考研英语阅读中翻译的重要性_毙考题
考研英语阅读真题:考研英语(一)第1篇_毙考题
2016考研英语阅读真题:考研英语(一)第1篇France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health.That’s a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death – as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape – measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to woman (and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing.Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and–shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.法国一向以作为全球时尚革新者为傲,如今它已决定其时尚产业已经失去了定义女性体型美的绝对权力。
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)-毙考题
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一,也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此,考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读,除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外,还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2),请参考!Who s the Smart Sibling?Ten weeks ago, Bo Cleveland and his wife embarked on a highly unscientific experiment-they gave birth to their first child. For now, Cleveland is too exhausted to even consider having another baby, but eventually, he will. In fact, hes already planned an egalitarian strategy for raising the rest of his family. Little Arthur won t get any extra attention just because he s the firstborn, and, says his father, he probably won t be much smarter than his future .siblings; either. It s the sort of thing many parents would say, but it s a bit surprising coming from Cleveland,who studies birth order and IQ at Pennsylvania State University. As he knows too well, a study published recently in the journal Science suggests that firstborns do turn out sharper than their brothers and sisters, no matter how parents try to compensate. Is Cleveland wrong? Is Arthur destined to be the smart sibling just because he had the good luck to be born first?For decades, scientists have been squabbling over birth order like siblings fighting over a toy. Some of them say being a first-, middle- or lastborn has significant effects on intelligence. Others say that s nonsense, The spat goes back at least as far as Alfred Adler, a Freud-era psychologist who argued that firstborns had an edge. Other psychologists found his theory easy to believemiddle and youngest kids already had a bad rap, thanks to everything from primogeniture laws to the Prodigal Son. When they set out to confirm the birth-order effects Adler had predicted, they found some evidence. Dozens of studies over the next several decades showed small differences in IQ; scholastic-aptitude tests and other measures of achievement So did anecdata suggesting that firstborns were more likely to win Nobel Prizes or become (ahem) prominent psychologists.But even though the scientists were turning up birth-order patterns easily, they couldn tpin down a cause. Perhaps, one theory went, the mother s body was somehow attacking the lateroffspring in uterus. Maternal antibody levels do increase with each successive pregnancy. Butthere s no evidence that this