智能小车英文文献
智能小车控制器中英文资料文献-
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Desig n of an In tellige nt Car Con trollerBased on Embedded PlatformAbstract: The paper prese nts a desig n of an in tellige nt carcontroller using embeddecARMthips as core component. Modular method has been applied in the design of the hardware; the paper focuses on layout of track ing circuit for the car and desig n ideas for the software. The experime nt result proves that the desig ned in tellige nt car is stable in operati on and good in track ing performa nee.Keywords: ARM In tellige nt Tracki ng1、IntroductionIn the 21st century, with development of scienee and tech no logy, researches on in tellige nt car and its correlative techniques have become the focus in this field. Aiming to enhance practical ability ,innovation, and teamwork performa nee of college stude nts across the coun try, theEducatio n Departme nt spon sored Natio nal Un dergraduate In tellige nt Car Con test. Based on the backgro und, the paper in troduces the desig n of multifu ncti onal in tellige nt car controller on embeddedplatform, including design of hardwarecircuit and software implementation for key functional modules.2、Design of hardwareBy fun cti on and applicati on, the con troll ing platform for the in tellige nt car is divided into several modules as show n below.2.1 Desig n of core moduleAT91SAM7S256 microprocessor produced by ATMEL has bee n adopted for the controller of the car, which a 32-bit low-power RISC microprocessor chip based on ARM7 TDMI-S core, and embedded with 64KB SARM, 256KB high-speed Flash and JTAG port for downloading or debugging of the program. As the core comp onent of the car, the microprocessor plays a key role in con troll ing all running statuses of the car. PWM gen erat ing module in side it can be cha nge duty cycle of outputted square wave by programming, and thus change the voltage loaded on the DC motor, which is amplified to con trol the revoluti on speed of the motor. The ports PA0, PA1, PA2 and PA3 of the PWMnodule respectively con trol the DC motor and the steeri ng motor to perform fun cti ons such as go forward, retreat and turn etc.2.2 Desig n of power moduleThe car is powered by four AA dry batteries. The voltage is outputted through low-Noise LDO regulator MIC5209-3.3 to supply power for ARM7 chips and peripheral circuits. The working current of MIC5209-3.3 is as high as 500mA. Wheninput voltage is above 3.5V, the module of MIC5209-3.3 can output stable voltage of 3.3V and achieve low power con sumpti on.2.3 Temperature detecti on ModuleMono-li ne digital temperature sen sor DS18B20 is used to detect temperature in the car. The measure range is from - 55C to +125C, with in creme nt of 0.5 C. It is low in power con sumpti on and small in size, occupy ing only one I/O port.2.4 Auto track ing module2.4.1 Prin ciples for track ing of i ntellige nt carTrack ing means that the car goes along the two-centimeter-wideblack guide line on the white floor.Infrared acquisition and camera shooting acquisition are com monly used for it.Infrared acquisition: Taking advantage of the feature thatin frared light can cha nge its reflective quality accord ing toobject surface of various colors. During running the car continu ously sends in frared light to the gro und, which will, either bereflected back by the white floor and received by the recei ving tube in the car, or be absorbed by the black guide line and thus missed by the receivi ng tube. By this means the black guide line is positioned to identify the path for the car.Camerashooting acquisition: In certain resolution samplethe image by in terlaced sca nning. Whensca nning a point, image sensor transfers the gray threshold into corresponding voltage which will be outputted via video sig nal port. As the car achieves auto track ing by recog nizing the black guide line on the track, the image processing is a process of extracting the dest in atio n guide line. The task of image process ing program is to identify the dots in the black-and-white image and filterno ise, record dot positi ons relative to the image, and fin ally, by algorithm of control strategy, realize tracking and turning of the car along the guide line.2.4.2 In stallati on of tracki ng in frared probeChoosing proper detection method and sensor is the importa nt factor to achieve track ing. Here we choose in frared acquisition.Correct installation of device is also a decisivefactor for accomplishme nt of track ing circuit. In terms ofsimplicity, eas in ess, practicality and reliability, four in frared probes n eed be in stalled on the front chassis of the car to fulfill two-staged directi onal correcti on con trol to enhance the reliability of tracking. Four tracking sensors have bee n fixed, all in one line, among which L1 and R1 are primary sen sors for directi on con trol; L2 and R2 are sec on dary sen sors. The distanee between the two ipsilateral sensors should nor be more tha n width of the black directi on con trol. When the car is running, the black guide line is always kept right betwee n the two primary sen sors L1 and L2. When the car goes off the black line, the primary sen sors detect it, and thus the ARM7 chip detect level jump and execute the pre-prepared correction program to n avigate the car back onto the track. The sec on dary sen sors are actually a back-up for the primary. Once the car offsets the track for in ertia, bey ond the reach of detecti on of the primary probes, the sec on dary perform to correct the motion of the car, so as to ensure the reliability of tracking.3 Desig n of softwareThe software is developed in C Ian guage in Keil Uvisi on3IDE, debugged and downloaded in J-Link ARMemulator. J-Link is a JTAGemulator which was brought out by SEGGER USAto supportemulati on chips with ARM core. It works with IDEs such asIAREWARMADS, Keil, WINARM, and RealView, supports allARM7/ARM9 core chips simulatio n, and seamlessly conn ects with various IDE by RDI in terface. Easy to operate and to connectto, it is the most practical tool for study and development of ARM.The key for the desig n of software lies in the con trolprocess of track ing. The sen sors are equipped with E3F-DS10C4in tegrated in frared probes with photoelectric switch. Thereare only three wires (power wire, ground wire, and signal wire ) at the output pin of the module. Connect the signal wire to I/O port of ARM7 chip, and execute enquiry check. Low level will be detected for the black guide line, while high level for the white floor. Accord ing to the prin ciples stated above, flows of the algorithm for con trol tracki ng of the car. Two-stagecon trol method is adopted to en sure the car' s adhere nee to the black guide line, and the effect is satisdied.4 Debugg ing of the fini shed carBased on the design scheme presented above, finish making of PCB board for hardware circuit of the car, welding of components, and debugging and downloading of the software. Test the car for several times on the track made of white KT board in the middle of which a two-ce ntimeter-wide black guide line is pasted. The results have showed that, the car runs steadily eve n at a high speed along straight blackguide line. Whe n around the curve, if con trol the speed properly, the car goes smoothly as well. Two pieces of experie nee as show n below: (1) E3F-DS10C4Dhotoelectric sensor should be fixed as close tothe ground as possible to minimize the interferenee of environmental light to it. Vertical height of the sensor had better be 5~8mm.Too far distanee from the ground causes weak reflective sig nal and unstable output of up level sig nal;too close dista nee may damage the sen sor and inten sify the effect of diffuse reflecti on.(2) Due to com mon DC motor adopted for it, the control of thecar is not accurate and stable eno ugh to perform a break tur n uni ess several same photoelectric sen sors are added to the bottom of the car.5 Con clusi onIn tellige nt car is a front subject which has syn thesizedmany other subjects and has a widely-applied prospect. It particularly helps to develop the prese nt Chin ese undergraduates ' imagination,practical abilities, teamaware ness, and hi-tech inno vati on capacity.Refere nces[1] Wu Binghua, Huang Weihua, Cheng Lei among others,Systematic Desig n of In tellige nt Car Based on RouteIden tificati on [J]. Applicati on of Electro nic Tech nique, 2007(3): 80-83.[2] WangChaoyi, WangYihuai. Design of Control System of Auto Tracking Car Based on Infrared Sensor [J]; Computer and Automation Tech ni ques, 2008, 34(11):60-62[3] Li Yi, Lu Ren Yi, & WuTian. Intelligenee Tracking Car [J]. Electro nic Tech ni ques, 2008, 45(1): 39-41[4] WenQuangang, Principles and Application of EmbeddedSystem In terface [M]. Beiji ng: Aeron autics and Astr on autics Un iversity Press, 2009[5] G.C.Hua, F.C.Lee. Soft-switch ing tech ni que in PWM conv erter[J]. IEEE Trans. on In dustrial Electro nics 995.42(6):595-603.Author BiographyLiu Gang: (1963-) male, senior engin eer, received his Bachelor ' s degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics &astr on autics in 1991, main research directi on: computer measureme nt and con trol tech no logy ete基于嵌入式平台的智能小车控制器的设计摘要：本论文介绍了智能小车控制器的设计方案。
智能小汽车作文400字
智能小汽车作文400字英文回答：Smart Car.The development of technology has brought about numerous changes in our daily lives, and one of the most notable advancements is the invention of smart cars. Smart cars, also known as autonomous or driverless cars, are vehicles that can operate without human intervention. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of smart cars.Smart cars offer several advantages that make them an attractive option for many people. Firstly, they enhance road safety. With advanced sensors and artificial intelligence, smart cars can detect obstacles, pedestrians, and other vehicles more accurately than human drivers. This reduces the risk of accidents and makes the roads safer for everyone. Secondly, smart cars are more efficient. They canoptimize routes, adjust speed, and minimize fuel consumption, thereby reducing traffic congestion and carbon emissions. Lastly, smart cars provide convenience. Imagine being able to relax, read a book, or catch up on work during your daily commute without worrying about traffic or parking. Smart cars can make this a reality.However, there are also some concerns and disadvantages associated with smart cars. One major issue is thepotential loss of jobs for professional drivers. As smart cars become more prevalent, taxi and truck drivers may find themselves unemployed. Additionally, there are concerns about the security and privacy of autonomous vehicles. Hackers could potentially gain control of smart cars and cause accidents or steal personal information. Lastly, the cost of smart cars is currently quite high, making them inaccessible to many people. As technology advances and economies of scale are achieved, the price is expected to decrease, but for now, only a few can afford them.In conclusion, smart cars have the potential to revolutionize the way we travel. They offer numerousbenefits such as improved road safety, increased efficiency, and enhanced convenience. However, there are alsochallenges to overcome, including job displacement,security risks, and high costs. As technology continues to evolve, it is important to carefully consider the implications and ensure that smart cars are implemented ina way that benefits society as a whole.中文回答：智能小汽车。
