浅谈国际商务合同的翻译(商务英语毕业论文)
商务合同论文-商务英语合同词汇特点和翻译技巧分析
Analysis on Word Features and Translation Skills in Business English Con tracts商务英语合同词汇特点和翻译技巧分析摘要随着全球经济一体化和中国与世界各国之间的经济往来的不断密切和加深，尤其是自从中国加入WTO以来，中国与世界各国的经济交流越来越密切。
在国际交流和贸易过程中，商务合同尤其是商务英语合同作为国际贸易与协作中约定双方权利与义务以及确立双方沟通方式的重要手段，其词汇特点和翻译技巧也越来越被更多的人加以研究。
本文试从商务英语合同的用词特色及翻译技巧等方面对商务英语合同的一些特点和翻译过程中值得注意的地方进行探讨和沟通，力求为从业者和研究者提供有益的借鉴和参考。
本文第一章重点分析了商务英语合同的发展背景、国内研究现状、研究意义等方面的内容，并详细介绍了商务英语合同在中国的快速发展情况；第二章交代了商务英语合同的概念和词汇特点, 并详细阐述了相关特点中专用名词、书面语、古体语、外来语、情态动词以及缩略语在商务英语合同中的使用情况；第三和第四章两章则从商务英语合同的翻译技巧和有利建议的方面进行了细致描述，并从古体词的准确翻译、专有名词的标准化翻译、公文的常用副词使用、易混词的专注度以及译本的规范和流畅方面重点阐述了相关翻译技巧。
通过以上分析，本文作者致力于将商务英语合同的特点和翻译技巧陈述出来，希望能够对以后的从业人员和翻译者的翻译和研究事业产生有利影响。
关键词：商务合同；国际交流；翻译AbstractWith the development of the economic globalization and the economic relationship between China and other countries becoming closer and deeper, especially China’s attendance of WTO, the economic communication between China and other countries becomes closer and closer. In the process of international communication and trading, business contract especially the business English contract as an important means of appointing two parties’ rights and responsibilities and setting up bilateral communicative ways in international trading and cooperation has been received more and more attention from the researchers. Business English words’ characters and translation principles and means has been brought into more and more people’s studying field.This thesis attempts to discover and discuss some features in business English contracts and the problems encountered in the process of translation from these aspects of business English contracts’words’features and translation skills wroth of noticing in order to provide the advantageous reference for the professionals and researchers. The first chapter of the essay lays stress on business English Contracts’ developing background, domestic studying situation, studying meanings and so on and introduce the rapid development situation of business English contracts; The second chapter depicts the concept of business Englishcontract and the words’ characters, meanwhile, it demonstrates the using situation of corresponding features including the technical term, written words, archaism, loanwords, modal verbs as well as abbreviations; The third and last chapter present every detail of business English contracts’translation skills and favorable suggestions, and the author demonstrates the translation skills from many skills like skill of accurate archaism, skill of regularized formal terms, skill of using conventional adverbs in official document, skill of paying attention on confusing words, skill of accordance with norm and fluency. Through all of the above analysis, the author devotes himself into depicting the features and translation skills of business English contracts so as to influence the future’s studies and translation professionals positively.Keywords: Business Contract; International Communication; TranslationI. IntroductionII. Words’ Features of Business English Contracts2.1 Usage of technical terms2.2 Usage of archaism2.3 Usage of written words2.4 Usage of loanwords2.5 Usage of modal verbs2.6 Usage of abbreviationsIII. Translation Skills of Business English Contract3.1 Skill of accurate archaism3.2 Skill of regularized formal terms3.3 Skill of using conventional adverbs in official document’s language 3.4 Skill of paying attention on confusing words3.5 Skill of accordance with norm and fluencyIV Suggestions in Business English Contracts’ Translation Process4.1 Being familiar with the related knowledge of business English4.2 Using the technical terms4.3 Understanding the words’and linguistic characters of business contractV. ConclusionWorks CitedAcknowledgementsI. IntroductionWith the development of economy and trading integration, business English as the basic communicative tool has been used widely in every trading cooperation. Contracts as the tool for different countries trading with others, has been brought into people’s discussion for a long time.Due to the oppositely conservative economic style and rare communication with other countries, the related study on business English Contracts was very rare before 21st in China. While the situation changed a lot from the beginning of the new era of 21st century with the booming development of related works.Business English contracts is a kind of text form with strong professionalism and responsibility. [1] To acquire business English contracts’words’characters and translation skills will be good for assisting related trading activities’communication and cooperation effectively and authoritatively. This paper aims at analyzing the character of words in business English contracts and the translation skills worthy of studying in order to help all of the students, professionals and related researchers of this field obtain a good knowledge of business English contracts, and also provide them with advantageous reference and assistance in their future’s study. What’s more, all of the related works’booming development will surely advance China’s marketing economic development and progress, prompt the blend of economy of China and other countries, which certainly will have extremely positive affection in world economic integrity.II. Words’ Features of Business English ContractsBusiness contract is the main guarantee of bilateral profits, its wordsshould be formal, serious, detailed, accurate, complex, profound and distinguished. [2] Thus in the process of signing a contract, related people have to adopt regularized terms and expressing ways to make sure the contract are coherent, its content is true and is with legal effect. In view