leads to differences in intelligence, and the new study in Silence,based on records from nearly a quarter of a million young Norwegian men, strikes down theantibody hypothesis. It looks at kids who are the eldest by accident-those whose older siblingsdie in infancy--as well as those who are true firstborns. Both groups rack up the same highscores on IQ tests. Whatever is lowering the latterborns scores, it isn t prenatal biology, sincebeing raised as the firstborn, not actually being the firstborn, is what counts.The obvious culprits on the nurture side are parents. But it s hard to think that favoritism toward firstborns exists in modem society. Most of us no longer view secondborn as second best, and few parents will admit to treating their kids differently. In surveys, they generally say they give their children equal attention. Kids concur, reporting that they feel they re treated fairly.Maybe, then, the problem with latterborns isn t nature or nurture-maybe there simply isn t a problem. Not all the research shows a difference in intelligence. A pivotal 2000 study by Joe Rodgers ,now a professor emeritus at the University of Oklahoma, found no link between birth order and smarts. And an earlier study of American families found that the youngest kids, not theoldest, did best in school. From that work, say psychologist Judith Rich Harris, a prominent critic of birth-order patterns, it s clear that the impression that the firstborn is more often the academic achiever is false.Meanwhile, many of the studies showing a birth-order pattern in IQ have a big, fat,methodological flaw. The Norwegian Science study is an example, says Cleveland: It scomparing Bill, the first child in one family; to Bob, the second child in another family. Thatwould be fine if all families were identical, but of course they aren t. The study controls forvariables such as parental education and family size. But Rodgers, the Oklahoma professor,notes that there are hundreds of other factors in play; and because it s so hard to discountall of them, he s not sure whether the patterns in the Science article are real.No one is more sensitive to that criticism than the Norwegian scientists. In fact, theyalready have an answer ready in the form of a second paper. Soon to be published in thejournal Intelligence, it s, similar to the Science study except for one big thing: instead ofcomparing Bill to Bob, it compares Bill to younger brothers Barry and Barney. The samebirth- order pattern shows up: the firstborns, on average, score about two points higher thantheir secondborn brothers, and hapless thirdborns do even worse. The purpose of thetwo papers was exactly the same, says Petter Kristensen of Norway s National Instituteof Occupational Health, who led both new studies. But this second one is much more comprehensive, and in a sense it s better than the Science paper. The data are there--within families, birth order really does seem linked to brain power. Even the critics have to soften their positions a little. The