ExplainingBGPConceptsandTerminology
人工智能生态相关的专业名词解释
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工程职称英语试题及答案
工程职称英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The term "engineering" refers to:A. A type of professionB. A specific disciplineC. A method of constructionD. A type of technology答案：A2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of engineering?A. SystematicB. PracticalC. CreativeD. Static答案：D3. The basic elements of engineering include:A. Materials, energy, and informationB. Money, manpower, and materialsC. Information, technology, and moneyD. Energy, manpower, and technology答案：A4. The primary goal of engineering is to:A. Solve practical problemsB. Pursue scientific truthC. Achieve artistic expressionD. Maximize economic benefits答案：A5. The role of engineering in society includes:A. Enhancing the quality of lifeB. Promoting social progressC. Protecting the environmentD. All of the above答案：D6. The engineering design process generally includes the following stages except:A. Problem identificationB. Conceptual designC. FabricationD. Market research答案：D7. Which of the following is not a common method of engineering analysis?A. Mathematical modelingB. Experimental researchC. Literature reviewD. Computer simulation答案：C8. In engineering, the concept of "sustainability" refers to:A. Economic sustainabilityB. Environmental sustainabilityC. Social sustainabilityD. All of the above答案：D9. The "Internet of Things" (IoT) is related to engineering because it:A. Enhances communication capabilitiesB. Facilitates remote monitoring and controlC. Reduces the need for human laborD. B and C only答案：B10. The acronym "CAD" stands for:A. Computer-Aided DesignB. Computer-Aided DraftingC. Computer-Aided DevelopmentD. Computer-Aided Diagnostics答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The ________ of an engineering project refers to its ability to meet the needs of the users.答案：functionality12. In engineering, the term "feasibility study" is used to evaluate the ________ and practicality of a project.答案：viability13. The process of converting raw materials into finished products is known as ________.答案：manufacturing14. The use of renewable energy sources is an example of engineering efforts to achieve ________.答案：sustainability15. A ________ is a tool that engineers use to createdetailed drawings of their designs.答案：CAD software16. The ________ of a structure refers to its ability to withstand loads without breaking or deforming excessively.答案：stability17. In the context of engineering, "innovation" often involves the development of new ________ or processes.答案：products18. The ________ of a project refers to the total cost of all the resources required to complete it.答案：budget19. Environmental impact assessments are conducted to evaluate the potential ________ of a project on the naturalsurroundings.答案：effects20. The term "mechatronics" combines elements of mechanical engineering, electronics, and ________.答案：computer engineering三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. What are the key factors that engineers consider when designing a bridge?答案：Key factors include the bridge's intended load capacity, the materials to be used, the environmental conditions it will be subjected to, and the overall cost of construction.22. Explain the difference between "prototype" and "final product" in the context of engineering.答案：A prototype is an early sample or model of aproject used to test concepts and processes. The finalproduct is the completed, polished version that is ready for use or distribution.23. What is the significance of "risk assessment" in engineering projects?答案：Risk assessment is significant as it helps identify potential hazards and assess their likelihood and impact.This allows engineers to take preventive measures and ensure the safety and success of the project.24. Describe the role of "project management" in engineering.答案：Project management in engineering involves planning,organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific project goals. It includes scheduling, budgeting, and coordinating the efforts of the team to ensure timely completion and adherence to quality standards.四、论述题。
英语科技术语的构成
Abbreviation
shortening a phrase or word to create a new term (e.g., "AI" for "artistic intelligence")
Acronym
creating a new word from the
initial letters of a phrase (e.g.,
Common affixes in science and technology terminology include prefixes such as "bio -", "chem ", "electro -", and suffixes such as "- ology", "- graph", which help to form specialized terms
Affixes: attached to the beginning or end of roots, attachments modify the meaning or function of words They can indicate number, tense, aspect, or other grammaticarming English Science and
Technology Terminology
Derivative method
Attachment
adding prefixes or suffixes to base words to create new terms (e.g., "bio -" for biology related terms, "- ology" for fields of study)
小飞象共识算法
小飞象共识算法简介小飞象共识算法是一种用于分布式系统中实现一致性的算法。
它旨在解决分布式系统中节点之间的数据一致性问题，并确保在节点之间达成共识。
该算法由一系列步骤组成，通过节点之间的相互通信和协作来实现共识。
背景在分布式系统中，由于网络延迟、节点故障和通信错误等原因，节点之间的数据可能会出现不一致的情况。
为了保证分布式系统的正确性和可靠性，需要引入共识算法来解决这个问题。
小飞象共识算法就是为了满足这一需求而被提出的。
原理小飞象共识算法基于拜占庭将军问题和一致性协议的理论基础。
它采用了一种分布式的方式，通过节点之间的通信和协作来达成共识。
算法的核心思想是通过多轮的消息传递和投票，最终确定一个共同的决策结果。
算法步骤小飞象共识算法包含以下几个步骤：1.初始化：每个节点开始时都具有一个初始值，并且节点之间相互不知道对方的初始值。
节点需要将自己的初始值广播给其他节点。
2.消息传递：节点之间通过消息传递来交换信息。
每个节点在每一轮中都向其他节点发送自己的值，并接收其他节点发送的值。
3.投票：每个节点在接收到其他节点发送的值后，需要根据一定的规则进行投票。
投票规则可以根据具体的应用场景来确定，例如选择最大值、最小值或者多数票等。
4.统计：每个节点需要统计投票结果，并根据结果来调整自己的值。
如果投票结果一致，则节点保持原值不变；如果投票结果不一致，则节点根据投票结果更新自己的值。
5.收敛：重复以上步骤，直到所有节点的值收敛到一个共同的结果。
节点可以通过比较自己的值和其他节点的值来判断是否收敛。
优点小飞象共识算法具有以下几个优点：•容错性：算法能够容忍节点故障和通信错误，并在这些情况下仍能达成共识。
•可扩展性：算法可以适应不同规模的分布式系统，并且能够处理大量的节点和消息。
•高效性：算法通过多轮的消息传递和投票来实现共识，可以在有限的时间内收敛到一个共同的结果。
应用小飞象共识算法可以应用于各种分布式系统中，特别适用于需要保证数据一致性的场景。
2024-2025学年上外版高一上学期期中英语试卷及解答参考
2024-2025学年上外版英语高一上学期期中模拟试卷及解答参考一、听力第一节（本大题有5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）1、Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.A: Hi, are you ready for the midterm exam?B: Yeah, I’ve been studying really hard. How about you?A: I’m also feeling prepared. We should do well in this first semester.Question: What are the speakers mainly discussing?A) How to study for the examB) The midterm exam itselfC) Their feelings about the examD) How their study preparation is goingAnswer: DExplanation: The speakers are discussing their feelings about the exam and how their study preparation is going, indicating that they are both ready for the exam.2、Listen to the following dialogue and answer the question.M: I can’t believe it’s alr eady midterm time. It feels like just last week we were starting the semester.W: Time flies, doesn’t it? I’m really hoping I’ve covered all the important topics in my notes.Question: What are the speakers reflecting on?A) The speed of time passingB) The topics they need to studyC) The beginning of the semesterD) Their midterm exam experienceAnswer: AExplanation: The speakers are reflecting on how quickly time has passed since the beginning of the semester, indicating that they are aware of the fast pace of time.3.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.Student A: Hey, what are you doing this weekend?Student B: Oh, I’m planning to go hiking in the mountains.Student A: That sounds amazing! I wish I could go too.Student B: Yeah, it’s going to be great. I’ll take some pictures and share them with you.Question: What is Student B planning to do this weekend?A) Go to a concert.B) Go hiking in the mountains.C) Visit a museum.D) Have a movie night.Answer: BExplan ation: The answer can be found in Student B’s response, “I’m planning to go hiking in the mountains.”4.You hear a dialogue between a teacher and a student discussing an upcoming assignment.Teacher: Have you started working on the science project yet?Stu dent: Not really, I’ve been quite busy with other classes.Teacher: I understand, but it’s important to get a head start. What’s your topic?Student: I’m doing the project on renewable energy sources.Teacher: That’s a great topic! Have you thought about i ncluding any experiments in your presentation?Student: Yeah, I was thinking of doing a simple solar-powered fan experiment. Question: What is the student’s topic for the science project?A) The effects of global warming.B) Renewable energy sources.C) The history of electricity.D) The human body in science.Answer: BExplanation: The student’s topic is mentioned directly in their response, “I’m doing the project on renewable energy sources.”5、You will hear a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: How many times does Alice mention going to the library?A. 2 timesB. 3 timesC. 4 timesD. 5 timesAnswer: B. 3 timesExplanation: Alice mentions going to the library three times in the conversation. The first time is when she says, “I’m planning to go to the library tomorrow.” The second time is when she asks Bob, “Are you going to the library this weekend?” The third time is when she confirms, “Yes, I’m going to the library on Sunday.”二、听力第二节（本大题有15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）1、Listen to the following conversation and choose the best answer to the question you hear.Question: What is the man’s main concern about the weather?A. The temperature is too high.B. The weather forecast is not accurate.C. There might be a heavy rainstorm.D. The weather is too humid.