岩石力学课件(英文版)第三章

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昌乐—临朐 火山口奇观:柱状节理 昌乐—临朐 火山口奇观:柱状节理
after volcanic ejected,the rest in the channel 火山喷发后,在 通道内没有喷出 的岩浆冷凝 收缩后产生的类 似于柱体的理。
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According to the size of the grains, Igneous Rock may be
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dikes岩脉、 Surrounding rock围

dikes岩脉: magma Intrusive into cracks and condense
Surrounding rock围岩: The solid material has been in originally arounding magma
porosity、other discontinue interfaces,etc.
( 3 ) Rock’s thermodynamics condition:temperature 、
pressure 、 in site stress and so on.
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Section2 Structural feature of rock
diamond
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1.2 Assort of the rock (岩石的分类)
rock is classified three type according to the diagenetic process(成岩过程).
1、Igneous Rock(火成岩)
named magmatic rock (岩浆岩). Such as, granite、rhyolite、gabbro、basalt、diorite、 andesite and so on(花岗岩、流纹岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、 闪长岩、安山岩等).
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Sedimentary rock Classified into 3 types: sandstone, shale, Limestone The quantity of the Sandstone accounts for 25% in the entire Sedimentary rock. Sandstone is the main reservoir for oil and gas.
Chapter3 composition and character of the rock
Section 1 composition and structure of the rock
1.1 Composition of rock
Mineralogy(矿物):
Compounds (化合物) :O、Si、Al、Fe、Ca、K、Na、 Mg and other Compounds,formed by these chemical element are defined Mineralogy.
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3. The structure of metamorphic rock
two type: schistose(片状) structure non-schistose structure
Schistose structure metamorphic rock is interstratified分层layer of light and shade crystal mineral which formed by recrystal effect and separation effect of mineral at high temperature and high pressure.
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3.Effect of rock classification
Generally speaking, rock’s physical character is decided
by following three aspects: ( 1 ) Rock constituents which contains rock mineral elements、degree of porosity、saturation state、interstitial fluid and so on. (2)Rock internal structure that includes the size of the mineral grains 、 shape 、 cementation 、 rock fractures and
gabbro(辉长岩)、basalt(玄武岩)
Neutral: diorite(闪长岩)、andesite(安山岩). Magma( 岩浆 ) can become rock at different geologic environment. Intrusive Rocks(侵入岩)
Extrusive Rocks(喷出岩)
and influence on the strength
2.1 Structure of rock
1. Structure of igneous rock
Igneous rock is consisted of crystal of mineral, the longer of time which magma became cool taking,the
typified two kinds Igneous Rock : (fine grain细粒) and (coarse grain粗粒) fine grain细粒 :ejected rock(喷出岩) coarse grain粗粒: Intrusive rock(侵入岩
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大规模的多次火山喷发,随着地壳活动的加强,该处不断下降,不断沉积,四周 的水逐渐汇聚于这一近圆形的小湖盆中,在山旺这个火山口发育较好,把其他周 围小的覆盖,然后盆地不断 下沉,不断沉积形成山旺盆地:沉积岩有页岩 、硅 13 藻土等
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Shale
50% volume of the entire sedimentary rock.
Clay mineral is the leading rock forming mineral for Shale. distribution less than sandstone. finely and have low permeability protect oil、water 、gas.
limestone recrystallize
bigger and bigger
marble
There is no oil or gas in metamorphic rock.
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metamorphite
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4.Rock cycle
igneous rock
sedimentary rock metamorphic rock the generations of the earth’s motion transfer with each other with the development of geologic variation. The conception of rock cycle is firstly proposed by James Hutton which has 200 years old.
limestone taking up 20% is the third important
sedimentary rock. it’s main forming minerals are calcite and
dolomite方解石和白云石. Quartz and feldspar less than 10%.
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Rock is a sort of natural aggregate(骨架) made up of one or several minerals with particular combination style. Such as:granite (花岗岩) is composed of quartz、feldspar (长石) and so on. Rock is made up of a great many minerals, the most hornblende(角闪石)、glimmer(云母)、olivine(橄榄石)、 calcite(方解石)、dolomite(白云石)、gypse(石膏)、
silicon dioxide is defined acidic 酸性的component;
Fe、Mg and Ca are named neutral中性的 component; Na and K named alkalinity碱性的.
8Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
acidic rock,: SiO2(>65%) ,ganite(花岗岩)、 rhyolite(流纹岩) alkalinity rock.:SiO2(< 52% ) ,
桶状构造的成因,最近比较流行的看法为炽热的岩浆在侵入的过程中,由于受 到热梯度、热力场、速度场、涡流强度和边界条件等诸因素的制约,产生无数 个应力梯度域,在岩石内部产出隐蔽的破裂纹,后期的张应力则使这些破裂纹 明显化,进而形成环状节理发育的圆柱体,将其名为“桶状构造”.从柱体的 横断面上看,他有很多同心圆状的环圈和一个内核所组成。这些圆柱体状若垒 着的汽油桶,或像一个个的蛋卷
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Oxygen ( 氧 ) 、 silicon ( 硅 ) 、 aluminium ( 铝 ) 、 calcium ( 钙 ) 、 natrium ( 钠 ) 、 kalium ( 钾 ) 、
magnesium(镁) and titanium(钛)
oxygen take up of about 99%. silicon dioxide has the most content.
bigger of the crystal of mineral.
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2、Structure of sedimentary rock Two type: clastic 碎屑 structure crystallographic 晶体structure Clastic rock(碎屑岩): single grains, cemented, heavily pores ; kalk钙盐 and kiesel硅质clastic rock are two familiar clastic rock. crystal sedimentary :close packing structure without pore a good cap formation for reservior.
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砂岩的交错层理
反映出古水流方向:砂岩粒度顺着层系由粗变细 方向为古水流方向
,粗的
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藻叠层石白云岩
它的形成:在潮间带,浪很强,藻类为了生存便 形成了这种叠层状的形态以抗击浪潮。
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3.Metamorphic Rock (变质岩)
metamorphic process
metamorphic action
.
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岩脉的相互切割“四世同堂”
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石柱:都发现于泰山,其形状与桶状构造很 为相似 ,其成因跟桶状构造也相似
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2.Sedimentary Rock(沉积岩)
in the earth's crust surface.
covers about 75% area of the earth face, average depth is 2km , almost the entire area(average depth is 1km)of ocean earth's crust. layer structure rock- sedimentary rock.
common are feldspar(长石)、quartz (石英) 、augite(辉石)、
graphite(石墨)、pyrite(黄铁矿) and so on.
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石英(quartz )
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石英(quartz )
Orthoclase(正长石)
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方解石(calcite )
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方解石(calcite )
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