Intelligence study must be taken very seriously says Rodgers.No one, not even Kristensen, thinks the debate is over For one thing, there s still that argument about what s causing birth-order effects. It s possible, says UC Berkeley researcher Frank Sulloway, that trying .to treat kids in an evenhanded way in fact results in inequity. Well-meaning parents may end up shortchanging middleborns because there s one thing they can t equalize: at no point in the middle child s life does he get to be the only kid inthe house. Alternatively, says Sulloway; there s the theory he has his money on, the family- niche hypothesis Older kids, whether out of desire or necessity axe often called on to be assistant parents, he notes. Getting that early- taste of responsibility may prime them for achievement later on. If they think Oh, I m supposed to be more intelligent so I d betterdo my homework, it doesn t matter if they actually are more-intelligent, says Sulloway, Itbecomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. If the firstborns homework involves reading Science and Intelligence, there ll be no stopping them now.词汇注解重点单词embark / im ba:k/【文中释义】v.着手,从事【大纲全义】v. (使)上船(或飞机,汽车等):着手,从事extra / ekstr /【文中释义】adj.额外的【大纲全义】adj额外的,附加的n.附加物,额外的东西adv.特别地compensate / kɔmpənseit/【文中释义】v.补偿,弥补【大纲全义】v.(for)补偿,赔偿,抵消nonsense / nɔnsəns/【文中释义】n.荒谬的言行,胡话【大纲全义】n.胡说,废话;冒失(或轻浮)的行为rap / r p/【文中释义】n.不公正的判决,苛评【大纲全义】n.叩击,轻拍,斤责,急敲(声);不公正的判决,苛评,v. 敲,拍,打,斤责,使着迷predict / pri dikt/【文中释义】v.预言【大纲全义】v.预言,预测,预告prominent / prɔminənt/【文中释义】adj杰出的【大纲全义】adj.突起的,凸出的;突出的,杰出的offspring /ɔfspriŋ; (us) ɔ:f-/【文中释义】n..子孙,后代【大纲全义】n. 子孙,后代,结果,产物;(动物的)崽successive /sək sesiv/【文中释义】adj.连续的【大纲全义】adj.接连的,连续的pregnancy / Pregnənsi/【文中释义】n.怀孕【大纲全义】n.妊振;怀孕(期);(事件等的)酝酿;(内容)充实,富有意义nurture / nə: tʃə/【文中释义】n.养育,教育【大纲全义】n.营养品;养育,培养,滋养v. 给予营养物,养育,培养,滋养超纲单词egalitarian n. 平等主义sibling n. 兄弟妞妹squabble v. 为争吵spat n. 争吵primogeniture n. 长子身份aptitude n. 才能,资质anecdata n. 二逸事证据prenatal adj. 产前的,出生前的重点段落译文两周前,伯克利夫兰和他的妻子进行了一项非常不科学的实验他们生下了他们的第一个孩子。
2018考研英语翻译技巧:综合法_毙考题
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2018考研英语翻译技巧:综合法
翻译算是英语考试中难度比较大的一种题型,而要提升翻译技巧必须要打好基础,经过长期积累和练习。
小编分享一些翻译技巧,大家可以学习下,慢慢去揣摩和练习。
2018考研英语翻译技巧:综合法
一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
例如:People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had
been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and
helpless as anybody else.
分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门;B: 尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:
警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果。
按照汉语习惯顺序,我们可将句子翻译为:
尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
考试使用毙考题,不用再报培训班。
英语翻译的重要性
英语翻译的重要性英语翻译的重要性在当今全球化的时代,英语的重要性不言而喻,它已成为一种全球共同的语言。
而翻译作为一种重要的交流工具,在促进不同语言和文化间的沟通交流方面发挥着重要作用。
下面将从文化交流、经济交流和学术交流三个方面探讨英语翻译的重要性。
首先,文化交流是翻译的一大重要领域。
文化的传播需要翻译作为媒介,通过翻译,不同国家和地区的人们可以了解和欣赏其他国家的文化。
例如,通过翻译,中国古典文化中的诗词、小说等作品得以传播到世界各地,使得西方人也可以欣赏到中国的美丽和智慧。
此外,翻译还有助于促进文化多样性,弥补文化差异,减少文化冲突。
因此,英语翻译在文化交流中发挥着重要的角色。
其次,英语翻译对于经济交流也具有重要意义。
在全球经济一体化的背景下,各国之间的商业活动日益频繁,这就要求翻译人员能够准确地传递商业信息。
