TOEFL Online 杜昶旭托福阅读方法课讲义 3
托福阅读事实信息题ppt课件
remained the same from dynasty to quality and the era in which they were
dynasty. ○ The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than
the use of ceramics as ritual objects. ○ There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics
II.解题步骤
4
Step-1.定位 （根据关键词缩小定位区间）
Step-2.比较原文与选项 （挑选答案，若题目较难则用排除法）
II.解题步骤Step-1:定位
5
Step-1.定位:根据关键词缩小定位区间。
Psychological researchers generally According to the paragraph3, what recognize that facial expressions reflect
hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to
usual.
feelings of good will, for example, and
of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be
○ The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty. ○ The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.
托福阅读PPT
• 拆分位置： • 连词 • 关系代词 • 冒号和分号 • 任意非简单句都可以表示成层次化结构。 • 层次化结构的表示形式：并列 + 嵌套的树形 结构
括号匹配法
• 1.画左括号的条件：出现连接句子的关联词 时： • ①(关联词＋非完整句 ②关联词＋(完整句 • 2.画右括号的条件： • ①句子终结 • －终结的标点符号(冒号，感叹号，分号) • －后续内容与当前句无关 • ②连接句子的并列连词之前或者分号之前
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in which (1the making of a clay model was considered the creative act)1 and (2the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble)2.
• 3.指代关系题 Reference Questions
解题原则
• 1.前指原则：被指带对象通常出现 在所考代词之前 • 2.语法原则：代词和被指带对象的 属性和性质必须一致（主谓一致， 人称一致）
新托福阅强化读
赵紫威
第一章
托福阅读简介
解释成绩
在ETS保留的时间是2年，在学校申请日 期截止前一个月考完即可
相关复习资料
• 资料和机经下载：寄托，太傻，小马过河， emule等 • 课外资料： • National Geography • 大百科全书：微软大百科、大英百科、wiki encyclopedia • 原版教材、美国大学公开课、TTC 、China daily等英文期刊
新东方托福阅读教师讲义
新东方托福阅读教师讲义托福阅读是很多人的心头大患，下面小编给大家整理的是新东方托福阅读教师讲义，希望对大家有帮助。
托福考试教师阅读讲义(一)1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty,could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar.A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes –have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program todevelop the strongest adhesive of all.D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.答案：D托福考试教师阅读讲义(二)Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.amount ofsand··direction ofwinds··Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：(5)、(7)第二栏：(1)、(3)William Faulkner1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries sufferedduring a fall from a horse.Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.Faulkner in the first phase of his career·Faulkner in the second phase of his career·Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim(5) Was considered merely a regional writer(6) Wrote novels about various American regions(7) Made his living as a novelist(8) Made his living with writing other than novels参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)托福考试教师阅读讲义(三)修辞目的性题Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge inthe lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a lesseffectivetype of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_C。
详解托福阅读的3个基本解题步骤整理
详解托福阅读的3个基本解题步骤整理在托福阅读考试中，我们做题一般都是根据找、读、选这样的做题步骤来解题的。
如何把握这3个基本解题步骤就是我们托福阅读考试取得高分的关键。
以下就是我为大家带来的托福阅读解题的3个基本步骤，盼望对大家托福阅读提分有关心。
详解托福阅读的3个基本解题步骤如何运用托福阅读的三个基本解题步骤?当大家了解了做题的三个基本步骤以后，我们来实践操作一个题目，大家做这道题的时候肯定明白，它不要求一个同学去读完整段文字全部的词和全部的信息，你只需要正确地扫描和定位就可以了。
比如说大家看当年消失的托福考试题目，在做题之前，我们还可以把这个做题步骤更有效地去过一遍：第一个步骤应当是找，找定位词，找定位词在（文章）中第一次消失的位置;其次步是读，读懂定位词存在这句话;第三步应当是选。
根据找、读、选这样的做题步骤，这道题目是这么说的“According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas”。
这个问题拿到手以后，它是一个标准的事实信息题，问的是关于第四段当中的一个详细内容，大家第一步应当读懂的是关于这个问题究竟在问什么，首先你们请看，依据第四段，比起来全部其他那些使用Ogallala的水来浇灌的洲，请问，德州是什么状况?大家必需要明白，（句子）中“compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation”它只是作为状语成分消失，而问题真正问的是关于德州。
既然问题问德州，我们需要去查找扫描定位德州存在的句子，这个时候可见读懂问题是特别重要的，大家想，假如我们现在定位的不是“Texas”，而是“irrigation”浇灌，或者是“Ogallala”，或者是其他的词，你就没有方法找到能够回答这个问题的句子。
托福阅读强化讲义【原创】【word可编辑】
托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章？每篇有几道题目？每篇文章大约多少字？考试时间多久？✓托福阅读有哪些题型？哪种题最简单？哪种题最难？我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤？✓托福阅读满分多少分？我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分？答案十大题型Basic Information（提取信息）①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing（分析推理）⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn （学以致用）⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准（2019年8月之后）2. 托福阅读文章特点（Characteristics of TOEFL reading text）“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试，托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。