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, the man expresses his concern about the possibility of a heavy rainstorm, which indicates that his main concern is about the weather condition, specifically the potential for heavy rain.2、Listen to the following dialogue and answer the question you hear.Question: What does the woman suggest the man should do to improve his health?A. Take more exercise.B. Eat more vegetables.C. Go to see a doctor.D. Drink less coffee.Answer: AExplanation: The woman suggests that the man should start taking more exercise to improve his health, which is a common piece of advice given to someone looking to enhance their physical well-being.3、What does the speaker say about the importance of teamwork in the workplace?A)Teamwork is not necessary for success in the workplace.B)Teamwork is often overrated in the workplace.C)Teamwork is crucial for achieving common goals in the workplace.D)Teamwork can be a distraction from individual performance.Answer: C) Teamwork is crucial for achieving common goals in the workplace.Explanation: The speaker emphasizes the importance of teamwork in theworkplace by stating that it is essential for achieving common goals, which implies that teamwork is a key factor for success in the workplace.4、Why does the woman suggest taking a break during the workday?A)She believes that taking a break will reduce productivity.B)She thinks that taking a break will help prevent burnout.C)She wants to ensure that the break is not too long.D)She is concerned about the weather conditions outside.Answer: B) She thinks that taking a break will help prevent burnout.Explanation: The woman suggests taking a break during the workday because she believes it will help prevent burnout, which indicates that she values the mental and physical well-being of the employees and recognizes the benefits of regular breaks.5.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans. Listen and choose the best answer to the question.Question: What activity does the boy plan to do on Sunday afternoon?A. Visit a museum.B. Go to the beach.C. Play a sport.D. Take a walk in the park.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the boy mentions that he is going to the beach with his friends on Sunday afternoon, so the correct answer is B. Go to the beach.6.You will hear a short passage about the benefits of reading. Listen andanswer the following question.Question: According to the passage, what is one of the main benefits of reading?A. Improved memory.B. Better concentration.C. Enhanced creativity.D. Increased vocabulary.Answer: CExplanation: The passage explicitly states that reading can enhance creativity, making it the correct answer. The other options, while benefits of reading, are not mentioned as the main benefits in this particular passage.7.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their plans for the weekend. Listen and answer the question.Question: What does the girl plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Go shopping.B. Visit a museum.C. Have a picnic.Answer: B. Visit a museum.Explanation: In the conversation, the girl says, “I was thinking of visiting the art museum in the afternoon. Do you want to join me?” This indicates that her plan for Saturday afternoon is to visit a museum.8.You will hear a short interview with a teacher discussing a new projectat school. Listen and answer the question.Question: What is the main goal of the new project?A. To improve students’ reading skills.B. To encourage more students to participate in sports.C. To increase environmental awareness among students.Answer: C. To increase environmental awareness among students.Explanation: In the interview, the teacher explains, “The main goal of this project is to raise awareness about environmental issues and encourage students to take action to protect our planet.” This directly answe rs the question about the main goal of the new project.9.You will hear a short dialogue between two students in a library. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What is the main topic of the conversation?A. How to find a quiet place to study.B. The importance of reading books in English.C. The library’s opening hours.D. The rules for borrowing books.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, the two students are discussing the library’s opening hours, which is the main topic of the dialogue.10.You will hear a passage about the benefits of exercise. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: According to the passage, what is the most important benefit of regular exercise?A. Improving academic performance.B. Enhancing physical fitness.C. Reducing stress.D. Increasing energy levels.Answer: CExplanation: The passage states that regular exercise is the best way to reduce stress, making it the most important benefit mentioned in the text.11.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing a school project. Listen to the conversation and answer the question.Question: What are the students planning to do for their school project?A)Build a model of a historical building.B)Write a play about a famous scientist.C)Organize a charity event.Answer: A) Build a model of a historical building.Explanation: The students mention that they are going to create a model of a historical building for their project, which indicates that option A is the correct answer.12.You will hear a short speech by a teacher about the importance of studying history. Listen to the speech and answer the question.Question: What is the main point the teacher emphasizes in the speech?A)History is important for understanding current events.B)Studying history can help improve students’ writing skills.C)History is a subject that can be boring and irrelevant.Answer: A) History is important for understanding current events.Explanation: The teacher clearly states that understanding history is crucial for making sense of the world today, which supports option A as the main point of the speech.13.You will hear a short conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans. Listen and choose the best answer to the question.Question: What does the girl plan to do this weekend?A. Go shopping with her friends.B. Visit her grandparents.C. Stay home and study.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the girl says, “I’m planning to visit my grandparents this weekend,” indicating that her plan is to visit her grandparents.14.You will hear a news report about a recent scientific discovery. Listen and answer the question.Question: What is the main discovery made by the scientists?A. A new species of fish in the Amazon.B. A potential treatment for a rare disease.C. A new method for recycling plastic waste.Answer: BExplanation: The news report states, “A team of scientists has made a significant breakthrough in finding a potential treatment for a rare genetic disease,” which is the main discovery mentioned.15.How much money does the woman need to borrow from the bank to pay for her new car?A.$10,000.B.$15,000.C.$20,000.Answer: AExplanation: The woman mentions that her new car costs$10,000, and she needs to borrow the full amount from the bank to purchase it. Therefore, the correct answer is$10,000.三、阅读第一节（第1题7.5分，其余每题10分，总37.5分）第一题Reading SectionPassageIt was a cold winter evening in 1920 when young Alice Brown decided to leave her home in small-town America. She had always dreamt of exploring the world and experiencing different cultures. After much thought, she decided to embark on a journey to Japan, a country she had always been fascinated by.Alice arrived in Tokyo, the bustling capital city, and was immediatelyoverwhelmed by the sights and sounds. The streets were filled with people, all dressed in traditional Japanese attire, and the air was filled with the smell of delicious street food. She spent her first few days wandering through the city, visiting famous landmarks like the Meiji Shrine and the Senso-ji Temple.However, Alice quickly realized that she needed to learn more about the language and customs of Japan if she wanted to truly immerse herself in the culture. She enrolled in a Japanese language school and began studying every day. She also made friends with other students from around the world, which helped her learn about different cultures.One day, Alice met a local Japanese woman named Haruko, who offered to show her around the city. Haruko took Alice to a local tea house, where she learned about the traditional tea ceremony. She was amazed by the meticulous attention to detail and the serene atmosphere of the tea house.As the weeks went by, Alice continued to explore the beauty of Japan. She visited beautiful gardens, climbed majestic mountains, and even attended a traditional Japanese festival. She felt a deep connection to the country and its people, and knew that she had made the right decision to come here.One evening, Alice was sitting in her small Tokyo apartment, looking out at the city lights. She felt a sense of fulfillment and gratitude for the experiences she had had. She knew that her journey to Japan was just the beginning, and she was excited to see what the future held.Questions1、What was the main reason Alice decided to leave her home in America?A. To study at a Japanese language schoolB. To explore the world and experience different culturesC. To work in TokyoD. To visit her friends in Japan2、Which of the following landmarks did Alice visit in Tokyo?A. The Eiffel TowerB. The Meiji ShrineC. The Statue of LibertyD. The Golden Gate Bridge3、How did Alice learn about the traditional Japanese tea ceremony?A. She read a book about itB. She watched a documentary on TVC. Her friend Haruko took her to a local tea houseD. She learned it in her Japanese language class4、What was Alice’s feeling towards Japan at the end of the passage?A. BoredB. DisappointedC. ExcitedD. UninterestedAnswers1、B2、B3、C4、C第二题Passage:In the small town of Willow Creek, there was a tradition every autumn. The townspeople would gather in the central park to celebrate the autumn harvest. This event was known as the “Harvest Festival.” The festival started with a parade of decorated floats, followed by various activities and games for children and adults alike. One of the highlights of the festival was the “Pumpkin Pie Eating Contest,” which always drew a large crowd.The contest was divided into two categories: adults and children. The winner would receive a special trophy, a large, ornate pumpkin pie. The rules were simple: the contestant had to eat as much pumpkin pie as possible in a set amount of time, without spilling any. Many townspeople would come to watch and cheer for their favorites.Every year, a new record was set, and the community was always looking forward to seeing