innovative spirit. Through multidimensional analysis, we can appreciate the intricate interplay of political evolution, philosophical and intellectual developments, technological advancements, societal structures, and external influences that molded this great civilization. This rich heritage continues to inform China's contemporary identity and its engagement with the global community, underscoring the enduring relevance of studying ancient Chinese history in a comprehensive, high-quality, and rigorous manner.。
八下历史,第一单元小作文
八下历史,第一单元小作文英文回答:In Unit 1 of history in grade eight, we delve into the depths of the ancient civilizations that laid the foundations for the modern world we live in today. From the fertile plains of Mesopotamia to the enigmatic pyramids of Egypt and the flourishing cities of the Indus Valley, we traverse a captivating journey through the annals of human history.Through the study of primary and secondary sources, we gain insights into the social, economic, political, and cultural landscapes of these ancient societies. We encounter the remarkable achievements of the Sumerians, who invented writing, the Babylonians, who developed a sophisticated system of law, and the Egyptians, who constructed awe-inspiring monuments and mastered the art of mummification.We explore the enigmatic Indus Valley Civilization, whose enigmatic script and advanced urban planning still captivate historians today. We examine the rise and fall of the powerful empires of Mesopotamia and Egypt, tracingtheir contributions to the development of agriculture, irrigation, and trade.Unit 1 serves as a foundational chapter in ourhistorical education, providing us with a comprehensive understanding of the origins of human civilization and its enduring legacy. It fosters within us a deep appreciationfor the ingenuity, resilience, and cultural diversity that have characterized the human experience throughout the ages.中文回答:八下历史第一单元,我们深入探索了为当今世界奠定基础的古代文明。
初一下册历史第一单元知识点
初一下册历史第一单元知识点The first unit of history in the first semester of the first year of junior high school covers a range of important topics. It is essential for students to have a good understanding of the knowledge points presented in this unit in order to build a solid foundation for their historical studies. One of the key topics in this unit is the origins of human civilization, which explores how early humans lived and developed over time. This includes topics such as the Stone Age, the Neolithic Revolution, and the development of agriculture.历史第一单元的内容涵盖了很多重要的知识点, 学生们有必要对这个单元中呈现的知识点有一个深入的了解, 以建立稳固的历史学习基础. 这个单元的一个关键主题是人类文明的起源, 探讨早期人类如何生活和发展. 这包括石器时代、新石器革命以及农业的发展。
