Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科
九型人格
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一般状况下:
非常关心自己的声望和地位:职业好 坏,成功与否变得很重要;形象意识 相当强,极端在意自己在别人面前的 表现;实用主义强,目标取向,讲究 效率,但外表之下是个斤斤计较,不 讲感情的人。时常推销自己,使自己 在别人眼中比实际的好。自恋,横暴, 爱出风头,虚伪,对他人的外表有敌 意及鄙视别人。
逆境时:
太压抑,无实效,怠慢疏忽,不愿 面对问题,顽固,远离冲突,最后终至 无法起作用,无法适应环境,没有个性, 僵直。可能变成多重人格。
高点
9
8 1 2
(可以发挥潜能) (顺境时) 1-7-5-8-2-4-1 9-3-6-9
7
6 4 5
3
低点
8 7
9
1 2
(逆境,被困屎窿时) 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 9-6-3-9
逆境时:
可能会粗鲁无礼而具有攻击性。对 他人的要求不够敏感,只懂得满足自己 想要的,并且冲动幼稚令人讨厌。无法 善处焦虑,因此会有失控的行为。是堕 落地耽溺于逸乐的逃避现实者,此外他 们以强迫性和噪郁症做为防卫机制,当 防卫失败时,会有歇斯底里的痛苦反应。
第八型
领导型!这类型人很有“霸气”.很有领导的欲 望和能力,他们喜欢指挥,喜欢斗争.喜欢权力.一 看上去就有“大佬”的感觉,往往的是,他们要 么流芳白世,要么遗臭万年,不过也有功过参半 的.
疗养羞耻的第一步:
Coming out of hiding
不 再 躲 藏
功能失调家庭
九型人格(NEW)
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三号的警钟
将个人价值维系于外在成就; 将个人价值维系于外在成就; 以事业成就标榜个人; 以事业成就标榜个人; 拥有地位的象征物 ( 奖座 \ 屋 \ 车 \ 文 凭 …) ; 失败 = 没有价值 = 没用; 没用;
三号的行为特征
身体语言:动作快,转变多,大手势;面部表情; 身体语言:动作快,转变多,大手势;面部表情; 目光直接, 语调: 目光直接,刻意地不表达感受 ;讲话方式 / 语调: 夸张,喜欢讲笑话,大声,声线不尖不沉。 夸张,喜欢讲笑话,大声,声线不尖不沉。 外表形象:外表很适合工作/生活的理想形象, 外表形象:外表很适合工作/生活的理想形象, 能轻易改变自己的外观让自己的形象为自己的目 标服务,给人感觉非常摩登,成功人士打扮, 标服务,给人感觉非常摩登,成功人士打扮,年 轻有为,精力充沛, 轻有为,精力充沛,积极向上 常用词汇:可以,没问题;保证;绝对; 常用词汇:可以,没问题;保证;绝对;最 、 顶 、超。
今时今日, 今时今日,九型人格已被全球大部份先 进国家和商业机构如通用汽车、AT&T、 进国家和商业机构如通用汽车、AT&T、hp 计算机、可口可乐、Nokia等广泛应用 等广泛应用, 计算机、可口可乐、Nokia等广泛应用,并 且成为一些世界著名学府,如斯坦福、哈佛、 且成为一些世界著名学府,如斯坦福、哈佛、 牛津等国际知名学府的主流教程。 牛津等国际知名学府的主流教程。 摘自《美国商业周刊》 摘自《美国商业周刊》
压抑 愤怒
9号类型 愤怒” 以“愤怒” 为核心情感
不顾后果 表达愤怒 批判者, 批判者, 愤世嫉俗
8号:指导者
1号:完美主义者
我是3号
• 目标向导; 目标向导; • 将外在的成就误以为是真正的自我 价值; 价值; • 喜欢出风头,喜欢走捷径; 喜欢出风头,喜欢走捷径;
Enneagram九型人格英文版百科
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The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea(nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to , who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn an enneagram is a regular nine-sided , using the same points as the regular but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to and his teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerning ego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrate Gurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case wouldrepresent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In a n octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram web points which have a triangle point in between.In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings of Gurdjieff's students - principally , , and . Theydeveloped Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directly through Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements and continues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by and his associates. Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea of self-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in . Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075. 