园林景观设计生物多样性外文翻译文献

文献信息

文献标题：Utilising exotic flora in support of urban indigenous biodiversity: lessons for landscape architecture（利用外来植物支持城市土著生物多样性：对景观建筑的经验教训）

文献作者：Rastandeh A，Pedersen Zari M，K.Brown D，et al

文献出处：《Landscape Research》,2018,43(5):708-720

字数统计：英文3608单词，20220字符；中文6313汉字

外文文献

Utilising exotic flora in support of urban indigenous

biodiversity: lessons for landscape architecture Abstract Evidence shows that in the absence of intact natural habitats, some exotic patches of vegetation may play a compensatory role in supporting indigenous biodiversity in urban environments. This paper suggests that in urban settings where landscapes already contain non-natives, both indigenous and exotic flora may be necessary to maintain indigenous biodiversity. The research was constructed based upon a review of the current literature combined with a GIS-based spatial analysis of urban landscape patterns, using Wellington New Zealand as a case study. The research provides evidence concerning different aspects of utilising indigenous and exotic plant species to argue that a balanced proportion of indigenous to exotic plants may be advantageous in order to respond to some aspects of biodiversity loss. The results have three immediate implications for landscape architecture practices at the urban scale and reveal important issues that should be addressed by future research.

KEYWORDS: exotic flora; indigenous biodiversity; landscape architecture; urban biodiversity

1.Introduction: exotic-indigenous land cover

There is sufficient evidence to indicate that biodiversity is essential to support the healthy functioning of ecosystems (Balvanera et al., 2006; Cardinale et al., 2006; Lefcheck & Duffy, 2015) and to provide a wide range of ecosystem services supporting the quality of human life (Tzoulas et al., 2007; Colley, Brown, & Montarzino, 2016). Although urban biodiversity has received less attention in both research and practice (Niemelä, 1999; Alberti, 2005; Farinha-Marques, Lameiras, Fernandes, Silva, & Guilherme, 2011), there is a growing body of research on urban biodiversity worldwide (q.v. Müller & Kamada, 2011; Elmqvist et al., 2013) heralding a deeper understanding of the importance of urban biodiversity, regardless of it being indigenous or not. Particularly in the case of New Zealand, the question of indigenous vs. exotic biodiversity is extremely acute for at least two important reasons. First, New Zealand has been recognised as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca, & Kent, 2000). Geographical isolation of the country has resulted in a unique biodiversity. According to Brockie (2007), for example, about 80% of the 2500 species of native conifers, flowering plants and ferns are endemic to New Zealand. In addition, 71% of birds breeding in New Zealand before human arrival have been recognised as endemic species.

Second, the introduction of a large number of exotic flora and fauna to the country has deeply affected New Zealand indigenous biodiversity (Allen & Lee, 2006). Since the early 1800s, Europeans have imported a wide range of exotic flora and fauna to New Zealand (Dawson, 2010). In addition, modification of land by humans has widely affected the indigenous state of the landscapes. Loss of most indigenous land cover in New Zealand has resulted (Walker, Price, & Rutledge, 2008). Since the 1300s, approximately 70% of New Zealand landscapes have been modified by humans causing the extinction of 32% of indigenous land and freshwater birds, 18% of endemic seabirds, 3 of 7 species of frogs, and at least 12 invertebrates (Statistics New Zealand, 2002). After the arrival of the first people to New Zealand more than a thousand years ago (Polynesians, now known as Māori and Moriori), hunting practices, the introduction of certain commensal animals (such as kurī, the now extinct in New Zealand Polynesian dog Canis familiaris and kiore, the Pacific or