Another important aspect of the first history unit is the study of ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Students will learn about the contributions of these early civilizations to the development of human society, including advancements in writing, architecture, and governance.Understanding the achievements of these ancient societies helps students appreciate the complexity and diversity of human history.第一历史单元的另一个重要方面是研究美索不达米亚、埃及和印度河流域等古代文明. 学生将了解这些早期文明对人类社会发展的贡献, 包括书法、建筑和治理方面的进步. 理解这些古代社会的成就有助于学生欣赏人类历史的复杂性和多样性。
八下历史第1单元作文题
八下历史第1单元作文题英文回答:History is a subject that can teach us a lot about the past and help us understand the present. In the first unit of eighth grade history, we learned about ancient civilizations and their contributions to the world. One of the most interesting civilizations we studied was Ancient Egypt.Ancient Egypt was a fascinating civilization that thrived along the Nile River. The Egyptians were known for their advanced knowledge of mathematics, engineering, and medicine. They also built impressive structures such as the pyramids and the Sphinx. The Nile River was crucial totheir way of life, providing fertile land for farming and transportation.Another important civilization we studied was Ancient China. The Chinese civilization made significantcontributions to art, literature, and philosophy. The invention of paper, the compass, and gunpowder are just a few examples of their technological advancements. The Great Wall of China is also a remarkable feat of engineering that still stands today.Studying these ancient civilizations has given me a deeper appreciation for the advancements and innovations of the past. It's incredible to think about how these civilizations laid the foundation for many aspects of our modern world.中文回答:历史是一门可以教会我们很多关于过去并帮助我们理解现在的学科。
七下第一单元单词朗读