经济翻译帮助企业完成国际贸易、合作和投资活动,在拓展市场、寻找商机方面发挥着关键作用。
此外,在跨国公司中,英语翻译还能帮助员工理解和遵守国际标准和流程,以提高企业的竞争力。
因此,可以说英语翻译对于经济交流是不可或缺的。
最后,学术交流也是英语翻译的重要领域。
学术研究需要不同国家之间的合作和交流,而英语作为国际学术语言,起到了桥梁的作用。
学术翻译不仅帮助研究人员了解和参考国外的研究成果,也向世界展示了本国的学术成就。
通过翻译,学术著作、学术论文等可以更广泛地传播,促进学术界的交流与创新。
因此,英语翻译在学术交流中具有重要的地位。
总之,英语翻译的重要性不仅仅体现在文化交流、经济交流和学术交流上,它还影响着我们的日常生活。
在全球化时代,掌握英语翻译技能不仅能够帮助我们更好地了解其他国家的文化和思想,还能够在工作和学习中获得更多机会。
因此,我们应该重视英语翻译的学习和应用,以适应当前复杂多变的国际环境。
考研英语翻译强化冲刺:考研英语翻译的难点词汇与长难句_毙考题
考研英语翻译强化冲刺:考研英语翻译的难点词汇与长难句一、难点词义会推导词汇是备考考研英语翻译的基础和重中之重。
认识翻译句子中的每个单词,是考生拿到高分的最基本前提。
然而,对于考研英语大纲中给出的五千多个单词,多数考生在准备时感到很茫然,不知该如何记忆。
从历年翻译题目中看出翻译很少有生僻词,重点应该是词汇的一词多义、词性转换、词义引申、词组搭配等,即考生要在词汇的纵深上下工夫。
针对这一点,老师给大家提出几点建议:第一,将近10年翻译真题中出现过的单词强化记忆考研翻译的单词是有相当高的重复出现率的。
比如justify 这个词经考过三次:2011-48,2012-47,2013-50。
(2011-48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need。
此处justification需要进行词性转化,译文为辩护;证明合理译文:这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护。
(2012-47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings。
此处justification 可直译为合理化的解释;理由。
译文:在此,达尔文似乎给出了合理化的解释,这是因为如果整个人类有相同的起源,那么我们就有理由认为,文化的多样性同样也可以追溯到更为具体的开端。
(2013-50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a liberated sense, to describe these synthetic constructions。
2024年考研(一)翻译部分解析及参考答案
2024年考研(一)翻译部分解析及参考答案目录CONTENCT •翻译部分概述•词汇与短语翻译技巧•句子结构分析与翻译技巧•长难句理解与翻译实践•篇章理解与翻译实践•模拟试题与参考答案01翻译部分概述考研翻译部分的重要性占总分比例较高翻译部分在考研英语试卷中占比较大,对考生总成绩有重要影响。
考察综合能力翻译不仅要求考生具备扎实的英语语言能力,还需要具备一定的中文表达能力和跨文化交际能力。
区分度较高翻译部分的难度相对较高,能够较好地区分不同水平的考生。
2024年考研翻译部分的题型与分值题型2024年考研翻译部分的题型为英译中,要求考生将一篇英文短文翻译成中文。
分值翻译部分满分为15分,占总分的15%。
历年考研翻译部分的命题趋势题材广泛历年考研翻译部分的题材涉及社会、文化、科技、经济等多个领域,要求考生具备广泛的知识面。
语言难度适中翻译部分的英文原文语言难度适中,不会出现过于生僻的词汇和复杂的句式结构。
重视语言运用和表达能力翻译部分不仅要求考生准确理解英文原文的意思,还要求考生能够用流畅、准确的中文表达出来。
同时,也需要注意语言的地道性和文化背景的准确性。
02词汇与短语翻译技巧80%80%100%常见词汇的翻译方法对于一些常见且易于理解的词汇,可以直接采用直译法,将原文的意思准确地表达出来。
对于一些在目标语言中无法找到对应词汇或直译后意思不准确的情况,可以采用意译法,根据上下文和语境进行灵活翻译。
对于一些具有特定文化背景的词汇或人名地名等,可以采用音译法,将其读音用目标语言的字母表达出来。
直译法意译法音译法保持原文风格转换表达方式解释性翻译短语及习语的翻译策略对于一些在目标语言中无法找到对应表达方式或直译后意思不准确的情况,可以采用转换表达方式的策略,用目标语言中相近的表达方式来替代。
对于一些难以理解或具有特定文化背景的短语和习语,可以采用解释性翻译的策略,在翻译时对其进行解释和说明,以便读者更好地理解。
2015考研英语阅读真题:考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题
2015考研英语阅读真题:考研英语(二)第4篇Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news.And they were right.For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace.We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time.This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction.Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs.They take part-time work because this is all they can get.An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor marketand it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down.Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us.The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week.If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time.The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice.They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment.For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges.These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families.With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.对于劳动部门所报告的六月份新增28.8万个工作岗位和失业率下降至6.1个百分点,很多人都说这是个利好消息。