who would break the record the next year. The festival was not only a celebration of the autumn harvest but also a way for the townspeople to come together and strengthen their community bonds.Questions:1、What is the main purpose of the Harvest Festival in Willow Creek?A) To promote pumpkin farming.B) To celebrate the autumn harvest and community spirit.C) To hold a pumpkin pie eating contest.D) To compete in a parade.2、How many categories are there in the Pumpkin Pie Eating Contest?A) OneB) TwoC) ThreeD) Four3、What is the special prize for the winner of the Pumpkin Pie Eating Contest?A) A trophyB) A certificateC) A small pumpkinD) A gift certificate4、What is the atmosphere of the Harvest Festival described in the passage?A) Somber and quietB) Exciting and livelyC) Boring and dullD) Sad and lonelyAnswers:1、B2、B3、A4、B第三题Passage:In a small coastal town, there was a fisherman named Santiago. Santiago was known for his great skill in fishing, but lately, he had been having a hard time catching fish. He felt that his luck was running out. One day, he decided to take a break from fishing and visited an old sage who lived in the nearby hills.The sage listened to Santiago’s woes and then gave him some advice. “You must go far out into the sea,” he said, “and you must be patient. Only t hen will you find the great fish you seek.”Santiago thanked the sage and returned to his boat. He set sail early the next morning and ventured far into the sea. Days passed, and he continued to fish without success. He began to lose hope, but he remembere d the sage’s words and kept on. Finally, after a long time, he felt a huge pull on his line. With great effort, he hauled in the fish, and to his astonishment, it was the biggest fish he had ever seen.Santiago returned to the village, and everyone was amazed at his catch. They asked him how he had managed to catch such a huge fish. He replied, “I went far out into the sea and I was patient. Only then did I find the great fish.”Questions:1、What was Santiago’s problem before he visited the sage?A. He was too old to fish.B. He was tired of fishing.C. He couldn’t catch fish.D. He didn’t have a boat.2、What advice did the sage give to Santiago?A. He should go fishing during the morning.B. He should fish in the shallow waters.C. He should go far out into the sea and be patient.D. He should ask the villagers for help.3、How did Santiago feel when he first started fishing after the sage’s advice?A. He felt excited.B. He felt confident.C. He felt discouraged.D. He felt indifferent.4、What did Santiago’s catch do to the villagers in the village?A. It made them angry.B. It made them sad.C. It made them amazed.D. It made them hungry.Answers:1、C2、C3、C4、C第四题Passage:In the small coastal town of Laguna, the local community has always had a strong sense of unity and pride in their culture. Each year, they celebrate the Lagunian Festival, a traditional event that showcases the town’s history, art, and culinary delights. The festival is a highlight of the year for residents and tourists alike, attracting visitors from far and wide.This year, the festival is especially significant as it marks the 100th anniversary of the town’s founding. The committee in charge of organizing the festivities has planned a variety of activities, including parades, concerts, and a special art exhibit. One of the most anticipated events is the annual culinary contest, where local chefs compete to create the best Lagunian dish.The contest has been a tradition for decades, and it has become a symbol of the community’s spirit. Chefs from all over the town come together to prepare their signature dishes, which are then judged by a panel of culinary experts. The winning dish is not only celebrated for its taste but also for its representation of Lagunian heritage.The festival also features a traditional dance performance, where young dancers from the Lagunian Dance Academy showcase their skills. The dance is ablend of ancient rituals and modern choreography, reflecting the town’s rich cultural history.As the festival approaches, the excitement is palpable. The streets are decorated with colorful banners, and the town’s people are busy preparing for the big day. Everyone looks forward to this celebration, not just for the fun and food, but also for the sense of belonging and connection it brings.1、What is the main purpose of the Lagunian Festival?A)To promote tourism in Laguna.B)To celebrate the 100th anniversary of the town’s founding.C)To showcase the town’s art and culinary delights.D)To compete in the annual culinary contest.2、How does the annual culinary contest represent the community’s spirit?A)It brings chefs from different towns together.B)It showcases the town’s culinary expertise.C)It symbolizes the community’s unity and pride.D)It is a source of revenue for the town.3、What is unique about the traditional dance performance at the festival?A)It is performed by professional dancers only.B)It is a combination of ancient rituals and modern choreography.C)It is only performed on the festival’s opening day.D)It is open to anyone who wishes to participate.4、Why is the Lagunian Festival significant this year?A)It is the 50th anniversary of the town’s founding.B)It is the first time the festival has been held.C)It celebrates the town’s cultural heritage.D)It is a one-time event to mark a special occasion.Answers:1、C2、C3、B4、B四、阅读第二节（12.5分）Title: The Impact of Technology on EducationReading Section:In recent years, technology has become an integral part of our lives, and its influence on education is no exception. From online learning platforms to smart classrooms, technology has revolutionized the way we acquire knowledge. This article explores the impact of technology on education.Once upon a time, education was limited to traditional classrooms, where teachers imparted knowledge to students through textbooks and blackboards. However, with the advent of technology, the landscape of education has transformed. Online learning platforms like Coursera, Khan Academy, and Udemy have made it possible for people from all corners of the world to access quality education at their convenience. Moreover, smart classrooms equipped withadvanced technology tools have enhanced the learning experience for both teachers and students.One of the most significant benefits of technology in education is the increased accessibility to resources. Students can now access a vast array of information and learning materials online, which can be tailored to their individual needs. This has helped bridge the gap between students and educational institutions, especially in remote areas where traditional learning opportunities are scarce.Another advantage of technology in education is the personalized learning experience it offers. With the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, educational platforms can analyze students’ performance and suggest tailored learning paths. This enables students to learn at their own pace and focus on their weak areas, ultimately leading to better academic outcomes.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns is the digital divide. Not all students have access to the necessary technology or internet connectivity, which can hinder their learning experience. Additionally, there is a risk of technology becoming a distraction rather than a tool for learning, as some students may become engrossed in online games or social media.Questions:1.What was the traditional method of imparting knowledge in classrooms?a) Online learning platformsb) Smart classroomsc) Textbooks and blackboardsd) Artificial intelligence2.Which of the following platforms has made it possible for people to access quality education at their convenience?a) Courserab) Smart classroomsc) Textbooksd) Blackboards3.What is one of the benefits of technology in education mentioned in the article?a) Increased accessibility to resourcesb) Personalized learning experiencec) The digital divided) Distraction from online games4.What is the main concern regarding the integration of technology in education?a) The digital divideb) Personalized learning experiencec) Access to online learning platformsd) The use of textbooks5.According to the article, what can be a potential risk associated with the use of technology in education?a) Increased accessibility to resourcesb) Personalized learning experiencec) The digital divided) Distraction from online gamesAnswers:1.c) Textbooks and blackboards2.a) Coursera3.b) Personalized learning experience4.a) The digital divide5.d) Distraction from online games五、语言运用第一节 _ 完形填空（15分）Title: Shangai International Studies University (SISU) First Mid-Term ExaminationV. Language ApplicationSection 1: Cloze TestRead the following passage and choose the best word or phrase to fill in each blank.One Sunday morning, 56-year-old Mr. Wang went for a walk in the park. He had always enjoyed nature and was looking forward to a peaceful morning. However, his day took an unexpected turn when he noticed a small dog looking lost and frightened. The dog had a red collar with a tag that read, “Please help me, I am lost.”1.Mr. Wang immediately felt a strong desire to help the dog. He knew that it was important to find its owner as soon as possible.2.He approached the dog and gently tried to calm it down. The dog, however, seemed to be very nervous and did not trust him at first.3.Mr. Wang decided to take the dog back to his home, hoping to find its owner there. He put the dog in his car and drove to his house.4.Once they arrived, Mr. Wang prepared some food and water for the dog. He also gave it a warm blanket to keep it comfortable.5.While Mr. Wang was busy taking care of the dog, he noticed a phone number on the dog’s tag. He called the number and a woman answered the phone.6.”Is this the dog that you have found?” Mr.Wang asked.7.”Yes, that’s my dog,” the woman replied. “I lost him last night. Thank you so much for helping me find him.”8.Mr. Wang was thrilled to hear that the dog had been found. He drove the dog to the woman’s house and returned it