of the above mentioned requirements, the words of business English contracts should have many characters, like the mass usages of technical terms, written words, archaisms, loanwords, modal verbs and abbreviations.2.1 Usage of technical termsTechnical terms in contract defines the words with specific meaning and character and being used not as common and ordinary meaning. On account of the legal effect, it always need many professional words, law terms to protocol an agreement in order to make the words’ meaning sole and specific without any emotional color and different meaning. There are many commonly used terms listed, like “for your reference”, “for one’s file”, “in your favor”, “by separate post”and “advance payment”and so on. [3]2.2 Usage of archaismThe massive use of archaisms is an obvious character of business English contract. For the language of business English is very formal with many written words, there are many words being used in documents and contracts rarely used in other fields. Archaisms are the words with formallanguage style, most of them are the adverbial compound words combined by propositions like there and here, where and by, after, in, at and so on. Just like the words “hereby”, “hereafter” and “whereby” and so on. [4]2.3 Usage of written wordsAs business English contracts should rule the two parties’rights, obligations, duties and action norms directly who signed the contract, therefore the written words are usually used to stand out the contract’s seriousness and professional textual characters. For example, “in effect”is always used to take the place of “in fact”; “desire to do” is always used to take the place of “wish to do”; “deem” is always used to take the place of “think” and “believe” and so on. [5]2.4 Usage of loanwordsSome business technical terms used in business contract originates from Latin or French, some are derived words or compound words by the root of them. Most of the terms have the same prefix or suffix and have the stable meanings being advantageous for expressing exactly. For example, “as per”comes from Greek; “inter alia”, “ad valorem duty”, “stare decisis”all originate from Lation, which will be written as italic type in business contract. [6]2.5 Usage of modal verbsThe purpose of signing a business contract lies in define twoparities’ rights and obligations in case of any legal dispute. Consequently, there existing lots of similar depictions in the items of a contract, like “something must be done”, “something may be done”and “something shall not be done”and so on. Under such circumstances, many modal verbs will be used in business contract. Apart from being used to express the future tense, some modal verbs have many other particular meanings in law, which could be paid more attention in translation process. To set some examples, “shall”commonly mean the obligation in business contract namely what should be done. And if it hasn’t been performed, such action will be seen as default. Thus “shall” means “should” or “have to”in the translation text; “May”commonly mean the right, power or privilege in business contract namely what can be done. And if expressing some right is mandatory, “be entitled” should be used usually; “Must” is generally used to express the compulsory situation by law namely what should be done, and the tone is stronger that “shall”; “Will” is generally used to express the compulsory situation without regulations in law, and the tone of it is weaker that “shall”. [7]2.6 Usage of abbreviationsAs kind of professional legal document, business English contract is tedious and complicated. And in order to make the contract convenient to be communicated, remembered and recorded, numerous abbreviations will be used in business English contract. The several simple liters usedin business contract can convey complex meanings, whose interpretations have become a convention internationally. In general, the payment way, delivery way, insurance way, price items, currency, measurement and other organizations, companies and countries always arise as abbreviations. For “LC”= letter of credit; L&D=loans and damage; L&D.=loans and discounts; FOB=Free on Board; A/R=all risks; SHINC=Sunday and Holiday Included etc,. [8]。
商务英语合同翻译论文
商务英语合同翻译论文AbstractAs globalization becomes increasingly prevalent, the importance of business contracts and legal documents translated from one language to another has become more important than ever. This research paper discusses the translation of a business contract from Chinese to English, focusing on key elements including the identification of the parties involved, the rights and obligations of each party, the applicable laws and regulations in China, the clarity of the terms and conditions of the contract, and the enforceability of the contract. The goal of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive guide for legal professionals in translating business contracts and legal documents from Chinese to English.Keywords: translation, business contract, Chinese, English, legal documents1. IntroductionBusiness contracts are key documents in the world of commerce and trade, as they provide the legal framework for all transactions between businesses. With the increasing globalization of business, the need for accurate translations of these contracts has become more important than ever. Businesscontracts are legal documents that establish and outline the terms and conditions of a business agreement between two or more parties. In order for these contracts to be legally binding and enforceable, the terms and conditions must be clearly stated, and the language used must be easily understood by all parties involved.In