2019考研英语翻译丢分点解析:词汇匮乏_毙考题
下载毙考题APP免费领取考试干货资料,还有资料商城等你入驻邀请码:8806 可获得更多福利2019考研英语翻译丢分点解析:词汇匮乏翻译题型在历年考试中得分率相对较低,难度大。
如何提升这部分的得分呢?小编希望考生打好基础,把一些丢分的点给避过去。
小编总结了一些丢分点,为大家解析,希望考生认真学习克服:2019考研英语翻译丢分点解析:词汇匮乏做好翻译题目的第一步就是要对英语综合知识有一个整体且具体的掌握,有其对句子结构及句子成分的分析及在进行翻译处理时采取的必要步骤。
举个例子:Now some merchants have been exposed to the charge that they reserve their soya bean with ulterior motives。
仔细分析整个句子,我们不难发现:该句中的that从句不是charge的定语从句,而是它的同位语从句,因为that在从句中不做任何成分,不符合定语从句的用法,所以that不是关系代词,只能作为连词来引导charge的同位语从句,来进一步解释charge的内容。
因此,应该翻译为...被指责,说... ,这样这个句子就可以译为:(1) 现在有些商人已经收到了这样的谴指责,即他们储存大豆有其不可告人的目的;或者(2)现在有些商人已经被指责,说他们储存大豆有其不可告人的目的。
若是在进行翻译处理的时候,考生将that译为charge的定语从句,就会使这个句子被误译为:现在有些商人已经收到他们储存大豆有其不可告人目的的指责。
只要将这个句子翻译为charge的同位语从句,就可以理顺原文的逻辑关系,从而使译文更加忠实通顺。
在考研英语翻译中除了要解决必要的词汇问题,即在考场上不能见到一个句子,10个单词7个不认识,这样的情况下基本下考研就可以开始着手准备明年的考试了;第二个在准备翻译模块时应该注意的就是对英语基础语法知识的梳理。
其中最基本的就是五大基本句型及各种句子成分及其在句中的呈现形式;若是在翻译上,考生对词汇及语法没有什么大的问题后,接下来要处理的就是之前和大家讲过的这些翻译技巧以及英汉语言之间的区别。
过来人谈考研英语阅读经验:从错一半到38分_毙考题
过来人谈考研英语阅读经验:从错一半到38分考研英语分客观题60分(包括10分完型、40分阅读、10分新题型)和主观题40分(包括10分翻译、10分小作文、20分大作文)。
主观题,视水区旱区而定,不同地区没有可比性。
而客观题,答案是唯一的,不管英语想过线的还是英语想拿高分的,客观题都不能有失。
完型20题每题0.5分,性价比较低,我当时没花太多时间复习,最后错了5个,还能接受;新题型的难度远小于阅读理解。
所以客观题里最拉分的还是阅读,阅读看似很难,实际上是有规律可循的,只要掌握了正确的方法,会有较大的提高。
我能从最初的错一大片到最后顶多错一个,靠得就是得当的方法。
考研英语阅读技巧:核心思想就是分块阅读。
一篇阅读有5个问题,每个问题是按顺序分布的。
比如说一篇阅读有5段,第一问在第一段中找答案,第二问在第二段中找,以此类推,这就是所谓的分块阅读法,分块阅读的基础就是题目是按顺序分块设置的。
至于如何在块中发现答案,要找的就是同义替换,下文中会有详细介绍。
(当然诸如这篇文章的题目应选什么? 的问题除外,需要结合整篇文章作答,不过这类问题很少)因此阅读的技巧和关键就在于通过问题分解文章,缩小每次的阅读内容,各个击破。
切记不要一口气读完文章后将5个问题一齐作答,一来记不住文章的要点和细节,二来会中出题人的陷阱(干扰项其实就是在细节上做手脚),如偷梁换柱等。
阅读的方法如下:(1)扫一遍5个问题,对题干信息有个印象,看一眼就行了,不需要记住。
然后按顺序精读,对含有题干信息的语句仔细阅读。
另外,留意Which of thefollowing would be the best title of the test? 、The author s attitudetowards 这之类的问题,在分解阅读时可以顺便留意一下作者的观点态度。
(2)第一个问题,答案一般就在第一段。
后面几问同理,这样整篇文章被分解成四五个部分,一部分最多三四个长句,对每个部分认真阅读,目标清晰,很容易得到正解;同时,每个部分,废话居多,真正的答案往往就其中一句话或其中一个关键短语,选对选项的关键在于找准同义替换(有种题型不能用找同义替换的方法,后面的补充说明里有讲)。
考研英语阅读翻译题
考研英语阅读翻译题考研英语阅读翻译题考研英语阅读翻译题主要考察我们主观的理解能力,对于翻译题的作答不像其他题一样一眼就能明白出题点在哪里。
而且翻译题的对错评断也评断,检查时要多思考语句。
下面是店铺收集的关于考研的英语阅读翻译的真题以及答案解析,一起来练习一下吧!第一篇:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest f or commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universalfeatures. (48)T o filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals 第二篇:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should bewritten carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely oneconomic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<第一篇:46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致,它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
2018考研英语翻译英汉互译原则:英语多替代 汉语多重复_毙考题
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2018考研英语翻译英汉互译原则:英语多替代汉语多重复
考研英语翻译英汉互译要注意表达和逻辑上的差异,有一些原则大家需要先了解,在翻译过程中慢慢去体会,下面跟随小编一起来看看英语多替代、汉语多重复这一原则。
英语的习惯是尽量在同一个句子中用不同的单词或是词组来表达同一个意思。
而汉语就不同,汉语喜欢用同一个词汇来增强自己说话的语气或是强调。