to her.9.The woman was extremely grateful and offered Mr. Wang a reward for his kindness.10.”I don’t need any money,” Mr.Wang said. “I’m just glad I could help the dog find its way home.”11.The woman was touched by Mr. Wang’s generosity and decided to invite him over for dinner.12.The next day, Mr. Wang and the woman had a wonderful dinner together. They shared stories and laughter, and they both felt that their lives had beentouched by the small dog.13.The experience taught Mr. Wang an important lesson: sometimes, it’s the smallest acts of kindness that make the biggest difference.14.He realized that he had found more than just a dog that morning; he had found a new friend.15.From that day on, Mr. Wang and the woman became close friends, and they often visited each other’s homes.Choose the best word or phrase to fill in the blank:16.Mr. Wang felt a strong desire to help the dog because he knew that ________.A. the dog had been lost for a long timeB. it was important to find its owner as soon as possibleC. he had always loved dogsD. he had nothing else to do that morningAnswer: B六、语言运用第二节 _ 语法填空（15分）Read the following passage and complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the box below. Each word or phrase can be used only once.The modern world is full of distractions. From social media notifications to endless emails, it’s hard to focus on one thing at a time. However, focusing on one task can greatly improve our productivity. Here are some tips to helpyou stay focused:1.Create a to-do list: Write down everything you need to do for the day. This will help you prioritize your tasks and stay organized.2.Limit distractions: Turn off your phone notifications and close unnecessary tabs on your computer.3.Break down tasks: Divide a large task into smaller, manageable parts.4.Set a timer: Work for a set period of time, such as 25 minutes, and then take a 5-minute break.5.Reward yourself: After completing a task, reward yourself with a small treat or break.6.Find a quiet place: Choose a quiet, comfortable spot to work where you won’t be interrupted.Now, complete the following sentences using the appropriate words or phrases from the box.1.___________your phone notifications can help you stay focused.2.Writing a___________can help you prioritize your tasks.3.___________a task into smaller parts can make it easier to handle.4.Working for a set period of time, such as 25 minutes, is known asthe_________technique.5.After completing a task, you can___________yourself with a small treat.6.A___________place to work can help you avoid distractions.Box:A. manage。
复杂网络演化博弈理论研究综述
复杂网络演化博弈理论研究综述一、本文概述Overview of this article随着信息技术的飞速发展，复杂网络作为一种描述现实世界中各种复杂系统的有效工具，已经引起了广泛关注。
而在复杂网络中，演化博弈理论则为我们提供了一种深入理解和分析网络动态行为的重要视角。
本文旨在全面综述复杂网络演化博弈理论的研究现状和发展趋势，以期能为相关领域的学者和研究人员提供有益的参考和启示。
With the rapid development of information technology, complex networks have attracted widespread attention as an effective tool for describing various complex systems in the real world. In complex networks, evolutionary game theory provides us with an important perspective to deeply understand and analyze the dynamic behavior of networks. This article aims to comprehensively review the research status and development trends of complex network evolutionary game theory, in order to provide useful reference and inspiration for scholars and researchers in related fields.本文首先回顾了复杂网络和演化博弈理论的基本概念和研究背景，阐述了两者结合的必要性和重要性。
接着，文章从网络结构、博弈规则、动态演化等多个方面对复杂网络演化博弈理论进行了深入的分析和讨论。
社科 概念模型 边界条件
社科概念模型边界条件《社科概念模型边界条件》我有个朋友小明，他可搞笑了。
有一次，我们一起参加一个小型的社科类研讨活动。
那里面有人提了个特别玄乎的概念模型，说是什么能预测某种社会现象。
小明呢，他直接举手就问：“这玩意儿啥时候能用，啥时候不行啊？有没有啥边界条件啊？”这一下把在场的人都问得愣住了，然后就哄堂大笑。
不过这也引出了关于社科、概念模型和边界条件这些超级重要又有趣的话题。
社科呢，就是研究社会现象、社会关系啥的学问。
就像我们研究为啥某些城市里年轻人都喜欢聚集在某些商圈，这里面就涉及到很多社会因素啦，像消费文化、城市规划之类的社科内容。
而概念模型呢，这就好比是给社科研究搭的一个框架。
比如说，我们要研究人们的信任建立机制。
概念模型可能就假设信任跟人们的交往频率、诚信记录、共同利益啥的有关。
它把这些相关的因素以一种逻辑关系组合起来，就像搭积木一样，让我们可以更有条理地去研究这个问题。
可是啊，概念模型不能一直管用，这时候就需要边界条件了。
边界条件就像一块地的围栏一样，圈定了概念模型适用的范围。
还是刚才信任建立机制那个例子，如果我们发现这个在西方社会的某些人群里适用的模型，在中国的农村可能就不那么适用了。
为啥呢？这里面可能就是因为文化的边界条件不一样。
在中国农村，人们的信任更多可能建立在家族关系、宗族关系等之上，和西方那种以个体为中心建立信任就不一样。
还有啊，经济发展水平也是一个边界条件。
在一些经济特别发达的地区，人们可能基于经济合作中的契约信任，在经济比较落后的地区，可能更多是基于生存互助的信任。
再比如说，研究教育和社会阶层流动的概念模型。
在一个社会资源较为公平分配、教育机会均等的国家里，教育就能成为一个比较好的促使阶层向上流动的途径，教育质量和数量就可能在这个模型里是关键因素。
但是一旦到了贫富差距极大、特权阶层垄断教育资源的国家，这个模型就失效了，因为社会政治结构和资源分配的不公平这个边界条件改变了模型的适用性。
第14章-竞争网络
14.2.2 竞争层
竞争 Hamming网络的第二层的神经元激活自己 而抑制所有其他神经元，这就叫做竞争。
为了简化本章余下部分的讨论，我们将定义 一个传输函数，来作一个递归竞争层所做的工作：
它找到最大净输入的神经元的下标，并将其 输出设置为1。所有其他的输出都设置为0。
用一个作用于第一层的竞争传输函数代替
一旦神经网络学会了如何将输入向量分类，
那么对于新向量它也将同样分类，如图14-8所示。 阴影表示每个神经元将作出响应的区域。竞争层 通过使权值向量最接近输入向量p的神经元的输 出为1为每个输入向量p指定给这些类中的一个。
2.竞争层中存在的问题
竞争网络能够进行有效的自适应分类，但它 仍存在一些问题。第一个问题就是学习速度的选 择使得不得不在学习速度和最终权值向量的稳定 性之间进行折中（见图14-9）。一个接近0的学 习速度意味着慢速的学习。然而，一旦权值向量 到达一个簇的中心，它将保持在中心附近。
相反，接近1.0的学习速度将导致快速学习。 然而，一旦权值向量到达一个簇。它将作为它所 代表的簇中的不同向量来回震荡（见图14-10）。
有时这种在快速学习和稳定性之间的折中能够 带来好处。初始训练对于快速学习可以用大的学 习速度来完成。然后学习速度可以随着训练的进 程而逐渐减少，以达到稳定的原型向量。令人遗 憾的是如果网络需不断地对输入向量的新排列作 出调整的话，这种技术就不起作用了。
当簇彼此很靠近的时候，一种更为严重的稳定 性问题产生了。在特定的情况下，一个形成某簇 原型的权值向量会“侵入”另一个权值向量的领 地，从而破坏目前的分类状况。
图14-11中的4个图说明了这个问题。两个输入向量 （图（a）中用空心圆圈表示）被提交了几次。 结果是代表中间和右边簇的权值向量移向了右边。 最后右边簇的一个向量被中心权值向量重新分类。 进一步的提交向量使中间向量移向右边，直到它 “丢失”了一些它的向量才停止，这些丢失的向 量成为左边权值向量所代表的类的一部分。
国际关系英语专业术语(较完整)
缓冲国buffer state治国术statecraftcomprehensive power 综合国力双重国籍dual nationality东道国host country附庸国vassal stateprotectorate 保护国战败国 a defeated country卫星国satellite state战胜国 victorious nation中立国neutrality stated, neutral country永久中立国neutralized statedAxis Powers 轴心国不结盟国家nonaligned state缔约国 signatory state of the treaty (convention) hegemonic state霸权国策源国政治学political science比较政治学comparative politics低级政治low politics高级政治high politics规模政治politics of scaleRealpolitik 现实政治官僚政治bureaucratic politics政治地理political geography政治化politicization政治精神心理学 political psychophysiology生态政治学ecopolitics政治精英political elitezero-sum game 零和游戏nonzero-sum game 非零和游戏game theory 博弈论two-level game or two-tier game双层博弈 paradigm 范式本土化localization不可逆转性irreversibilityconvention 常规解构deconstructionbalance of power 均势联系协定association agreementexclusivity排他性批判理论critique theoriesequilibrium 平衡globalization全球化identity 认同或特性外溢spill-overrelative gain相对收益absolute gain 绝对收益相互依赖interdependence效忠转移loyalty-transferring边际成本marginal costpublic domain 公共领域公共选择理论public choice theory国家间交易成本 interstate transaction cost交易收益transaction benefit利益集团interests group囚徒困境prisoner’s dilemma权利让渡transferring rightsanarchy 无政府状态constitutionalism宪政信息不对称 asymmetric information定量分析quantitative analysis定性分析qualitative analysis交流理论transactionism复合相互依赖 complex interdependencecase study 个案研究理论体系theoretical framework辩证法dialectical method世界体系理论world system theoryalienation 异化物竞天择natural selectionpagan 异教徒证伪falsificationappeasement 绥靖不对称战略 asymmetrical strategy代议制政府 representative forms of government dependency theory 依附理论电讯革命 telecommunications revolution遏制政策containment policy反主流文化counterculture非西方化dewesternization非线性nonlinearity功利主义哲学utilitarian philosophysupply-side economics供应学派经济学理性行为体模型rational actor model古典自由主义学派classical liberal schooldecentralization分散化乌托邦理论utopian theorynormative theory 规范理论value judgment 价值判断阶级斗争class strugglemirror image 镜像比较研究comparative study控制论cybernetic theory; cyberneticspredictability可预测性跨文化比较分析cross-cultural comparative analysis边缘化marginalization确保摧毁assured destruction知识产权intellectual property同质文明[,hɔmə'dʒi:niəs, ,həu-] homogeneous civilizationhomogenization 同质化Heterogeneou 异质化[,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs]futurology 未来学文明的冲突clash of civilizationstheoretical foundation理论基础grand theory 大理论信息革命information revolution意识形态冲突ideological conflictbarbarism 野蛮状态lobbying 游说nonwhite people 有色人种metaphysics 形而上学长周期理论long-circle theoryresource theory资源理论autonomous 自治case study 案例研究cyclical theory周期理论共同观念shared ideas全球治理global governancethe nature of man人性认知心理学cognitive psychologycivil society市民社会ideology 意识形态智囊团brain trustbandwagon 搭便车autarky 自给自足, 闭关自守democratization民主化宪政民主constitutional democracy当代史方法current history approachend of history历史终结社会化socialization自我实现的预言self-fulfilling prophecy结构性暴力structural violence适者生存survival of the fittestxenophobia 仇外, 排外ontology 本体论Copenhagen School 哥本哈根学派结构二重性duality of structure内化internalization制度化institutionalization世俗化secularizationthink tank 思想库public goods 公共物品非关税壁垒non-tariff barrier非正式协议informal agreement关税减让tariffs reduction关税同盟Tariffs Union互惠reciprocityGreat Depression 大萧条Industrial Revolution工业革命工业时代Industrial Age反托拉斯法antitrust law工业化industrialization股票市场崩溃stock market clash浮动汇率floating exchange rate固定汇率fixed exchange rate外汇汇率currency exchange rategold standard金本位金融机构financial institutioneconomic determinism 经济决定论economic globalization经济全球化economic sanction 经济制裁经济周期economic circletransnational corporation, multinational corporation跨国公司 money laundering 洗钱能源危机energy crisisUruguay Round 乌拉圭回合剩余价值surplus value贸易平衡balance of trade贸易赤字trade deficit公债treasury bond中央银行central bankfree market system自由市场体系城市化urbanizationeconomic growth 经济增长可持续发展 sustainable development customs union 关税同盟emerging market 新兴市场滞胀stagflationnondiscrimination非歧视原则非关税壁垒 nontariff barriers (NTBs) package deal 一揽子交易市场失灵market failurebourgeoisie 资产阶级民族自决 national self-determination民族解放 national liberation种族问题racial issue民族身份ethnic identity种族冲突ethnic conflictgeopolitics地缘政治sea power 海权land power 陆权air power 空权Balkan 巴尔干Age of Exploration地理大发现时代 Geoeconomics 地缘经济学 Indochina 印度支那Formosa 福摩萨Pacific Rim 环太平洋地区 heartland 大陆心脏Latin American 拉丁美洲马六甲海峡Strait of Malacca大陆国家 continental countryKashmir 克什米尔地理位置 geographic locationSerbia 塞尔维亚破碎地带shatterbeltNetherlands 尼德兰Eurasia 欧亚大陆lebensraum 生存空间中心-边缘模式core-periphery modelGlobal North 北方世界Global South 南方世界人名Karl W. 