China, business contracts are written in Chinese. However, as many businesses in China have international partners and clients, it is common for these contracts to be translated into English. Professional translation is essential, as mistakes or misunderstandings in the translation can lead to costly legal disputes. This research paper aims to provide legal professionals with a comprehensive guide for translating business contracts from Chinese to English.2. Identification of the Parties InvolvedThe first step in translating a business contract is to identify the parties involved. In the Chinese language, personal names usually come before surnames, whereas in English, surnames come first. Therefore, when translating a Chinese name into English, the surname should be written first, followed by the given name. A common practice is to include the Chinese name in parentheses after the English name.For example, the Chinese name “张三” should be translated as “ZHANG San (张三)” in an English business contract.In addition to the names of the parties involved, the contract should also include their legal names, addresses, and other identifying information.3. Rights and Obligations of Each PartyThe rights and obligations of each party should be clearly stated in the business contract. This includes the specific responsibilities and duties of each party, as well as any limitations or restrictions.For example, if one party is responsible for delivering goods to the other party, the contract should specify the types of goods to be delivered, the delivery schedule, and any penalties or consequences for late or non-delivery.4. Applicable Laws and Regulations in ChinaIt is important to include a provision in the contract that specifies the applicable laws and regulations in China. This is particularly important in China, where the legal system is complex and constantly changing.In addition, it is important to clarify which version of the Chinese law and regulations will be used in the contract. In China, there are different versions of legal documents at different levels of government, and these may differ in some aspects.5. Clarity of Terms and ConditionsThe terms and conditions of the contract must be clear and easy to understand. This includes the use of correct grammar and punctuation, as well as the avoidance of technical jargon and ambiguous language.Using plain language is particularly important when dealing with a non-native speaker of English, as they may not be familiar with legal terminology and complex sentence structures.6. Enforceability of the ContractThe final step in translating a business contract is to ensure that it is legally enforceable. This means that the contract must meet all the legal requirements of the jurisdiction in which it will be executed.For example, in China, a business contract must be in writing, signed by both parties, and include all relevant terms and conditions. It must also comply with the applicable laws and regulations of China.ConclusionTranslating a business contract from Chinese to English requires careful attention to detail and legal expertise. The contract must be accurately translated, have clear and unambiguous terms, and be legally enforceable. By following the guidelines outlined in this research paper, legal professionals can ensure that their translated business contracts are accurate andlegally binding, and that they meet the requirements of all parties involved.。
国际商务合同论文
国际商务合同论文国际商务合同是一个有目的、有步骤的纲要式语篇体裁,其语域特征决定其属于庄严正式文体。
下文是店铺为大家搜集整理的关于国际商务合同论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!国际商务合同论文篇1浅论国际商务合同的语言特点和翻译策略摘要：商务合同具有特殊的语言特征，本文对如何提高商务合同翻译准确性的策略，从语法规则、具体语境、文化差异等角度进行了分析和讨论。
关键词：商务合同准确性翻译策略一、引言对国际商务合同翻译来说，准确性是一项基本且极为重要的要求。
国际商务合同是一种法律文件，对贸易双方的权利和义务进行了清晰明确的规定。
如果不能准确翻译这些具有法律效力的规范性条款，造成各方对合同的理解存在偏差，则不可避免产生合同纠纷，影响双方对合同的正常履行。
因此，了解商务合同的语言特点及其翻译策略是极其重要的。
二、商务合同的语言特点(一)使用正式用语商务合同的庄重文体风格，首先体现在其措辞的正式性，因此合同的语言通常避免使用俚语、口语等非正式表达，而用正式程度较高的词取代正式程度较低的词，以便达到表述更加正式的效果。
比如：Either party reserves the right to terminate this agreement upon negotiation.这句话当中用书面用语“terminate”来取代较口语化的“end”，大大增强了正式性。
类似的例子还有purchase(buy)，party(side)， reserve(keep)，render (make)， residence (home) ，state( say) ， inform( tell) ， deem(think)，等等。
(二)使用古体词和外来词为了体现庄重严肃的文体风格，商务合同中经常使用古体词，这些词主要来源于古英语，其中由一些复合副词构成的古体词最为常见，比如hereafter(此后，今后)，hereby(特此，兹)，herein(此中，于此，本合同中)，thereafter(此后，后来)，thereby (因此，由此，在那方面)，therefrom(由此、从此)，whereas(鉴于)，whereby(因此，由是，据此)，wherefore(为此，因此)等。
商务英语合同翻译策略研究论文
商务英语合同翻译策略研究论文AbstractThe objective of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategy for translating business English contracts for lawyers. The paper will outline the fundamental information of the contract, such as the identities of the parties, their rights and obligations, how they will fulfill their obligations, the duration of the contract, and the consequences for breach of the agreement. In addition, it will consider how to comply with Chinese laws and regulations, ensure the transparency of the terms of the agreement, clarify the legal force and enforceability of the contract, and other critical factors that should be considered before drafting a business contract.IntroductionAs the world becomes more connected, international business transactions are increasing rapidly, and it is essential to have a clear understanding of the terms of the contract. Business contracts are legal documents used to formalize agreements between two or more parties. These contracts define each party's duties and obligations and the responsibilities and liabilities to be shared by each party. Business contracts' legal language can be complex and challenging to comprehend, particularly for those who are not fluent