牛津译林模块五Unit1 Grammar语法学案

V-ing 形式作形容词或副词
【语境展示】
1. a. The professor is a gentle, understanding man.
b. Eric, do you know who the boy standing over there is?
2. a. The film is more interesting than the one that I saw last weekend.
b. The story Rose told me last week is very exciting.
3. a. Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.
b. They watched children swimming in the river.
4. a. Going downtown, I met an old friend.
b. The old man is sleeping, holding a book in his hand.
【归纳】
V-ing形式在功能上相当于形容词或副词，在句中可以充当不同的成分。

1. V-ing形式在句中可以充当定语，用来修饰名词，可置于名词前，也可置于名词后，如第1组例句。

2. V-ing形式在句中可以充当表语，通常其主语为物，V-ing形式在句中表示主语的某种性质或特征，如第2组例句。

3. V-ing形式在句中可以充当宾语补足语，如第3组例句。

能接V-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel, hear, see, notice, watch, observe, catch, find，have, get, leave, keep等。

4. V-ing形式还可以在句中充当状语，如第4组例句。

V-ing 短语作状语
【语境展示】
1. a. Stepping carelessly off the pavement, he was knocked down by a bus.
b. Looking out of the window, Nancy saw her children playing happily.
2. a. Not knowing the language, George finds it hard to get a good job in the country.
b. Being poor, the father can’t afford to send his son to college.
3. a. Roy fell, hitting his head against the door and cutting it.
b. He was stuck in heavy traffic, causing him to be late.
4. a. Living miles away, Grace is never late for school.
b. Hav ing walked so long, Justin said he wasn’t tired at all.
5. a. The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing happily.
b. The poor child stood there, not knowing what to do next.
6. a. Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.
b. Using your head, yo u’ll find a good way.
【归纳】
V-ing短语作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，它所表示的动作通常是由句子主语发出的。

1. V-ing短语可以作时间状语，其作用相当于一个由when, after等引导的时间状语从句，如第1组例句。

2. V-ing短语可以作原因状语，其作用相当于一个由because, as等引导的原因状语从句，如第2组例句。

3. V-ing短语可以作结果状语，如第3组例句。

4. V-ing短语可以作让步状语，其作用相当于一个由although, though等引导的让步状语从句，如第4组例句。

5. V-ing短语可以作伴随状语。

此时，V-ing短语表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如第5组例句。

6. V-ing短语可以作条件状语，其作用相当于一个由if引导的条件状语从句，如第6组例句。

【注意】
1. V-ing形式/短语前可以加一个连词，使V-ing形式/短语所表示的时间、让步等关系更清楚。

如：
Monica got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.
Though having failed many times, she never gave up.
2. V-ing形式/短语的否定形式是在其前加not。

如：
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Not having seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.
3. 当V-ing短语表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，V-ing短语常用完成式。

如：
Having finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.
Having spent two years as an exchange student in Beijing, Jennifer appears more mature than others of her age.
【即学即用】指出画线部分在句中所作的成分。

1. The result of the test was rather disappointing.
2. She caught the student cheating in the exam.
3. Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand.
4. People living in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
5. Not having made full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till the next week.
6. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.
7. Over 80,000 people attended, making it the biggest sporting event in the area.
答案
1.表语
2. 宾语补足语
3. 让步状语
4. 定语
5. 原因状语
6. 伴随状语
7. 结果状语。