大学智能汽车英文作文
大学智能汽车英文作文英文：As a university student, I am excited about the development of intelligent cars. Intelligent cars, also known as self-driving cars, are vehicles that can drive themselves without human intervention. They use advanced technologies such as sensors, cameras, and GPS to navigate and make decisions on the road.One of the biggest advantages of intelligent cars is their potential to reduce accidents caused by human error. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 94% of accidents in the United States are caused by human error. With intelligent cars, this number could be significantly reduced. For example, if a driver falls asleep at the wheel, the car's sensors can detect this and take over the driving.Intelligent cars also have the potential to reducetraffic congestion. With their ability to communicate with each other and with traffic management systems, they can optimize routes and speeds to reduce congestion on the roads.However, there are also concerns about the safety and security of intelligent cars. Hackers could potentially take control of the car's systems, causing accidents or even using the car as a weapon. There are also concerns about the ethical decisions that intelligent cars may have to make in certain situations, such as deciding between hitting a pedestrian or swerving into oncoming traffic.Overall, I believe that the development of intelligent cars is an exciting step forward in transportation technology. While there are certainly challenges to overcome, the potential benefits are significant.中文：作为一名大学生，我对智能汽车的发展感到兴奋。
智能小车英文文献备课讲稿
Electric intelligent car based on SCMThe single slice machine is also called tiny controller, is because it was used in the industry to control realm at the earliest stage.Single slice machine from inside chip have CPU appropriation processor to develop only since then.At the earliest stage of design the principle is to pass to integrate a great deal of peripherals and CPU in a chip, making calculator system smaller, integrating more easily into complicated of but to mention to request a strict control equipments in the middle.The INTEL Z80 is the processor which designed according to this kind of thought at the earliest stage, from now on, single slice the development of the machine and appropriation processor went by different roads then.The single slice of the earlier period all of machines are 8 or 4.Among them, the INTEL is most successful of 8031, because of in brief dependable but the function was quite good to acquire very big good opinion.Henceforth at 8031 up developed MCS51 serieses a single slice machine system.According to the single slice of this system machine system is still in the extensive usage till now.Because the industry controls the exaltation of[with] realm request, starting appearing 16 single slice machine, but because sex price wanted to don't get a very extensive application than the disregard.Develop greatly along with the consumption electronics product after 90's, the single slice machine technique got a huge exaltation.Along with the extensive application of INTEL i 960 serieses especially later ARM series, the 32 single slice machine replaces 16 single slice the high level position of the machine quickly, and gets into an essential market.And traditional of 8 single slice the function of the machine also got to fly to raise soon, handling an ability to compare with to raise few a hundredfolds in 80's.Currently, 32 single slice of the high level with main machine already over 300 MHzs, the function keeps appropriation processor of making track for the mid 90's, and the common model number factory price drop into to USD 1, tallest carry ofmodel number also only USD 10.The contemporary and single slice machine system has already no longer developed and used just under the naked machine environment, the in great quantities appropriative built-in operate system is applied extensively in the whole serieseses of the single slice is on board.But Be ising the high level of handheld PC and cellular phone core processing single slice the machine even can use appropriative Windows and the Linux operate system directly.Single slice the machine ratio appropriation processor is the most suitable to match to apply in the built-in system, so it got the most applications.In fact the single slice machine is an amount the most calculators are in the world.The modern mankind are living medium use of assemble in almost each electronics and machine product have a single slice machine.All have 1-2 single slice machine in the computer accessorieses such as cellular phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronics toy, handheld PC and mouse etc..And personal computer in would also capable number not a few single slice the machine be working.Provide with more than 40 departments a single slice machine generally on the car, complicated industry's controling the top of the system even may has single several hundred pedestalses slices machine to work in the meantime!Single slice the amount of the machine not only far above the PC machine and other calculations of comprehensive, even than the mankind's amount still want have another.On the base of SCM ,through reseach and to realize a photoelectric sensor for senstive components,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car,The system is also including dc motor,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc.The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controllre.The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter,back,turn left and right turn function.Through the angle sensor detection The seesaw Angle change,use incremental PI algorithm to control the electric car for balance,and using photoelectricsensor detection black line,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium.一.Project DesignLight by a sensor ,the reality of the car is moving quickly degrees,bit,buy,transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condation,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monnolithic machine into line processing,but by single chip machine according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdor can control system .this kind of square case can real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system,control system spirit alive,can depend,pure degree is high,can full foot of each item of the stocking to beg .straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pluse width modulation experience.meanwhile gather speed is experience. Meanwhile, its main electric pulse width modulation by roda system type variable change device, jane says PWM variable change device. Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience.meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high, only on electricty barnado electricty sense of filter wave can be use to gen to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricty flow barnnado electric capacity easil even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile,adjustable electric flow wave shape than V-M system, be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small. With the sample by in open shut frenquency rate is high, and if a fast speed of electric machine ring should match close, fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frenquency band, because of the fast speed ring should good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful. According to the root, with more than ensemble close and this set of electric machine speed straight flow of hair, the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed.1.1 photoelectric detection module designThe intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper road ,so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area, including run straight along the arc district and driving district two area, becasure of the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different, can according to receive reflected light.The strength of the judge road the black line. This paper USES is simple and practical detection methods .namely the infrared detection method.Infrared detection method, I,e, use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties. In the car driving process continually to the ground to launch the infrared, when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light, aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving less than signal.1.2 signal comparative module designThis part design USES aLM324 comparator, of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the result after feed to the microcontroller, used to detect sensor sensitivity, when two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward. When the sensor can’t detect light, in cut-off state, double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller, by program processing, if left not detect light, then left correct direction; if thf right has not been detected light, then turn correct direction.1.3 motor control and driving module designBecause use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values, respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different, thus to control its advance and turning .in system design process, use two L910 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor designtwo channels push-pull power amplifer application-specific integrated circuit device, discrete circuts in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high. The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into, have good anti-jamming, two output terminal can pick flooding dynaic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force each call way can pass over 800ma continuous current, peak current capacity of 1.5-2a; at the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity, the built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse, making it thf drive relays, dc motors,steeping motor or switch power tube the use of safe and reliable.Follwing tracing car system to common AT89C51 ,complementary with relativel simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function, and fully considered appearance, cost, so most of the circuit car by mannual weiding is complete, in the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions, but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.二.system software designThis system software modular structure ,the main progrem,initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines ,delay subroutines,buttons pronunciation subroutines buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.2.1 tracing subroutines desinTracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic machine respectively, P22and P23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn ,turn right and stop driving purpose.2.2avoid barrier of programmingObstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflectionsensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively P20 and P21 tue feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal ,through L298 control motor speed ,let the car to move forward ,left turn ,turn right and stop driving purpose.2.3 remote subroutines designRemote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MCUP 32 tube feet ,then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control,then let microcontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal ,through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn ,turn right and also stop driving purpose.三 summaryAdopts singlechip ,using photoelectric sensor and infrared reflection sensor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to work, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantages of simple circuit, reliability, low cast, and very easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.。