in the English language.Therefore, it is critical for lawyers who are involved in international business transactions to be skilled in the art of translating business English contracts. This research paper will outline the essential factors that should be considered when translating business English contracts.Parties' basic informationBefore starting to draft a business contract, the essential information about the parties must be gathered. This information should include the parties' legal names and addresses, the nature of their business, and their capacity to enter into a contract, such as whether they have the power of representation or whether they are authorized to enter into an agreement. This information is essential to ensure that the parties are indeed the legal entities that they claim to be.Parties' identity, rights, and obligationsThe next step is to identify the parties, their respective rights and obligations, and the consequences of breaching these obligations. This section of the contract should be as explicit and precise as possible and should be drafted in plain English, without technical jargon or legalistic terms that are not easily understood by non-lawyers.The contract should clearly define the rights and obligations of each party, including the payment terms, the specific deliverables, the deadline for fulfilling these deliverables, andconfidentiality obligations. It should also specify any warranties and guarantees provided by the parties, the method of delivery of goods or services, and how the parties will communicate with one another.Moreover, the consequences for breach of the agreement should also be clearly outlined. This includes the appropriate remedies, such as monetary compensation, termination of the agreement, or other available legal recourse.Compliance with Chinese laws and regulationsIt is crucial to ensure that the terms of the contract are compliant with Chinese laws and regulations. This section of the contract should identify the relevant laws and regulations that apply to the agreement and ensure that they are binding on each party.In China, contracts that violate Chinese laws and regulations are void and cannot be enforced. Therefore, it is essential to review the contract with a legal expert to ensure compliance with Chinese laws and regulations.Transparency of terms of agreementTransparency of the terms of the contract is essential. Both parties must understand the terms they are agreeing to before entering into the agreement. The language of the contract should be clear, precise, and easily understood - particularly when considering cultural differences and language barriers.Moreover, transparency can be achieved by ensuring that both parties are aware of the consequences of non-compliance, the procedures for resolving disputes, and the availability of legal remedies.ConclusionTo translate a business English contract is a challenging task, requiring a specialist in international contracts. This research paper identified the essential elements that need to be included when drafting business contracts, i.e., the basic information of the parties, the identities, rights, and obligations of each party, compliance with Chinese laws and regulations, and transparency in agreements.Business English contracts must be drafted with clarity and precision to ensure that the parties understand their responsibilities and liabilities. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the legal expert to ensure that the translated contract is legally enforceable and complies with any relevant legislation and regulations.。
浅谈国际商务合同的翻译(商务英语毕业论文)
浅谈国际商务合同的翻译(商务英语毕业论文）中文摘要在国际经济贸易活动中，商务合同是一种重要的法律文件依据，商贸英语已成为必不可少的语言交际工具，它也是英文经济贸易合同的基点。
越来越多的英语和法律的爱好者也希望能尽快熟悉合同英语，从而准确理解，翻译、制作英语合同。
这种需求随着中国加入WTO(世界贸易组织）而剧增，用英语解决商务合同问题的愿望也会随之越来越迫切。
国际商务合同的种类繁多，涉及面广，内容复杂.这类合同都是涉外交易性质，需要英汉两种版本,因此大多需要翻译。
商务合同有其自身的特点，即条理性、规范性和专业性。
商务合同对翻译的质量提出很高的要求，也增加了其难度。
本文用大量的例句，对商务合同英语的准确性、严谨性、规范性及翻译技巧与内容的完善还有翻译中常见错误、成因及其对策等作了全面分析和论述，并分析其翻译方面所应注意的问题。
关键词：国际商务合同；翻译;原则;准确性；严谨性；规范性一、前言在世界经济阔步迈向21 世纪的今天，国际经济贸易活动日益频繁，改革的中国正积极投身于国际经济贸易活动中。
在这一全球贸易过程中商贸英语已成为必不可少的语言交际工具,它也是英文经济贸易合同的基点.在当今社会经济生活中，公民、法人和其他组织有时候会直接遇到等待签署的英语合同.对律师、法律顾问等法律专业人士来说，实际工作中会遇到需要审查和修改的英语合同,有时候会遇到要求其拿出中文合同的英文翻译稿，甚至要求直接用英语草拟英文合同的情形。
越来越多的英语和法律的爱好者也希望能尽快熟悉合同的英语，准确理解，翻译、制作英语合同的真功夫。
这种需求随着中国加入WTO（世界贸易组织)而剧增，用英语解决商务合同问题的愿望也会随之越来越迫切。
合同，也叫契约。
“契”，即意思相投或相合，“约”是用语言或文字互定共守的条件。
合同的意思是愿意订立共同遵守的条件、合作共事。
《中华人民共和国民法通则》第85条规定：“合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”(A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish，chang e，terminate their civil relationship）。
商务合同的翻译论文范文
商务合同的翻译论文范文商务合同翻译范文Contract for Business AgreementThis Contract for Business Agreement (the "Agreement") is made and entered into on ________________ (date) by and between:Party A:__________________________________________ (Full name of company orindividual)__________________________________________ (Address)__________________________________________ (Telephone number)Party B:__________________________________________ (Full name of company orindividual)__________________________________________ (Address)__________________________________________ (Telephone number)Party A and Party B are collectively referred to as the "Parties".1. Purpose of AgreementThis Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions under which Party A and Party B agree to enter into a business transaction.2. Identification of PartiesParty A is a ________________ (insert type of company or individual) duly organized and validly existing under the laws of ________________ (insert country), with its principal place of business at ________________ (insert address).Party B is a ________________ (insert type of company or individual) duly organized and validly existing under the laws of ________________ (insert country), with its principal place of business at ________________ (insert address).3. Term of AgreementThis Agreement shall be effective as of the date first written above and shall remain in full force and effect for a period of________________ (insert number of months/years).4. Obligations of Parties4.1 Obligations of Party AParty A agrees to:4.1.1 Provide Party B with the goods and/or services described in Exhibit A attached hereto (the "Goods and/or Services") in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth therein.4.1.2 Deliver the Goods and/or Services to Party B in a timely manner and in accordance with the specifications and quality standards agreed upon by the Parties.4.2 Obligations of Party BParty B agrees to:4.2.1 Pay Party A for the Goods and/or Services in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in Exhibit A attached hereto.4.2.2 Take delivery of the Goods and/or Services in a timely manner and in accordance with the specifications and quality standards agreed upon by the Parties.5. Confidentiality5.1 The Parties acknowledge that during the course of their business relationship, they may have access to certain information that is confidential and proprietary to the other Party, including but not limited to trade secrets, know-how, customer lists, and other proprietary information ("Confidential Information").5.2 The Parties agree to treat all Confidential Information of the other Party as strictly confidential and to use such Confidential Information solely for the purpose of performing their obligations under this Agreement.5.3 Each Party agrees to take all reasonable precautions to protect the other Party's Confidential Information, including but not limited to limiting access to such Confidential Information to those employees, agents, and representatives who have a need to know such information and who have been informed of their obligation to maintain the confidentiality of such information.5.4 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the obligations of this Section 5 shall not apply to any information that: (i) is or becomes generally known to the public through no fault of the receiving Party; (ii) was known to the receiving Party prior to receipt from the disclosing Party; (iii) is or was independently developed by the receiving Party without use of or reference to the disclosing Party's Confidential Information; or (iv) is required to be disclosed by law or court order, provided that the receiving Party gives the disclosing Party prior written notice of such disclosure requirement and cooperates with the disclosing Party in seeking a protective order or other appropriate relief.6. Indemnification6.1 Party A shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Party B, its officers, directors, employees, agents, and affiliates from and against any and all claims, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses) arising out of or in connection with any breach by Party A of its obligations or warranties under this Agreement.6.2 Party B shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Party A, its officers, directors, employees, agents, and affiliates from and against any and all claims, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses) arising out of or in connection with any breach by Party B of its obligations or warranties under this Agreement.7. Governing Law and Dispute Resolution7.1 This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.7.2 Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the breach, termination or invalidity thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the rules of arbitration of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) in effect at the time of the arbitration. The place of arbitration shall be Beijing, China. The arbitration award shall be final and binding upon both Parties.8. Notices8.1 Any notice, demand, or request required or permitted to be given under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given when delivered by hand or mailed by certified mail to the address of the Party to whom notice is being given. The address of each Party for purposes of this Section 8 shall be as set forth at the beginning of thisAgreement or such other address as may be designated in writing by the Party.9. Entire Agreement9.1 This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements, proposals, negotiations, understandings, and communications, whether oral or written.9.2 This Agreement may not be amended except by a written instrument executed by both Parties.10. Counterparts10.1 This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.Party A:________________________________________(Signature and Printed Name)Party B:________________________________________(Signature and Printed Name)。
浅谈国际商务合同翻译原则
浅谈国际商务合同翻译原则浅谈国际商务合同翻译原则及结尾组成，而且正文中的各个条款也相对固定，只需做稍许改变。
因此，译者在翻译的时候要特别注意已经约定俗成的一些规定及词语。
例如：doumentar bill at sight 可以翻译为即期付有单据的票据虽然表达的意思符合原文意思，但是概念模糊不清。
因为票据本来涵义就十分广泛，而在商务英语中的票据大多数指汇票，因此可译为跟单汇票。
而且中英文在语言结构上存在很大的差别，中文结构较为松散，英文结构较为严谨些，这些都会造成文章不通顺。
再者，商务合同的条款本来就比较繁琐，翻译时要首先弄清全文，在弄清各个条款之间的内在联系，切不可拘泥于原文的句法和条条框框，来达到译文的条理清晰，通顺。
切不可像初学者一样，不加斟酌，生掰硬套，致使译文更加晦涩难懂。
结语：通过以上对合同翻译原则的探讨，我们发现合同语言不同于日常生活用语。
合同语言专业性强，句子复杂难翻译，专业词汇多，涉及的知识面范围广。
因此，作为一名译者，拥有过硬的语言功底是远远不够的，还需要有一定的专业知识背景，了解一定的翻译原则，与时俱进，不断充实自己。
在实践中摸索，不断总结英汉两种语言翻译的异同，切实提高翻译能力，语言水平和审美情趣。
上文就是给您带来的国际商务合同翻译原则，希望可以更好的帮助到您!!网上银行的发展依赖于计算机信息技术的发展和电子商务的普及，同时网上银行的发展也促进了电子商务和计算机技术的发展。
我国网上银行的发展，关键是发展互联网信息技术，论文格式论文范文毕业论文下面是我收集的我国网上银行的发展，欢迎阅读! 网上银行的发展依赖于计算机信息技术的发展和电子商务的普及，同时网上银行的发展也促进了电子商务和计算机技术的发展。