2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figureand with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought andbehavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spirituallyharmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, , who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist- This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for thetruth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.: Helper, Giver, Caretaker- Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder- Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.: Romantic, Individualist, Artist- Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility,but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the . At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seekcontrol over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of theego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers. The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown. The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens givethemselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition. Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction ( and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to 's system. (1/7 = ...; 1/3 = ..., 2/3 = ..., 3/3 = ...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - theSelf-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-onerelationships.Social subtypes care most about others, in groups andcommunities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the -B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.The Enneagram types have also been mapped to 's "Three Trends" (Moving Towards, Against, Away from), in two dimensions of "Surface Direction" and "Deep Direction" (which also roughly parallel FIRO's "Expressed" and "Wanted" behavior). Each type on the surface moves one way, but underneath can move a different way. This then determines their behavior and its motivations.SurfaceDirection→Deep Direction↓— Against(confronting)0 Away(withdrawing)+ Towards(embracing)+ Towards(ApprovalSeeking)3960 Away(Ideal147Seven of the Enneagram types can be correlated with thetraditional . Two additional 'sins', 'deceit' and 'fear', are also included.One – , as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.Two – , as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.Three – , in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.Four – of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense ofself-defectiveness.Five – , as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.Seeking)— Against(PowerSeeking)8 5 2Six –, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeing enemies and dangers where there are none.Seven – , not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).Eight – , in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.Nine – , or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience: Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activityTriune brainDifferential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding (PFC) and asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extentthat this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system . areas of the also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions . that area also processes certain functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters , , and .Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical as they lack and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of on which the is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith".Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the , the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