智能车辆英文作文
智能车辆英文作文Smart vehicles are revolutionizing the way we travel. With advanced technology, these vehicles are equipped to make driving safer and more efficient. They can communicate with each other and with traffic signals, reducing the risk of accidents and improving traffic flow.One of the key features of smart vehicles is their ability to navigate without human input. Using GPS and sensors, they can determine the best route to take and adjust their speed and direction accordingly. This not only reduces the burden on drivers, but also minimizes the likelihood of getting lost or stuck in traffic.In addition to their navigation capabilities, smart vehicles are also designed to be more environmentally friendly. Many of them are electric or hybrid, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and lowering emissions. This is a crucial step in combating climate change and creating a more sustainable transportation system.Another benefit of smart vehicles is their potential to reduce congestion on the roads. By communicating with each other, they can coordinate their movements to avoid bottlenecks and minimize delays. This can lead to a smoother and more efficient flow of traffic, benefiting everyone on the road.Furthermore, smart vehicles have the potential to make transportation more accessible to people with disabilities or limited mobility. With features such as autonomous driving and advanced assistive technologies, these vehicles can provide greater independence and freedom to those who may have difficulty driving traditional vehicles.Overall, smart vehicles have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about transportation. With their advanced technology and innovative features, they are paving the way for a safer, more efficient, and more inclusive future of mobility.。
智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。
外文文献翻译中英文智能车辆研究
智能车辆研究外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：G Stark. The Intelligent Vehicle Initiative[J]. Traffic Technology International, 2013，3(1):31-41.英文原文The Intelligent Vehicle InitiativeG StarkIn the wake of the computer and information revolutions, motor vehicles are undergoing the most dramatic changes in their capabilities and how they interact with drivers since the early years of the century.In 1908, the emergence of the Henry Ford Model T represented a major breakthrough in car design. It not only pioneered the easy replacement of parts and mass production, but also its "user-friendly" mode of operation, so that anyone can easily drive. In the past 90 years, with fewer and fewer simple cars like the Ford Model T, the car has quickly become a sophisticated “mobile computer” that plays the role of a navigator, escort, and even a second driver. These new features not only changed our driving style, but also improved the quality of transportation services and the ability to save lives, and provided support for the competitiveness of the US industry.However, the performance of smart cars is not only that. Conversely, these components that make vehicles more intelligent, such as newinformation, safety and automation technologies, arrive on the market as spare parts, or as optional equipment, or as special accessories for after-sales services. In order to improve driver safety, these technologies have been continuously developed and put on the market. However, individual technologies have not yet been integrated and they cannot create fully intelligent vehicles that are highly collaborative with drivers.The automotive industry has realized and solved the influx of potential uncoordinated technologies. But their progress is hindered by technical and economic barriers, uncertain consumer preferences, and imperfect standards and guidelines. In addition, neither traditional car manufacturers nor government regulators (unless the security issues are obvious) can control the use of aftermarket products, especially in the use o f trucks and buses. However, there is no “people-oriented” smart vehicle that attempts to integrate and coordinate various technologies to solve problems. We may not only lose the opportunity to implement new in-vehicle technology, but may even unintentionally reduce the safety and performance of driving.Recognizing the importance of intelligent vehicles and the potential dangers of human factors in vehicle design, the Ministry of Transport launched the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative (IVI) in 1997. This initiative aims to accelerate the development and integration of automotive systems to help cars, trucks and bus drivers operate more safely and effectively.The 1980s TV series “Knight Ranger” features smart vehicles that can cross over tall buildings, seem to drive the supersonic itself, spy on bad guys, and have English words and housekeepers. This car is not only smart but smart. Although smart vehicles in the real world will not be able to fly over traffic, they will have strong capabilities. As envisioned by the International Vaccine Research Institute, smart vehicles will be able to provide route instructions, feel objects, warn drivers that collisions will occur, auto signals help drivers stay alert in emergency situations, and may eventually be able to take over driving.The computer-based technology of information and motor vehicles, however, is not a new use. A wide range of automotive computers began the 1980s with the aim of improving vehicle operation and driver comfort. These technologies include the electronic control of the performance of fuel injection engines, especially the reduction of vehicle emissions, improved fuel economy, anti-lock braking systems to help drivers maintain control over slippery roads, and cruise control systems to reduce driver's driving for a long period of time. tedious. And these technologies are mainly to strengthen the vehicle, the latest wave in vehicle technology, of which the most interested is the purpose of the IVI's capabilities, and is intelligent transportation systems designed to strengthen the capabilities of the driver. These systems include early warning and information, driving assistance and automation technology.Research Plan The original research plan for the Mack IVI FOT included requirements to install the LDWS, TSA, and ACN systems on a test fleet of 36 tanker trucks operated by McKenzie Tank Lines in normal revenue service over a 19-month period. The final research plan was a revision of the original plan, because several technical problems with the data-acquisition and transmission systems delayed the start of the FOT. This in turn created logistical problems with the installation of systems and deployment of trucks in the test fleet. Consequently, the FOT was performed over a 12-month period, with a primary focus on the safety benefits of the LDWS, which was installed on 22 trucks. Since the Eaton VORAD (EVT-300) collision warning system (CWS) was standard equipment on the McKenzie Tank Lines tractors used in the FOT, this system was active throughout the FOT. The CWS was not disabled during the FOT, because driving with the CWS was considered to be valid baseline driving for McKenzie Tank Lines drivers, and it would be difficult to separate the effects of removing the CWS and adding the LDWS. All trucks were also equipped with data acquisition and communications equipment. LDWS Evaluation. Use of the LDWS was expected to affect driving performance in two ways. First, there is the immediate effect of warning the driver of a potential lane excursion, which gives the driver an opportunity to change his or her driving behavior before making a large lane excursion. Second, after gainingexperience using the LDWS, the driver’s overall driving performance may improve even without the use of the system. Another possibility is that a driver’s driving performance may decline when the system is disabled, because the driver may become dependent on the system. Three conditions were compared in the experimental design: ♦Phase I –Baseline Period: Data collected during this period would characterize the driving behavior of drivers who were not receiving LDWS feedback.♦ Phase II – Active Period: Data collected during this period would characterize the driving behavior of drivers receiving LDWS feedback.♦ Phase III – Post-Active Period: Data collected during this period would characterize the driving behavior of drivers after the LDWS feedback had been deactivated.Just as people have different professional capabilities, different types and levels of vehicle-mounted smart vehicle technology give “intelligence” to complement this driver. The driver information system expands the knowledge of the driver's route and location. Early warning systems, such as collision avoidance techniques, improve the driver's perception of what is happening in the surrounding environment. Automate and drive technical assistance and simulate the driver's thoughts and actions to actual operations or in case of emergency, long-term vehicles are temporary. However, in smart vehicles will expand the driver's ability, it may also increase the driver's traditional role. Inparticular, within the technology of the new car, the role of the person is expanded from sensory motor skills, writes Thomas Sheridan, professor who is responsible for the Human Machine Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), "this plan, Programmers, ITS studies in automation, diagnosticians, monitoring learners and managers show the feasibility of the benefits of many technologies that will be applied in smart vehicles.The route guidance system will help drivers to better drive in unfamiliar streets or Finding the fastest route to their destination In 1992 and 1993, field trials conducted by the Department of Transportation at Orlando TravTek showed that a tourist-guided vehicle equipped with a route guidance system reduced the problem of 30% of vehicles turning the wrong corner. Compared with tourists with paper maps, it saves 20% of the time.The collision avoidance system can strengthen traffic safety regulations and completely prevent traffic accidents. According to studies, if drivers can respond for more than half a second, they can avoid 60% of the time. Road traffic accidents and 30% of head-on collisions, and 75% of vehicle accidents are caused by driver's devastation.