跨文化交际三篇重点范围内的英语课文文章翻译
跨文化交际李成明unit2-A原文+翻译PDF
Unit 2With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be.随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。
正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。
事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。
我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。
跨文化交际李成明unit2-A原文+翻译DOCX
Unit 2With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be.随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。
正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。
事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。
我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。
大学英语跨文化交际U3 课文案例+词汇习语整理
U3 Daily Verbal Communication一、案例Case 1美国爸爸和女儿来到菲律宾，举行首次领圣餐仪式，叫了菲律宾朋友，他不置可否，后来却去了别的朋友之间聚会。
美国人觉得很不尊重领圣餐仪式，因此关系不好了起来。
Comment：美国人把这种仪式，特别是关于自己的孩子的看的很重要；而菲律宾朋友忽略了美国人的习俗，而且清点人数是美国人开party 前要做的，为了确保食物数量。
Case 2新西兰人在公开场合对他的菲律宾朋友进行建议和批评，让他下不来台。
他的菲律宾朋友十分生气，并且取消了晚上的一起吃饭。
Comment：在菲律宾，不可以当面指出别人的错误（面子、）；在新西兰，被看成是十分正常的。
选项：Jose thought that Stans actions during the meeting were not those of a true friendCase 3菲律宾夫妇遇见了英国熟人，又遇见了自己的菲律宾朋友，并且大声地用自己的语言进行寒暄，英国人因此十分不悦。
选项：He thought the Filipinos were very rude for introducing him to their friend.Case 4在澳大利亚“no etiquette”customno seeing out when guests leaves；no stand-up when leaders come in；no help for old people专题：Compliments and compliment responsesExamples：1.中国女士买了条裙子，美国女士说好看，中国女士说哎呀一般般；2.美国女主人向别人介绍中国学者，夸赞，中国学者却笑着说你不是真的这个意思？3.中国式谦虚反映了：1.the taste of the American lady is questionable，and poor judgement2.the hostess is not sincere3.“fishing for compliments”沽名钓誉，别人会接着夸你Social functions of complimentssituations: range from formal to casualIn formal situations—reinforce solidarity，connected with the appreciation of something that has been done to the speaker（尼克松访华：感谢中国人的好客和款待）In informal situations —achieve solidarity；make people feelcomfortable体现在：greeting people；expressing thanks ；getting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese and English compliments美国，女人不主动夸男人，但是男士应该通俗的对女士的打扮和衣着进行赞美但是在中国，如果男士夸奖女士，会被认为是调情，不尊重。
跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U5
第五单元休闲饮品：茶和咖啡Section 中国的茶和茶文化Passage 1 中国的茶1 中国被称为茶之故乡。
传说神农曾经在一天之内中了72种毒草的毒，是茶发挥了解药的作用。
最新研究证明，中国是世界上最早生产茶叶的国家。
在中国，茶有时被用作药物。
从周代开始，茶从药变成了饮料，而饮茶在唐朝才成为风尚。
东汉著名内科和外科医生华佗说：“苦茶久食，益意思。
”茶圣陆羽写下了已知的世界上第一部茶专著《茶经》，详细记述了制茶、沏茶、饮茶以及其他的关于茶的知识。
对陆羽来说，茶象征着和谐和宇宙的神秘统一。
2 当今，茶在中国已经非常流行，即使是一顿便餐也会以一杯茶结束。
中国有句俗话说：“开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶”。
但是，不同地区的人可能偏爱不同的茶。
从加工工艺来看，中国茶主要分为六类。
绿茶3 绿茶是最早的茶叶之一，以未发酵的茶叶为特征。
绿茶以其浓郁的香气、良好的口感和优雅的外形而闻名，并给人持久的力量感。
传统绿茶在国内外都很受欢迎。
著名的绿茶品种有西湖龙井、洞庭碧螺春、黄山毛峰、六安瓜片等。
乌龙茶4 乌龙茶，字面意思是黑龙茶，是一种介于绿茶和红茶之间的氧化茶。
乌龙茶的味道和红茶不同，更接近绿茶。
不具红茶的玫瑰、香甜味，但同样也没有绿茶特有的刺鼻的青草味。
乌龙茶被认为有助于脂肪分解，帮助减肥和保持健康。
这种茶一般沏成浓茶，回甘甜美。
乌龙茶通常受福建人和广东潮汕人偏爱。
大红袍、铁观音、冻顶乌龙茶是乌龙茶中的极品。
白茶5 白茶的特点是叶子几乎不经过氧化处理。
作为一种微发酵的茶，白茶具有淡淡的清香，冲泡时呈淡黄色。
白茶是用最新、最嫩、手工采摘的叶尖和芽制成的。
白茶是福建省的特产，是世界上最稀有、最壮观的茶叶之一。
白茶有着200多年的历史，它的发源地是福鼎市，那里种植着一种大叶型的茶树，叫做福鼎大白。
最受欢迎的白茶品种包括白毫银珍和白牡丹。
红茶6 红茶是一种比绿茶、乌龙茶和白茶氧化程度更高的茶。
一般来说，其味道比氧化程度低的茶更浓郁，含有更多的咖啡因。
跨文化交际-其他要点翻译
跨文化部分要点翻译注：不是所有划出部分都翻译了。
配套的有Chapter 2的翻译。
P28The Value of Cultural Stereotypes文化角色定型的价值Culture dictates how people generally think and interact with each other in society.文化造成人们的普遍怎么认为和在社会中的互动。
A stereotype is really a composite of the cultural mores of a society and in many cases can be narrowed to a specific region.角色定型实在是一个综合的社会文化习俗，而且，在许多情况下它可以被缩小到一特定区域。
To stereotype is to formulate a standardized image of a group that assigns that group a number of characteristics that helps to simplify what would otherwise be a very complex task of identification.角色定型，是制定一个组的标准化形象，分配给该组一些特点，有助于简化原本非常复杂的鉴定任务。