七下第一单元单词朗读七下第一单元单词朗读:1. archaeologist [ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst] 考古学家2. civilization [ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn] 文明3. emperor [ˈempərə(r)] 皇帝4. excavate [ˈekskeɪveɪt] 挖掘5. heritage [ˈherɪtɪdʒ] 遗产6. historian [hɪˈstɔːriən] 历史学家7. palace [ˈpælɪs] 宫殿8. pottery [ˈpɒtəri] 陶器9. pyramid [ˈpɪrəmɪd] 金字塔10. tomb [tuːm] 坟墓11. valuable [ˈvæljʊəbl] 有价值的12. ruin [ˈruːɪn] 废墟考古学家是专门从事考古工作的人员,他们通过挖掘废墟和古迹来揭示历史的真相。
文明是指一定时期内的社会经济、文化、政治和宗教等方面的发展。
古代的皇帝住在华丽的宫殿里,经常会用陶器和建造金字塔等方式来展示他们的财富和权力。
历史学家则是专门研究历史的专家,他们可以通过研究历史事件的过程和结果来还原历史的本来面目。
废墟是已经被毁坏或者破败的建筑物或场所。
许多废墟会隐藏许多有价值的信息,因此考古学家们经常费尽心思地进行挖掘,以保护和发现更多的遗产。
陶器是古代人们制作的一种器皿,因其形态、纹饰和质地的不同,被广泛应用到生活中。
金字塔是古代埃及人民建造的一种墓葬建筑,以它独特的形态和雕刻艺术闻名于世。
坟墓是为了安置死者而建造的建筑物,也是研究历史的一个重要途径。
七下第一单元单词朗读中的这些词汇,既有代表现代文明的词汇,又有代表古代文明的词汇。
理解这些单词的含义,不仅可以扩充词汇量,还能够帮助了解不同文化背景之间的差异和联系。
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欧洲人绝非人类文明的先驱。
在欧洲人能读和写之前一半有记载的人类历史已经过去。
在4000和公元前3000年之间,埃及的祭司已经开始持续进行记录,但两千年以后,《荷马史诗》仍在于希腊城邦以口头形式流传。
不久后,公元前3000年,当埃及的法老修建金字塔时,欧洲人在费力地堆砌庞大的,粗糙的被称为巨石的石头,其中巨石阵是最有名的例子。
总而言之,直到公元前2000年以后,欧洲仍处于新石器时期。
这是真正伟大的人类历史时代,人类学会了制造和使用尖锐的工具,编织衣物,修建住所,驯养动物,种植、收获作物,并意识到年和月的周期更替。
但是,近东——埃及,幼发拉底河和底格里斯河河谷,克里特岛和爱琴海沿岸(其中多属于亚洲,而不是欧洲)先欧洲两千年进入新石器时期。
大约在公元前4000年,近东已经步入青铜时代。
大约公元前2000年之后,欧洲当时还是黑暗的大陆,那里开始发生现在难以追溯的巨大变化。
欧洲人也不例外,大约在公元前2000年随着青铜时代的到来,以及大约公元前1000年铁器时代的到来,学会了如何冶炼和锻造金属。
那里也连续输入新的民族进入欧洲。
他们说的语言与现在的印度和伊朗的语言相关,和类似的民族迁移几乎是在同一时代。
这些所有的语言(直到19世纪才意识到其关联性)现在指的是印欧语言,这个操印欧语言的民族,对早期的欧洲族群进行合并和语言强加,成为了古典希腊罗马和现代欧洲人的祖先。
今天所有的欧洲语言除巴斯克语外都是印欧语言,。
这是在欧洲散播拉丁语、希腊语、日耳曼语、斯拉夫语、凯尔特语和波罗的海语言各种语言的印欧人的入侵,这些语言便是欧洲语言后来的起源。
希腊世界在这平淡的历史长河中,希腊土地上的第一批印欧人出现在现在的欧洲,即希腊人居住地。
他们在大约公元前1900年顺着巴尔干半岛到达爱琴海沿岸各地,到公元前1300年他们逐渐占领了现在所属希腊的大部分土地,他们的到来,破坏了早期的克里特文明。
从公元前1150年开始,由一些分散的原始部落组成的其他入侵者的陆续到来引起了几年世纪的动荡和不安,直到9世纪才逐渐恢复安定,重新发展。
“伊利亚特”和“奥德赛”,写于约公元前800年,不过故事形成和传诵的时间要更早些,可能是在希腊和小亚细亚的特洛伊战争期间。
特洛伊战争一般认为发生在公元前1200年。
事实证明希腊人曾经是一个极有创造天赋的民族,他们实现了在思想和文化上有着最高的地位。
他们吸收了神秘东方的知识,他们在小亚细亚和通往埃及的航程中发现了古老占星术的数学知识和艺术品。
他们将一切都投入到所学的知识当中。
这就是公元前15世纪到公元前14世纪的希腊人,他们首先充分意识到人类理性的力量,他们用公式表示西方世界很久以来美的准则,他们首先对政治自由进行探讨。
希腊人定居以后组成了小的城邦,各个城邦都是互相独立的,互相间经常征战,每邦纵横只有几英里,其特点是由一个沿海城市和附近农田组成。
雅典、科林斯、斯巴达就是这样的城邦。
许多城邦都是民主的,全体成年男性公民聚集于市场,选举官吏,讨论公共事务。
奴隶、无自由身份的公民(被称为外邦人)和妇女都被排除在政治生活之外,因此在现代意义上,这些城邦都不是民主的。
在希腊小城邦,政治是动乱的。
民主是由贵族政治、寡头政治、专制政治以及暴政交替实施。
从丰富的政治经验积累中,产生了成体系的政治科学,如公元前四世纪苏格拉底的未用文字写下的思想以及柏拉图的《理想国》希腊人在编写历史时也首先把神话和传说区别开来。
历史之父希罗多德足迹遍及整个希腊世界,甚至远涉它邦,搜集历史上一切可供他学习的东西。
修席迪德记述了雅典和斯巴达之间的战争,使历史成为启发公民品德和培养建设国家才能的指南。
或许因为希腊人是生性好动、感情激烈的民族,所以他们很真视由他们确立的古典美德。
对希腊人来说,理想寓于温和之中,就是他们的中庸之道。
他们重视秩序、平庸、对称、明晰和控制。
他们理想化的男性表现出如何才算男子汉的概念——为人高尚,严肃沉着,置生死于度外,能控制自己和自己的感情。
