英语句子成分分析与句子基本结构 (通用)

初中英语句子成分分析与句子基本结构
知识梳理
导学一：句子成分
概述
英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。

不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。

因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。

【问】什么是句子成分？英语句子包含哪些成分？
【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。

【问】各成分在句中的作用如何？分别由哪些词及短语充当？
1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。

如：
The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词)
We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five.(数词)
The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词)
It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式)
Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。

课堂练习
指出下列句中主语的中心词
①The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
②There is an old man coming here.
③The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
Keys: ①teacher ②man ③dictionary ④To do
.2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。

动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。

实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动
词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。

如：
由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary.
情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor.
助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。

课堂练习
选出句中谓语的中心词
①Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom
B. didn't
C. do
D. his homework
②What I want to tell you is this.
A. want
B. to tell
C. you
D. is
③We had better send for a doctor.
A. We
B. had
C. send
D. doctor
④He is interested in music.
A. is
B. interested
C. in
D. music
⑤Whom did you give my book to?
A. give
B.did
C. whom
D. book
Keys: C D C A A
3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。

常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become，smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。

如：
They are workers.(名词)
Two and three is five.(数词)
The story is very interesting.(形容词)
M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)
She is at home.(介词短语)
I feel terrible.(形容词)
The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
He is here (副词)
It’s getting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill has turned green. (形容词)
课堂练习
挑出下列句中的表语
①The old man was feeling very tired.
②Why is he worried about Jim?
③The leaves have turned yellow.
④Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤She was the first to learn about it.
Keys: ①tired.②worried③yellow.④i nterested⑤the first
4, 宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。

一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。

如：
He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名词)
They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代词)
I want three./ Please pass me the first. (数词)
She wants to go home.(不定式)
We enjoy playing football.(动名词)
【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。

这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。

如：
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾＋直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。

如：
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾＋间宾)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾＋间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。

这类动词有：want，wish，hope，promise，decide，agree，choose，care等。

如：
I hope to see you again.
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。

这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss，suggest，keep(on)等。

如：
Do you mind my opening the window？
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。

a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。

如：
Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下
原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。

如：
I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。

)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。

及物动词与不及物动词区别
注意：英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。

及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。

You may use my pen. / Do you like fish? ( 及物)
Dick swims very well. / The sun rises in the east. (不及物)
不及物动词可加介词再加宾语
We are listening to the music.
They are talking to each other.
课堂练习
挑出下列句中的宾语
①The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
②They made him monitor of the class.
③Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
④You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑤They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
Keys: 1.he was ill. 2.him monitor 3.bridge museum4.it school. 5.who"Father Christmas"really is.
5. 直接宾语与间接宾语。

有些及物动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物（直接宾语），另一个指人（间接宾语）。

我们称为双宾语。

动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
He lent me a book. / He bought me a pen. / I have taught myself English for ten years.
动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）
He gave his son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son.
Father bought me a computer. = Father bought a computer for me.
课堂练习
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
①Please tell us a story.
②My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤Did he leave any message for me?
Keys: ①us, 间接宾语, a story, 直接宾语②me, 间接宾语a new bike, 直接宾语③us, 间接宾语history, 直接宾语④Tom, 间接宾语it, 直接宾语⑤me, 间接宾语message, 直接宾语
6. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。

如：
What a beautiful kite it is！/ They have a clever son.(形容词)
She is a chemistry teacher. / It is a colour film.(名词)
There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
This song is better than that one. (代词)
Do you know the young man over there? (副词)
We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)
【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。

课堂练习
挑出下列句中的定语
①They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
②What is your given name?
③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥I am aiting for the sound of the other shoe!
Keys: ①family ②given ③third ④some ⑤downstairs ⑥of the other shoe!
7. 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。

单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。

如：
Thank you very much.(副词表示程度)
The old man is walking slowly. (副词表示方式)
He usually gets up at six.(副词表示时间)
We all wouk here. (副词表示地点)
I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语表示时间)
He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)
We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)
【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。

如：
He is old enough to go to school.
课堂练习
挑出下列句中的状语
①With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
②She loves the library because she loves books.
③I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
④The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
Keys: 1. With the medicine box under her arm 2.because she loves books. 3.if you’ve lost i t 4.to see the other machine.
8. 宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。

