Language Planning and Language Policy语言政策与

Spolsky（2004）: 真正意义上 的语言政策更有可能是存在 于一个言语社区中的个人或 团体的语言实践中，或者存 在于这些个人和团体对语言 的信念或意识中；它可能是 对一个特殊的语音、一种表 达方式、或是对某一种语言 的选择；做出这种选择可能 是某个人或者社会中某个被 授权或未被授权的团体；这 些选择可能会被某授权团体 以正式的语言规划的方式使 其形成明确的规定。
Language Planning Goals
(Kaplan and Baldauf, 2003: 202)
（Chinese version for this table can be found in Zhao Shouhui (2007). 国际语言规划的新发展－以非主流语言教学为例.）
1. Policy Planning (on form) Goals 1. Status Planning (about society) Approaches Types (overt - covert) Status Standardisation ■ Officialisation ■ Nationalisation ■ Proscription 2. Cultivation Planning (on function) Goals Revival ■ Restoration ■ Revitalisation ■ Reversal Maintenance Interlingual Communication ■ International ■ Intra-national Spread Lexical Modernisation Stylistic Modernisation Renovation ■ Purification ■ Reform ■ Stylistic simplification ■ Terminological unification Internationalisation Reacquisition Maintenance Foreign Language / Second Language Shift
3. Language-in-Education (Acquisition) Planning (about learning)
4. Prestige Planning (about image)
Language Promotion ■ Official / Government ■ Institutional ■ Pressure group ■ Individual
Language Policy and Planning
Categories of LPP
• Status planning (about
society)
语言规划分类：
• 地位规划 • 本体规划 • 教育规划 • 声望与形象规划
• Corpus planning (about
language)
• Language-ineducation planning
语言规划通常被认为是 通过制订语言计划来 达到解决语言问题的 目的。（自 1959 年正 式出现的language planning这一术语的描 述请参阅Cooper， 1989； 刘海涛， 2 0 0 6 。 )
Language Policy
The exercise of language planning leads to, or is directed by, the promulgation of a language policy by government (or other authoritative body or person). A language policy is a body of ideas, laws, regulations, rules and practices intended to achieve the planned language change in the society, group or system (Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997: xi). 语言政策一般来说是政府和官方行 为，是由政府或政府授权部门 所颁布的意见、规章、条例甚 至法律，目的是为了实现在社 会或某团体、系统内针对语言 变化所做的语言规划（Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997: xi）。
Intellectualisation ■ Language of Science ■ Language of Professions ■ Language. of High Culture ■ Language of the Law
William Stewart outlines ten functional domains in language planning
Language Planning and Language Policy
语言规划与政策
Gao Baoli
Language Planning
Language planning, which has been variously defined by scholars in their literature (See, e.g., Cooper, 1989; Liu, 2006), is broadly perceived as the organized activity to study language issues for solving language problems. (For various d e f i n i t i o n s , s e e e. g. , Cooper, 1989; Liu, 2006.)
Language Policy
Spolsky (2004): language policy is about choice, the choice of a specific sound, or expression, or of a specific variety of language, which is regularly made by an individual, or a socially defined group of individuals, or a body with authority over a defined group of individuals. The real language policy of a community is more likely to be found in its practices than its management.
Another definition
• 语言规划 《中国大百科全书· 语言文字卷》： 语言规划是“国家或社会团体为了对语言 进行管理而进行的各种工作的统称。 陈章太(国家语委副主任): 语言规划的基本含义是：政府或社会团体 为了解决语言在社会交际中出现的问题， 有目的、有组织地对语言文字及其使用进 行干预与管理，使语言文字更好地为社会 服务。（2005:2）
Corpus planning
• Corpus planning refers to the prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes in the structure of the lபைடு நூலகம்nguage.Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs about the adequacy of the form of a language to serve desired functions. Unlike status planning, which is primarily undertaken by administrators and politicians, corpus planning generally involves planners with greater linguistic expertise. There are three traditionally recognized types of corpus planning: graphization, standardization, and modernization.
2. Corpus Planning (about language)
Corpus Standardisation ■ Graphisation ■ Grammatication ■ Lexication Auxiliary Code Standard ■ Graphisation ■ Grammatication ■ Lexication Access Policy Personnel Policy Curriculum Policy Methods & Materials Policy Resourcing Policy Community Policy Evaluation Policy
(about learning)
• Prestige and image planning (about image)
Status planning
• Status planning is the allocation or reallocation of a language or variety to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language.
• Official - An official language "function[s] as a legally appropriate language for all politically and culturally representative purposes on a nationwide basis." Often, the official function of a language is specified in a constitution. Provincial - A provincial language functions as an official language for a geographic area smaller than a nation, typically a province or region (e.g. French in Quebec)[11] Wider communication - A language of wider communication is a language that may be official or provincial, but more importantly, functions as a medium of communication across language boundaries within a nation (e.g. Hindi in India; Swahili language in East Africa)[11] International - An international language functions as a medium of communication across national boundaries (e.g. English)[11] Capital - A capital language functions as a prominent language in and around a national capital (e.g. Dutch and French in Brussels)[11] Group - A group language functions as a conventional language among the members of a single cultural or ethnic group (e.g. Hebrew amongst the Jews)[11]\ Educational - An educational language functions as a medium of instruction in primary and secondary schools on a regional or national basis (Urdu in West Pakistan and Bengali in East Pakistan)[11] School subject - A school subject language is a language that is taught as a subject in secondary school or higher education (e.g. Latin and Ancient Greek in English schools)[11] Literary - A literary language functions as a language for literary or scholarly purposes (Ancient Greek)[11] Religious - A religious language functions as a language for the ritual purposes of a particular religion (e.g. Latin for the Latin Rite within the Roman Catholic Church; Arabic for the reading of the Qur'an)