Enneagram九型人格英文百科
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The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore theenneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateGurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma. This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when theycan shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is Avarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeing enemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed] Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
九型人格
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7号性格:享乐主义 者
♪需要保持高度的兴奋 需要保持高度的兴奋 ♪避免与他人发生直接冲突 避免与他人发生直接冲突 ♪用快乐的精神活动(谈话、思考)取代深层 用快乐的精神活动(谈话、思考) 用快乐的精神活动 的接触 爱快乐 代表人物: 代表人物:周伯通 性格特质:开朗贪玩、喜欢新奇、追求自在率性。 性格特质:开朗贪玩、喜欢新奇、追求自在率性。 容易被认为是“不思进取” 容易被认为是“不思进取”
2号性格: 给予者
♪争取得到他人的支持,避免被他人反对 争取得到他人的支持, 争取得到他人的支持 ♪对自己能满足他人的需要感到骄傲 对自己能满足他人的需要感到骄傲 ♪对自己的需求感到困惑 对自己的需求感到困惑 ♪渴望获得自由 渴望获得自由 爱给与 代表人物: 代表人物:包惜弱 性格特质:富有爱心,善解人意,热心付出, 性格特质:富有爱心,善解人意,热心付出,先 人后己。容易感到被人忽略。 人后己。容易感到被人忽略。
请从图片中, 请从图片中,选出你最喜爱的一张 请同时考虑形状 颜色)。 形状和 (请同时考虑形状和颜色)。
九型人格测试
1号性格: 完美主义者
♪内心的正确标准变成严格的自我要求。不断产 内心的正确标准变成严格的自我要求。 内心的正确标准变成严格的自我要求 生自责的思想 ♪对于那些不符合正确标准的需要置之不理 对于那些不符合正确标准的需要置之不理 ♪做决定时犹豫不决,害怕做出错误的决定 做决定时犹豫不决, 做决定时犹豫不决 ♪超强的批评力量,事后诸葛亮 超强的批评力量, 超强的批评力量 爱秩序 代表人物: 代表人物:郭靖 性格特质:公平正直,讲究原则,严谨认真, 性格特质:公平正直,讲究原则,严谨认真,有条 有理,追求秩序,力求完美。容易被认为是吹毛求 有理,追求秩序,力求完美。 爱挑毛病。 疵,爱挑毛病。
九型人格简明手册(超实用)
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九型人格简明手册(超实用)导读:九型人格学(Enneagram/Ninehouse)是一个有2500多年历史的古老学问,它按照人们习惯性的思维模式,情绪反应和行为习惯等性格特质,将人的性格分为九种——1号性格:完美主义者;2号性格:给予者;3号性格:实干者;4号性格:悲情浪漫者;5号性格:观察者;6号性格:怀疑论者;7号性格:享乐主义者;8号性格:保护者;9号性格:调停者。
要评估自己的性格,请看看以下的图片第一感觉选出选出你最喜爱的一张图形(同时考虑形状和颜色):九种性格直观列出如下:第一型完美主义者(The Reformer):完美者、改进型、捍卫原则型、秩序大使第二型助人者(The Helper):成就他人者、助人型、博爱型、爱心大使第三型成就者(The Achiever):成就者、实践型、实干型第四型艺术型(The Individualist):浪漫者、艺术型、自我型第五型智慧型(The Investigator):观察者、思考型、理智型第六型忠诚型(The Loyalist):寻求安全者、谨慎型、忠诚型第七型快乐主义型(The Enthusiast):创造可能者、活跃型、享乐型第八型领袖型(The Challenger):挑战者、权威型、领袖第九型和平型(The Peacemaker):维持和谐者、和谐型、平淡型1号性格:完美型觉得凡事都应该有规有矩,我一直坚持自己的标准。
我理性正直、做事有原则、有条理、有效率、事事力求完美,但别人说我过于挑剔、吹毛求疵。
经常说的话:“应该这样,不应该这样”性格特点:一丝不苟、一本正经、不苟言笑、严肃、严谨、爱批评、不怒自威、理性、不讲情面,整洁、挑剔、做事情前需要充分准备、完美主义、守时、有计划有目标、要求过高;做事情有原则(原则是自己定的):世界是黑白分明的,没有灰色地带,对是对,错是错,做人一定要公正,有节制,做事一定要有效率。
现实、实用主义者、不满现状、压抑愤怒、负责任、有道德优越感、正直、严于律己、同时也严于律人、不喜欢别人说他、对别人的批评会耿耿于怀,同时也会去改正自己的缺点,自我批判、追求高度自律他律。
Enneagram 九型人格分类
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1型 6 8 3 2 7 5 9 4 20 20 19 16 15 15 14 13 12完美型忠诚型领袖型,能力型( 成就型全爱型、助人型活跃型,开朗型智慧型,思想型和平型,和谐型(艺术型,自我型Enneagram 九型人格分类第一型:完美型(Reformer/Perfectionist)*欲望特质:追求不断进步基本困思:【我若不完美,就没有人会爱我。
】主要特征:原则性、不易妥协、常说"应该"及"不应该"、黑白分明、对自己和别人要求甚高、追求完美、不断改进、感情世界薄弱生活风格:爱劝勉教导,逃避表达忿怒,相信自己每天有干不完的事。
人际关系:你是典型的完美主义者,显浅易明。
正因为你事事追求完美,你很少讲出称赞的说话,很多时只有批评,无论是对自己,或是对身边的人也是!又因为你对自己的超超高标准,你给自己很大压力,会很难放松自己去尽情的玩、开心的笑!愤怒、不满属于第一型的你,相信常常这感觉,对吧?你们常有愤怒、不满的感觉都是源自你们超高的生活要求。