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that each year The country’s use of these three types of collision avoidance system can avoid 1.1 million traffic accidents and account for 17% of the total number of traffic accidents, which can save 17,500 lives (belt and airbags save about10,500 people) and restore 26 billion US dollars. The other safety facilities are under test, including the automatic collision notification system. When the airbag of a car pops up, the system will automatically send a distress signal, and the drowsy driver warning system can prevent the driver from getting drowsy while the car is driving. To sleep.The in-vehicle automation system can take over driving in case of an emergency or autopilot if it allows long periods of driving. In 1996, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration began field testing an intelligent cruise control system that can automatically adjust the vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front of it to assess the safety impact of this technology. The more dramatic scene appeared in the drive called "Let's open your hands and let your feet go." Last summer, the National Association of Autonomous Highway Systems (NAHSC), jointly organized by the Ministry of Transport and nine other public and private organizations, demonstrated a prototype of a future fully-automated vehicle on a 12-km section of the I-15 road in Santiago. In the future, the automatic road management system will increase the supervision of traffic managers by 2-3 times at higher speeds and shorter distances. The system may also eliminate the occurrence of human-induced traffic accidents and improve road safety.In addition to providing passengers with safe and efficient transportation, the federal government expects that the inherentdevelopment trend of smart cars may also increase the economic competitiveness of the United States.In order for smart cars to reach their maximum potential, they must be able to communicate with intelligent transportation infrastructure systems and other smart cars. For example, communicating with intelligent infrastructure systems can enable smart cars to understand the occurrence of accidents and then actively choose routes in real time. . The smart car can also act as a probe and send information about the road conditions to the intelligent infrastructure system to create richer road conditions basic information. In addition, fully automated vehicles should also be able to rely, to some extent, on the guidance provided by intelligent infrastructure systems and other smart cars. For example, not long ago, the American Helicopter Association (AHS) in San Diego showed that an automatic car equipped with a magnetic sensor under a bumper was successfully guided by a 1.2 m magnet implanted under the surface of the road.In the next 5 to 10 years, we should be able to see the first generation of products with special drive information and alarm system capabilities. With the development of information these systems will be increasingly perfect. Although the anti-collision system will provide some automatic assistance, drivers still have full control of the car. In addition, because of the initial communication capabilities with the intelligentinfrastructure system, the car will be more intelligent in terms of real-time detection of road conditions.In about 10 to 15 years, the application of some improvement measures will bring us better and smarter second-generation products. Although the driver still has full control of the car, the collision avoidance system will be able to take temporary control in emergency situations. In addition, more sophisticated voice recognition systems will be incorporated into the driver's interaction with the car. Vehicles can communicate with each other to improve their anti-collision ability. Of course, communication with intelligent infrastructure systems will also be more active and effective.In about 20 years, in the third generation of products, we will be able to see fully automated road systems, integrated systems for vehicles and infrastructure, and closer interaction between drivers and cars, such as the use of visual enhancements and visual displays.Looking back at a century of flooding technology, cars stand out as a particularly dynamic invention. In the next century, this vitality will promote the development of information and computer technology. Our next challenge is to integrate new information, security and automation technologies to create people-oriented smart vehicles that improve safety, ground drive efficiency and economic competitiveness.中文译文智能车辆研究G Stark本世纪初期,在计算机和信息革命的影响下,汽车经历了性能和与驾驶者之间的互动方面最富戏剧性的变革。
智能车外文文献翻译(原文中文)(可编辑)
智能车外文文献翻译(原文+中文)Intelligent Vehicle Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machinesOne remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of deathIf this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system ITS. Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。
智能汽车中英文外文翻译文献
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)中文译文基于智能汽车的智能控制研究摘要本文使用一个叫做“智能汽车” 的平台进行智能控制研究,该小车采用飞思卡尔半导体公司制造的MC9S12DG128芯片作为主要的控制单元,同时介绍了最小的智能控制系统的设计和实现智能车的自我追踪驾驶使用路径识别算法。
智能控制智能车的研究包括:提取路径信息, 自我跟踪算法实现和方向和速度控制。
下文介绍了系统中不同模块的各自实现功能,最重要部分是智能车的过程智能控制:开环控制和闭环控制的应用程序包括增量式PID 控制算法和鲁棒控制算法。
最后一步是基于智能控制系统的智能测试。
关键词:MC9S12DG128;智能控制; 开环控制; PID ;鲁棒;1 研究背景随着控制理论的提高以及信息技术的快速发展, 智能控制在我们的社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
由于嵌入式设备有小尺寸、低功耗、功能强大等优点,相信在这个领域将会有一个相对广泛的应用, 如汽车电子、航空航天、智能家居。
如果这些技术一起工作,它将会蔓延到其他领域。
为了研究嵌入式智能控制技术,“智能汽车”被选为研究平台, 并把MC9S12DG128芯片作为主控单元。
通过智能控制, 智能汽车可以自主移动, 同时跟踪的路径。
首先, 本文给读者一个总体介绍智能车辆系统的[2、3]。
然后, 根据智能车辆的智能控制:提取路径信息, 自我跟踪算法实现中, 舵机的方向和速度的控制。
它提供包括了上述四个方面的细节的智能车系统信息。
此外, 本文强调了智能车的控制过程应用程序包括开环控制、闭环增量PID 算法和鲁棒算法。
2 智能车系统的总体设计该系统采用MC9S12DG128[4]作为主芯片,以及一个CCD 传感器作为交通信息收集的传感器。
速度传感器是基于无线电型光电管的原理开发。
路径可以CCD 传感器后绘制收集的数据,并且系统计算出相应的处理。
在同时,用由电动马达速度测试模块测量的智能汽车的当前速度进行响应的系统。
关于智能汽车总结英文作文
关于智能汽车总结英文作文英文：Smart cars, also known as intelligent vehicles, have been a hot topic in recent years. As a virtual assistant, I have been asked many questions about this topic. In my opinion, smart cars are a revolutionary development in the automobile industry.Firstly, smart cars are equipped with advanced sensors and cameras that can detect and analyze the surrounding environment. This allows the car to make decisions and take actions based on real-time information. For example, if a pedestrian suddenly appears in front of the car, the smart car can automatically apply the brakes to avoid a collision.Secondly, smart cars are connected to the internet and can communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure.This enables them to share information about traffic conditions, road hazards, and weather conditions. As aresult, smart cars can optimize their routes and avoid congestion, saving time and reducing fuel consumption.Thirdly, smart cars are equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that can assist drivers invarious ways. For example, lane departure warning systems can alert drivers when they are drifting out of their lane, while adaptive cruise control can maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front.In conclusion, smart cars represent a majorbreakthrough in the automobile industry, and their benefits are numerous. They can improve safety, reduce congestion, save time, and enhance the driving experience.中文：智能汽车，也被称为智能化车辆，近年来成为了热门话题。
智能车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almostevery time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a drivingcircuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside,in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system,the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to each function module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module,photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。
外文文献翻译中英文智能车辆研究
智能车辆研究外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：G Stark. The Intelligent Vehicle Initiative[J]. Traffic Technology International, 2013，3(1):31-41.英文原文The Intelligent Vehicle InitiativeG StarkIn the wake of the computer and information revolutions, motor vehicles are undergoing the most dramatic changes in their capabilities and how they interact with drivers since the early years of the century.In 1908, the emergence of the Henry Ford Model T represented a major breakthrough in car design. It not only pioneered the easy replacement of parts and mass production, but also its "user-friendly" mode of operation, so that anyone can easily drive. In the past 90 years, with fewer and fewer simple cars like the Ford Model T, the car has quickly become a sophisticated “mobile computer” that plays the role of a navigator, escort, and even a second driver. These new features not only changed our driving style, but also improved the quality of transportation services and the ability to save lives, and provided support for the competitiveness of the US industry.However, the performance of smart cars is not only that. Conversely, these components that make vehicles more intelligent, such as newinformation, safety and automation technologies, arrive on the market as spare parts, or as optional equipment, or as special accessories for after-sales services. In order to improve driver safety, these technologies have been continuously developed and put on the market. However, individual technologies have not yet been integrated and they cannot create fully intelligent vehicles that are highly collaborative with drivers.The automotive industry has realized and solved the influx of potential uncoordinated technologies. But their progress is hindered by technical and economic barriers, uncertain consumer preferences, and imperfect standards and guidelines. In addition, neither traditional car manufacturers nor government regulators (unless the security issues are obvious) can control the use of aftermarket products, especially in the use o f trucks and buses. However, there is no “people-oriented” smart vehicle that attempts to integrate and coordinate various technologies to solve problems. We may not only lose the opportunity to implement new in-vehicle technology, but may even unintentionally reduce the safety and performance of driving.Recognizing the importance of intelligent vehicles and the potential dangers of human factors in vehicle design, the Ministry of Transport launched the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative (IVI) in 1997. This initiative aims to accelerate the development and integration of automotive systems to help cars, trucks and bus drivers operate more safely and effectively.The 1980s TV series “Knight Ranger” features smart vehicles that can cross over tall buildings, seem to drive the supersonic itself, spy on bad guys, and have English words and housekeepers. This car is not only smart but smart. Although smart vehicles in the real world will not be able to fly over traffic, they will have strong capabilities. As envisioned by the International Vaccine Research Institute, smart vehicles will be able to provide route instructions, feel objects, warn drivers that collisions will occur, auto signals help drivers stay alert in emergency situations, and may eventually be able to take over driving.The computer-based technology of information and motor vehicles, however, is not a new use. A wide range of automotive computers began the 1980s with the aim