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Doyle 迈克尔•多伊尔John Hertz 约翰•赫茨Fredric Latzel弗里德里希•拉采尔鲁道夫•契伦Rudolf KjellenKarl Haushofer 卡尔•豪斯霍夫Nicolas Spykman 尼古拉斯•斯皮克曼Sir Halford Mackinder麦金德Douhet 杜黑Alfred Thayer Mahan 艾尔弗雷德•马汉David Mitrany 戴维•米特兰尼Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大•汉密尔顿Stanley Hoffmann 斯坦利•霍夫曼Kenneth W. Thompson 肯尼思•汤普逊Robert O. Keohane 罗伯特•基欧汉Robert Cox 罗伯特•考克斯弗里德里希•冯•哈耶克Friedrich von HayekJohn W. Burton 约翰•伯顿Morton Kaplan 莫顿•卡普兰John Ikenberry 约翰•埃肯伯里Arnold Toynbee 阿诺德•汤因比弗朗索瓦•德•卡利埃 《外交的艺术》 Francois de CallieresAbraham de Wicquefort 亚伯拉罕•德•威克福 ,《大使及其职能》 Robbery Jervis 罗伯特•杰维斯Barry Buzan 巴里•布赞Joseph Grieco 约瑟夫•格里科Sigmund Freud 西蒙•弗洛伊德Jurgen Habermas 尤尔根•哈贝马斯George W. F. Hegal 黑格尔Immanuel Kant 伊曼纽尔•康德Walter Lippmann 沃尔特•李普曼Thomas Aquinas 托马斯•阿奎那Fernand Braudel 费尔南•布罗代尔凯尔•冯•克劳塞维茨Karl von ClausewitzChristopher Columbus 克里斯托弗•哥伦布Auguste Comte 奥古斯特•孔德Herodotus 希罗多德Martin Luther 马丁•路德Richelieu 黎塞留John L. Gaddis 约翰•加迪斯Herbert Spencer 赫伯特•斯宾塞(英国社会学家)Oswald Spengler 奥斯瓦尔德•施宾格勒(德国历史哲学家) Talleyrand 塔列朗Caliphate 哈里发斯大林Joseph StalinDwight D. Eisenhower 德怀特•艾森豪威尔Eisenhower Doctrine 艾森豪威尔主义Harry Truman 哈里•杜鲁门Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义Jimmy Carter 吉米•卡特Ronald Reagan 罗纳德•里根Thomas Jefferson 托马斯•杰斐逊Coolidge 柯立芝Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义Richard Nixon 理查德•尼克松Nixon Doctrine 尼克松主义温斯顿•丘吉尔Winston ChurchillWoodrow Wilson 伍德罗•威尔逊Wilsonianism 威尔逊主义内维尔•张伯伦Neville Chamberlain阿道夫•希特勒Adolf HitlerOtto von Bismarch 奥托•冯•俾斯麦Napoleon Bonaparte 拿破仑•波拿巴亚历山大大帝Alexander the GreatAristotle 亚里士多德Augustine 奥古斯丁腓特烈大帝Frederick the Great梅特涅亲王Prince Metternich戴高乐Charles de Gaulle阿拉法特Yassir Arafat凯撒Julius CaesarBrezhnev Doctrine 勃列日涅夫主义Abbas I 阿拔斯一世君士坦丁(拜占庭皇帝)Constantine (Byzantine emperor)Hideyoshi 丰臣秀吉Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗•克伦威尔伊凡雷帝Ivan the Terrible (Tsar)Justinian 查士丁尼Genghis Khan 成吉思汗Mahomet 穆罕默德Peter the Great彼得大帝威廉一世 William I (Duke of Normandy, the Conqueror, King of England) Yoshida Doctrine 吉田主义Robespierre 罗伯斯庇尔Catherine the Great 叶卡捷琳娜大帝Charlemagne 查理曼大帝Sun Yat-sen 孙中山Khrushchev 赫鲁晓夫军事基地military basemilitary coup军事政变军费开支military expenditures军事援助military assistance军事一体化military integration军事干预military intervention军事挑衅military provocation军事技术革命military-technical revolution相互威慑mutual deterrence外层空间的非军事化demilitarization of outer spacearmed force 军队, 武装力量大规模报复massive retaliationWMD, Weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤性武器preemption 先发制人巡航导弹cruise missileballistic missile defense弹道导弹防御洲际弹道导弹intercontinental ballistic missile中程弹道导弹intermediate-range ballistic missiletheater missile defense(TMD) (战区)导弹防御系统低烈度冲突low-intensity conflict第一次打击战略first-strike strategy第二次打击能力second-strike capacityatomic bomb 原子弹战略武器strategic weapon战术武器tactical weaponnaval blockade 海上封锁海军naval force空军air forceland force 陆军arms race 军备竞赛arms control 军备控制海军实力naval capabilityPentagon 五角大楼维和行动peace keeping operation防务政策defense policyguerilla war游击战信息战information warfare (IW), infowarmercenary 雇佣军open sea 公海 high seas international waters 公海；国际水域 outer space 外层空间领土完整territorial integrity领土管辖权territorial jurisdiction领水territorial water领空territorial air领海territorial sea领海范围limits of territorial sea增长极限论limits-to-growth propositionPersian Gulf War 海湾战争印巴战争Indo-Pakistani WarVietnam War 越南战争常规战争conventional warwar by proxy 代理人战争Indo-Chinese War 中印战争just war 正义战争有限核战争limited nuclear war预防性战争preventive warpostmodern war 后现代战争total war 总体战争Korean War 朝鲜战争preemptive war 先发制人的战争Crimean War 克里米亚战争[krai'miən]Falklands War 马岛战争Franco-Prussian 普法战争Russo-Japanese War 日俄战争Opium War 鸦片战争['əupiəm]Great Northern War 北方战争太平洋战争War of PacificThirty Years War 三十年战争the Peloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争[,peləpə'ni:ʃən] Boer War 布尔战争Boer ['bəuə; bɔ:]nuclear weapons 核武器nuclear free zone无核区不首先使用(核武器)non-first usenonlethal weapon 非致使武器切尔诺贝利核事故 Chernobyl nuclear accident核查verification反核运动antinuclear movements核威慑nuclear deterrence核冬天nuclear winter核技术nuclear technologynuclear age 核时代全面禁止核试验CTB, Comprehensive test ban全面禁止核试验条约 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty和平解决争端 peaceful settlement of disputes和平红利peace dividend和平共处peaceful coexistence民主和平论democratic peaceinstitutional peace theory 制度和平论partnership of peace 和平伙伴关系genocide 种族屠杀apartheid 种族隔离racial discrimination 种族歧视ethnic cleansing 种族清洗ethnocentrism 种族优越感国际组织：The Andean Pact 安第斯条约集团NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定the Council of Ministers （欧盟）部长理事会（即 欧盟理事会）the COREPER, Committee of Permanent Representatives 常驻代表委员会the Dayton Peace Accords 代顿协议ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations 东南亚国家联盟community sense 共同体意识economic integration 经济一体化EMU, Economic and Monetary Union 经济与货币联盟ECJ, the European Court of Justice 欧洲法院EC, European Community 欧洲共同体the European Council 欧洲委员会（Council of Europe-------注：1）Council of the European Union ：欧盟理事会2（俗称欧盟部长理事会the C ouncil of Ministers ）1 Council of Europe：欧洲委员会，是由爱尔兰、比利时、丹麦、法国、荷兰、卢森堡、挪威、瑞典、意大利和英国通过1949年5月5日在伦敦签订《欧洲委员会法规》所成立，具有国际法地位、并且为联合国观察员身份的国际组织，是欧洲整合东欧进程中最早成立的机构。
NASA教程：X飞机与未来飞行器说明书
Gliding into the FutureLesson Reference: CAP’s AEX II, vol. 2; NASA lesson, Getting the Drop on Flight with the “X” Planes, at http ://www .nasa .gov/pdf/546442main _E1_GettingTheDropOnXPlanes _C4.pdfObjectives:• Students will compare past flying machines to flying machines of today and thefuture, identifying similarities and differences using a Venn diagram.• Students will discuss how engineers use models in research, design, development,and testing.• Students will construct and fly an aircraft using an approved pattern and discuss itsadvantages to full-scale testing.• Students will use measurement tools to determine the dimensions to build anexperimental model.• Students will construct a flying machine and conduct an experiment with itfollowing the scientific method.National Standards: Math• Understand and apply basic concepts ofprobabilityo Use proportionality and a basicunderstanding of probability to make and test conjectures about the results of experiments and simulations• Communicationo Organize and consolidatemathematical thinking through communication• Connectionso Understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another toproduce a coherent wholeo Recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics• Representationo Create and use representations to organize, record, and communicatemathematical ideasScience• Unifying Concepts and Processeso Evidence, models, and explanation• Content Standard A: Science as Inquiry • Content Standard B: Physical ScienceoProperties and changes of properties in matter•Content Standard E: Science and Technologyo Abilities of technological designo Understanding about science and technology•Content Standard G: Science in Personal and Social Perspectiveso Science and technology in society•Content Standard H: History and Nature of Scienceo History of ScienceISTE NETS Technology Standards•Creativity and Innovationo Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issueso Develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology •Communication and Collaborationo Develop an understanding of engineering design•Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision Making•Technology Operations and Conceptso Understand and use technology systemso Troubleshoot systems and applicationsBackground Information: (based on the Ring Wing lesson from AEX II, vol. 2, and /pdf/546442main_E1_GettingTheDropOnXPlanes_C4.pdf)From the very beginning, man has had some pretty strange thoughts of what a flying machine should look like. The original idea was that if it looked like a bird and flapped like a bird, it just had to fly. They quickly learned that flapping did not work with their current technology. In fact, it was not until the early Nineteenth century that someone actually came up with the idea that wings did not necessarily have to flap in order to fly. An English nobleman, Sir George Cayley, created a glider that looked very similar to aircraft of today. It consisted of a wing in the front, a stick fuselage, and a horizontal and vertical stabilizer in back.Over time, the scientific method of coming up with a hypothesis, testing, and arriving at a conclusion was what worked. The credit belongs to men like Samuel Langley, Otto Lilienthal, Octave Chanute, and the Wright Brothers for finally making it all come together. Everyone followed, for the most part, Cayley’s concept of how an aircraft should look; however, conventional wings, fuselage and tail are not the only way to fly. This ac tivity stretches the students’ thinking to an unconventional means of flying.X-Planes (the “X” designation originally “XS” or eXperimental Supersonic) are a family of experimental aircraft created by NASA. There are a limited number of X-Planes created due to the fact that they are built solely for flight research. These planes have a cutting-edge design and are often not what you would expect of a conventional airplane.The X-33 was a proposed engineeringconcept design created to replace thespace shuttle using a single stage toorbit and be fully reusable as well. Thegoal was to decrease the cost of puttingequipment into orbit by 10. It was thefirst step to see if the larger vehicle,“VentureStar,” was possible. Manycompanies worked together to build this½ scale spacecraft. It was almosttotally finished when the project wascancelled after a long string oftechnical difficulties that proved moreengineering work was needed.It is important for students to remember that in the design process, engineers use small models to gather data and test designs. The choices that the engineers make have an effect on the overall outcome of the final system. Engineers often use math, specifically ratio and proportion, to predict how designs will function. These models are used to give engineers an idea of how the full scale design will work. The final part of the design process is always testing the final design. As a side note, students need to understand that other factors, including funding and national policy, can often play into whether or not projects are completed.Materials:•Plastic soda straw•Paper•Scissors•Scotch tape•Ruler•Cotton•Data Collection FormLesson Presentation:1.Engage the students by showing the NASA clip, NASA’s Experimental Plane: WhatIt Is and What It Does. The clip is available online at/audience/foreducators/topnav/materials/listbytype/NASAs_ Experimental_Plane.html.2.Explain to the class that the design of aircraft has come a long way. Show anddiscuss