他们的建筑物,如帕特农神庙,运用了精确测算的角度和排列成行的圆柱。
古典的秩序,也就是按照规定的间隔排成直线的一组精心加工的柱子,它们体现了人类理智在无理性的自然物质上留下的牢固印痕。
同样的观念也施加于浩瀚的人类文字上。
对书面语言进行了设计,精心安排和组织,以便增加效果。
史诗、抒情诗、戏剧、演说词以及历史和哲学性的对话,各有其写作规则和创作原理,后来逐渐变为生活与西方文化之中的作家长期用来表达自己思想的形式。
希腊人对周围世界进行思考得出结论:除外表的世界之外,还存在着某种更为直接的东西,真正的是在并非目之所及。
在其他民族以及早期的希腊人中,与此相同的认识导致了神话的形成,此类神话所谈论的是被称作神的强有力的无形之人,是在遥远的山顶之上、地下深处和死后的世界。
希腊思想家则不然,他们着手批判这种神话。
他们对于目睹的形形色色、杂乱无章的事物背后起作用的究竟是什么东西这一问题,设法去寻求理性的、亦即合乎自然的解释。
有些思想家考察人体的疾病,说疾病并非恶魔附体,而是人体种种自然条件的结果,可以识别、理解、预见,甚至可按某种自然的方式加以治疗。
另一些人则考察物体性质,说一切物质是有极少数东西——原子或元素组成,他们通常把这些东西说成是水、火、土与空气。
有的说,变化不过是某种幻觉,一切基本的实在皆始终统一;有的说,只有变化才是真实,世界就是变动。
有的人,例如毕达哥拉斯,在束河数学中找到永恒的存在。
简言之,希腊人为科学奠定了基础。
他们也研究智能活动的方式或应如何让活动,以便达到真实的结论,这样,他们就发展了逻辑的科学。
对古典时期全部的科学几乎全部精通集雅典思想之大成者,是公元前384——前332年生活与雅典的亚里士多德。
罗马世界公元前146年,希腊本土的希腊人被一个新的民族——罗马人所征服。
罗马人在保持自己拉丁语的同时,竭力迅速吸收希腊人在知识上和艺术上的成就。
经过二三百年,他们建立起一个囊括古代文明世界(波斯以西)的帝国。
埃及、希腊、小亚细亚、叙利亚都成为罗马的行省,不过,在这些地方,除政治外,罗马人几乎没有造成任何深刻的影响。
在西部,即今日的突尼斯、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、西班牙、葡萄牙、法兰西、瑞士、比利时和英格兰,罗马人征服的手段尽管残酷无情,但归根结底仍起着文明使者的作用,将东方的古老成就和希腊罗马本身的最新文化传播到那时候还处于落后状态的各国。
在罗马帝国西部,罗马化及其彻底,拉丁语也成为当时的口语。
拉丁语后来在非洲被阿拉伯语所淘汰,但直至今日(当然随着时间而有了变化),它仍在法、意、西、葡和罗马尼亚诸语言中存留了下来。
罗马帝国始于公元前31年,至公元前5世纪后期,期间历经多次盛衰。
实际上,在罗马帝国里,整个古代西方文明世界在政治上是统一的,并享有好几百年的内部和平。
罗马是中心,四面八方围绕着所谓的环形地,即已知世界,也就是西方当时所知道的世界,因为那时中国的汉帝国也是一个高度组织起来的文化政治整体。
罗马帝国基本上由地中海沿岸组成。
地中海成为交通运输的大动脉。
在宽广帝国,精英们的文化是极其一致的,没有明显差别的民族特性。
唯一重要的文化差别,彼此进行着忙碌的商业活动和思想交流,与其他古代文化的城市一样,依靠奴隶劳动生活。
城市仍然大部分都在东部,那里依旧集中这大部分的制造行业,人口也最稠密,但西部也出现了城市——的确,法兰西、葡萄牙、英格兰、西德和南德的多数古老城市,都以与罗马统治时期有着某种渊源上的关系而颇感自豪呢。
罗马人的杰出才能表现在组织、行政、政府和法律方面。
从来没有哪支军队像罗马军队那样组织得井然有序,能维持那么长时间,能服从发自远方的指挥命令,能在战场上那么卓有成效地加以调动;从来没有那么多的民族为一个单一中心所统治。
罗马人本来拥有自治和共和的制度,但这些制度在他们从事军事征服的过程中丧失,因为在帝国时期他们所表现出的管理才能属于独裁主义性质——不是自制的才能,而是管理、协调、统治罗马帝国庞大体系内多样化的和分散的各个地区的才能。
地方上,城市和城邦享有许多自治权。
但是在地方之上,建立起一个由罗马帝国官吏和行省长官组成的金字塔,位于顶点的就是皇帝。
帝国维持和平,即罗马和平甚至还为帝国内部众多民族之间的关系提供某种公正裁决。
法律人员按照一整套原则进行工作,这套原则后来成为罗马法。
地方习俗互相抵触的不同地区的人们之间,例如西班牙商人和埃及商人之间是有纠纷的,罗马法官不得不以某种方式加以排解。
于是,罗马法逐渐形成这样的观点:习俗未必正确,还有一种藉以做出公平决定的更高的、普遍的法则,这种高级而普遍的自然的法则,或者叫做自然法,是从人的本性和理性产生出来的,因而是为所有人所了解和接受的。
法律人员在这一方面曾经求助于希腊哲学。
他们还认为,法律的力量来自于某一正当权威所规定的东西,而不是仅仅来自习俗、惯例或以前的合法判断,他们把法律的权利叫做最高权力,认为这种最高权力属皇帝所有。
因此,罗马人把法律观念从只不过是风俗习惯的看法中解放出来,另一方面又使它仅仅是任性而已的看法中挣脱出来。
他们认为法律应该有开明的智慧来形成,应符合理性喝事物的本性,他们还把法律和官方权利的正式行动联系起来。
但必须补充说明一点,罗马法所保护的是国家或政府认为的公共利益,而不是个人的利益或个人的自由。
一般说,它向男人提供了比女人更多的特权,这些原则,连同关于财产、债务、婚姻、遗嘱等更明确的概念,在以后若干世纪对欧洲有着极大影响。