英语专业资料文体学5

It is typically marked with the use of may
in place of might, can (in 'May I present Mr Smith ?'). The speaker is usually considered to be an authority and, therefore, has higher status than the hearers for that particular event.
V. Formal vs Informal Language
1. The Interpersonal Function of Language 2. Degrees of Formality 3. Functional Tenor and Degrees of Formality 4. Martin Joos' Classification 5. Speech Situation and Formality 6. Formal vs Informal in Terms of Semantics 7. Sets of Co-occurring Features 8. Involved vs Informational Texts 9. Tenors, Field, and Mode
Sir Reginald. (formal) 4) I'd like to come to your do, Reg. (informal)

Functional Tenor and Degrees of Formality
Functional tenor artin Joos' Classification
The formal level is used for public
addresses such as lectures or speeches where the audience is not known to the speaker personally or where personal acquaintance is not acknowledged. This level requires much attention to form (with well-planned thematic structure and phonological, lexical and syntactical coherence), and allows little or no interaction.
management, etc.
The Interpersonal Function of Language
The number and types of roles to be played
by both addresser and addressee are on a large part determined by the structure of society: by economic status, by education, by occupation, by ethnic group, by gender, etc.
Martin Joos' Classification
Martin Joos (1967) describes the range of formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate. The frozen level: In Joos‟ analysis, it is used for written legal documents or highly solemn speech which consists of memorized sentences that must be repeated verbatim. These might include quotations from proverbs or ritual expressions which are part of a formal ceremony.
Functional Tenor and Degrees of Formality
An insult: formal ( formal structure and
vocabulary, calm or deliberate delivery. E.g 1) I shall allow no s.o.b, to tamper with my affairs! 2) Keep out of my affairs, you s.o.b.!
intention of using the language. Different situational types of language are endowed with different predominant functions, e.g. Advertising with persuasion, A lecture with exposition, A political speech with agitation, A sermon with exhortation and teaching.
5.1 The Interpersonal Function of Language
1. Functions of Language
the ideational /referential function
The interpersonal/social function The textual function
The Interpersonal Function of Language
Most temporary: at a party, on a train Well established: parents and child
Intermediate: teacher and pupil; labor and
Functional Tenor and Degrees of Formality
Certain functional tenors can hit any
point on the personal tenor formality continuum, e.g. An expository speech can be formal, with many passive constructions and a technical vocabulary, or, informal, in an ad-lib manner, with personal anecdotes, reference to the audience.
The Interpersonal Function of Language
What is more, the language an individual
uses will redefine each situation. E.g. How do you do?---relationship as that of stranger to stranger Hello, glad to meet you again. -acquaintances
Degrees of formality
The corresponding linguistic contrast involves grammar, vocabulary and phonology : 1) Patrons are requested to ascend to the next floor. (formal) 2) OK, guys! Get up to the next floor! (informal) 3) I should most certainly like to attend your ball,
Degrees of formality
The address forms people use are probably the most direct and obvious means to indicate roles and relationships. The most frequently used address forms: 1) the reciprocal exchange of Title plus Last Name (TLN); 2) the reciprocal exchange of First Name (FN); 3) the non-reciprocal pattern in which one person uses FN and the other TLN.
Degrees of formality
the difference in personal tenor between
formal (relatively stiff, cold, polite, impersonal) on the one side and informal (relatively relaxed, warm, rude, friendly) on the other.
The Interpersonal Function of Language
2. Tenors of discourse: the relationship
between participants in the situation, their roles and status. The participant relations that determine the tenor of discourse range through varying degrees of permanence
Martin Joos' Classification
The consultative level is used at less
formal gatherings such as committee meetings where status is still fairly clearly designated, but where participants interact. There is still considerable attention to form (with rather clear pronunciation, accurate wording and complete sentences), and participants may not know each other well. It may be necessary for speakers to elaborate and give a significant amount of background material.
5.2 Degrees of formality
FORMALITY refers to the way in which
the style of language will vary in appropriateness according to the social context: the occasion and the relationship between addresser and addressee (s). Personal tenor expresses the various roles assumed by the participants and the degree of formality of their relationship.