托福阅读技巧完整版PPT课件
CHENLI
14
高分技巧 3
Inference questions （推理题）
问题形式：涉及文中没有直接或明确表达出来的观点或立场。 若文章陈述了一个事件的结果，推论类问题将问原因是什么；
若文章出现了一个对比，将问对比的基础是什么。 常见：infer / imply / suggest / most likely /
TOFEL READING
CHENLI
1
READING
考试形式
题目类型
评分标准
高分技巧 （问题形式、典型提问、做题技巧、真题演练）
CHENLI
2
考试形式
文章数量：3-5篇 字数：700 要求：快速阅读+精确理解 题目数量：每篇文章12-14题 单题分值：1-4分 (重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分) 文体：解释说明型；立论型；历史题材型 速度要求：100 words/min
问：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Polish flag flown on land ?
（根据题目中的关键词the Polish flag flown on land去直接定 位段中的句子，显然A.B.C.D.其中一个选项的含义与段2的 最后一句相同。
CHENLI
5
评分标准 (2)
正确数 得分 45 30 44 29 43 29 42 28 41 27 40 26 39 25 38 24 37 23 36 22 35 21 34 20 9 2 8 2 7 1
正确数 得分 33 19 32 18 31 17 30 16 29 16 28 15 27 14 26 13 25 12 24 11 23 10 22 9 61 50
托福阅读常用技巧讲义全
一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN? General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.➢结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).➢细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:➢Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)➢Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节)➢Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义:➢辅助思维框架形成➢索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容➢结构主体的核心词➢时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字➢人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记➢举例主体➢新概念和核心概念➢重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:➢笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络➢根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语➢前置定语: adj+n➢后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developedfor the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem➢定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which,who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除➢A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)➢A, or B➢ A that + 句子( 完整句)➢ A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离➢Adv 副词➢Prep phrase 介词短语➢分词短语➢不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构➢并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句➢S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句➢It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)➢S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配➢…… 关联词(完整句)➢…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:➢句子终结➢连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workersin the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法➢构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词➢完全倒装的判断流程例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法➢构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分➢注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句)that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容➢结构主体的内容➢非举例性质的概括描述➢题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容➢大量的数据堆砌➢明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置➢对比\类比读一半➢让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑➢加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.➢构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页➢顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)➢分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)➢问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构)2) 题材分类➢自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量); 大气层(氢气\氦气\氨气\甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosaur→archaeopteryx→modernbirds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用➢人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧ 类型: country, ragtime… ✧ 乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(Vocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG 第25页 (2) 词汇题的解答方法➢ 认识：直接解题，沾边就对。
托福阅读成书(教师版) 3
爱特精英TOEFL-iBT阅读讲义3(Version 090701) 1．Insert Text Questions/Coherence插入文本题，也叫做句子插入题，就是将一个新句子插入原文合适的地方——这个地方少了一个句子。
做题时必须理解原文的逻辑和句子之间的语法关系(如代词的指代）。
原文有四个黑方块[■]，这些方块或者位于句子开始，或者位于句子结尾。
它们有时出现在同一段落中，有时出现在一段末和下一段开始。
问题的形式是：Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.[You will see a sentence in bold.]Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.做题时只要点击其中一个方块就等于将句子插入此处。
如果想修改，只需要点击别的方块就可以将句子插入新的地方。