当遇到什么不顺意时,就很容易感到嬲怒、不满,觉得事情不应该这样发生……这种情绪不单是对自己,还有对周围的环境和人,都是一样,因为你对他们一样带有超高的要求。
但要注意,作为你的朋友,要承受你的嬲怒情绪,的确不是容易,也会造成压力,所以要多加注意啊!失望、沮丧同样因为你们事事追求完美的态度,让你们在生活里常常感到碰钉子、不如意。
除了是对外发泄愤怒情绪,其实在内心不断经历挫败,不断经历失望。
这些情绪对你们并不健康,必须积极处理。
最根源的方法不是让自己做得更出色,而是调节对每事每情的看法,轻松面对!其他类型上面说的有的事正确的第二型:全爱型、助人型(Helper)*欲望特质:追求服待☆基本困思:【我若不帮助人,就没有人会爱我。
】主要特征:渴望别人的爱或良好关系、甘愿迁就他人、以人为本、要别人觉得需要自己、常忽略自己生活风格:爱报告事实,逃避被帮助,忙于助人,否认问题存在。
九型人格英文版
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将下面短文翻译成中文:Enneagram of Personality 九型人格The Enneagram is a highly sophisticated system of nine personality profiles that are meant to help us know ourselves and others “as we/they are to themselves”. Each type profile serves as a customized road map for on-going personal growth consistent with categories of modern psychological typology. The nine types are as follows:Type One: The Perfectionist"I'm not angry, I'm just trying to get it right!" Basic Proposition: There is a right way and a wrong way to do everything.Habitual Focus of Attention: What is right or wrong, correct or incorrect.What "Perfectionists" tell us about themselves:•They live with a powerful inner critic that monitors every thought, word, and deed;•They worry about getting things right and are unusually sensitive to criticism;•They strive for perfection and feel responsible;•"Perfectionists" also report a focus on being good and repress their impulses/desires for pleasure;•They can be rigid, overly controlled, seeing virtue as its own reward.Type Two: The Giver"I know lots of people who couldn't get along without me. Where's the pride in that?" Basic Proposition: Love and survival depend on "giving to get".Habitual Focus of Attention: Other people's needsWhat "Givers" observe about themselves:• A preoccupation with the needs of others;•Pride in giving and helping;•Sometimes feel taken advantage of;•Have a hard time expressing their own needs;•Are manipulative; and•Alter their self-presentation to meet the needs of important others.Type Three: The Performer"I'm busy all of the time. There's competition in everything I do. I just love that arena." Basic Proposition: Love and recognition are only for "champions".Habitual Focus of Attention: Tasks, Roles, & ResultsWhat "Performers" observe about themselves:•Their primary identification is with accomplishment and success;•They seek approval and acceptance based on performance;•Their attention goes to task;•Image is important;•They feel constant pressure to perform; and•There is an inattention to feelings/"Not now".Type Four: The RomanticI cannot imagine anyone envying me. By comparison, if I had what others had, then I would bemore fulfilled and happy. Basic Proposition: Others enjoy the happiness that I have been denied.Habitual Focus of Attention: "Best" is what's absent.What "Romantics" observe about themselves:•There is a constant longing for the missing ingredient for personal happiness;•Their focus is on the best of what's missing, what’s distant, and what's hard to get;•The "ordinary" pales by comparison;•There is a deeply felt abandonment that translates