By looking at the cultural components and traits, an accurate model—a stereotype, if you will—of how an individual from a certain culture is likely to act can be constructed.通过观察文化内容和特点，一个准确的模型——一个角色定型，如果你可以——可以从一个特定文化的个体可能如何行动这方面来构造。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Ｌｏndａｘ公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ronｄex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lonｄax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kｅllogg’s玉米片的生产商Ｋeｌlｏgg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Ｋongａl 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kelｌｏｇg’ｓ公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。
新编跨文化交际英语1-10课后翻译
Unit 2 Page 60Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175Unit 6 Page 2158Translation如果接受这样的信念，认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法，并且接受相应的原则，认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历，那么，随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。
然而，我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。
我们常常忽略感知的差异，并且断定，如果一个人不知道巴比罗•毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家，他简直就不懂艺术。
实际上，他很可能有着不同的经历，对他来说，什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。
在我们的日常活动中，感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。
不同年代的人、不同少数民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标，这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。
我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。
文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。
因此，它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。
我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们，怎样去判断别人，使用什么标准去做判断。
这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的，武断的并导致误解的。
相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准，对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。
9Translation身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题，即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准则和社会规范，到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢？在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内？是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化，还是让当地人改变交流方式，从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利？人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢？俗话说“入乡随俗”，很明显，这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上。
话虽很有道理，但并不能适用于所有情况。
跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U1
第一单元语言：汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支，由数百种地方语言组成，其中许多语言互不相通。
据估计，10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。
历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语，是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。
从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。
中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前，最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。
在随后的周朝，青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。
周朝后半期文学繁荣发展，包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。
这些作品都是文言文的典范。
3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言，可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语，和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。
中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。
4北宋灭亡后，在晋朝和元朝时期，中国北方出现了一种通用语（现在称为旧官话）。
明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。
在明清时期的多半时间里，这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的，但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。
到1909年，即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语，于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。
普通话是现代汉语的标准形式，以北京语音系统为发音规范，以北方方言为方言基础，以白话文学语言为语法规范。
在中国，普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。
汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。
发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。
因此，对于那些不识汉字的人来说，将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。
拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。
1958年由中国政府出版，并多次修订。
国际标准化组织（ISO）于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准，随后于1986年被联合国采用。
8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。
普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写，或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母，但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译
新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.MarchU1reading1跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。