我国网上银行的发展，关键是发展互联网信息技术，核心是发展银行的综合实力，只有这样我国的银行业才能适应全球化的浪潮。
只有我国银行业解决好互联网金融赖以发展的互联网科技问题，并通过学习和借鉴外国的先进经验，不断整合不断创新，研究出具有中国特色的互联网金融产品，才有可能在日趋激烈的网银市场竞争中取得优势地位，从而在经济及金融全球化的浪潮中建立起具有中国特色的网上银行品牌。
浅析商务英语合同翻译
- 246 -校园英语 /浅析商务英语合同翻译湖南商学院外国语学院/邹尚非【摘要】商务合同是规定合同当事人权利和义务的具有法律效力的正式文件，对合同文本翻译质量有着很高的要求。
该文基于商务英语合同的词法和句法特点，分析了英语商务合同翻译的原则和方法，旨在提高翻译的准确性，保证交易双方的利益。
【关键词】英语商务合同 翻译原则一、前言随着国际间的商务往来日益频繁和广泛，商务合同在国际交流中所起的作用也变得越来越重要，此外由于贸易有关方涉及不同的国家，起草与翻译国际商务合同就成为商务领域中的一项重要工作。
二、英语商务合同的语言特征1.词汇层。
词汇是语言的建筑材料，而单词是构成语言的最基本的独立运用单位，所以正确理解和选择词汇是保证商务合同英语翻译质量的首要条件。
商务合同有很强的法律兼容性。
因而要求词汇专业性、正式、严谨、准确且简洁、明了。
(1)专业词汇。
商务合同种类繁多，包括货物销售合同、加工装配合同、技术转让合同等，涉及贸易、技术、法律、农业等学科。
而专业术语是用来确切表达科学概念的词，具有丰富的内涵和外延。
它们要求单义性，排斥多义性和歧义性，且都是固定的，不得随意更改。
例如“collection ”、“confirm ”、“accept ”、“tolerance ”和“more or less ”在普通英语中通常被译为“收集”、“确认”、“接受”、“承受”和“大约”，而在合同中，这些词则是商务术语，分别是“托收”、“保兑”、“承兑”、“公差”和“溢短装”的意思。
(2)古体词汇。
频繁使用古语词是商务合同的又一特征。
古语词虽然看起来有些过时，但却增加了合同语言的正式性和严肃性。
这些词通常由“here ，there ，where ”等副词和“in ，of ，under ，by ，after ，with ，”等小品词组合而成。
如：hereinafter 的意思是“在接下来的合同里”，而在汉语合同中，“下列”就是这一意思的最好体现。
浅谈英文商务合同的翻译原则和策略
自改革开放以来，我国对外经济交往日益频繁。
在对外经济活动中，所有国际商务活动的进行都需要签订合同和书写法律文书。
尤其在中国加入世贸组织之后，随着经济的发展和信息全球化，跨国商务交往更加频繁，这就促进了对商务合同进行翻译的需求。
但由于专业背景的欠缺和英汉文化差异的存在，目前不少商务合同的翻译存在许多问题，有时可能会错误百出。
而这些不符合规范的商务合同的翻译不但会引发法律纠纷，造成巨大的经济损失甚至还可能扰乱国际市场秩序，由此可以看出商务合同的翻译需要有具体的基本原则和翻译策略的指导。
有鉴于此，本文作者着手试析英文商务合同翻译的基本原则和策略。
本文第一部分介绍了商务英文合同翻译的现状及存在的问题。
第二部分针对英文商务合同翻译的“忠实原文、用词准确”、“译文完整、文体规范”、“达意通顺、条理清晰”等方面来阐述英文商务合同的翻译原则。
第三部分是对英文商务合同翻译的技巧进行了列举，如了解汉语的表达习惯、熟悉与商务英语相关的专业知识、使用专业术语翻译。
第四部分为本论文的结论部分，英文商务合同的翻译策略,并不是一成不变的，应该学会变通和灵活运用各种翻译技巧,不同的场合和语境中根据翻译的基本原则采用不同的翻译策略,无论怎样,英文商务合同的翻译首先要忠实于原文，然后要正确把握合同中的词义，注意翻译中的措辞以免引起歧义使整个译文融于一体。
关键词：英文商务合同；翻译原则；翻译技巧前言一、英文商务合同翻译的现状及存在的问题 (1)（一）英文商务合同翻译的现状 (1)（二）英文商务合同翻译中存在的问题 (1)二、英文商务合同翻译的基本原则 (2)（一）忠实原文、用词准确 (2)（二）译文完整、文体规范 (2)（三）达意通顺、条理清晰 (3)三、英文商务合同的翻译技巧 (3)（一）了解汉语的表达习惯 (3)（二）熟悉与商务英语相关的专业知识 (3)（三）使用专业术语翻译 (4)（四）了解商务合同的语言特点 (4)（五）分清该商务合同的种类 (4)（六）用规范化的书面语言进行翻译 (4)（七）确保内容完善 (5)（八）用词精练 (5)结论 (5)参考文献 (6)致谢 (7)浅谈英文商务合同的翻译原则和策略随着经济的发展，改革开放后的中国日益融入于全球这个大家庭中，国际经济贸易活动日益频繁，而在对外贸易中英语作为一种必不可少的交际工具，这就使英语成为了贸易双方交往的一种媒介。
李慧_浅谈商务英语合同的翻译——以古体词的应用为例_20130204参考资料
浅谈商务英语合同翻译——以古体词的应用为例摘要：由于商务合同的特殊功能，商务合同在词汇方面有独特的特征，如专业性、简洁性和用词正式等。
古体词是一种典型的合同用语，在商务合同中正确使用古体词能让语言显得严肃、准确和简洁。
准确理解商务合同中的古体词对分析和翻译商务合同是非常关键的，相应地，准确翻译英语商务合同是经济活动顺利进行的关键。
关键词：商务合同；古体词；英汉翻译Abstract: Due to the special features of business contract, business contracts have unique characteristics in vocabulary, such as professional, simplicity and terms formal etc.. Archaic words is a kind of typical contract, and the proper use of archaic words in the contract can make language serious, accurate and concise. Accurate understanding of the archaic words in business contracts is very crucial for the analysis and translation of business contract, accordingly, accurate translation of English business contract is the key to smooth economic activities.Key words: business contract; archaic words; English-Chinese translation中国自2001年12月11日加入世界贸易组织已有11年，在此期间，中国有步骤地扩大商品和服务贸易领域的对外开放,在对外经济贸易中日趋活跃。
浅论国际贸易中商务英语合同翻译的策略与技巧
浅论国际贸易中商务英语合同翻译的策略与技巧一、本文概述在全球化日益深入的今天，国际贸易活动日益频繁，商务英语合同作为跨国交易中不可或缺的一环，其重要性不言而喻。
商务英语合同不仅详细规定了交易双方的权利与义务，还为可能出现的争议提供了法律依据。
因此，商务英语合同的翻译工作在国际贸易中扮演着举足轻重的角色。
本文旨在探讨国际贸易中商务英语合同翻译的策略与技巧，以期提高翻译质量，促进国际贸易的顺利进行。
我们将对商务英语合同的特点和翻译要求进行深入分析，明确翻译过程中应遵循的原则。
接着，我们将结合具体案例，探讨商务英语合同翻译中常用的策略与技巧，如直译与意译的灵活运用、词汇的精确选择、句子结构的调整等。
本文还将对商务英语合同翻译中可能遇到的难点和挑战进行分析，并提出相应的解决方案。
通过本文的研究，我们希望能为从事商务英语合同翻译工作的专业人员提供有益的参考和启示，推动国际贸易的健康发展。
二、商务英语合同的语言特点商务英语合同是一种具有法律效力和商业约束力的正式文件，因此在语言上呈现出一些独特的特点。
商务英语合同的语言必须准确无误，避免使用模棱两可或含糊不清的表达方式。
合同中的每一个词汇、每一个短语都需要精确无误地传达其原始含义，以避免误解和争议。
商务英语合同的语言通常采用正式、专业的术语。
这是因为合同涉及的法律和商业概念往往比较复杂，需要使用专业术语来准确表达。
同时，正式的语言风格也增强了合同的权威性和严肃性。
商务英语合同的语言还注重客观性和中立性。
合同文本不应包含任何主观情感或个人立场，而应保持客观、中立的描述。
这有助于确保合同内容的公正性和公平性，避免任何一方在理解合同内容时产生偏见或误解。
商务英语合同的语言还需要考虑其法律效应。
合同中的语言应当符合相关法律的规定，确保合同的合法性和有效性。
合同中的语言还应当注意避免产生任何潜在的法律风险，如使用过于模糊或不确定的措辞。
商务英语合同的语言特点主要体现在准确性、专业性、客观性、中立性和法律效应上。
国际贸易中商务英语合同的翻译研究-国际贸易论文-经济论文
国际贸易中商务英语合同的翻译研究-国际贸易论文-经济论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——摘要：自我国改革开放以来，社会经济得到迅速发展，与其他国家的贸易往来逐渐增加，带动着我国经济的发展。
随着商务活动的日渐频繁，商务英语已经成为国际贸易中不可缺少的一部分。
通过商务英语谈判与翻译可以确保国际贸易的顺利进行，在贸易中的商务合同具有一定的专业性，受到法律保护。
提高国际贸易中商务英语合同翻译水平，保障每个合同当事人主体权益，应培养高水平的翻译人才，正确掌握商务合同专业语言特点，加强翻译人员的责任心培养，熟练掌握商务英语的相关知识。
关键词：国际贸易；商务英语；合同翻译；提升路径随着我国经济社会的快速发展，对外贸易活动逐年增加，带动着我国经济的进步。
统计数据显示，2017年1—5月，我国进出口总额10.76万亿元人民币，同比增长19.8%。
其中，出口5.88万亿元，增长14.8%；进口4.88万亿元，增长26.5%；进出口实现较快增长，结构进一步优化，动力转换加快，回稳向好势头进一步巩固。
从国际市场看，我与欧盟、美国、东盟等前十大贸易伙伴进出口增长18.9%。
对美国、欧盟、日本等传统市场出口分别增长18.3%、14.6%、12.8%；对俄罗斯、印度、新加坡、印度尼西亚等“ ”沿线国家出口快速增长，增幅分别达到29.5%、24.7%、15.8%和16.9%。
随着我国与世界各国的贸易日渐频繁，商务合同的翻译工作已经成为了不可缺少的一道工序。
商务合同的翻译在经济贸易中占据重要地位，直接关系到国际贸易的双方利益，在商务合同的翻译过程中[1]，要抱有严谨、严肃、认真的态度，保证翻译出合同中的准确内容，确保交易双方的利益得以保障。
在商务合同中，专业性的词汇比较多，要求翻译人员要掌握扎实的翻译理论知识与专业的翻译技巧，保证商务合同翻译的准确性。
一、国际商务合同概述所谓国际商务合同，是谈判双方在自愿、平等的情况下，所成立的受到国家法律保护，根据贸易双方的协议所进行的民事法律行为。
英文商务合同论文英语商务合同的语言特点与翻译方法
英文商务合同论文英语商务合同的语言特点与翻译方法English Business Contract: Language Features and Translation MethodsIntroductionEnglish is the dominant language in the field of international business, and thus, English business contracts play a significant role in facilitating global trade. However, understanding and accurately translating these contracts can be complex due to their specific language features. This article explores the unique characteristics of English business contracts and provides insights into effective translation methods.1. Conciseness and PrecisionEnglish business contracts are known for their concise and precise language. The use of clear and specific terminology is crucial to avoid ambiguity and ensure mutual understanding between parties. Sentences are often structured in a straightforward manner, with minimal use of flowery or redundant language. This conciseness enables the contract to convey information