“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。

如：
We elected him monitor. / (名词)
I found it difficult to learn English well. / The sun keeps us warm./ We find the story very interestingh. (形容词)
I found her in the room.(介词短语)
Please let him in. / I saw him out with XiaoLi. (副词)
The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)
He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)
They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)
课堂练习
挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
②He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③She found it difficult to do the work.
④They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
Keys: ①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③difficult④Lily⑤get on the bus⑥playing football
导学二：英语句子基本结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。

这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。

换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。

这五个基本句式如下：
S十V主谓结构
S十V十F主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾
语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾
语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下：
基本句型一: 主+系+表
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义.
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典.
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好.
3. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了.
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮.
基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物动词)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词,介词短语,状语从句等.
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着.
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了.
3. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系.
4. They │talked fo r half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时.
5. The pen │writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利.
基本句型三: 主+谓(及物)+宾
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意
思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整.这类动词叫做及物动词.
1. Who │knows │the answer？谁知道答案？
2. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书.
3. He │admits │that he w as mistaken. 他承认犯了错误.
基本句型四: 主+谓(及物)+双宾（间宾+直宾）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者.通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略.
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳.
2. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片.
3. He │bought │you │a dictionary.他给你买了一本字典.
4. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了.
5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器.
基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语（宾+宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整.
1. Th ey │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色.
2. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住.
3. What │makes │him │think so？他怎么会这样想？.
4. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去.
5. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来.
6. I │saw │them │getting on the bus at that time. 我看见他们当时在上了那辆公共汽车.
课后练习
一、基本句型翻译练习
基本句型一: 主+系+表
1. 图书馆里有各种各样的书籍、报纸和杂志。

2. 那是在2000年2月8日早上7:15.
3. 天变得越来越黑。

4. 这食物吃起来挺可口的。

5. 这故事听起来很有趣。

Key:
1. In the library there are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines.
2. It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.
3. It is getting darker and darker.
4. The food tastes delicious.
5. The story sounds very interesting.
基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物动词)
1. 小车没有停而是快速的开走了。

2. 在过去的10年间它的经济发展迅速。

3. 那个年轻人重重地摔倒在地。

4. 过去他早上习惯于早起。

Key:
1. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed.
2. Its economy has developed rapidly in the past ten years.
3. The young man fell down on the ground hard.
4. He used to get up early in the morning.
基本句型三: 主+谓(及物)+宾
1. 在回家的路上他把钱给丢了。

2. 昨晚大约九点的时候，我正在做作业。

3. 才艺展示（Talent Show）将于6月18日在北京电视台举行。

4. 下午，我将带你们转转，看一看一些名胜。

5. 盼望能尽早见到你。

Key:
1. He lost the money on his way home.
2. About 9 o'clock last night, I was doing my homework.
3. Talent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18.
4. In the afternoon, I’ll show you around and take y ou to some places of interest.
5. I’m looking forward to meeting you soon.
基本句型四: 主+谓(及物)+双宾（间宾+直宾）
1. 去年王老师教我们英语。

2. 明天我要给他写封信，告诉他这个好消息。

3. 他们给他提供了一份工作，但他拒绝了。

4. 在我14岁生日时，爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。

5. 昨晚我花了两小时才完成作业。

6. 对不起，能问你一个问题吗？
Key:
1. Mr Wang taught us English last year.
2. Tomorrow I’ll write him a letter and tell him the good news.
3. They offered him a job, but he turned it down.
4. On my 14th birthday, Father bought me a new bike.
5. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night.
6. Excuse me, can I ask you a question?
基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语（宾+宾补）
1. 当时我看到那些孩子在河边玩。

2. 我们正在使我们的国家变得越来越美丽。

3. 当我到达教室时，我发现里边没有人。

4. 昨天下午在公交车上我的钱包让人给偷了。

5. 我注意到凯特整个早上都在图书馆里看书。

6. 父亲叫我给他带些报纸来。

Key:
1. I saw the kids/children playing by the river at that time.
2. We are making our country more and more beautiful.
3. When I got to the classroom, I found nobody in.
4. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon.
5. I noticed Kate reading in the library all the morning.
6. Father asked/got me to bring him some newspapers.。