a NASA PowerPoint, The Invention Process, at/WWW/k-12/airplane/Talks/KidstoWork.ppt. Discusssimilarities in the design of early aircraft. You can also use photographs of earlyaircraft if technology is not available.3.Discuss airplanes that are currently being produced and designed by NASA at theDryden Research Center on Edwards Air Force Base in California. Mention that these planes are referred to as “X Planes.” (See background information.) Share the website that shows pictures of these more current aircraft: /centers/dryden/history/HistoricAircraft/X-Planes/1980/index.html.4.Distribute the Data Collection Form and have the class compare past airplanes andcurrent/future airplanes using the Venn diagram provided. Similarities go in the shared space and differences in the opposing sides of the circles.5.Tell the students that today they are going to create and fly two differentunconventional looking aircrafts.6.Provide students with an 8.5” x 11” piece of paper and have students build the ringwing glider following the instructions provided on the page that precedes the Data Collect Form in this lesson plan. You may guide students through the process of constructing the glider, make copies of the instructions for students, or project the instructions onto a classroom wall/screen.7.Perform flight tests of the ring wing glider as a class.8.Discuss with the class the importance of being creative, but also followingguidelines to ensure safety when creating new aircraft. Talk about how the use of models helps the design process.rm the students that they will be individually creating another new model, theDouble Ring Wing aircraft, following the same principles of the ring wing glider. 10. Distribute the supplies ensuring that each student has a ruler, scissors, plasticsoda straw, tape, and two sheets of paper.11.Instruct the students to draw a rectangle that measures 9.5 cm long and 1.5 cmwide. Then, measure a rectangle that measures 15 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Cut out the rectangles.12.Instruct the students to overlap the ends and tape them inside andoutside of the loop.13.Next, have them separate the overlapped ends so that a pocket isformed where the straw can slide through and slip the loops overthe straw.14.Guide the students to follow the instructions and answer the questions on the DataCollection Form.15.Go over the Data Collection Form as a class and discuss the answers. Discuss whatcombination made the longest fligh t distance and students’ explanations for the result.Summarization:The students should discover that aircraft do not need to look like the conventional glider in order to be able to fly. Students should also learn the importance of writing down information as they experiment. They will discover that the glider flies the best when it is released from the center of gravity. Also, the cotton will affect the airflow which will make the glider fly less effectively. The experimental results will vary as far as producing the optimal Double Ring Wing aircraft.Career Connection: (from /topcareers/ and/)Aerospace Engineer – engineering duties to include designing, constructing and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. Sample job titles include Aerospace Engineer, Flight Test Engineer, Design Engineer, Systems Engineer, Structures Engineer, Test Engineer, Aeronautical Engineer, Aerospace Stress Engineer, Avionics Engineer, and Flight Systems Test Engineer.Air Traffic Controller – control air traffic on and within a vicinity of an airport according to established procedures and policies to expedite and ensure flight safety. Sample job titles include Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS), Air Traffic Controller, Certified Professional Controller (CPC), Air Traffic Controller (Enroute Option), and Air Traffic Controller (Tower Option).Scientist – plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, research and development in these fields. Sample job titles include Natural Science Manager, Water Team Leader, Fisheries Director, Health Sciences Manager, Laboratory Manager, Natural Resources Planner, Research and Development Director, Coastal Management Planner, Environmental Manager, and Mineral and Aggregate Resources Planner.Pilot – pilot and navigate the flight of fixed-wing, multi-engine aircraft usually for the transport of passengers and cargo. Must have pilot certificate and rating for aircraft type used. Sample job titles include Airline Captain, First Officer, Pilot, Airline Pilot, Check Airman, Co-Pilot, Airline Transport Pilot, and Commuter Pilot.Evaluation:•Data Collection Form•Construction of Double Ring Wing Glider•Teacher observationLesson Enrichment/Extension:•Extend the experiment by having the students determine the circumference of the circle made by each loop. Next, have them determine the radius of each loop used.•Hold a class design competition to create the Double Ring Wing Glider with the longest flight duration. Make sure that the students have the data collected so that their prototype is replicable.•Future Flight Design at /is a web-based interactive, problem-basedlearning environment wherestudents in grades 5-8 learnabout forces of flight anddesign air transportation andaircraft systems of the future.Biographies highlight careers inaeronautics and aerospaceengineering.Associated Websites:•NASA’s Experimental Plane: What It Is and What It Does (video clip) /audience/foreducators/topnav/materials/listbytype/NASAs_Experimental_Plane.html•NASA Power Points /WWW/k-12/airplane/topics.htm•Getting the Drop on Flight With the “X” Planes/pdf/546442main_E1_GettingTheDropOnXPlanes_C4.pdf•NASA: The Process Involved in Aircraft Design (Video Clip)/audience/foreducators/topnav/materials/listbytype/The_Process_Involved_in_Aircraft_Design.html•NASA Engineering Resource/offices/education/programs/national/summer/education_reso urces/engineering_grades7-9/E_x-planes.html•Consider showing students how the commercial aerospace company, Scaled Composites, worked on new and interesting air and space vehicles by showing the students the engaging flight video at /37318941. Play the video on full-screen, turn up the speakers, and enjoy.Name: ____________________________Data Collection FormHistorical Aircraft Present/Future AircraftThe point where the glider balances on your finger is the center of gravity. Find the center of gravity. Try holding the glider at different places when you throw it to see how it performs. How does the center of gravity affect the flight of the Double Ring Wing? Explain your answer.___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________Try plugging the straw with cotton so air cannot pass through. Throw your glider. Does this make a difference? Why?___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________Draw what you think a real aircraft using this design would look like.Change variables on the Double Ring Wing such as the loop materials, size of loops, placement of loops on straw, and straw length to determine how each affects flightperformance. Record your findings on the chart provided and expand as necessary.。
利用链路预测推断网络演化机制
引用格式: 刘宏鲲, 吕琳媛, 周涛. 利用链路预测推断网络演化机制. 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学, 2011, 41: 816–823 Liu H K, Lü L Y, Zhou T. Uncovering the network evolution mechanism by link prediction (in Chinese). Sci Sin Phys Mech Astron, 2011, 41: 816–823, doi: 10.1360/132010-922
特别地相似性的定义一般而言和网络的同配性没有关系关于同配性的定义和讨论请参考史定华的评述文章17只是在个别具体的定义下才会出现明显的关联例如当以度乘积定义节点对相似性的时候会发现同配的网络特别是具有富人俱乐部效应的网络其预测精度较高18
中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 SCIENTIA SINICA Phys, Mech & Astron 论 文
自从对复杂网络的研究热潮出现后, 对网络 结构性质的研究吸引了众多学者的目光 , 包括度分 布、集聚性质、社团结构、节点中心性、节点间的路 径长度等 . 不但研究各种网络静态结构的成果众多 , 而且从动态角度揭示网络演化的机制、 探寻各种微观 因素对网络结构形成的影响, 成果也很丰富[1~7].
直接建立演化模型推测影响网络演化的因素是 目前研究网络演化机制的常用方法 . 基于节点度的 优先连接机制可以用来产生演化的无标度网络 (网络 具有幂律度分布 ), 例如 Barabá si-Albert (BA)模型[7]. 该模型以节点度为指标 , 通过优先连接机制 , 生成了 幂指数为 3 的度分布. 当然, 优先连接仅仅是生成无
摘要
直接建立演化模型推测影响网络演化的因素是目前研究网络演化机制的常用方法, 但由于可供比较
arcmap面试题目(3篇)
第1篇一、基础知识1. 什么是GIS？请简述GIS的主要功能。
解析：GIS（地理信息系统）是一种将地理空间数据与属性数据相结合，用于捕捉、存储、分析、管理和展示地理空间信息的系统。
GIS的主要功能包括数据采集、数据存储、数据处理、数据分析和数据可视化。
2. 请解释以下概念：矢量数据、栅格数据、拓扑关系。
解析：- 矢量数据：以点、线、面等几何对象表示地理空间实体，适用于表示清晰的边界和形状，如道路、河流、行政区划等。
- 栅格数据：以网格的形式表示地理空间信息，每个网格单元包含一个或多个属性值，适用于表示连续的地理现象，如遥感影像、地形高程等。
- 拓扑关系：描述地理空间实体之间的相互关系，如相邻、包含、连接等，用于提高空间数据的查询和分析效率。
3. 请简述ArcGIS软件的主要组件。
解析：ArcGIS软件主要包括以下组件：- ArcGIS Desktop：用于数据采集、编辑、分析、管理和可视化。
- ArcGIS Server：用于发布GIS服务和应用程序。
- ArcGIS Online：提供云基础上的GIS服务、应用程序和地图。
- ArcGIS API for Developers：用于开发GIS应用程序。
二、ArcGIS Desktop操作1. 如何创建一个新的地图文档？解析：在ArcGIS Desktop中，可以通过以下步骤创建一个新的地图文档：- 打开ArcGIS Desktop。
- 选择“文件”菜单中的“新建”选项。
- 选择“地图”类型，然后点击“确定”。
- 在弹出的“新建地图”对话框中，输入地图文档的名称，选择保存位置，然后点击“保存”。
2. 如何添加图层到地图文档中？解析：在ArcGIS Desktop中，可以通过以下步骤添加图层到地图文档中：- 打开地图文档。
- 在“内容”窗口中，右键点击“图层”或“组”，选择“添加数据”。
- 在弹出的“添加数据”对话框中，选择数据源，如文件、数据库或网络，然后选择要添加的图层，点击“添加”。
关于BGP路由协议的研究与应用 论文
摘要本论文主要叙述的是BGP-4（Border Gateway Protocol-4，中文名为边界网关协议）版本的协议，提供一系列BGP配置案例，包括在BGP路由之间建立对等关系、将IGP(interior Gateway Protocols)内部网关协议路由注入BGP、将BGP注入IGP等基本配置，并从管理和维护的角度讨论从而使学习BGP连接变得的更易管理。
研究BGP路由协议，先必须了解BGP路由协议及其他路由协议的基本原理及作用，在做网络工程时，选择不同的路由协议直接决定了该网络的好与坏。
必须掌握BGP基本连接属性及重要的拓展属性，通过大量的实验熟悉和了解这些属性的意义和作用。
本论文中的设计使用了我国Internet组网框架，集合BGP路由协议的特点模拟现实的网络构建的网络拓扑，在设计中，主要介绍了网络工程中所使用工具，并对BGP 路由协议的基本配置、路由黑洞的产生及解决、Local_Preference属性及MED（Multi Exit Disc）属性进行了详细介绍，并对测试结果进行了详细说明，并加入了通过做工程而得到的结论及心得。
这里我要说明一下，BGP不是单纯的路由协议，它很少单独用于网络当中，许多时候是和IGP互操的，这就说明了学习BGP比学习IGP难的地方，BGP 路由表是独立于IGP路由表的，但是这两个表之间可以进行信息的交换，这就是前面提到的“再分布”技术（Redistribution）。
信息的交换有两个方向：从BGP注入IGP，以及从IGP注入BGP.前者是将AS外部的路由信息传给AS内部的路由器，而后者是将AS 内部的路由信息传到外部网络，这也是路由更新的来源。
把路由信息从BGP注入IGP 涉及到一个重要概念——同步（Synchronization）。
同步规则的主要目的是为了保证AS （As-Path）自治系统内部的连通性，防止路由循环的黑洞。
但是在实际的应用中，一般都会将同步功能禁用，而使用AS内IBGP的全网状连接结构来保证连通性，这样即可以避免向IGP中注入大量BGP路由，加快路由器处理速度，又可以保证数据包不丢失。
与观点共融共识有关的英语作文