L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：A语言的产生； B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。
文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。
作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族.研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展：信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播媒介传播传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段case1主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好。
在这种情况下,理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,的食物。
跨文化交际三篇重点范围内的英语课文文章翻译
Speaking English with a Japanese mind 日本人在达到上学年龄后就要学英语，这些人在学会英语之后就可能用英语进行对外交流，但是他们所使用的英语要受到他们本民族的语言和文化的影响。
因此这就会造成困扰和误解在与其他用英语的人交流时。
AM,当他作为索尼公司的首席执行官时，在一次给美国的商学会做报告时他指出了这两种语言的明显差异。
他举了一个例子，一个美国商人向他的一个日本生意上的伙伴提议了一项计划。
可是当美国人完成时，日本人才开始谈论这个项目听起来多么有趣并且他们公司也有同样的想法。
美国人认为这个项目肯定会被接受。
但是随着辩论的拖延，美国人的关注也开始减弱，然后日本人说，不管怎样。
AM告诫说，接下来就是你要仔细听的时候了。
因为真正的回答是在那个词语的后面。
他经常告诫他的部下官员要用一种大多数的使用英语的人都习惯的方式说话，如果他想被别人理解。
他还告诫说，在日本你可能是大多数，但是到了国外你就是一小部分。
要想用一种大多数人都能最大限度的理解你的方式说话需要更多的语法知识和大量的词汇。
你必须对你所谈话的那个人的交流方式，社交礼仪，价值观等等很熟悉。
日本人的说话顺序正好和说英语的人相反。
甚至就是一个非常简单的句子，比如英国人会说，你得带伞因为要下雨。
而日本人会说，因为会下雨所以你要带伞。
不管这种正常的表达方式的顺序是否会控制想法顺序还是什么，日本人这种用不同顺序的表达信息的方式会让那些说英语的国家的人且对日本语言不了解的人感到困惑。
另一个例子就是，一些说英语的日本人和美国的一些领导举行卫星电视会议来讨论两国间的经济和贸易关系。
日本的参会者说着流利的英语，同时会被翻译成日语以供那些不懂得英语的人理解。
美国人，当然了，说的话也要被翻译成日语。
然而，对于那些想听到用原汁原味的讨论的人来说，多路传输声音系统提供了条件。
在讨论期间，一个美国人问道汇率的变化是否会导致美元的贬值进而严重影响到日本对美国的出口呢。
跨文化交际课后翻译原文1--8单元
Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. Translation 2Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.Translation 3Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values. Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad, right and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. Cultural values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. Values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. To the extent that cultural value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different under similar circumstance.Translation 4When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meaning of the things we say and write. The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication. Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other mean. There is no way around this. When someone says something, w must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources. 1, the language they have used, and 2, our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances. Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person means--whether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intercultural communication? In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge. Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.Translation 5Where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different ages, different ethnic or culture groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it more difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.In the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable. People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what others mean. When we are communicating with people who are very different from us, it is very difficult to know how ti draw inferences about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretation.It has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the sane families, often misunderstand each other because of different assumptions they make about the purposes or goals of their communication. A man may wish to make a woman happy by giving her a gift of something she really wants. He asks her what she would like to have for her birthday--- she can ask for anything. Unfortunately, what she wants more than anything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. Men and women, at least in North American society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. A woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask explicitly what she wants. A man in that situation, however, feels beast about the situation if he is told quiet directly and explicitly how he can make her happy.Translation 6Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language. Generally speaking, however, it is very difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Such non-verbal aspects of communication as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use. On the other hand such forms of communication as dance and music often have no verbal component at all. What we want to here is simply to call attention to the fact that many aspects of human interaction depend upon forms of communication which can not be easily transcribed into words and yet are crucial to our understanding to each other.Of course we have to emphasize the importance of communication in speaking and writing, and yet we should also realize that much much communication also takes place without the use of words. The way a person dresses for a meeting may suggestion to other participants how he or she is prepared to participate in it. In fact, we can use virtually any aspect of our behavior or our presentation which others can perceive as means of communication.Translation 7Many people today want to do many things within so little time. The sense o time might be called time urgency, it is a syndrome of behavior in which the persons continually tries to accomplish more than can be humanly accomplished. Until very recently, time urgency was thought to be a characteristics of Americans, particularly American males in the generation born in the period from the Great Depression through to the end of the World War .It should be obvious that that this sense of time urgency is no longer a cultural characteristic of just this one generation of American males. It is a characteristic of the Asian “salary man”, and is spreading throughout the world rapidly as one aspect of the internationalization of business.One of the most important effects of this sense of time is that in communication it will almost produce a negative evaluation to the slower participants by the faster participants. Those who share in this concept of time urgency will come to see anyone who moves more slowly than they do as conservative, as uncooperative, as resistant to change, and as opposing progress. Behind the concept of time urgency is the idea that what lies ahead in the future is always better than what lies behind in the past; it based solidly on the belief in progress.Translation 8If we accept the belief that our past influences our view of reality and the corresponding tenet that each of us may have similar but not identical personal histories, then it should follow that another person’s picture of the universe will not be exactly like ours. Yet most of us act as if our way of perceiving things is the correct and only way. We often overwork perceptual differences and conclude that if the other person doesn’t see that Pablo Picasso is the greatest artist that ever lived, he simply does not art. Actually, it may well be that he has a different past history and what is great art for him may not match our perception of art.In our daily activities these differences in perception appear between different groups. Various generations, minorities, occupation and cultures have conflicting values and goals that will influence their orientation and interpretation of reality.Our culture is a major of factor in perceptual discrepancies. Culture helps supply us with our perceptive of reality. It therefore plays a dominant role in intercultural communication. Our cultures tell us, in a variety of ways, how to judge others and what to use as criteria for those judgments. The danger of such evaluations is that they are often false, misleading, and arbitrary. It is truly a naive view of the world to believe and behave as if we an our culture have discovered the true and only set of norms.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1~7单元翻译