efficiently and reduces the chances of misinterpretation.Translation Approach: When translating English business contracts, it is crucial to maintain the same level of conciseness and precision. Translators should prioritize accuracy and ensure that the translated version captures the original intent without introducing any ambiguity. Moreover, maintaining a clear and straightforward style will help ensure that the translated contract is easy to comprehend for all parties involved.2. Legal Terminology and JargonEnglish business contracts involve extensive use of legal terminology and jargon. These terms have specific meanings within the legal context and carry legal consequences. They often require precise translation to preserve their intended legal implications. Examples of such terms include "liability," "indemnification," and "force majeure."Translation Approach: When translating legal terminology and jargon, it is essential to have a deep understanding of both legal systems involved. Translators should conduct thorough research to identify the equivalent terms in the target language that carry the same legal weight. If no direct translation exists, explanatory footnotes or annotations can be added to ensure clarity.3. Conditionality and Precision in ObligationsEnglish business contracts frequently employ conditional language to specify obligations. This enables parties to outline the conditions under which certain obligations must be fulfilled. The use of precise language is crucial to avoid misunderstandings regarding the timing, extent, or triggering events of obligations.Translation Approach: Translating conditional language requires meticulous attention to detail. The translator must ensure that the conditions and obligations are accurately conveyed in the target language, including any specific requirements or triggering events. It is essential to maintain clarity and precision to prevent any misinterpretation by the parties involved.4. Cultural Considerations and International ApplicabilityEnglish business contracts are typically drafted with an international audience in mind. They aim to be culturally neutral and applicable across different jurisdictions. However, certain country-specific laws or cultural practices may need to be considered during the translation process.Translation Approach: Translators should possess a thorough understanding of both the source and target cultures to ensure accurate translation. They must research and consider any legal or cultural nuances that may impact the interpretation of the contract in the target language. Consulting legal experts from the target jurisdiction can also be beneficial to ensure compliance and address any potential conflicts.ConclusionEnglish business contracts have distinct language features that require careful attention during the translation process. Maintaining conciseness, accuracy, and cultural adaptability are essential for ensuring mutual understanding and effective communication between parties. By employing appropriate translation methods and considering legal and cultural nuances, translators can accurately convey the intent and obligations of English business contracts in the target language, thereby facilitating smooth international business transactions.。
毕业论文：从目的论角度分析国际商务英语翻译策略
毕业论文：从目的论角度分析国际商务英语翻译策略摘要：在国际商务合同的翻译过程中，以目的原则作为指导准则，一方面基于忠实原则，力求做到译本准确严谨，另一方面基于连贯原则，力求做到译本规范通顺，有利于实现译文在目标语文化中的预期功能，具备与原文同等的法律效力。
本文是对个案的翻译实践进行的分析，且仅限于单一类型的合同文本(合伙协议)，提取的实例数量有限，研究具有局限性，需结合多个文本，多角度、多层次进行。
一理论概述20世纪70年代，hansvermeer提出了目的论，认为翻译是以原文为基础的有目的和有结果的行为。
”任何翻译行为都是由翻译的目的决定的，简而言之，就是‘翻译的目的决定翻译的手段’”[5]。
学界普遍认为运用目的论来指导应用文体翻译实践有着重要的现实意义和理论价值，因为“它(目的论)不仅可以在宏观策略上为应用翻译指明方向，还可为译者顺利实施不同文本的翻译策略提供可行性途径”[6]53，“与应用类语篇的翻译实践有更密切的关系，具有更直接的指导作用”[7]。
二、研究个案的背景作为法律英语翻译，国际商务合同的原文和译文都属于“契约文体”[8]，具备法律效力，规范和约束着合同各方的权利和义务。
研究个案为中国医药城在20xx年第二届中国(泰州)国际医药博览会期间与美国某研究院签订的战略合作合同，属于合伙协议(partnershipagreement)，是合同当事人各方就医药产业领域展开合作所发生的权利和义务关系而达成的书面协议。
源语文本由美国某研究院提供，笔者受中国医药城委托对此文本进行翻译。
经中国医药城同意后，将该联盟合同(源语文本和译语文本)用于个人翻译实践的研究，对涉及保密信息的相关内容进行了技术处理。
该合同格式规范，内容完整，条款清晰，语言严谨，体现了法律语言的文体特征，具有可研究性。
三、目的论及其三个基本原则的应用宏观层面上，依据目的论的目的原则，分析国际商务合同翻译要求的要素，如原作者的意图、翻译过程的发起者、译文接收者、译者以及预期文本功能等，明确翻译目的，使译文要达到预期文本功能，尽可能地实现与源语文本相同法律效力。
商务英语中合同翻译论文
浅谈商务英语中合同的翻译[摘要] 目前，中国的国际贸易、合作逐渐增多，这些商业活动都离不开合同，所以合同的翻译愈显重要。
本文从合同的定义入手，对其中词语及句子等主要几点的翻译做了简要分析。
[关键词] 合同翻译词语翻译句构特点及翻译引言中国在国际经济活动中越来越活跃，与国际的经济交往愈加频繁，这些经济活动都离不开合同，离不开法律条文的监管。
因此翻译合同等法律文件已成为当前研究的一门重要课题。
一、英文合同的定义在英文中，合同一般称为contract或者agreement。
1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：a contract in this law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing，that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations.据此，合同平等主体之间设立确定民事权利和义务的协议。
二、英文合同中词语的理解和翻译合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。
在翻译的过程中应当特别注意以下几点：1．may, shall, must, may not （或shall not ）may，shall，must，may not (或shall not)是再简单不过的词了，但它们在合同中的使用却需要我们极其谨慎。
may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么），must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。
may do不能说成can do，shall do 不能说成should do或ought to do, may not do在美国一些法律文件里可以用shall not do，但绝不能用can not do或must not do。
浅论国际商务合同翻译原则
浅论国际商务合同翻译原则摘要：改革开放以来，我国的国际经贸活动日益频繁，需要签署的商务合同和需要书写的法律文书越来越多，商务合同作为一种媒介，就显得越来越重要。
商务合同属于法律文件，对签约双方都具有法律约束力。
译文稍有差错就会给双方当事人造成巨大的经济损失。
本文列举了大量的实例来对国际商务合同翻译的原则加以分析，希望能对大家有所帮助。
关键词：国际；商务合同；翻译原则Abstract：Since the reform and opening up ，we have more and more international economic and trade activities ，thus we need to sign and write more and more legal documents .Business contracts are very important as a media .Business contracts are legal documents and are binding on both sides. Small errors in contract will caused huge losses .This paper lists a lot of examples to analysis the principle of the international business contract translation ， hoping to be of help.Keyword： International ； Business contract ； The principle of translation前言21世纪是一个催人奋进的时代，科技革命迅猛发展，知识更替日新月异，国际竞争力日趋激烈。