例如:1999年真题It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (译文:这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派,前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究就是具体方法的研究。
)
本句中,view...as 把...看作;equate...with ...把....等同于。
这两个词组汉语的意思基本一致。
但是用了不同的英语词组来表达,翻译成汉语的时候可以采用重复的用法来表达。
考试使用毙考题,不用再报培训班。
考研英语阅读与翻译
考研英语阅读与翻译考研英语阅读与翻译是考研英语科目中的重要组成部分,它们不仅考察考生的英语语言能力,还考验了考生的逻辑思维和理解能力。
在准备考研英语的过程中,掌握有效的阅读和翻译技巧,对于提高考试成绩至关重要。
首先,阅读理解部分要求考生能够快速准确地理解文章的主旨大意,以及作者的观点和态度。
为了提高阅读效率,考生需要培养快速浏览文章,抓住关键信息的能力。
这可以通过练习略读和寻读技巧来实现。
略读即快速浏览文章,把握文章的大意和结构;寻读则是在略读的基础上,寻找文章中的具体信息。
此外,考生还应学会分析文章的逻辑结构,理解段落之间的关系,这对于解答细节题和推理题非常有帮助。
在翻译部分,考生需要将英语材料准确无误地翻译成中文。
这不仅要求考生具备扎实的英语基础,还要求有良好的中文表达能力。
翻译时,考生应注意以下几点:首先,理解原文的语境和语义,这是准确翻译的前提;其次,注意中英文表达习惯的差异,适当调整语序和表达方式,使译文更加符合中文的表达习惯;再次,注意词汇的准确性和多样性,避免使用过于生硬或重复的词汇;最后,保持译文的连贯性和流畅性,使译文读起来自然、通顺。
为了提高阅读和翻译能力,考生需要进行大量的练习。
可以通过阅读英文报刊、杂志、学术论文等材料来提高阅读能力,同时,通过翻译练习来提高翻译技巧。
在练习过程中,考生应注意总结经验,发现自己的弱点,并针对性地进行改进。
总之,考研英语阅读与翻译是考研英语中的重要环节,需要考生投入大量的时间和精力进行准备。
通过有效的学习方法和大量的练习,考生可以逐步提高自己的阅读和翻译能力,从而在考试中取得优异的成绩。
2018考研英语翻译技巧:词义引申_毙考题
下载毙考题APP免费领取考试干货资料,还有资料商城等你入驻邀请码:8806 可获得更多福利2018考研英语翻译技巧:词义引申翻译算是英语考试中难度比较大的一种题型,而要提升翻译技巧必须要打好基础,经过长期积累和练习。
小编分享一些翻译技巧,大家可以学习下,慢慢去揣摩和练习。
2018考研英语翻译技巧:词义引申引申是指从原词的内在含义出发,结合语境和译入语的表达习惯,在译文中对某些词作一定的语义调整,以达到忠实、通顺的目的。
英译汉时常常会遇到许多单词,按词典上给的词义来翻译,译文就会生硬难懂,甚至造成意思上的曲解。
(1)具体———抽象经典例题: Were it left to an American to decide whether they should have agovernment without newspapers or newspapers without a government,he should nothesitate a moment to prefer the latter.参考译文: 如果让一个美国人决定要没有言论自由的政府还是要言论自由而无政府的国家,他会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
经典例题: There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid andnobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.分析: bottleneck本指瓶颈,由于具有使缓慢和阻滞的效果,因而被抽象地引申为限制。
参考译文: 过去有过这种情况:移民限制极为严格,不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。
(2)抽象———具体经典例题: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there arehistorians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as theattempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.参考译文: 几乎每个史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家们的观点都趋向于认为史学是试图重现并阐明过去发生的重大事件。
考研英语超级实用的英语阅读提升方法毙考题精修订
考研英语超级实用的英语阅读提升方法毙考题 SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#2018考研英语:超级实用的英语阅读提升方法!阅读是考研英语的重中之重,做好了阅读,可以说你的英语就基本上没大问题了。
嘿嘿,但是阅读复习起来也是难度最大的,很多同学往往是一本书看下来,几十篇文章甚至是几百篇文章的看下来,感觉阅读水平提高不大,做题时还是不稳定,不能保证较好的正确率,非常困惑,不知道该如何是好。
我觉得可以从以下几个方面去尝试突破,到时候相信你的阅读能力应该能得到真正的提高。
第一步,词汇关:解决好单词问题,并非简单的背一背,也不是那种一味追求惊人的单词量。
而是结合自身实际情况,找出你阅读中的一些所谓的抽象词,也就是那种你在阅读中常见到的,但却反映不过来的,要反复的看上几遍,才能理解的,这个需要你不断积累,坚持不懈,直到考试的那天。
下面这篇文章具体的说了该如何来做这个,虽然是用来学习GRE的,但对于考研,同样适用,认真体会,对你肯定有帮助!阅读抽象词提速法从某种意义上来说,我们在考试现场大脑的运作方式与我们那时要面对的电脑运作方式有类似之处,都要根据一些数据和信息进行运算,然后得出计算结果,也就是答案。
因此,提高阅读速度就涉及到提高大脑的运算速度问题。
当然,不同的人之间,这种绝对运算速度是有差异的,但是所有的人都可以通过一个方法来提高其阅读速度,也就是通过消除一些延误我们大脑运转速度因素来提高我们的阅读速度。
GRE和GMAT文章的特殊性就在于涉及的因素之多,是其他任何部分都无法与之相比的,因此才在两种考试中都成为最难的一个部分。
如果说文章是高楼大厦,段落就是房间,句子就是一面面的墙,单词就是一块块的砖。
以上几个环节中的任何一个环节出了问题,都会影响我们对整篇文章的理解。
为了解决上述问题,本书着重研究了如何克服GRE或GMAT难句的问题,这里来谈一谈单词的问题。
刚才我们把人脑和电脑作了一个类比。
考研翻译理论试题及答案
考研翻译理论试题及答案翻译作为一门学科,其理论基础和实践技巧对于考研学生来说至关重要。