1．衔接手段1)词汇衔接手段a．重复核心词就是待插入的句子中与方块前的句子拥有相同的核心词，使得前后连贯。
b．使用同义词或反义词就是待插入的句子中的核心词与方块前的句子中的核心词构成同义词或反义词。
2)逻辑衔接手段所谓逻辑衔接手段，就是信号词(signal words)，它们也能使句子之间连贯起来。
主要类别有：a.因果过渡词because，therefore，thus，consequently，so，as a resultb.对比过渡词however，on the contrary，nevertheless，unlike，in contrast，while，although，butc.结构配对词on the one hand…on the other hand，some…othersd.比较过渡词similarly，likewise，likee.举例过渡词for example，for instance，including，such asf.递进过渡词furthermore，also，as well，too，other，in addition，moreover，besides，even，additionallyg.序列过渡词first，second，after that，afterwards，next，then，finally3)语法衔接手段语法衔接手段主要指代词，包括指示代词和人称代词。
托福阅读教案
托福阅读教案【篇一：托福阅读教学大纲】托福阅读i. 要求学生在作业要求之外每天一篇阅读练习，长期坚持。
ii. 分析选项改写的思路iii. 考试时间策略basic skills:skimmingscanninginferencequick respondingenimilatingoperating pcunderstanding facts and detailsfdidentifying negative facts negunderstanding vocabulary in context vocabmaking inferencesinfdetermining purpose prprecognizing paraphrases prphrecognizing coherence cohsummarizing important ideassmorganizing information oi阅读基本原则：1. 文章结构观念,为总结题做准备2. 小定位，有目的阅读原则3. 读懂前后句，上下文原则4. 选项“关键点” 验证原则5. 最佳答案原则，可能都不确信，但是选择对不怀疑的。
“两利相权取其重，两害相权取其轻。
”陷阱类型1. 主被动2. 因果倒置3. 先后颠倒4. 正话反说after 1815, ...→prior to 18155.单词题1. 构词法以及单词题内容:a. 基本构词法 ---17页图片前缀解题原则exceptional-extraordinary; illuminate-light; heterogeneous-varied;proliferation-growth; superseded-replaced构词法：440题;官方核心词汇400；近义词总结归纳“正负向”分析，前缀归类最终只是解题线索，辅助手段b. 70%是基本含义，可以直接选；但是30%要依赖语境；所以保险的策略cc. 语境优先原则：把单词带回文章，自己给出一个最接近的近义词；然后用自己的理解词对应选项；绝对不要先看选项，很可能“先入为主”，掉进陷阱；即使自己对5个单词绝对有把握也一定要带回原文验证。
托福阅读技巧与实战练习
托福阅读技巧与实战练习对于许多准备托福考试的同学来说，阅读部分往往是一个需要重点攻克的难关。
托福阅读不仅考查我们的英语语言能力，还考验我们的阅读速度、理解能力以及对各种题型的应对策略。
接下来，我将为大家详细介绍一些实用的托福阅读技巧，并通过实战练习来帮助大家更好地掌握。
一、托福阅读技巧1、词汇积累词汇是托福阅读的基础。
如果在阅读过程中频繁遇到生词，不仅会影响阅读速度，还可能导致对文章内容的理解偏差。
因此，建议大家每天背诵一定量的托福词汇，可以通过单词书、手机APP 等方式进行。
同时，要学会结合语境来记忆单词，这样能够更深刻地理解单词的含义和用法。
2、语法知识扎实的语法知识有助于我们快速分析句子结构，准确理解句子的意思。
在托福阅读中，经常会遇到长难句，如果语法基础薄弱，很容易被这些句子难住。
因此，要系统地复习英语语法，重点掌握从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气等常见的语法点。
3、阅读速度托福阅读的时间比较紧张，因此提高阅读速度非常重要。
在平时的练习中，可以通过限时阅读来训练自己的阅读速度。
一开始可能会觉得难以适应，但坚持一段时间后，阅读速度会有明显的提高。
同时，要学会快速浏览文章的标题、段落首句和尾句，以及关键词，这样能够在短时间内把握文章的大致内容。
4、题型分析托福阅读的题型多样，包括细节题、主旨题、推断题、词汇题等。
了解每种题型的特点和解题方法是取得高分的关键。
例如，细节题通常可以通过定位原文中的关键词来找到答案；主旨题则需要综合文章的整体内容进行概括；推断题需要在理解原文的基础上进行合理的推理。
5、做笔记在阅读过程中，可以适当地做笔记，记录文章的主要观点、重要细节以及自己的思考和疑问。
这样不仅有助于加深对文章的理解，还方便在回答问题时快速回顾。
二、实战练习1、模拟考试环境在进行实战练习时，要尽量模拟托福考试的真实环境，包括时间限制、考试场地等。
这样可以让我们更好地适应考试的紧张氛围，提高应对考试的能力。
托福阅读如何更快的拿高分
托福阅读如何更快的拿高分（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作报告、致辞讲话、条据书信、合同范本、规章制度、应急预案、心得体会、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays, such as work reports, speeches, policy letters, contract templates, rules and regulations, emergency plans, insights, teaching materials, essay encyclopedias, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!托福阅读如何更快的拿高分为了帮助大家备考托福。
花花整理的杜昶旭阅读课讲义【无老师力荐】
阅读课讲义主讲：杜昶旭——花花（Fleur）根据老杜录音整理✧怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知⏹托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：高考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆用合理的方式进行难度的评价⏹从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“用”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)⏹托福作为语言考试的本质◆测试考生对英语的综合应用能力——包括听、说、读、写的独立能力和综合能力；◆测试考生在实际的学习、生活过程中的语言应用能力——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考生的英语水平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语言使用过程中的所有因素——词汇、句子、语篇、语境、交流方式。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今日我给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。
盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍1 看原句是否有规律关系2 原句有规律关系，看选项，保留规律关系选项，去除无规律关系选项3 半句细节对比解题注：规律关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away fromsmall size pores through surface tension.C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.解题：1看原句是否有规律关系，初步扫瞄了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有规律关系的句子。
杜昶旭老师的阅读讲义1