中国加入世贸组织以来，与它国经济交流越来越多，经济发展日益国际化。
商务英语翻译5商务合同的翻译
商务英语翻译5商务合同的翻译商务英语翻译商务合同的翻译摘要商务英语翻译涉及各种商务文件，其中商务合同是其中一个重要的方面。
本文将介绍商务合同的翻译，包括重要性、挑战和翻译方法。
1. 引言商务合同是国际商务交流中的关键文档之一。
它规定了商务交易的条件、权益和责任。
随着全球化的发展，国际商务交流日益增多，商务合同的翻译成为了商务英语翻译领域中的一个重要方向。
商务合同的正确翻译对于保护各方的权益、确保交易的顺利进行非常重要。
2. 商务合同翻译的重要性商务合同是在不同法律体系下起作用的法律文书。
因此，商务合同的翻译需要精确无误，以确保不同语言版本的合同在法律上等同。
一个错误或模糊的语句可能会导致合同条款的歧义或误解，并可能引发法律纠纷。
在商务合同翻译中，准确传达合同的意图和各方的权益至关重要。
3. 商务合同翻译的挑战商务合同的翻译面临以下几个挑战：3.1 专业词汇和术语商务合同往往使用了大量的专业词汇和术语，包括法律术语、商业术语等。
翻译人员需要对相关领域的术语和文化背景有深入的了解，以确保正确翻译和传达合同的含义。
3.2 法律体系差异不同国家和地区的法律体系存在差异，商务合同中的法律概念和条款可能在不同语言版本之间存在差异。
翻译人员需要了解各国法律体系的不同，同时采用适当的翻译方法来确保翻译的准确性和法律效力。
3.3 文化背景差异商务合同的翻译还要考虑到不同文化背景之间的差异。
一些表达方式和习惯用语在不同文化环境下可能有不同的含义。
翻译人员需要充分理解各方的文化背景，避免语言偏差和文化冲突。
4. 商务合同翻译方法为了正确翻译商务合同并克服上述挑战，翻译人员可以采用以下方法：4.1 准确理解合同内容在进行翻译之前，翻译人员需要对合同内容进行仔细阅读和理解。
他们应确保对合同中的每个条款和意图有清晰的理解，以便准确地翻译。
4.2 遵循专业术语和文化规范翻译人员需要熟悉商务和法律术语，并确保在翻译过程中准确使用这些术语。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
浅谈国际商务合同的翻译(商务英语毕业论文)中文摘要在国际经济贸易活动中，商务合同是一种重要的法律文件依据,商贸英语已成为必不可少的语言交际工具,它也是英文经济贸易合同的基点。
越来越多的英语和法律的爱好者也希望能尽快熟悉合同英语，从而准确理解，翻译、制作英语合同。
这种需求随着中国加入WTO（世界贸易组织）而剧增，用英语解决商务合同问题的愿望也会随之越来越迫切。
国际商务合同的种类繁多，涉及面广，内容复杂。
这类合同都是涉外交易性质，需要英汉两种版本，因此大多需要翻译。
商务合同有其自身的特点，即条理性、规范性和专业性。
商务合同对翻译的质量提出很高的要求，也增加了其难度。
本文用大量的例句，对商务合同英语的准确性、严谨性、规范性及翻译技巧与内容的完善还有翻译中常见错误、成因及其对策等作了全面分析和论述，并分析其翻译方面所应注意的问题。
关键词：国际商务合同；翻译；原则；准确性；严谨性；规范性一、前言在世界经济阔步迈向21 世纪的今天，国际经济贸易活动日益频繁，改革的中国正积极投身于国际经济贸易活动中。
在这一全球贸易过程中商贸英语已成为必不可少的语言交际工具,它也是英文经济贸易合同的基点。
在当今社会经济生活中，公民、法人和其他组织有时候会直接遇到等待签署的英语合同。
对律师、法律顾问等法律专业人士来说，实际工作中会遇到需要审查和修改的英语合同，有时候会遇到要求其拿出中文合同的英文翻译稿，甚至要求直接用英语草拟英文合同的情形。
越来越多的英语和法律的爱好者也希望能尽快熟悉合同的英语，准确理解，翻译、制作英语合同的真功夫。
这种需求随着中国加入WTO（世界贸易组织）而剧增，用英语解决商务合同问题的愿望也会随之越来越迫切。
合同，也叫契约。
“契”，即意思相投或相合，“约”是用语言或文字互定共守的条件。
合同的意思是愿意订立共同遵守的条件、合作共事。
《中华人民共和国民法通则》第85条规定：“合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”（A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish,change,terminate their civil relationship）。
而国际商务合同作为其中的一种，从一般意义上讲，是指具有某种涉及两国或两国以上业务的合同。
对一国而言，国际商务合同也称为涉外合同。
国际商务合同的种类繁多，涉及面广，内容复杂。
我国的国际商务合同的种类，根据贸易方式的性质和内容的不同主要做如下分类：“1.销售或购货合同；2.技术转让合同；3.合资或合营合同；4.补偿贸易合同；5.国际工程承包合同；6.代理协议；7.来料加工合同；8.多种贸易方式相结合的合同；9.涉外信贷合同；10.国际BOT投资合同；11.国际租赁合同。
”[1](P14) “合同类文件是具有法律性质的文件，主要包括合同，契约，协议和意向等，它是双方当事人或单位就某一经济或商业活动经过协商达成的协议，对双方具有约束力，因此也被人称为“契约文体”，这种协议是可以很正规的，也可以是非正式的。
”[2](P53)此类合同都是涉外交易性质，需要英汉两种版本，因此大多需要翻译。
随着我国市场经济的不断发展和改革开放的不断深入，市场竞争机制得到进一步完善，对外经济贸易往来日益频繁，企业涉外经营的规模逐步扩大，与外商合作的机会越来越多，起草、谈判、签订商务合同成为必不可少的环节。
“商务合同（business contract）是自然人或法人之间为实现一定的商务目的，按一定的合法手续达成的规定相互权利和义务的契约，它对签约各方都具有法律约束力。
”[3](P84)正因为合同具有法律效用，合同双方都必须严格按照合同的约定，全面履行自己的义务，这就需要合同的文字斟词酌句，力求准确无误。
二、商务合同的翻译(商务英语毕业论文)（一）、翻译的原则与要点商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。
由于商务合同又是具备法律效应的文件,它要严格规定合同双方的义务、权力、行为准则等明确条款,所以“丝毫不能允许语义的模棱两可而使人误解,被人钻了法律的空子，它宁可牺牲文字流畅也要保持文意斩钉截铁的确凿性”。
“首先要注意公文的格式,原则上原文的体例应当保留,因为这些格式是一种语体(语域) 标识,自有其形式意义。
此外,要正确把握词义,尤其要认清一些common words 在公文中的特定含义。
在措辞上,还要注意词语的正式程度及专业术语和公文习用语的使用。
” [4](P53)而刘法公也强调:商贸翻译应遵循“忠实、准确、统一” [5] (P45)的原则,即表达要忠实原文,用词要准确,整个译文要融为一体。
因此,商务合同的翻译原则应遵守把忠实原义放在首位; 译文应符合目标语体裁和格式;选词应准确无误,以免误解，产生歧义;注意专业术语和公文语言的惯用法;还有在翻译方法上,主要采取直译加调整的方法。
只有基于以上这些原则才能出色地完成工作，更好地服务于社会经济的发展。
合同特殊的功能以及其独特的文体特征客观上对合同翻译提出较为严格的要求。
合同译本必须词义确切,文意严密,丝毫不能因其结构松散、词义模棱两可而产生歧义;否则合同一方会利用文字的不确定性和模糊性来寻找漏洞以逃避责任。
“在商务合同翻译中应首先做到准确，然后力求通顺，但译文不顺又很难令人信服，因而只求准确，不求通顺，便做不到真正的准确。
另一方面，只求通顺而不顾准确，那就不是真正的准确，而成了胡译。
由此看来，两者相互制约，缺一不可。
鲁迅先生说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持着原作的丰姿。
”（见《且介亭杂文二集》），大抵就是这个道理——忠实于原文。
” [6] (P78)本文拟从文体角度提出:合同英汉翻译时,应做到译文准确、严谨和规范。
1、译文准确译文准确是指合同译文表达清楚、明晰,词义确切。
“判断译文正确与否的基本标准是“3C”(Correctness , Completeness , Concreteness)即正确性、完整性、具体性。
” [7](P30)而英文商业合同的用词特征之一是频繁使用专业词汇、缩略词及情态动词等。
因此,合同英汉翻译时,应对这些词有深刻地理解,把握其确切的含义,丝毫不能有模棱两可、含糊不清的地方,否则会引起合同一方的曲解,甚至会导致双方的经济纠纷。
请看合同专业词汇、缩略词及情态动词的英汉翻译:1.1 专业词汇合同中会涉及到许多专业术语,这些词在合同中都有单一、明确的含义,不能理解为普通、常用的意思,如collection , confirm , acceptance , tolerance , more or less , 这些词通常分别理解为“ 收集”, “ 确认”, “ 接受”, “ 承受”, “ 大约”;而在合同中这些词可用作术语,其含义则分别为“ 托收”, “保兑”(confirmed L/ C) , “ 承兑”(Documents against Acceptance) , “ 公差”及“ 溢短装”等。
请看下面例句:①The Seller shall present the following documents required for negotiation/ collection to the banks. 这是支付条件中经常出现的句子,句中negotiation 和collection 是专业术语,如果理解为“谈判”和“收取”等常用意思,译文则会含糊不清,令人费解。
而此处的意思应为“议付”和“托收”。
句子可译为:卖方必须将下列单据提交银行议付或托收。
又如:②Partial shipment is allowed. 这是合同中有关货物装运的规定,如果把partial shipment 译为“ 部分装运”,此条款则会出现明显的漏洞,合同一方可理解为只需部分发货,其余不装运亦可。
而准确的译文则为“ 允许分批装运”,即卖方可以几次发货。
其它如telegraphic transfer(电汇) ,usance L/ C(远期信用证), force majeure (不可抗力) 及sales by sample (凭样品销售) 等专业术语的翻译更需谨慎,如果不了解一定的专业知识,即使查阅词典,亦很难把握其确切的含义。
此外,合同中有许多表示机构、名称的用语,英译时必须正确理解该词构词变化及在合同中的特定含义,不能张冠李戴,如:consignor , consignee , shipper , carrier 这四个表示名称的词经常在装运条款及提单上出现,意思容易混淆,如把shipper 理解为“承运人”或“ 船公司”,与carrier 等同,实际上它们完全不同的两家单位,shipper 正确的译文应为“ 发货人”,与consignor 意思相同。
1.2 缩略词英文商业合同中经常会使用缩略词,如FOB ,W.A ,D/A ,D/ P 等等,与专业词汇一样,缩略词也有明确的含义,不能凭主观意测,译文必须完整、准确地表达该词所代表的意思,例如:①US.500 per metric ton CIFC2% Ningbo. CIFC2%是缩略词,表示CIF including 2%commission 。
译文:宁波港全额到岸价每吨500 美元,含2 % 佣金。
②CN. 500.00 per case FOBD1% Shanghai. CN.表示Chinese yuan,FOBD1% 表示less 1% discount 。
译文:上海港离岸价每箱500元人民币,扣除1% 折扣。
1.3 情态动词英文商业合同中经常会出现情态动词shall , 把握该词的确切含义,必须理解其用法上的特殊性。
Shall 在合同等法律文书中是一个法律词汇,相当于汉语中“ 应当”或“ 须”,表示法律责任或义务,而不是一般的道义责任。
同样,其否定式表达则相当于汉语中的“ 不得”,不能理解为“不应该”或“不能”。
请看下面例句中Shall 的不同译法:The L/ C shall reach the seller 30 days before the shipment.译文1 、信用证将在装船前30 天到达卖方。
译文2 、信用证应该在装船前30 天到达卖方。
译文3 、信用证须在装船前30 天到达卖方。
译文1 把shall 当作“将来”理解,完全是误译;译文2 则把shall 理解为一般道义责任,没有显示合同的严肃性;因此译文1 、2 容易使合同一方凭借文字的模糊性逃避责任。
译文3 准确表达了shall 的含义,强调了买方应履行的义务,体现了合同是一种契约性很强的法律文书。
2、译文严谨“翻译中的严谨既是翻译实践的原则问题，又是一个作风问题。