以下是一份考研翻译理论的模拟试题及其答案,旨在帮助考生复习和检验自己的翻译理论知识。
一、选择题1. 下列哪项不是翻译的基本功能?A. 信息传递B. 文化交流C. 语言转换D. 艺术创作答案:D2. “信、达、雅”是哪位翻译家提出的翻译标准?A. 严复B. 傅雷C. 林语堂D. 钱钟书答案:A3. 在翻译过程中,译者应如何处理源语言和目标语言文化差异?A. 完全忠实源语言B. 完全适应目标语言文化C. 适当调整,寻求平衡D. 忽略文化差异答案:C二、简答题1. 简述翻译中的直译与意译的区别。
答案:直译是指在翻译过程中尽可能保持源语言的字面意思和结构,力求忠实于原文。
意译则更注重传达原文的意图、风格和语境,允许译者在不改变原文意思的前提下,对语言进行适当的调整以适应目标语言的表达习惯。
2. 描述翻译中的“动态对等”理论。
答案:“动态对等”理论由尤金·奈达提出,主张翻译应使目标语言读者能够与源语言文本的原始读者有相同的反应。
这意味着翻译不仅要传达信息,还要传达情感和风格,使目标语言的读者能够体验到与源语言读者相似的感受。
三、论述题1. 论述翻译中的忠实度与创造性之间的关系。
答案:翻译中的忠实度是指译者对源文本内容、风格和意图的忠实程度。
创造性则涉及译者在传达原文信息时所采用的创新方法和技巧。
两者之间存在一定的张力,因为过度追求忠实度可能会牺牲译文的流畅性和可读性,而过度的创造性则可能导致原文的意图和风格被曲解。
理想的翻译应在这两者之间找到平衡,既忠实于原文,又适应目标语言的文化和表达习惯。
2. 分析翻译中如何处理专业术语和专有名词。
答案:处理专业术语和专有名词时,译者需要考虑目标语言读者的背景知识和对专业术语的理解能力。
如果专业术语在目标语言中有广泛认可的对应词汇,应优先使用。
对于没有直接对应词汇的术语,译者可以采用注释、解释或创造新词等方式来传达原意。
2018考研英语:翻译英译汉到底该怎么破_毙考题
下载毙考题APP免费领取考试干货资料,还有资料商城等你入驻邀请码:8806 可获得更多福利2018考研英语:翻译英译汉到底该怎么破考研英语英译汉题目的难度有目共睹,凡是接触过的人无不感叹太难,五个划线句子大约150个单词,平均到每句差不多30个单词,而且其中语法句式也很有讲究,对于这种长难句,一般同学都感觉很头疼。
但是任何难题都有解决的办法,小编考研将英译汉三个步骤与大家一一分析,阅读理解、中文表达、较对润色。
理解是表达的前提,但表达回过来又加深理解,所以理解与表达是一个反复过程,即从英文到汉语,又从汉语到英文这样反复推敲的过程。
阅读理解翻译的关键在于理解,在于透彻地理解和把握住原文的内容和实质。
从某种程度来说,理解英文原文要比用汉语表达困难得多。
英译汉试题为5个划线部分,实际上均为5个难句,同时也是长句,这对考生有一定难度。
那么,我们应该怎么做呢?1.快速阅读全文,把握内容主题了解全文在谈论什么内容,什么题材和体裁,了解各段落的大意、相互关系及总体结构。
速度应控制在每分钟100词左右。
对生词能猜出则猜出,不能猜出则跳过。
考生应知道,阅读速度越慢,对全文的理解程度反而会下降。
2.细读划线部分,分析语法结构分析句子结构对于正确理解帮助极大,无论该句是简单句,并列句还是复合句,主动句还是被动句,首先应找出主句的主语,谓语动词或宾语成分,注意句子的各成分是否有省略之处,从句与主句的关系是否明确,关联词是否有省略,代词的指代关系是否清楚等。
通过仔细分析,弄清句子结构,以及该句与上下句子之间的逻辑关系,通过语法结构分析,基本把握该句的含义。
3.结合上下文,仔细推敲词义句子的语法结构可以通过我们学到的语法知识分析得出,但对词义的理解却必须通过文章的上下文来进行,英语的确切含义是在某一特定的语言环境中确定的。
中文表达表达过程是考生把自己从原文所理解的内容用汉语重新叙述出来。
表达的好坏取决于对原文理解的程度以及汉语的修养程度。
2018考研英语翻译小技巧-毙考题
2018考研英语翻译小技巧-毙考题D选择词义的时候,要根据词在句中的词类及上下文的搭配关系来确定。
英译汉中常考短语和句型:1、not that but that 不是而是2、can not too 再也不过分3、other than 除了,不同于4、It is reported / asserted / believed / considered / said /supposed that 据报道/据宣称/据说/据假设5、nothing less than 完全是,不亚于6、anything but 根本不,绝不7、nothing but 只有,不过......而已8、all but 除了9、but for 如果没有10、but that+从句要不是11、only to+动词结果是,不料12、not so much as 与其说不如说13、not so much as 甚至不14、not nearly/far from 不近/远15、by no means (同义短语还有:in no way,in no case, in no respects, at no time, on no account, under no circumstance) 决不16、to say nothing of/ still less(常用于否定句后) 更不必说17、let alone 更不用提18、no more than 同一样不19、no more than 只只,仅是20、more than21、more than 超出22、no less than 多达;足足有之多23、no less than 没有比更少;至少与一样24、apart from 分离25、no choice but 别无选择,只有。
英语翻译怎么拿高分?看这里!_毙考题
英语翻译怎么拿高分?看这里!摘要:翻译是除过写作之外最后一道题,主要考查的是各位考研er理解所给语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
分值不高,然而想要拿到高分却并不容易。
帮帮为大家整理了有关考研英语翻译知识点、解题方法,供各位宝宝们参考!考研英译汉的标准,一是忠于原文,二是通顺。
所谓忠于原文,就是说译文要准确地表达原文的内容和观点,不得随意增补,不能遗漏,不能加入自己的立场观点。
当然,忠于原文并不是要逐字逐句地机械地翻译。
过分拘泥于原文反而经常造成译文的生涩难懂。
通顺,则是指译文语言合乎汉语的规范和语言习惯,不要有语病、错别字,力求做到明白晓畅。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落,并将其全部译成汉语。
●相关重要知识点一、理解英语原文,拆分语法结构由于英语语言具有形合的特点,也就是说,英语句子无论多么复杂,都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的像葡萄藤一样的结构。
如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构,考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。