of improving vehicle operation and driver comfort. These technologies include the electronic control of the performance of fuel injection engines, especially the reduction of vehicle emissions, improved fuel economy, anti-lock braking systems to help drivers maintain control over slippery roads, and cruise control systems to reduce driver's driving for a long period of time. tedious. And these technologies are mainly to strengthen the vehicle, the latest wave in vehicle technology, of which the most interested is the purpose of the IVI's capabilities, and is intelligent transportation systems designed to strengthen the capabilities of the driver. These systems include early warning and information, driving assistance and automation technology.Research Plan The original research plan for the Mack IVI FOT included requirements to install the LDWS, TSA, and ACN systems on a test fleet of 36 tanker trucks operated by McKenzie Tank Lines in normal revenue service over a 19-month period. The final research plan was a revision of the original plan, because several technical problems with the data-acquisition and transmission systems delayed the start of the FOT. This in turn created logistical problems with the installation of systems and deployment of trucks in the test fleet. Consequently, the FOT was performed over a 12-month period, with a primary focus on the safety benefits of the LDWS, which was installed on 22 trucks. Since the Eaton VORAD (EVT-300) collision warning system (CWS) was standard equipment on the McKenzie Tank Lines tractors used in the FOT, this system was active throughout the FOT. The CWS was not disabled during the FOT, because driving with the CWS was considered to be valid baseline driving for McKenzie Tank Lines drivers, and it would be difficult to separate the effects of removing the CWS and adding the LDWS. All trucks were also equipped with data acquisition and communications equipment. LDWS Evaluation. Use of the LDWS was expected to affect driving performance in two ways. First, there is the immediate effect of warning the driver of a potential lane excursion, which gives the driver an opportunity to change his or her driving behavior before making a large lane excursion. Second, after gainingexperience using the LDWS, the driver’s overall driving performance may improve even without the use of the system. Another possibility is that a driver’s driving performance may decline when the system is disabled, because the driver may become dependent on the system. Three conditions were compared in the experimental design: ♦Phase I –Baseline Period: Data collected during this period would characterize the driving behavior of drivers who were not receiving LDWS feedback.♦ Phase II – Active Period: Data collected during this period would characterize the driving behavior of drivers receiving LDWS feedback.♦ Phase III – Post-Active Period: Data collected during this period would characterize the driving behavior of drivers after the LDWS feedback had been deactivated.Just as people have different professional capabilities, different types and levels of vehicle-mounted smart vehicle technology give “intelligence” to complement this driver. The driver information system expands the knowledge of the driver's route and location. Early warning systems, such as collision avoidance techniques, improve the driver's perception of what is happening in the surrounding environment. Automate and drive technical assistance and simulate the driver's thoughts and actions to actual operations or in case of emergency, long-term vehicles are temporary. However, in smart vehicles will expand the driver's ability, it may also increase the driver's traditional role. Inparticular, within the technology of the new car, the role of the person is expanded from sensory motor skills, writes Thomas Sheridan, professor who is responsible for the Human Machine Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), "this plan, Programmers, ITS studies in automation, diagnosticians, monitoring learners and managers show the feasibility of the benefits of many technologies that will be applied in smart vehicles.The route guidance system will help drivers to better drive in unfamiliar streets or Finding the fastest route to their destination In 1992 and 1993, field trials conducted by the Department of Transportation at Orlando TravTek showed that a tourist-guided vehicle equipped with a route guidance system reduced the problem of 30% of vehicles turning the wrong corner. Compared with tourists with paper maps, it saves 20% of the time.The collision avoidance system can strengthen traffic safety regulations and completely prevent traffic accidents. According to studies, if drivers can respond for more than half a second, they can avoid 60% of the time. Road traffic accidents and 30% of head-on collisions, and 75% of vehicle accidents are caused by driver's devastation.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that each year The country’s use of these three types of collision avoidance system can avoid 1.1 million traffic accidents and account for 17% of the total number of traffic accidents, which can save 17,500 lives (belt and airbags save about10,500 people) and restore 26 billion US dollars. The other safety facilities are under test, including the automatic collision notification system. When the airbag of a car pops up, the system will automatically send a distress signal, and the drowsy driver warning system can prevent the driver from getting drowsy while the car is driving. To sleep.The in-vehicle automation system can take over driving in case of an emergency or autopilot if it allows long periods of driving. In 1996, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration began field testing an intelligent cruise control system that can automatically adjust the vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front of it to assess the safety impact of this technology. The more dramatic scene appeared in the drive called "Let's open your hands and let your feet go." Last summer, the National Association of Autonomous Highway Systems (NAHSC), jointly organized by the Ministry of Transport and nine other public and private organizations, demonstrated a prototype of a future fully-automated vehicle on a 12-km section of the I-15 road in Santiago. In the future, the automatic road management system will increase the supervision of traffic managers by 2-3 times at higher speeds and shorter distances. The system may also eliminate the occurrence of human-induced traffic accidents and improve road safety.In addition to providing passengers with safe and efficient transportation, the federal government expects that the inherentdevelopment trend of smart cars may also increase the economic competitiveness of the United States.In order for smart cars to reach their maximum potential, they must be able to communicate with intelligent transportation infrastructure systems and other smart cars. For example, communicating with intelligent infrastructure systems can enable smart cars to understand the occurrence of accidents and then actively choose routes in real time. . The smart car can also act as a probe and send information about the road conditions to the intelligent infrastructure system to create richer road conditions basic information. In addition, fully automated vehicles should also be able to rely, to some extent, on the guidance provided by intelligent infrastructure systems and other smart cars. For example, not long ago, the American Helicopter Association (AHS) in San Diego showed that an automatic car equipped with a magnetic sensor under a bumper was successfully guided by a 1.2 m magnet implanted under the surface of the road.In the next 5 to 10 years, we should be able to see the first generation of products with special drive information and alarm system capabilities. With the development of information these systems will be increasingly perfect. Although the anti-collision system will provide some automatic assistance, drivers still have full control of the car. In addition, because of the initial communication capabilities with the intelligentinfrastructure system, the car will be more intelligent in terms of real-time detection of road conditions.In about 10 to 15 years, the application of some improvement measures will bring us better and smarter second-generation products. Although the driver still has full control of the car, the collision avoidance system will be able to take temporary control in emergency situations. In addition, more sophisticated voice recognition systems will be incorporated into the driver's interaction with the car. Vehicles can communicate with each other to improve their anti-collision ability. Of course, communication with intelligent infrastructure systems will also be more active and effective.In about 20 years, in the third generation of products, we will be able to see fully automated road systems, integrated systems for vehicles and infrastructure, and closer interaction between drivers and cars, such as the use of visual enhancements and visual displays.Looking back at a century of flooding technology, cars stand out as a particularly dynamic invention. In the next century, this vitality will promote the development of information and computer technology. Our next challenge is to integrate new information, security and automation technologies to create people-oriented smart vehicles that improve safety, ground drive efficiency and economic competitiveness.中文译文智能车辆研究G Stark本世纪初期,在计算机和信息革命的影响下,汽车经历了性能和与驾驶者之间的互动方面最富戏剧性的变革。
智能小车外文翻译原文
I. INTRODUCTION Many researchers have worked on vehicle motion planning. The form of the vehicle includes car-like, differential drive, omni-directional, and other models. Balkcom [3] developed the time optimal trajectories for the bounded velocity model of differential drive robots. Jung [4] and Moore [5] dealt with omnidirectional vehicles; the control strategy employed by these papers consists of building a geometric path and tracking the path by using feedback control. Huang [6] proposed an approach to vision-guided local navigation for nonholonomic robot based upon a model of human navigation. The approach uses the relative headings to the goal and to obstacles, the distance to the goal, and the angular width of obstacles, to compute a potential field. The potential field controls the angular acceleration of the robot, steering it toward the goal and away from obstacles. Hamner [7] maneuvered an outdoor mobile robot that learns to avoid collisions by observing a human driver operate a vehicle equipped with sensors that continuously produce a map of the local environment. The paper describes implementation of steering control that models human behavior in trying to avoid obstacles while trying to follow a desired path. Hwang [8] developed the trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance of a car-like mobile robot within an intelligent space via mixed H2 /H∞ decentralized control. Two CCD cameras are used to realize the position of the robot and the position of the obstacle. A reference command for the proposed controller of the robot is planned based on the information from these cameras.