into a belief that "I am un- loveable”: and, •"Romanitics" feel special and elite. Their suffering sets them apart from others.Type Five: The Observer"I think I feel..." Basic Proposition: Love and respect are gained by practicing self-sufficiency.Habitual Focus of Attention: What others want from me.What "Observers" tell us about themselves:•They have a marked need for privacy;•They limit intrusion from a world that wants too much from them;•As a result, "Observers" hoard time, space, energy, knowledge and themselves;•They detach from feelings and observe rather than participate; and,•They are minimalistsType Six: The Loyal SkepticWhat is really going here?...." Basic Proposition: Love and protection are gained by vigilance and endurance.Habitual Focus of Attention: Threat, hazard, difficultiesWhat "Loyal Skeptics" tell us about themselves:•They are preoccupied with safety and security concerns;•They greet everything with a doubting mind, and contrary thinking;•"Loyal Skeptics" report active imaginations that amplify questionable areas;•They question people and authority;•They procrastinate because of fearing the outcome, failing to complete projectsType Seven: The EpicureWhat's next?.....that's my escape from pain." Basic Proposition: Pain and frustration can be avoided and the good life assured by inventing options, opportunities, and adventures.Habitual Focus of Attention: The positive in all thingsWhat "Epicures" tell us about themselves:•Life is an adventure!•"Epicures" are pleasure-seeking and gluttons for experience and enjoyment;•They are optimistic, active, and energetic;•See multiple options, but•have difficulty with commitment; and•Do not want limits on themselvesType Eight: The BossIf people start backing off, that doesn't make my anger go away, but if you match it, it will lowerand I'll sit down and talk." Basic Proposition: Protection and respect are gained by becoming strong and powerful and by hiding vulnerability.Habitual Focus of Attention: Power, Injustices and Control.What "Protectors" tell us about themselves:•They want stimulation and excitement;•They are concerned with strength and protecting the weak;•"Protectors" are direct, confrontational and express their anger immediately;•They are aggressive, intimidating and impulsive; but•Deny their own vulnerability and weakness.Type Nine: The Mediator"Who am I again....?"Basic Proposition: Belonging and comfort are gained by attending to and merging with others and by dispersing energy into substitute objects.Habitual Focus of Attention: The inessential and the agenda of others.What "Mediators" tell us about themselves:•They see all sides to every issue as peacemakers and harmonizers;•They avoid conflict and want the comfortale solution;•They have difficulty saying "no";•They are ambivalent about their own needs and wants;•They "go along to get along".WingsMost, but not all, Enneagram of Personality theorists teach that a person's basic type is modified, at least to some extent, by the personality dynamics of the two adjacent types as indicated on the Enneagram figure. These two types are often called "wings". A person of the Type Three, for example, is understood to have points Two and Four as their wing types. The circle of the Enneagram figure may indicate that the types or points exist on a spectrum rather than as distinct types or points unrelated to those adjacent to them.