Convergence of viewpoints is an essential aspect of human interaction,fostering understanding and cooperation among individuals with diverse perspectives.This essay will explore the importance of achieving consensus through the integration of different viewpoints and the benefits it brings to society.Understanding the Concept of Viewpoint ConvergenceViewpoint convergence refers to the process where individuals with differing opinions come to a mutual understanding or agreement.This process is not about forcing ones perspective onto others,but rather finding common ground and acknowledging the validity of multiple perspectives.Importance of Viewpoint Convergence1.Enhanced Problem Solving:When people with varied viewpoints come together,they bring a range of experiences and knowledge to the table.This diversity can lead to more innovative and effective solutions to problems.2.Improved Decision Making:Decisions made with the input of various perspectives are often more robust and considerate of all potential outcomes.This inclusivity helps in making decisions that are more widely accepted and supported.3.Cultural Sensitivity:In our globalized world,understanding and respecting different cultural viewpoints is crucial.Convergence of viewpoints helps in building bridges between cultures,promoting tolerance and reducing conflicts.4.Social Harmony:Disagreements and conflicts often arise from differing viewpoints. When these viewpoints are integrated,it leads to a more harmonious society where individuals feel heard and valued.Strategies for Achieving Viewpoint Convergence1.Active Listening:It is essential to listen to others without judgment.This involves giving full attention to the speaker,understanding their perspective,and responding thoughtfully.2.Empathy:Putting oneself in anothers shoes can help in understanding their viewpoint better.Empathy is a powerful tool in achieving consensus.3.Openmindedness:Being open to new ideas and willing to change ones perspective iskey to viewpoint convergence.It involves being flexible and receptive to different ideas.munication Skills:Effective communication is vital in expressing ones viewpoint clearly and understanding others viewpoints.This includes using respectful language and avoiding confrontational tones.promise:Sometimes,achieving consensus means finding a middle ground where all parties can agree.This may involve making concessions and prioritizing the common goal over individual preferences.Challenges in Viewpoint ConvergenceDespite its benefits,achieving viewpoint convergence is not without challenges.These include:1.Resistance to Change:Some individuals may be resistant to changing their views or accepting new information.2.Cultural and Personal Biases:Deepseated biases can hinder the acceptance of different viewpoints.munication Barriers:Language differences or poor communication skills can make it difficult to understand and integrate different viewpoints.ConclusionThe convergence of viewpoints is a dynamic and ongoing process that requires patience, understanding,and a willingness to learn from others.It is a cornerstone of a progressive and inclusive society.By embracing the diversity of thought and working towards consensus,we can create a more harmonious and effective community.。
零的英语作文
零的英语作文In the realm of mathematics the concept of zero is both profound and fundamental. It is a number that represents the absence of quantity yet it plays a crucial role in our numerical system. Heres an essay that delves into the significance of zero in various aspectsTitle The Significance of ZeroIntroductionZero is often overlooked as a mere placeholder in our number system but its history and impact on mathematics and beyond are farreaching. This essay aims to explore the origins mathematical properties and broader implications of the concept of zero. Historical OriginsThe concept of zero has a rich history that dates back to ancient civilizations. It was first used as a placeholder in the Mayan civilization around the 2nd century AD. Later the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta provided a clear definition of zero in the 7th century which was then transmitted to the Islamic world and eventually to Europe. Mathematical PropertiesZero is unique in the sense that it is the only number that when added to another number does not change the value of that number. It is also the identity element for addition meaning any number plus zero equals the original number. Moreover zero is the only number that cannot be used as a divisor as division by zero is undefined.Scientific and Technological ApplicationsIn science and technology zero plays a pivotal role. For instance in physics absolute zero is the theoretical lowest limit of temperature where particles have minimal kinetic energy. In computer science binary code uses zero and one to represent all data a fundamental aspect of digital technology.Cultural and Philosophical SignificanceBeyond its mathematical and scientific applications zero has also been a subject of philosophical thought. It symbolizes the concept of emptiness or the void which has been explored in various religious and philosophical traditions such as Buddhism and existentialism.ConclusionIn conclusion zero is more than just a number it is a concept that has shaped our understanding of the world. Its properties and applications are integral to mathematics science technology and even our philosophical outlook. Recognizing the significance of zero enriches our appreciation for the complexity and interconnectedness of knowledge.。
政治考研英语试题及答案
政治考研英语试题及答案一、单项选择题（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1. The concept of "sovereignty" in international relations refers to:A. The highest authority within a countryB. The supreme power of a country in international affairsC. The right to self-determination of a countryD. The right to make decisions independently within a country 答案：B2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sovereign state?A. Fixed territoryB. Permanent populationC. Central governmentD. Common language答案：D3. The principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries is primarily based on:A. The principle of equality among nationsB. The principle of sovereign equality of statesC. The principle of non-use of forceD. The principle of peaceful coexistence答案：B4. The United Nations is an international organization that:A. Promotes cooperation among nationsB. Encourages economic developmentC. Maintains international peace and securityD. All of the above答案：D5. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were first proposed by:A. The United StatesB. The Soviet UnionC. ChinaD. India答案：C6. Which of the following is not a fundamental human right?A. The right to lifeB. The right to educationC. The right to voteD. The right to own property答案：D7. The term "globalization" refers to:A. The process of increasing global interconnectednessB. The process of economic integrationC. The process of cultural homogenizationD. The process of technological advancement答案：A8. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is responsible for:A. Regulating international tradeB. Regulating international financeC. Regulating international labor standardsD. Regulating international environmental standards答案：A9. The European Union (EU) is an example of:A. A political unionB. An economic unionC. A military allianceD. A cultural organization答案：B10. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established to:A. Promote economic cooperationB. Promote cultural exchangeC. Provide collective defenseD. Promote disarmament答案：C二、阅读理解题（共2篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共20分）Passage 1:[Text omitted for brevity]1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education in politicsB. The role of media in political campaignsC. The impact of technology on political processesD. The evolution of political ideologies答案：C2. According to the passage, which of the following is a benefit of technological advancements in politics?A. Increased voter turnoutB. Enhanced transparencyC. Reduced campaign costsD. Greater political stability答案：B3. What does the passage suggest about the future of politics?A. It will be more inclusiveB. It will be more centralizedC. It will be more secretiveD. It will be more divisive答案：A4. Which of the following is an example of political technology mentioned in the passage?A. Online voting systemsB. Social media campaignsC. Satellite-based pollingD. Virtual reality debates答案：B5. What is the author's view on the influence of technology on politics?A. It is overwhelmingly positiveB. It is mostly negativeC. It is a mixed bagD. It is insignificant答案：CPassage 2:[Text omitted for brevity]1. What does the passage primarily discuss?A. The challenges of international diplomacyB. The principles of international lawC. The role of international organizationsD. The history of international relations答案：A2. According to the passage, what is a key challenge in international diplomacy?A. Language barriersB. Cultural differencesC. Economic disparitiesD. Technological limitations答案：B3. Which of the following is not a strategy to overcome challenges in international diplomacy?A. Building trust through dialogueB. Establishing common goalsC. Imposing one's own valuesD. Fostering mutual understanding答案：C4. The passage suggests that successful diplomacy requires:A. Strong military powerB. Economic sanctionsC. Diplomatic skillsD. Technological superiority答案：C5. What is the author's opinion on the role of international organizations in diplomacy?A. They are essential for conflict resolutionB. They are ineffective in resolving disputesC. They are biased towards certain nationsD. They are redundant in the current political climate答案：A。
纪纲照道路的英语作文