新托福阅读讲义杜昶旭一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义:辅助思维框架形成索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容结构主体的核心词时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记举例主体新概念和核心概念重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语前置定语: adj+n后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tooldeveloped for the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solvethe problem定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)A, or BA that + 句子( 完整句)A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离Adv 副词Prep phrase 介词短语分词短语不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配……关联词(完整句)…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:句子终结连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenthcentury in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词完全倒装的判断流程阅读和写作的关系：为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构．Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages ofbuilding a large factory near a community is_________.例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)). 例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to thehealth of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of socialdeference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容结构主体的内容非举例性质的概括描述题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容大量的数据堆砌明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置对比\类比读一半让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读法(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构) 2) 题材分类自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量);大气层(氢气\氦气Helium \氨气ammonia \甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosau r翼龙目动物；飞龙→archaeopteryx n.始祖鸟→modern birds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧类型: country, ragtime…✧乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(V ocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第25页(2) 词汇题的解答方法认识：直接解题，沾边就对。
托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍
托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍托福阅读备考可以分为很多环节，其中考生在解题这个环节一般需要练习的都是答题技巧和应对不同题型的基本思路策略，今日我给大家带来托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍,盼望可以关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍托福阅读备考训练技巧分析1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段也许几道题有个预期。
(比如只有5段，那长段确定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2，每段段首变成中文理解，以快速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。
(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)3，每读一段整理一次规律，A支持的观点是什么?A的观点的问题是什么?B的观点是什么?4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，假如有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。
5，检查，每个不确定的题都做记录，假如专心理解全文，一般能省下时间检查。
托福阅读做题策略介绍词汇题、句子简化题：只读该句不读完整段;主旨题：看每段的主旨句即可;修辞目的题：推想举例意图，查看上下句;句子插入题：分析详细待插入的句子，代入验证即可;细节题，排解列举题：确定关键词，查看上下句;推断题：明确示意确并没有详细写出的意图，推想关键句;指代题：分析指代句的特征，主要依据就近原则查看上文。
托福阅读真题原题+题目Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation — a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals — finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice.1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effect of glaciers on climate(B) Damage from glaciers(C) Glacier formation(D) The location of glaciers2. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?(A) Increased water and air content(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations(D) Movement of the glacier3. The word bound in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) covered(B) chosen(C) planned(D) held4. Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?(A) Air(B) Pressure(C) Weight(D) Rocks5. According to the passage , which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary forglacial ice to form?(A) several months(B) several years(C) at least fifty years(D) a century6. The word converted in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) changed(B) delayed(C) promoted(D) dissolved7. What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three?(A) To define two types of glaciers(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice(C) To present theories of glacier formation(D) To discuss the similarities between glacial types8. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?(A) Only near the surface(B) In pools of various depths(C) In a thin layer below the firm(D) In tunnels9. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) formation(B) ice(C) thickness(D) weight10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier(A) can revert to a fluffy mass(B) maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process(C) is too cold to be thoroughly studied(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceansPASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD托福阅读真题原题+题目In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established the still life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artists repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most ofhis still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not always compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both, often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings — butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a birds nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesens art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in the United States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of the stilllifes of James and SarahMiriam Peale?(A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word biting in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word It in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The word heightened in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word meticulous in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) repertoire (line 5)(B) satire (line 8)(C) additive (line 17)(D) rendering (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesens still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesens painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundancePASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍文章到此就结束了，欢迎大家下载使用并丰富，共享给更多有需要的人。
托福逐题精讲
托福逐题精讲1. 阅读文章节选并回答问题：文章节选：The use of computers in education has grown significantly in recent years. Many schools now provide laptops or tablets to their students, and online resources have become an integral part of the learning process.问题：According to the passage, what has become an important part of the learning process?答案解析：Online resources have become an important part of the learning process.解释：文章明确提到“online resources have become an integral part of the learning process”，所以正确答案是“online resources”。
### 听力样题2. 听力录音并回答问题：录音内容：“I’m really looking forward to our trip to the museum tomorrow. I’ve heard there’s a new exhibit on ancient Egypt.”问题：What is the speaker looking forward to?答案解析：The speaker is looking forward to the trip to the museum.解释：录音中说话者明确表示“I’m really looking forward to our trip to the museum tomorrow”，所以正确答案是“the trip to the museum”。
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阅读示例
2nd Organisms allocate energy Genetic package M: constant
All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.
阅读示例
2nd Organisms allocate energy
All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.
• 结构主体的核心词 • 时间和数字 • 同步记录时间及相应的事件 • 一律记录为数字 • 人名、地名、专有名词：使用缩写
阅读笔记的内容
• 举例主体 • 新概念及局部核心概念 • 重要的逻辑关系：符号化
Байду номын сангаас辑关系的符号化
• • • • • 因果： 比较：>, <, = ; 对比: 类比：~ 最高级：most A / Aest
托福文章的结构分类
• 分类式 • 阅读重点：分类方式及类别特征 • 结构：树形结构
托福文章的结构分类
• 问题解决 / 现象解释式
• 阅读重点：解决方案（解释）和最终结论 • 伞形结构
阅读笔记
• 阅读笔记的目的 • 辅助形成思维框架 • 辅助记忆 • 解题信息索引 • 替代勾画行为
阅读笔记的内容
阅读示例
2nd Organisms allocate energy Genetic package
All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.
阅读示例
1st Organisms expend energy ~ budgeting
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly,
阅读示例
1st Organisms expend energy ~ budgeting
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted.
为何而举
举例主体 结束位置
阅读示例
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.
阅读示例
1st Organisms expend energy
托福阅读
杜昶旭
托福文章的结构分类
• ETS 的官方分类 • Classification • Comparison / Contrast • Cause / Effect • Problem / Solution
托福文章的结构分类
• 顺承式 • 阅读重点：时间及事件发展线索 • 结构：线形结构
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.
阅读示例
1st Organisms expend energy
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted.
阅读示例
1st Organisms expend energy ~ budgeting
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
阅读中的逻辑控制
阅读文字
Y
产生期待
修正期待 N
验证期待
详略选择的阅读
• 重新建立衡量阅读快慢的标准 •t = s / v
详略选择的阅读
• 需要详读的内容 • 结构主体 • 非举例性质的概括描述 • 题目映射回原文的内容
[0, R0] {R1, R2, „, Rn}
详略选择的阅读
• 需要略读的内容 • 大量的数据堆积 • 明显的举例 • 对比/类比读一半 • 让步转折读一半
阅读示例
1st (B.G) Organisms expend energy ~ budgeting
Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.