[citation needed] A person may be understood, therefore, to have a core type and one or two wing types that influence but do not change the core type.Stress and Security PointsThe lines between the points add further meaning to the information provided by the descriptions of the types. Sometimes called the "security" and "stress" points, or points of "integration" and "disintegration", these connected points also contribute to a person's overall personality. There are, therefore, at least four other points that can significantly affect a person's core personality; the two points connected by the lines to the core type and the two wing points.Roman Catholic criticismIn 2000, the United States' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted particular scrutiny and were seen as potential areas of concern, stating that "While the Enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science... The burden of proof is on proponents of the Enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims." Partly in response to some Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' says that the Enneagram "when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith.。
01-XGRZ-01(九型人格的基本架构)
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欲望 性格闪光点
工作环境
5号性格:观察者
我若没有知识,就没有人会爱我
- 非常私密
- 喜欢呆在家里, 与世隔绝 - 有时像旁观者
基本困境
家庭环境
- 心理干扰 - 被家庭遗弃
- 不被涉及的状态
- 情感延迟 - 希望预测
主要特征
5号性格:观察者
- 看重表现和成就
- 喜竞争,避失败
主要特征
- 工作时将感情放一边
3号性格:实干者
- 学会停止 个人行为 - 认识自我和公众形象间的差异
- 被感动、被影响
实干者的自 我改善
- 充满激情、吃苦耐劳 - 积极向上 - 常年打拼 - 想法付诸实施
性格闪光点
工作环境
4号性格:悲情浪漫者
我若不是独特的,就没有人会爱我
- 接触情感并不等于受到伤害 个人行为 - 离不开3S的陪伴(秘密、优越、
分离)
观察者的自 我改善
- 做自己感兴趣的事情 - 不受感情干扰地制定 出色的学者 - 古老语言的活字典 - 电脑程序员 - 股票幕后操手
决策
- 愿意终身为友
性格闪光点
工作环境
6号性格:怀疑论者
我若不服从,就没有人会爱我
- 失去对权威的信任 - 记得强权的压迫
性格闪光点
工作环境
7号性格:享乐主义者
我若不带来欢乐,就没有人会爱我
- 无忧无虑
- 积极乐观
基本困境
家庭环境 - 童年充满美好回忆 - 对负面事件很少 产生负面情绪
- 对很多事物都感兴趣
- 避免直接冲突 - 信息关联,系统分析
主要特征
资料:九型人格
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身(Body)中心:
此类的人大部份时间也会运用“直觉”来体验事情、 个人价值、社会认同… 他们重实际,相信优胜劣败,适者生存的道理,不 断努力解决生存之道,行动快,勇往直前。他们属于触 觉型的人,爱用经验直觉判断事情。
身→触觉型——存在、愤怒、自我遗忘 8号型 9号型 1号型
要了解自己是属于那一个型号,必须专注于行为背后 的“出发点”,因为行为绝对是可以学习的,但行为背 后的出发点则是从小培养,难以改变,故要明白自己, 首先要发掘出自己每一个行为背后的出发点,而鉴于出 发点通常已被埋藏在潜 意识内,故“自我观察” 的能力非常重要,我们 必须经常保持自我观察 的状况,才能找到自己 的型号。
九型人格的作用
“九型人格”具有两个方 面的作用: 一是自我了解,探知自己 性格中各项特质,认知自己及 别人的能量所在,更能肯定和 发挥每一个人的特质; 二是了解别人,可让你简 单和有效地掌握不同性格人士 的思想和行为模式,能更有效 地与他人沟通,正所谓”知己 知彼、百战百胜”。
学习九型人格的原因
三角型:天地人/先天,后 六边型:六六无穷, 天,自己(上天赐 变幻是永恒的; 给你的资源,后天 走对方向=整合 的培育,自己的创造) 走错方向=分解
箭头方向: 顺向为压力状态下的性格反应类型; 逆向为轻松状态下的性格反应类型,为该型的成长 进步方向。 如:8型在轻松、心情愉悦时会表现出2的特征,如 果想要有更大的成长则需要学习是2型的特质,在压力 状态下则会表现出5型的特征。
脑→思考型—思考、恐惧、偏执狂 5号型 6号型 7号型
心(Heart)中心:
此类的人大部份时间也会运用“心”来感受正面 /负面、感受浪漫、全神贯注、感受情感… 他们很敏感,感情细腻。希望了解别人,亦渴望 被别人了解;爱令他们感觉自己存在的价值和意义。 他们属于听觉型的人,爱倾听及诉说。
九型性格学
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执念 执念 潜在恐惧 潜在恐惧 潜在抱怨 潜在抱怨 潜在渴望 潜在渴望 逃避 逃避 应学习德行 应学习德行 快乐,自由,物质 自己的时间及空间被人 占有,受到制肘 如果我能得到每一样我 想得到的,我会更快乐 开开心心,无拘无朿地 去寻找乐趣 痛苦 节制