In the vast expanse of history,there are certain guiding principles and frameworks that have illuminated the path of human progress and development.These principles, often referred to as纪纲in Chinese,can be understood as the fundamental rules or codes that govern the behavior and interactions of individuals within a society.In English,we might call these norms or ethical guidelines.Here is an essay that explores the importance of such guiding principles in shaping the roads we travel in life.The Guiding Principles:Shaping Our PathIn the intricate tapestry of human existence,there are threads of wisdom woven through the fabric of time.These threads,often referred to as guiding principles,serve as the foundational rules that dictate the course of our lives.They are the compass that directs our moral compass,the beacon that illuminates our path through the darkness of uncertainty.The Importance of Ethical FrameworksEthical frameworks,or纪纲in Chinese,are not mere suggestions but are the bedrock upon which societies are built.They provide a set of values and expectations that guide our actions and decisions.Without these guiding lights,our world would be a chaotic place,devoid of the structure necessary for the harmonious coexistence of diverse individuals.Historical Examples of Guiding PrinciplesThroughout history,we have seen the impact of guiding principles on the development of civilizations.The Ten Commandments of the Old Testament,the Golden Rule in various cultures,and the principles of Confucianism all serve as examples of how ethical guidelines have shaped societies.They have provided a moral compass for individuals, helping them navigate the complexities of life with a sense of purpose and direction.The Role of Guiding Principles in Modern SocietyIn todays fastpaced and interconnected world,the need for guiding principles is more critical than ever.With the rise of globalization and the increasing diversity of our communities,it is essential that we have a common set of values to help us understand and respect one another.Guiding principles act as a bridge between cultures,fosteringunderstanding and cooperation.Challenges and SolutionsWhile the importance of guiding principles is universally acknowledged,there are challenges in implementing them effectively.Cultural differences,personal biases,and the everevolving nature of society can make it difficult to establish a universally accepted set of norms.However,through education,open dialogue,and a commitment to inclusivity,we can work towards creating a more harmonious global community.ConclusionIn conclusion,the guiding principles that have been passed down through generations are not just historical artifacts but are living,breathing entities that continue to shape our world.They are the roadmaps that help us navigate the complex terrain of life,ensuring that we do not lose our way amidst the myriad of choices and challenges that we face.By embracing and upholding these principles,we can create a world that is not only more structured but also more compassionate and understanding.。
2024年高考真题英语(北京卷)含解析
12.self-awareness
13.gives14.boundaries
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了慢下来对个人成长的重要意义。
【11题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。take (the) time to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“花时间做某事”，所以空处应用动词不定式形式。故填to rest。
9. A.whisperingB.arguingC.clappingD.stretching
10. A.funnierB.fairerC.clevererD.braver
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者抱着试一试的心态，参加了音乐剧面试却成功获得了扮演音乐剧主角的机会，作者在这次经历中体验到了尝试新事物带来的乐趣。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后他们测试了我的唱歌技巧，问我想要演什么角色。A. advertised为……做广告；B. tested测验；C. challenged对……怀疑；D. polished润色。根据上文“I entered the room and the teachers made me say some lines from the musical.”以及下文“The teachers were smiling and praising me.”可推知，此处指作者进入戏剧室后，老师们让作者说几句音乐剧中的台词，测试作者的唱歌技巧，并对作者的表现很满意。故选B。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在1:10的时候，戏剧室外面排起了队。A. game游戏；B. show展览；C. play游戏；D. line队伍。根据下文“Everyone looked energetic. I hadn’t expected I’d be standing there that morning.”可知，此处指戏剧室外面排起了队。故选D。
普林斯顿 算法 -回复
普林斯顿算法-回复普林斯顿算法：解密传世之难题【引言】在计算机科学和数学领域，算法是解决问题的步骤和指令的有序集合。
而在这个世界上，有一种特殊的算法备受研究人员的关注，它被称为普林斯顿算法。
普林斯顿算法作为解密传世之难题的独特工具，引起了广泛的讨论和探索。
本文将深入研究普林斯顿算法的原理和应用，并逐步回答关于它的问题。
【正文】【第一部分：普林斯顿算法的基本原理】普林斯顿算法是一种基于分治思想的求解问题的算法。
它的核心思想是将原问题划分为若干个子问题，并通过递归的方式解决这些子问题，最终将它们的解合并得到原问题的解。
普林斯顿算法的基本框架如下：PrincetonAlgorithm(问题P)1. 如果问题P可以直接求解，返回解2. 将问题P划分为若干个子问题P1, P2, ..., Pn3. 递归地解决子问题P1, P2, ..., Pn，得到它们的解S1, S2, ..., Sn4. 将子问题P1, P2, ..., Pn的解S1, S2, ..., Sn合并，得到问题P的解5. 返回问题P的解【第二部分：普林斯顿算法的应用】普林斯顿算法具有广泛的应用领域，特别是在解密传世之难题方面。
传世之难题是指那些被加密保护的信息或者密码，其破解困难度极高。
普林斯顿算法在解密传世之难题时，可以通过将整个加密信息或密码划分为若干个子问题，并通过分别破解子问题来逐步得到整个加密信息或密码。
这种逐步解密的过程，利用了普林斯顿算法的分治思想，可以大大提高破解的效率。
【第三部分：普林斯顿算法的案例分析】为了更好地理解普林斯顿算法的应用，我们以实际案例进行分析。
假设有一个传世之难题，我们得到了一个加密密码，该密码是由两个相同长度的字符串拼接而成。
我们知道密码的总长度是10位，并且已经猜到了其中的一部分字符串。
现在的问题是如何通过普林斯顿算法来破解剩下的密码。
首先，我们将问题划分为两个子问题：猜测字符串的前5位和猜测字符串的后5位。
高阶多智能体网络在固定和动态拓扑下的一致性分析
ｐ ｒｐ ｃｉｅ ｏ ｌｅ ｒｉ ｈ ｏｙ ｕ ｊｃ ｈ ｐ ｌ ａｉｎ ｐｏ ｌｍ ｆｅ ｉ ｉｇｃ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｓａ ａｙ ｉ ａ ｈｅ ｅ ｅｓ ｅ ｔ ｆａｇ ｂ ａｃｔｅ ｒ ，ｓｂｅ ｔ ｏ ｔｅａ ｐｉ ｔ ｒｂｅ ｏ ｘｓ ｎ ｏ ｓ ｎ ｕ ｎ ｌｓ ｃ ｉｖ — ｖ ｔ ｃ ｏ ｔ ｓ
和控 制理论 工具 ， 一 阶有 向网络 的一致 性分析 结果 拓展 到 了高 阶情 况。针 对 固定拓 扑 ， 别给 出 将 分
无领 航和领 航一 跟 随两种 情况 下 的一致 性条件及 一致状 态 。并 且 证 明 动态拓 扑 情 况 下 ， 有 限的 在 拓扑 切换 时 间间 隔 内， 若有 向图联合具 有 生成树 ， 则整 个 闭环动 态 网络实现 渐近 一致 。仿真 实例 和 多车 辆编 队控制 仿真 验证 了分 析结果 的 正确性 。
ｄ ｒ ｃｅ ｅｗｏ ｋ ｉ ｅｚｅ ｔ ｅ ｏ ｒ ｗ ｕ ｂ ｏ ｅ ｒ ｎ ｆ ｒ ａｉｎ ｗｈ ｒ ｈ ｙ ｍ ｉｓ ｏ ｇ ｎ ｓ ｓ ｉｅ ｔ ｄ ｎ ｔ ｒ ｓ Ｍ ｔｌｒ ｗｉｈ ｚ ｒ ｏ ｓ ｍ ｙ ｍ ｄ ｌｔａ ｓｏ ｍ ｔｏ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｄ ｎａ ｃ ｆ ａ ｅ ｔ ｉ
摘 要 ：针对 已有 的一阶有 向网络 一致 性分 析结果 在 高 阶网络 的应用 问题 ， 图论 角度 入 手 ， 从 给
出了高 阶多智 能体 网络 一致 性分 析 的新结果 。通 过模 型变换 ， 一定条 件下 ， 在 将个体 动态为高 阶积
分 器模 型 的有 向 网络 的 系统矩 阵变换 为具 有零行 和 的 Ｍｅ ｌ 矩 阵。 由此采用 图论 、 负矩 阵理论 ｔｅ ｚｒ 非
２ Ｃ ｌ ｇ ｆ ｅ ｔ ｎｃＩｆｒ ｔ ｎ ａ ｄ Ｅ ｇｎ ｅｉｇ Ｎ ｒｈ ａｔＰ ｔｏｅ ｍ ｎｖ ｒｉ ，Ｄ ｑｎ ６ ３ ． ｏｌ ｅｏ ｃｒ ｉ ｎｏｍａｉ ｎ ｎ ｉｅｒｎ ， ｏｔｅ ｓ ｅｒｌｕ Ｕ ｉｅｓ ｙ ａ ｉｇ １ ３ ８，Ｈｅｌｎｊａ ｇ ｈｎ ） ｅ Ｅｌ ｏ ｏ ｔ １ ｉ ｇｉｎ ，Ｃ ｉａ ｏ Ａｂ ｔａ ｔ Ｎｅ ｅ ｕｌ ｒ ｕ ｏ ｗａ ｄ ｆｒｃ ｎｓ ｎ ｕ ｎ ｌｓｓ ｏ ｉ ｈ ｏ ｄ ｒｍ ｕ ｔ— ｇ ｎ ｅｗｏ ｋ ｆｏ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｒｃ ： ｗ ｒ ｓ ｔ ａ ｅ ｐ ｔｆｒ ｒ ｏ ｏ ｅ ｓ ｓ ａ ａ ｙ ｉ ｆｈ ｇ — ｒ ｅ ｌ ａ ｅ ｔｎ ｔ ｒ ｒ ｍ ｈ ｓ ｉ
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172.16.0.0/16 AS 100 A
BGP
OSPF
B
BGP OSPF
C
我从OSPF路由协议学 习到172.16.0.0/16 网
络的路由.
AS 200
Redistributing BGP into OSPF
D
BGP OSPF
我从BGP路由协议学 习到172.16.0.0/16 网
络的路由.
同步
第13页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP报文类型(BGP Message Type)
BGP定义了如下一些报文类型:
• Open消息
– 包含了holdtime, BGP的router ID, ASN
• Keepalive消息
– Cisco缺省每60秒发送一次,或是open消息中holdtime的1/3 的时间为 间隔.
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第4页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
可传递自治系统(Transit AS)
ISP1
ISP2
A
B
AS 64200
Transit Router
如果一个AS能够转发其它AS间的数据时,此AS被认定为可传递系统.
• BGP允许管理员定义丰富的策略，以影响数据流如何流经自治系 统
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CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
AS-Path来确保AS之间的无环路路由
201.1.0.0/16
( 8,7,4,2,1 ) AS8
AS9
Frame Payload
C
Frame Header
IP Header
Protocol Number
Packet Payload
TCP Header
Port No.
Segment Payload
R C
• BGP信赖TCP的可靠性和面向连接的会话特性. • BGP使用TCP的179号端口.
Cisco Network Academy. All rights reserved.
Cisco Network Academy. All rights reserved.
第5页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
不可传递自治系统(Nontransit AS)
ISP1
A
B
AS 64200
ISP2
如果一个AS不转发其它AS间的数据流时,此AS被认定为不可传递系统. • 增加自治系统安全
• IP路由表
– 列出到达目标网络的最佳路径.
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第12页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP报文(BGP Packet)
6 - TCP 17 - UDP
179 - BGP 23 - Telnet 25 - SMTP
END
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CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
Implementing BGP
Understanding BGP Concepts and Terminology
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如果路由器通过BGP路由协议学习到某条路由,同时,也从 IGPs中学习到同样的路由时, 被认定为同步.
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第24页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
IBGP的同步规则(IBGP Synchronization Rule)
IBGP的同步规则(IBGP Synchronization Rule)
172.16.0.0/16 AS 100 A
BGP B
AS 200
BGP C
我没有通过OSPF路由
协议学习到关于 172.16.0.0/16 网络的
路由.
D
BGP OSPF
我从BGP路由协议学 习到172.16.0.0/16 网
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CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
内部BGP(Internal BGP)
• 当BGP对等体双方处在同一个自治系统内部时，称为IBGP. • IBGP邻居并不需要直连.
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CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
• 减少路由器的负载
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第6页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP概述(BGP Overview)
• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)属于外部路由协议. • BGP常用于ISP之间交换路由信息.而IGPs通常用于一
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CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP发言者(BGP Speaker)
A
AS 64100
B C
G
AS 64200
D G
E D
F
AS 64300
执行BGP路由协议的路由器称为BGP Speaker.
络的路由.
不同步
如果路由器仅通过BGP协议学习到关于某个网络路由,而 此路由并没有存在于本地IGPs路由表中,则认定为不同步.
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第23页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
IBGP的同步规则(IBGP Synchronization Rule)
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第10页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP特点(BGP Characteristics)
当满足以下条件之一时，可以考虑使用BGP：
• 一个自治系统允许数据流经过它来到达其它自治系统(例如运营商 的自治系统).
• Update消息
– 用于公布,撤消路由 – 仅包含一条路径信息 (可以到达多个网络) – 路径属性
• Notification消息
– 检测到错误的时候,发送此消息,同时终止BGP的连接
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第14页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
个自治系统内部.
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第7页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP路径向量路由(BGP Path-Vector Routing)
• IGP宣告目标网络以及到达目标网络所需的开销（度量值）
• BGP宣告路径以及此路径末端可以到达的目标网络. BGP 使用路 径的属性来描述路径（类似于IGP中的度量值）
BGP特点(BGP Characteristics)
BGP 具有以下特点
• 可靠的路由更新报文: BGP使用TCP进行对等体连接 • 触发更新并且是增量更新 • 使用周期性的keepalive报文来维护TCP连接 • 丰富的度量值(称作路径矢量或路径属性) • 适合用于巨型的互联网络
(例如Internet)
172.16.0.0/16 AS 100 A
BGP OSPF
BGP OSPF
C B
AS 200
D
BGP OSPF
AS 3发给其它的EBGP对等体。
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• 一个自治系统有多条连接来到达其它自治系统. • 必须对数据流进入或离开本自治系统时的路由策略和路由选择做控
制.
如果满足以下条件之一时，最好不要使用BGP：
• 到达其它自治系统或到达Internet只有单一连接 • 路由器的处理器或内存性能不足以应付BGP的大量路由更新 • 管理员对BGP复杂的路径选择和路由过滤机制知识不足 • 自治系统间的带宽较低
自治系统(Autonomous Systems)
• 自治系统(AS) 指的是在统一管理下的一组网络的集合 • IGP(内部网关路由协议)在一个AS内部工作. • EGP在自治之间进行工作,连接不同自治系统. • EGP能够保证无环路由的交换.
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CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
BGP数据库(BGP Databases)
• 邻居表
– 列出BGP所有的邻居
• BGP的转发表
– 列出所有从邻居学习的网络 – 到达目标网络可以包含多条路径 – 转发表同时存储每条路径的BGP属性
第1页/共33页
CCNP+ BSCI v3.0
自治系统编号(ASN)
AS 100
A
C
AS 16820
AS 64510