因此在翻译句子之前,必须先通读全句,一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构,这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。
怎么拆分呢?具体来讲,考生可以寻找下面一些信号词来对英语句子进行拆分,进而更加有效地理解英语原文。
1、基本原则:把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。
2、连词:如and,or,but,yet,for等并列连词连接着并列句;还有连接状语从句的连接词,如:when,as,since,until,before,after,where,because,since,thought,although,so that等等;它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。
3、关系词:如连接名词性从句的who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever等关系代词和when,where,how,why等关系副词;还有连接定语从句的关系代词,如who,which,that,whom,whose等等;它们是第二大拆分点。
考研英语翻译历年真题
考研英语翻译历年真题考研英语翻译是考研英语科目中的一项重要内容,也是很多考生所关注的重点。
翻译题目通常要求考生根据提供的英文原文,将其准确地翻译成中文。
这项任务看似简单,但实际上却需要考生具备一定的英语语言能力和翻译技巧。
首先,考生需要具备扎实的英语语言基础。
这包括对英语词汇、语法和句子结构的熟悉程度。
只有具备了良好的语言基础,才能准确地理解英文原文的意思,并将其准确地翻译成中文。
因此,在备考过程中,考生需要加强对英语语法和词汇的学习和掌握,通过大量的阅读和听力训练来提高自己的语言水平。
其次,考生需要具备一定的翻译技巧。
翻译不仅仅是简单地将英文原文的每个单词逐个翻译成中文,更重要的是要准确地传达原文的意思和表达方式。
在翻译过程中,考生需要注意句子的结构和语序,尽量保持原文的句子结构和表达方式,同时又要符合中文的表达习惯。
此外,考生还需要注意一些特殊的翻译技巧,比如词义的转换、修辞手法的运用等,以使译文更加地准确、流畅和地道。
另外,考生还需要注重练习和积累。
在备考过程中,考生需要进行大量的翻译练习,尤其是历年真题的翻译部分。
通过不断地练习,考生可以熟悉考试的题型和要求,提高自己的翻译能力。
同时,考生还需要积累一些常用的翻译技巧和表达方式,以备不时之需。
可以通过背诵一些经典的翻译范文和名句,积累一些常用的翻译词汇和短语,以提高自己的翻译水平。
最后,考生需要保持良好的心态和策略。
考研英语翻译是一项需要耐心和细心的任务,考生需要保持冷静和集中的心态,不要被一些难点和困难所困扰。
同时,考生还需要制定合理的备考策略,合理安排时间和精力,根据自己的实际情况进行有针对性的备考。
可以通过参加一些翻译讲座和培训班,向一些有经验的老师请教,以获取更多的指导和帮助。
综上所述,考研英语翻译是一项需要考生具备一定的英语语言能力和翻译技巧的任务。
通过扎实的语言基础、合理的备考策略和充分的练习和积累,考生可以提高自己的翻译水平,取得好的成绩。
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考研英语阅读中翻译的重要性
上一次的文章中提到了在阅读中,如果想要高效的成绩,同义替换这个规律就不能忘记。
并且不仅不能忘记,还要在替换时表现的非常好。
有可能是逻辑上的一点小偏差,也有可能是细节上的一点小误差都有可能造成与正确选项失之交臂。
那么我们碰到的问题总是要去克服的。
在整个过程中,应该明白,唯独多多练习才是上上之策。
但是如果能够有一些方法的引导,想必就会效果更佳吧。
在此,我觉得能承担起此项任务的也就只有不断的翻译练习了。
基础阶段也有很多的同学想尝试翻译,但估计也是苦于其翻译的任务量之大,目的不明确性也早早地将这个想法夭折了。
所以在这里,如果想练习翻译的同学,尤其是想通过翻译对阅读起到比较大作用的学生来讲,有一些翻译中的最基本的理论和实践性原则,简单叙述下,方便大家参考。
很多备战考研的小伙伴都对英语翻译十分的头疼,本文就为大家简单讲解翻译常用且实用的八大技巧,希望对小伙伴们复习考研英语有所帮助。
首先,在英语转化成汉语的时候一定要忠于英语的原意,还要符合汉语的语言习惯。
原则一:
英语重视长句,从句的嵌套,而汉语重短句,所以在做翻译的时候,需要把英语的长句进行拆分处理成多个短句,这样既可以从意思上便于理解,还能够符合汉语的语法逻辑,从而达到真正的到位。
那么在划分句子的时候就要有一些参考的东西:
比如:
主句与从句相分离
非谓语修饰结构相分离
介词短语相分离
并列结构相分离
都是可行的方法。
2000年真题中:Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment--- although no one had proposed to do so---and asked and independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
这个句子很长,但是不可能一句话就说完,所以它需要进行断句,并且是断好几次。
原则二:
英语多重被动语态,汉语则重视主动语态
所以这就意味在做翻译的时候更多情况下要将英语中的被动翻译成汉语中的主动。
Scientist should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
但是有一些特殊的英语句型结构在翻译成汉语时有其固定的模式,比如说形式主语,需要在前面加入泛指概念的主语,然后依次按顺序翻译就可以。
It is asserted that
It is believed that
It is well known that
It will be said that
It will be seen from this that
It was told that
It may be argued that
原则三:
为了使英文与中文之间能实现对等的交换需要在一些细节上做出变化
这里会涉及到一些基本的变换,
如,增词法,减词法,重译法。
在涉及到一些有着深刻内涵词义的时候还会牵扯到到底是直译好还是意译好。
还有些词性在翻译过程中需要改变原有的词性,比如动词变名词,名词动化等等。
总之,我们先要明白翻译真正的应该做到些什么,有哪些操作是允许的,又有哪些是不允许的。
再去加以练习。
只有不断的练习才能慢慢懂得翻译的精髓,也才能真正做到将两种语言进行转换。
而今站在考研学子的角度,如果能做好翻译,就意味着对文章的理解和对选项的对应能有一个很好的把握,从而提高做题效率,想必这也正是大家想要的结果吧。