支援者/ 2. 助人型 – 支援者/亲善 者
擅长 - 排难解纷,爱心支援,获取多方消息, 协助举办大小活动 弱点 - 欠缺逻辑分析,不懂分轻重,时间管理 差 动机 - 无私奉献,获取爱护 沮丧 - 冷漠无情,不懂欣赏 满足 - 乐於助人,获得回应 关系 - 人际良好,朋友处处 奖赏 - 关注感受,表达感激,肯定热诚
I am special
执念 执念 潜在恐惧 潜在恐惧 潜在抱怨 潜在抱怨 潜在渴望 潜在渴望 逃避 逃避 应学习德行 应学习德行 独特,真诚,自我 情感世界有缺憾,生命中仍 有不足之处 别人都不明白我 能更深入了解自我,看透人 生 平凡 情绪管理
4. 自我型 – 献计者/激发者 献计者/
擅长 - 激发灵感,引起思绪及意念,创造新的 工作模式或规范 弱点 - 容易感染负面情绪,自我封闭,障碍团 队合作 动机 - 追求真我,原创独特 沮丧 - 不被欣赏,无人共鸣 满足 - 体现真我,与众不同 关系 - 独断独行,孤芳自赏 奖赏 - 真诚沟通,创作空间,肯定才华
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7. 活跃型 – 外交家/智多星 外交家/
擅长 - 发动意念,对外宣传,传达快乐和希 望,激发工作热情 弱点 - 工作欠具体计划,低估实际情况,推 卸责任,欠缺自制力 动机 - 追求理想,找寻乐趣 沮丧 - 程序刻板,纪律严明 满足 - 无拘无束,新鲜有趣 关系 - 广结天下,若即若离 奖赏 - 容许选择,开拓新域,肯定创意
九型人格九型人格
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1号性格如何提升自己
9. 和平型 8. 领袖型
7. 活跃型
1. 完美型 2. 助人型
6. 忠诚型
3. 成就型
5. 思考型
4. 感觉型
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1号性格如何提升自己
1上7 不再压抑对整合的本能反应,没有即兴式生活,生命意义深广 放下防卫 彻底放下对人和对事的偏见 好奇,乐观,能听取别人的意见 体会到开放≠放纵,开放=正面积极=接受自己 学会处理愤怒 欢乐、好奇、开放
I can give / I must help others
特质 感性,热心,友善,取悦人,时常感觉自己付出得不够,乐于助人,甘于牺牲,占有欲强,
有感情账簿
顺境(可以爱人及被人爱时) 富有同情心,体恤别人的处境,无条件付出爱
逆境(没有人爱或被背叛时) 蛮横无理,操纵性强,对人有过分要求
处理感情的方法 过分强调别人的需求,而忽略了自己的需求;否认自身需求;对生命失望;充满
怎样管理1号员工 的响应;确保一切程序及架构清晰;教育1号错是对的调校点
时间管理 与时间竞赛
事情
解救方案:不必要“完美”,“够好”就可以了;焦点放在目标/结果上;支持1号对
授权;帮1号将批判转化为建议;让1号抽出时间放松及享受生命
达成共识 1号容易将共识误认为妥协;1号的字典中没有妥协,只有对与错;帮1号将事实、数
九型人格分类
完美型 (Perfectionist)
助人型 (Helper/Giver)
成就型 (Achiever/Motivator)
感觉型 (Artist/Individualist)
重原则,不易妥协,黑白分明,对自己和别人均要求高,追求完 美。 渴望与别人建立良好关系,以人为本,乐于迁就他人。 好胜心强,以成就去衡量自己价值的高低,是一名工作狂。 情绪化,惧怕被人拒绝,觉得别人不明白自己,我行我素。
九型人格管理学
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既非宗教 亦非心理
Monita 解釋,「九型人格」並非宗教或心理學,亦不屬於任何學科中的某個範疇,但它卻濃縮 了所有信仰中所存在的不同原則。說得簡單一點,「九型人格」就是一套電腦軟件,認識了基本 原理,就能夠應用於不同行業。這就是陳燕莉( Maureen)所說的「愈學愈通,愈通愈透」。
I、 我是一个极其感性和情绪化的人。对别人的善恶有一种强烈直觉。我喜欢透过艺术 、 音乐或写作来表达自己的感觉与情绪。我有自己的一套审美眼光,也觉得自己与别人 不同和不平凡。我向往人与人之间的心灵交流,和深入人际关系。别人可能会觉得我 的表现稍为敏感,但其实因为觉得别人不了解我而感到不开心 。可能我也很喜爱缅怀 过往的感性甚至是伤感的日子。我的生活充满丰富的情感与深度的内涵。
「九型人格」(enneagram)相傳源於中東地區,有說是二千多年前,印度
蘇菲教派的靈修課程;但實際源自何時何地,已無從考究。
原來的「九型人格論」是一套靈修學問,是口口相傳的理論,至二十世紀二十 年代,古爾捷耶夫(G. I. Guardjieff)將它傳到歐洲。這位神秘主義和靈性 的教師,一直奉它為秘密主義的智慧,而「九型人格論」故此一直以秘密教學 的方式流傳。
H、 我是一个非常之乐观的人,喜欢参与新奇有趣的活动。我的思考很灵活,经常有不同的新 念头,也喜欢让不同的念头产生联想 ;当我可以让原本没有什么关系的念头产生联想时 ,我会觉 得很过瘾。我喜欢把精力投注在感兴趣的事情上 ,害怕沉闷或反复做同一件事 。如果对正在进行 的事情失去兴趣或进行得不顺利,我会转移到比较有趣的事情上。拥有多项选择对我来说是十分 重要的,否则我会感到被束缚。
什么是九型人格
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什么是九型人格九型人格(Enneagram),又名性格型态学、九种性格。
是婴儿时期人身上的九种气质,包括活跃程度;规律性;主动性;适应性;感兴趣的范围;反应的强度;心景的素质;分心程度;专注力范围/持久性。
它是一个近年来倍受美国斯坦福等国际著名大学MBA学员推崇并成为现今最热门的课程之一,近十几年来已风行欧美学术界及工商界。
全球500强企业的管理阶层均有研习九型性格,并以此培训员工,建立团队,提高执行力。
九型人格并非一个正统的人格心理学理论。
在当代,它只是在商业文化下,常用于了解职场文化的一种测试,给予人格一个片面标签化的定义。
基本概念美国亚力山大·汤马斯博士(Dr. Alexander Thom九型人格as)和史黛拉·翟斯博士(Dr. Stella Chess)在他们1977年出版的《气质和发展》(“Temperament and Development”)一书里面提到,我们可以在出生后第二至第三个月的婴儿身上辨认出九种不同的气质(Temperament),它们是:活跃程度、规律性、主动性、适应性、感兴趣的范围、反应的强度、心景的素质、分心程度、专注力范围/持久性。
戴维·丹尼尔斯(David Daniels)则发现这九种不同的气质刚好和九型人格相配。
九型人格[3]不仅仅是一种精妙的性格分析工具,九型人格更主要的是为个人修养、自我提升和历练提供更深入的洞察力。
与当今其它性格分类法不同,九型人格揭示了人们内在最深层的价值观和注意力焦点,它不受表面的外在行为的变化所影响。