无人驾驶技术Driverlesscars（smartcars）——毕业设计中英文翻译文献
无人驾驶汽车（智能汽车）无人驾驶汽车是一种智能汽车，也可以称之为轮式移动机器人，主要依靠车内的以计算机系统为主的智能驾驶仪来实现无人驾驶。
据汤森路透知识产权与科技最新报告显示，2010年到2015年间，与汽车无人驾驶技术相关的发明专利超过22,000件，并且在此过程中，部分企业已崭露头角，成为该领域的行业领导者。
研发历史从20世纪70年代开始，美国、英国、德国等发达国家开始进行无人驾驶汽车的研究，在可行性和实用化方面都取得了突破性的进展。
中国从20世纪80年代开始进行无人驾驶汽车的研究，国防科技大学在1992年成功研制出中国第一辆真正意义上的无人驾驶汽车。
2005年，首辆城市无人驾驶汽车在上海交通大学研制成功。
世界上最先进的无人驾驶汽车已经测试行驶近五十万公里，其中最后八万公里是在没有任何人为安全干预措施下完成的。
技术原理无人驾驶汽车是通过车载传感系统感知道路环境，自动规划行车路线并控制车辆到达预定目标的智能汽车。
它是利用车载传感器来感知车辆周围环境，并根据感知所获得的道路、车辆位置和障碍物信息，控制车辆的转向和速度，从而使车辆能够安全、可靠地在道路上行驶。
集自动控制、体系结构、人工智能、视觉计算等众多技术于一体，是计算机科学、模式识别和智能控制技术高度发展的产物，也是衡量一个国家科研实力和工业水平的一个重要标志，在国防和国民经济领域具有广阔的应用前景。
主要特点安全稳定安全是拉动无人驾驶车需求增长的主要因素。
每年，驾驶员们的疏忽大意都会导致许多事故。
既然驾驶员失误百出，汽车制造商们当然要集中精力设计能确保汽车安全的系统。
“无人”驾驶系统种类繁多，其中有些根本算不上“无人”，还有些活像是科幻小说中的东西。
防抱死制动系统其实就算无人驾驶系统。
虽然防抱死制动器需要驾驶员来操作但该系统仍可作为无人驾驶系统系列的一个代表，因为防抱死制动系统的部分功能在过去需要驾驶员手动实现。
不具备防抱死系统的汽车紧急刹车时，轮胎会被锁死，导致汽车失控侧滑。
有关智能小车的外文文献翻译(原文+中文)-英文文献翻译
Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。
基于单片机的智能小车外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部机电工程系专业车辆工程学生姓名学号指导教师职称讲师2013年2 月Electric intelligent car based on SCMThrough research and to realize a photoelectric sensor for sensitive components ,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car ,the system is also including dc motor ,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc. The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controller.The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter ,back ,turn left and right turn function .Through the Angle sensor detection the seesaw Angle change ,use incremental pl algorithm to control the electric car for balance ,and using photoelectric sensor detection black line ,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium .1. Project DesignLight buy a sensor ,the reality of the electric car is moving quickly degrees ,bit ,buy, transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condition ,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monolithic machine into line processing, but buy single chip machine according to the measured buy root different forms of several inspection according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdom can control system .This kind of square case real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system ,control system spirit alive ,can depend ,pure degree is high ,can full foot of each item of the stockings to bed .(1)straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pulse width modulation experience .meanwhile gather speed is experience .meanwhile ,its main electrical pulse width modulation by road system type variable change device ,Jane says PWM variable change device .Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience .Meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high ,only on electricity barnado electricity sense of filter wave can be use to get to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricity flow barnado electric capacity easily even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile ,adjustable speed stability van is surrounded relatively wide ,can reach 1000 left light .By on electrical flow wave shape than V-M system .be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small .with the sample buy in open shut frequency rate is high ,and if a fast speed electrical machine ring should match close ,fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frequency band ,because of the fast speed ring should be good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful .According to the root ,with more than ensemble close and this set of electrical machine control project by tolerance of the quantity and electrical machine speed straight flow of hair ,the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed .1.1 photoelectric detection module designThe intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper “road”, so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area , including Run straight along the arc district and driving district two area .Because f the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different ,can according to receive reflected light .The strength of the judge “road”-the black line .this paper USES is simple and practical detection methods, namely the infrared detection method.Infrared detection method ,I use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties characteristics .In the car driving process Continually to the ground to launch the infrared ,when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light ,aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving ; if Fruit is met black line is absorbed ,and than the infrared cars receiving tube receiving less than signal .1.2 signal comparative module designThis part design USES a LM324 comparator ,of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the results after Feed to the microcontroller ,used to detect sensor sensitivity ,diagram shown in figure 5 shows .When two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward .When the sensor can’t detect light ,in cut-off state ,double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller ,by program processing ,If left not detected light ,then left correct direction; If the right has not been detected light ,then turn correct direction .1.3 motor control and driving module designBecause use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values ,respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different ,thus to control its advance and turning .In system design process ,use two L9110 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor design two channels push-pull power amplifier application-specific integrated circuit device ,discrete circuits in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high .The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into ,have good anti-jamming ,two output terminal can pick flooding dynamic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force ,each call way can pass over 800mA continuous current ,peak current capacity of 1.5 ~OA ; At the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity ,The built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse ,making it the drive relays ,dc motors ,stepping motor or switch power tube the useof safe and reliable .Follow tracing car system to common AT89C51, complementarywith relatively simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function ,and fully considered appearance ,costs ,so most of the circuit car by manual welding is complete .In the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions ,but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.2. System hardware design2.1 motor driver module designIn making intelligent car, right wheel respectively with two speed and Torque basic identical dc motor driven deceleration. bolt-on trunk-lid spoiler Department to install a direction wheel, then through the I/O mouth to control tow dc slowing down Motor speed and steering can be achieved on the car to the left, turn right and straight line.Motor drive using a integrated electrical machine flooding dynamic core slice L 298 N. L298N is ST the production of the company, the internal containing four channel logical drive circuit, it is a kind of tow phase four phase motor drive, namely the special contains tow H bridge of high voltage large current commander bridge type drive，acceptance criteria TTL logic level signals, be driven 46V, 2A below the motor.2.2 tracing module designTracing module mainly composed by photoelectric sensor reflex, Photoconductive resistance of the resistance of the light with the surrounding environment changes, when the LTT white lines above, light emission strongly; The LTT black line above, light emission are relatively weak. So when photoconductive resistance in white line and black line above the elements will occur significantly changes, the resistance changes value after comparator can output high level. But this way environmental influences big, work is not stable. This article actual use is RPP220 type reflex sensors made tracing module.RPR220 is an integration of reflective photoelectric detector, transmitter is a gas infrared light emitting diode and the receiver is a high sensitivity silicon photoelectric triode flat. When the light emitting diode reflected back, triode conduction and output low level2.3 obstacle avoidance module designObstacle avoidance module mainly composed by infrared reflection sensor. Infrared reflection sensor by one infrared tubes and photoelectric diode constitute, infrared tubes out to meet the infrared object reflective sex strong after be turned back, by photoelectric diode receiving, causephotoelectric diode current increases, light born this change into voltage signal, it could be processor receives and processing.2.4 remote control module designThis module will launch end USES high sensitive HL-5000 type universal television remote control, the receiver using receive frequency for 38kH receiving head 1838, this module and the single chip computer interface is very convenient. In addition, for the red outside meet after harvest of plait code letter number the department tasseled set when shipped with project of AT89C52 single chip microcomputer external interruption. In order to recognize a complete key signal, must for each coding pulse width were measured with discriminate receives the pulse is o still 1. the microcontroller timer/counter to measuring pulse width. Timer/counter except points than can be set, from except 2 to except 2048, measurable pulse width can reach 500m/s. This paper set except point for 12, namely than 12 points frequency, because the external clock is about 12MH, clock cycle for 1s, so the timer/counter for 1 per timing once s.2.5 alarm module designAlarm module core chip 110 IC, can choose application in automobile, motorcycle, alarms, personal riot device, door magnetic alarm device and etc.3. System software designThis system software modular structure, he main program, initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines, delay subroutines, buttons pronunciation subroutines, buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.3.1 tracing subroutines designTracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic respectively, p22 and p23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal. Through L 298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.3.2 avoid barrier of programmingObstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflection sensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively p20 and p21 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.3.3 remote subroutines designRemote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MZUp32 tube feet, then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control, then letmicrocontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.4. Summar yAdopts singlechip, using photoelectric senor and infrared reflection senor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to walk, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantage of simple circuit, reliability, low cost, and easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.From 基于单片机的智能小车通过研发实现了一种一光电传感器为敏感元件，以AT89C51单片机为控制核心的电机循迹小车的智能控，该系统还包括直流电机、L9110芯片和LM324比较器等。
智能小车英文文献
