连词&关联词
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连词&关联词
连词在句子中不做成分,仅表示前后关系。
1.用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分。
1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this,week or next week
2)连接分句:I went and she also.
2.可分别表示下列关系。
1)转折:but, yet, however, nevertheless
2) 因果:so, for, therefore
3) 选择:or, either…or, neither…nor
4)并列和递进:and,both…and, as well as,not only…but (also)
关联词用于引导从句。
1.名词从句: He doesn’t know what she is.
2.副词从句:If he comes, I’ll give it to you.
3.形容词从句:He’s the best student I’ve ever taught.
关联词的类别及所表示的关系要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分,这是正确使用关连词的关键。
1.连词:引导名词从句,在从句中不做成分。
1) that(无含义):
I said that he was wrong.
2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系):
I do n’t know whether it is correct.
2.连接代词:
1)引导名词从句,在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。
A. who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语, 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词):
I asked him who came into the room./ I asked him who(m) he saw
whom/which 做宾语:Ask him which he wants.
B. whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定语:
I wonder whose house that is.
C. what 做上面提及的各种成分:
I don’t know what I should do.
2)与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语。
We can’t decide who m to invite.
We must decide what to do.
I couldn’t decide which to choose.
3.连接副词:引导名词从句或与不定式连用,在从句中做状语。
1) how: That’s how I look at it.
2) where: I don’t know where he lives.
3) when: Tell me when to use the tool.
4) why: I’ll tell you why you have to do it.
4.关系代词:
1) who 表示人,在从句中做主语和表语(口语who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配
合使用的介词):
The man who spoke is my teacher.
I don’t know who he is。
The man who I saw told me that.
2) whom 表示人,在从句中做宾语和表语:The man whom I saw told me that.
3) whose 表示“某人/物的”,of which表示“某物的”,在从句中做定语:
That’s the man whose son is my pupil.
The room whose window faces south is her bedroom.
The room of which the window faces south is her bedroom.
4) which 表示物,在从句中做主语和表语:
I like the picture which was taken in front of the main building.
5) that 表示人/物,在从句中做主语和宾语;注意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法。
A.现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时:
This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
B.先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时:
the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, every.
This is the last chance that you have.
You are the only friend that I have.
He told me all that he knew.
C. 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时:
much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, nobody.
There’s nothing in the world that can frighten him.
D. 以Who/Which开始的句子,其后的定语从句中的关系代词不使用who/which,而代
之以that。
Who that knows him would trust him?
Which of these buses is the one that goes to London?
E.人和事物/动物同为先行词时:
The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.
6) 关系代词做介词宾语。
A.一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所在的从句的句尾,关系代词为that时,
只可放在其所在的从句的句尾。
Is this the car for which you paid a high price?
Is this the car which you paid a high price for?
Is this the car that you paid a high price for?
Is this the car you paid a high price for?
B.介词during, except以及表示(从整体中)“分割”(出部分)的介词of等介
词要放在关系代词的前面:
The years during which he was away were long years to her.
He wrote many books, some of which.
C.其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必须放在其动词之后,不可放在关系代
词之前:
This is the book which he has been looking for.