Unit 2 Page 60 Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175 Unit 6 Page 215Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds ofmeanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand’s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.Case 17When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions.Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu’s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.Case 19Talking about what’s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is just to “spit it out”, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate about a problem. Case 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 25For people from the American culture and western European cultures, one’s time should be scheduled into segments or compartments which are to be kept discrete from one another. They prefer to do one thing at a time. They will be annoyed when they have made an appointment with somebody, only to find a lot of other things going on at the same time. They don’t like to interrupt others and be interrupted by other while they are doing something. In contrast, people from many other cultures including the Chinese culture are more likely to operate with several people, ideas, or matters simultaneously. They are more easily distracted and subject to interruptions, which they would not usually mind very much. The miscommunication between Katherine and the director can be ascribed to their lack of knowledge about each other’s way of using time.In this case, to the Chinese director as well as many other Chinese people, it is natural to handle the other things which needed to be dealt with immediately. He may have thought that, in this way, he utilized the time best. But to Katherine and most Westerners, it’s quite different. They tend to do things strictly according to their schedule and appointments with others, which is their concept of using time best.高语境交流和低语境交流（由高到低排列）Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American, Arab, Greek, Latin,Italian,English,Frech,Amercian,Scandinavian,German,German-Swiss。
新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译
1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。
一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。
他开始与雪白的颜色。
“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。
”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。
”“哦,是的,我明白了。
一定是毛茸茸的颜色。
”“不,它也像纸。
”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译 (2)
跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译第一课：文化差异与交际文化差异的定义文化差异是指不同国家或地区之间的历史、地理、宗教、经济等方面的差异。
这些差异会影响到人们的价值观、信仰、行为习惯、社会组织形式等。
在跨文化交际中，了解和尊重文化差异非常重要。
文化差异对交际的影响文化差异对交际有着深远的影响。
不同文化背景的人在沟通交流中可能会遇到以下问题： 1. 语言障碍：不同国家和地区使用不同的语言，理解和表达存在障碍。
2. 非语言符号的差异：不同国家和地区的非语言符号（如手势、表情、礼仪等）可能有不同的含义，容易引发误解。
3. 礼貌和礼仪的差异：不同文化对礼貌和礼仪的要求有所不同，可能会造成交际上的尴尬和冲突。
4. 价值观的冲突：不同文化对价值观的理解和认同也存在差异，可能会引发理念上的冲突。
跨文化交际的技巧为了更好地进行跨文化交流，以下是一些技巧： 1. 学习对方的语言：学习对方的语言可以加深理解，减少语言障碍。
2. 了解对方的文化：了解对方的文化背景、价值观念和行为习惯，增进理解和尊重。
3. 尊重对方的非语言符号：避免使用可能被对方误解的非语言符号，尊重对方的习俗和文化。
4. 灵活调整自己的礼貌和礼仪：在不同文化背景下，灵活调整自己的礼貌和礼仪，以尊重对方的文化。
5. 接纳不同的价值观：不同文化的人们对于相同事物的看法可能存在差异，要学会接纳并理解对方的价值观。
第二课：文化沟通中的误解和解决高、低沟通语境的差异高沟通语境的文化中，人们通过非语言符号、隐含的信息和环境背景来传递信息；低沟通语境的文化中，人们更加注重直接明确的信息。
了解和适应不同的沟通语境是避免误解的关键。
文化差异引发的误解1.时间观念：在一些高度重视时间效率的文化中，迟到被视为不尊重；而在某些文化中，迟到是普遍存在的现象。
2.礼貌和直接表达：一些文化注重礼节和婉转的表达方式，而另一些文化更加注重直接坦率的交流。
3.非语言符号：不同文化的手势、表情、身体接触等非语言符号可能有不同的含义，可能会引发误解。
跨文化交际研究生英语翻译lesson4,where fat is a mark of beauty
尼日利亚的青少年要在他们父亲茅草房子里为他们特别预留出的房间里，度过六月初以后的每一天。
她们醒着的每个小时都在一碗接一碗的吃米饭、山芋、大蕉、豆子、生姜和由干木薯和水做成的粥状混合物。
经过三个月含大量淀粉的饮食与强制性的不能活动，玛格丽特已经准备好带着埃菲克族女性传统的标志步入社会：胖。
和许多西方文化以瘦为美相反，许多埃菲克族有文化意识的人与尼格利亚东南方跨河州其他社区宣称女性的圆胖是健康、繁荣和吸引力的标志。
增肥房间处在从少女时期过渡到女子成年时期的悠久习俗道路的中心。
在那几个月用来增重的日子里，年长的已婚妇女还会每天过来给她们补充如何成为成功的妻子与母亲的建议。
现在，即使是没有婚姻约束的女孩也要在增肥房一游纯粹当做成年仪式。
有时，哺乳期的母亲还会再去增肥室再增重一些。
像很多传统的非洲习俗一样，增肥室现在面临来自西方影响产生的严峻压力。
将过度肥胖与心脏病和其他疾病联系在一起的健康运动在改变许多尼日利亚人的饮食习惯，许多城市的居民都退出了这个耗时的过程。