Electric intelligent car based on SCMThe single slice machine is also called tiny controller, is because it was used in the industry to control realm at the earliest stage.Single slice machine from inside chip have CPU appropriation processor to develop only since then.At the earliest stage of design the principle is to pass to integrate a great deal of peripherals and CPU in a chip, making calculator system smaller, integrating more easily into complicated of but to mention to request a strict control equipments in the middle.The INTEL Z80 is the processor which designed according to this kind of thought at the earliest stage, from now on, single slice the development of the machine and appropriation processor went by different roads then.The single slice of the earlier period all of machines are 8 or 4.Among them, the INTEL is most successful of 8031, because of in brief dependable but the function was quite good to acquire very big good opinion.Henceforth at 8031 up developed MCS51 serieses a single slice machine system.According to the single slice of this system machine system is still in the extensive usage till now.Because the industry controls the exaltation of[with] realm request, starting appearing 16 single slice machine, but because sex price wanted to don't get a very extensive application than the disregard.Develop greatly along with the consumption electronics product after 90's, the single slice machine technique got a huge exaltation.Along with the extensive application of INTEL i 960 serieses especially later ARM series, the 32 single slice machine replaces 16 single slice the high level position of the machine quickly, and gets into an essential market.And traditional of 8 single slice the function of the machine also got to fly to raise soon, handling an ability to compare with to raise few a hundredfolds in 80's.Currently, 32 single slice of the high level with main machine already over 300 MHzs, the function keeps appropriation processor of making track for the mid 90's, and the common model number factory price drop into to USD 1, tallest carry ofmodel number also only USD 10.The contemporary and single slice machine system has already no longer developed and used just under the naked machine environment, the in great quantities appropriative built-in operate system is applied extensively in the whole serieseses of the single slice is on board.But Be ising the high level of handheld PC and cellular phone core processing single slice the machine even can use appropriative Windows and the Linux operate system directly.Single slice the machine ratio appropriation processor is the most suitable to match to apply in the built-in system, so it got the most applications.In fact the single slice machine is an amount the most calculators are in the world.The modern mankind are living medium use of assemble in almost each electronics and machine product have a single slice machine.All have 1-2 single slice machine in the computer accessorieses such as cellular phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronics toy, handheld PC and mouse etc..And personal computer in would also capable number not a few single slice the machine be working.Provide with more than 40 departments a single slice machine generally on the car, complicated industry's controling the top of the system even may has single several hundred pedestalses slices machine to work in the meantime!Single slice the amount of the machine not only far above the PC machine and other calculations of comprehensive, even than the mankind's amount still want have another.On the base of SCM ,through reseach and to realize a photoelectric sensor for senstive components,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car,The system is also including dc motor,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc.The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controllre.The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter,back,turn left and right turn function.Through the angle sensor detection The seesaw Angle change,use incremental PI algorithm to control the electric car for balance,and using photoelectricsensor detection black line,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium.一.Project DesignLight by a sensor ,the reality of the car is moving quickly degrees,bit,buy,transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condation,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monnolithic machine into line processing,but by single chip machine according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdor can control system .this kind of square case can real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system,control system spirit alive,can depend,pure degree is high,can full foot of each item of the stocking to beg .straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pluse width modulation experience.meanwhile gather speed is experience. Meanwhile, its main electric pulse width modulation by roda system type variable change device, jane says PWM variable change device. Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience.meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high, only on electricty barnado electricty sense of filter wave can be use to gen to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricty flow barnnado electric capacity easil even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile,adjustable electric flow wave shape than V-M system, be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small. With the sample by in open shut frenquency rate is high, and if a fast speed of electric machine ring should match close, fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frenquency band, because of the fast speed ring should good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful. According to the root, with more than ensemble close and this set of electric machine speed straight flow of hair, the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed.1.1 photoelectric detection module designThe intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper road ,so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area, including run straight along the arc district and driving district two area, becasure of the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different, can according to receive reflected light.The strength of the judge road the black line. This paper USES is simple and practical detection methods .namely the infrared detection method.Infrared detection method, I,e, use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties. In the car driving process continually to the ground to launch the infrared, when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light, aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving less than signal.1.2 signal comparative module designThis part design USES aLM324 comparator, of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the result after feed to the microcontroller, used to detect sensor sensitivity, when two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward. When the sensor can’t detect light, in cut-off state, double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller, by program processing, if left not detect light, then left correct direction; if thf right has not been detected light, then turn correct direction.1.3 motor control and driving module designBecause use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values, respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different, thus to control its advance and turning .in system design process, use two L910 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor designtwo channels push-pull power amplifer application-specific integrated circuit device, discrete circuts in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high. The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into, have good anti-jamming, two output terminal can pick flooding dynaic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force each call way can pass over 800ma continuous current, peak current capacity of 1.5-2a; at the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity, the built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse, making it thf drive relays, dc motors,steeping motor or switch power tube the use of safe and reliable.Follwing tracing car system to common AT89C51 ,complementary with relativel simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function, and fully considered appearance, cost, so most of the circuit car by mannual weiding is complete, in the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions, but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.二.system software designThis system software modular structure ,the main progrem,initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines ,delay subroutines,buttons pronunciation subroutines buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.2.1 tracing subroutines desinTracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic machine respectively, P22and P23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn ,turn right and stop driving purpose.2.2avoid barrier of programmingObstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflectionsensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively P20 and P21 tue feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal ,through L298 control motor speed ,let the car to move forward ,left turn ,turn right and stop driving purpose.2.3 remote subroutines designRemote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MCUP 32 tube feet ,then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control,then let microcontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal ,through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn ,turn right and also stop driving purpose.三 summaryAdopts singlechip ,using photoelectric sensor and infrared reflection sensor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to work, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantages of simple circuit, reliability, low cast, and very easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.。
单片机智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献
单片机智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于单片机的智能小车单片机之所以被称为微控制器，是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。
单片机是由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片内，INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而且性能不错获得了广泛的好评。
此后在8031基础上研制出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的但是对其要求严格的控制设备当中。
片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大的普遍的认可。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机与专用处理器相比适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
智能汽车的英语作文背景