它可以让人真正地知己知彼;可以帮助人们明白自己的个性,从而完全接纳自己的短处、活出自己的长处;可以让人明白其它不同人的个性类型,从而懂得如何与不同的人交往沟通及融洽相处,与别人建立更真挚、和谐的合作伙伴关系。
九型人格论与其他人格理论不同的地方人格最健康的时候,随时有人格整合的可能,例如第9型的出现了第3型的特征,由原本的内向保守,变得充满活力,基本欲望得到满足,基本恐惧隐藏。
九型人格
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小小建議 to 2號
發現自己的控制欲 認識自己對他人的真正價值。既不要過分驕傲, 誇大自己的重要性,也不應該表現得過於卑微 認識到奉承很可能導致焦慮增加 不要過於注重最初的情感反應,要注重其他反應 ,因為最初的反應往往是遮掩自己真正感情的虛 偽面具 認識到生氣實際上是真實感覺的一個暗示,也是 對內心衝突的解釋 不要通過奉承來拉攏他人,并認識到自己的復仇 慾望來自于被傷害的驕傲感
權威關係
保證私人空間的絕對安全 專注于棘手的決定 喜歡需要宏觀認識的長遠 項目和獨立規劃 擔任幕後策劃時,效率尤 其高
建議
不要讓情感被理性分析所取代,不要讓精神建構 替代真實經驗 學會接受突發情況。學會去冒險。 學會堅持完成重要的項目,並且公之於眾。 願意當場表現自己的情感,多進行身體練習或者 藝術工作。 學會容忍他人的需要和情感。
從事工作:
適合從事需要組織規劃和細心對待的工作,如教學、會計、 組織結構設計和長期規劃的工作,可能成為研究者、文法家 和傳教士
不適合從事具有風險性的工作,也不適合從事必須接受大量 不同觀點或允許不同觀點存在的工作
一號易患誤區
感到有兩個自己存在,一個很快樂,一個很嚴厲 對個人的希望毫無察覺 因為察覺到自己內心的怒火而感到焦慮,被壓抑 的需求找不到表達途徑 把時間都占滿了,沒有給快樂留下時間 猶豫不決;把簡單的問題複雜化,不願做出最後 的承諾 “焦土政策”(一種在戰爭中實行的自我破壞政 策) 無法忍受多樣觀點
工作環境; 舞蹈演員、民謠女歌手、雜誌模特、室內裝潢設 計師、古董收集者、心裡顧問,女權主義者、動 物權利保護著 不適合服務性工作
4號易患誤區
對擺在眼前的問題想盡各種解決方法,嘗試各種解決途徑, 但就是不願意採取實質行動,推動事情發展 不喜歡被分類,不喜歡別人把自己的問題看成普通問題,認 為他人沒有理解情況的獨特性和嚴重性 厭煩平淡的普通情感,希望通過遺失、幻想或藝術來重新鞏 固自己的情感 有自殺的想法或舉動,渴望得到幫助渴望奢華的生活“洗衣 服可不是我該干的” 把自己和他人比較,嫉妒他人的優點 言語尖銳,諷刺他人,覺得是他人的錯誤導致了你的痛苦
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The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to , who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies. The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn an enneagram is a regular nine-sided , using the same points as the regular but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to and his teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerning ego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateGurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdj ieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in or der that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally , , and . They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by and his associates. Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea of self-organization inmanagement.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" orindeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's originalteachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend theiridentification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completelyself-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, , who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is and their "holyidea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the . At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of theWings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to 's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the -B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective. Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding (PFC) and asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters , , and .Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical as they lack and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of on which the is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith".Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the , the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。