智能汽车的英语作文背景英文：As a car enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the advancements in automotive technology. One of the most exciting developments in recent years is the emergence of smart or intelligent cars. These vehicles are equipped with advanced technology such as sensors, cameras, andartificial intelligence to enhance the driving experience and improve safety on the road.One of the key features of smart cars is their ability to communicate with other vehicles and with the infrastructure around them. This can help to prevent accidents and reduce traffic congestion. For example, smart cars can receive real-time traffic information and adjust their routes to avoid congested areas. They can also communicate with each other to coordinate lane changes and merges, making driving safer and more efficient.In addition to improving safety, smart cars also offer a range of convenience features. For instance, some smart cars are equipped with voice recognition technology, allowing drivers to control various functions of the vehicle with simple voice commands. This can be especially useful for tasks like adjusting the climate control, selecting music, or making hands-free phone calls while driving.Furthermore, smart cars can also be connected to the internet, allowing drivers and passengers to access a wide range of services and information while on the go. For example, they can provide real-time weather updates, navigation assistance, and even access to entertainment content. This connectivity can make long drives more enjoyable and help drivers stay informed and connected even when they're on the road.In terms of environmental impact, smart cars also have the potential to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. By optimizing driving patterns and reducing idling time, smart cars can help to minimize their carbonfootprint and contribute to a more sustainable transportation system.Overall, the development of smart cars represents a significant leap forward in automotive technology. These vehicles have the potential to revolutionize the way we drive, making it safer, more convenient, and more environmentally friendly.中文：作为一个汽车爱好者，我一直对汽车技术的进步充满着兴趣。
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Electric intelligent car based on SCMThe single slice machine is also called tiny controller, is because it was used in the industry to control realm at the earliest stage.Single slice machine from inside chip have CPU appropriation processor to develop only since then.At the earliest stage of design the principle is to pass to integrate a great deal of peripherals and CPU in a chip, making calculator system smaller, integrating more easily into complicated of but to mention to request a strict control equipments in the middle.The INTEL Z80 is the processor which designed according to this kind of thought at the earliest stage, from now on, single slice the development of the machine and appropriation processor went by different roads then.The single slice of the earlier period all of machines are 8 or 4.Among them, the INTEL is most successful of 8031, because of in brief dependable but the function was quite good to acquire very big good opinion.Henceforth at 8031 up developed MCS51 serieses a single slice machine system.According to the single slice of this system machine system is still in the extensive usage till now.Because the industry controls the exaltation of[with] realm request, starting appearing 16 single slice machine, but because sex price wanted to don't get a very extensive application than the disregard.Develop greatly along with the consumption electronics product after 90's, the single slice machine technique got a huge exaltation.Along with the extensive application of INTEL i 960 serieses especially later ARM series, the 32 single slice machine replaces 16 single slice the high level position of the machine quickly, and gets into an essential market.And traditional of 8 single slice the function of the machine also got to fly to raise soon, handling an ability to compare with to raise few a hundredfolds in 80's.Currently, 32 single slice of the high level with main machine already over 300 MHzs, the function keeps appropriation processor of making track for the mid 90's, and the common model number factory price drop into to USD 1, tallest carry ofmodel number also only USD 10.The contemporary and single slice machine system has already no longer developed and used just under the naked machine environment, the in great quantities appropriative built-in operate system is applied extensively in the whole serieseses of the single slice is on board.But Be ising the high level of handheld PC and cellular phone core processing single slice the machine even can use appropriative Windows and the Linux operate system directly.Single slice the machine ratio appropriation processor is the most suitable to match to apply in the built-in system, so it got the most applications.In fact the single slice machine is an amount the most calculators are in the world.The modern mankind are living medium use of assemble in almost each electronics and machine product have a single slice machine.All have 1-2 single slice machine in the computer accessorieses such as cellular phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronics toy, handheld PC and mouse etc..And personal computer in would also capable number not a few single slice the machine be working.Provide with more than 40 departments a single slice machine generally on the car, complicated industry's controling the top of the system even may has single several hundred pedestalses slices machine to work in the meantime!Single slice the amount of the machine not only far above the PC machine and other calculations of comprehensive, even than the mankind's amount still want have another.On the base of SCM ,through reseach and to realize a photoelectric sensor for senstive components,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car,The system is also including dc motor,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc.The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controllre.The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter,back,turn left and right turn function.Through the angle sensor detection The seesaw Angle change,use incremental PI algorithm to control the electric car for balance,and using photoelectricsensor detection black line,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium.一.Project DesignLight by a sensor ,the reality of the car is moving quickly degrees,bit,buy,transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condation,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monnolithic machine into line processing,but by single chip machine according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdor can control system .this kind of square case can real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system,control system spirit alive,can depend,pure degree is high,can full foot of each item of the stocking to beg .straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pluse width modulation experience.meanwhile gather speed is experience. Meanwhile, its main electric pulse width modulation by roda system type variable change device, jane says PWM variable change device. Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience.meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high, only on electricty barnado electricty sense of filter wave can be use to gen to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricty flow barnnado electric capacity easil even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile,adjustable electric flow wave shape than V-M system, be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small. With the sample by in open shut frenquency rate is high, and if a fast speed of electric machine ring should match close, fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frenquency band, because of the fast speed ring should good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful. According to the root, with more than ensemble close and this set of electric machine speed straight flow of hair, the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed.1.1 photoelectric detection module designThe intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper road ,so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area, including run straight along the arc district and driving district two area, becasure of the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different, can according to receive reflected light.The strength of the judge road the black line. This paper USES is simple and practical detection methods .namely the infrared detection method.Infrared detection method, I,e, use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties. In the car driving process continually to the ground to launch the infrared, when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light, aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving less than signal.1.2 signal comparative module designThis part design USES aLM324 comparator, of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the result after feed to the microcontroller, used to detect sensor sensitivity, when two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward. When the sensor can’t detect light, in cut-off state, double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller, by program processing, if left not detect light, then left correct direction; if thf right has not been detected light, then turn correct direction.1.3 motor control and driving module designBecause use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values, respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different, thus to control its advance and turning .in system design process, use two L910 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor designtwo channels push-pull power amplifer application-specific integrated circuit device, discrete circuts in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high. The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into, have good anti-jamming, two output terminal can pick flooding dynaic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force each call way can pass over 800ma continuous current, peak current capacity of 1.5-2a; at the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity, the built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse, making it thf drive relays, dc motors,steeping motor or switch power tube the use of safe and reliable.Follwing tracing car system to common AT89C51 ,complementary with relativel simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function, and fully considered appearance, cost, so most of the circuit car by mannual weiding is complete, in the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions, but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.二.system software designThis system software modular structure ,the main progrem,initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines ,delay subroutines,buttons pronunciation subroutines buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.2.1 tracing subroutines desinTracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic machine respectively, P22and P23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn ,turn right and stop driving purpose.2.2avoid barrier of programmingObstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflectionsensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively P20 and P21 tue feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal ,through L298 control motor speed ,let the car to move forward ,left turn ,turn right and stop driving purpose.2.3 remote subroutines designRemote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MCUP 32 tube feet ,then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control,then let microcontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal ,through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn ,turn right and also stop driving purpose.三 summaryAdopts singlechip ,using photoelectric sensor and infrared reflection sensor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to work, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantages of simple circuit, reliability, low cast, and very easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.。