Margaret是一个拥有快乐笑容、编着蓬松的毛茸茸的辫子的、有吸引力的女孩，他的继父说，因为她本身就很丰满，所以她只需要在增肥室里待六个月。
在增肥的过程中，虽然她被像女神一样对待，但是那些日子还是很单调。
为了自娱自乐，她只能在有个洞的汽水瓶上用手敲打传统的曲调。
尽管如此，16岁的她还是说她享受这个高度仪式化的惯例。
她说：“我对此感到很开心，”她的肚子已经胖的超过腰部的缠腰带了。
“除了生姜片，我很喜欢这里的食物。
”日复一日，margaret必须盘腿坐在被隔离的增肥室里的特殊工具上。
到了吃饭时间，她就坐在一个很大的、由风干的车前草叶子做成的地板上，同时，这个地板也是她的床。
当她吞下很多食物时，她会喝一大壶水并吃由树叶和药草制成的传统药物，以此来保证可以适当的消化。
作为这个习俗的一部分，她的脸需要用白色、黏土状的粉笔装饰。
首领说：“你需要让孩子做准备，这样如果男孩看到她，她会有吸引力。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程所学课文翻译
Unit1二十一世纪的盗版现象课文一现代社会依赖于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果，从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品，而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂，用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex，用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kellogg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨：Kongal 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是，和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kellogg’s 公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零，因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好，在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后，情况大为改观。
然而，跨国公司必须保持警惕，以防被侵权。
总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。
如果成果得不到法律保护，创新就是空话。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1-6单元翻译(Word可编辑版)
纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是, 人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折, 既是个人的, 又是全球性的: 人类历史进程总是充满了个人问的直接冲突和民族间的误解一一从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突, 大大小小争端不绝。
很显然, 文化间以及亚文化问的交往比以前多了, 这迫切要求我们共同努力, 去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们, 并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解, 我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处: 这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定, 也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Translation Unit 2文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序, 我们“头脑的软件”。
但是, 我们可以进一步引中这个用电脑所做的类比, 把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的Dos 或者unix 或者“视窗”(windows) 等操作系统一样, 使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的, 但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般, 人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实, 因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中, 文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的, 就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产, 而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作, 这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序, 那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始, 文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么, 文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
对跨文化交际的理解英语作文
对跨文化交际的理解英语作文英文回答：
Cross-cultural communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between people from
different cultural backgrounds. It is important to understand that different cultures have different communication styles, customs, and norms. For example, in Western cultures, it is common to shake hands when greeting someone, while in Asian cultures, a bow may be more appropriate. Understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings and build stronger relationships.
中文回答：
跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人之间交换信息和想法的过程。
重要的是要明白不同的文化有不同的交流风格、习俗和规范。
例如，在西方文化中，见面时握手是常见的，而在亚洲文化中，鞠躬可能
更合适。
了解这些差异可以帮助避免误解，建立更牢固的关系。
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Speaking English with a Japanese mind 日本人在达到上学年龄后就要学英语，这些人在学会英语之后就可能用英语进行对外交流，但是他们所使用的英语要受到他们本民族的语言和文化的影响。
因此这就会造成困扰和误解在与其他用英语的人交流时。
AM,当他作为索尼公司的首席执行官时，在一次给美国的商学会做报告时他指出了这两种语言的明显差异。
他举了一个例子，一个美国商人向他的一个日本生意上的伙伴提议了一项计划。
可是当美国人完成时，日本人才开始谈论这个项目听起来多么有趣并且他们公司也有同样的想法。
美国人认为这个项目肯定会被接受。
但是随着辩论的拖延，美国人的关注也开始减弱，然后日本人说，不管怎样。
AM告诫说，接下来就是你要仔细听的时候了。
因为真正的回答是在那个词语的后面。
他经常告诫他的部下官员要用一种大多数的使用英语的人都习惯的方式说话，如果他想被别人理解。
他还告诫说，在日本你可能是大多数，但是到了国外你就是一小部分。
要想用一种大多数人都能最大限度的理解你的方式说话需要更多的语法知识和大量的词汇。
你必须对你所谈话的那个人的交流方式，社交礼仪，价值观等等很熟悉。
日本人的说话顺序正好和说英语的人相反。
甚至就是一个非常简单的句子，比如英国人会说，你得带伞因为要下雨。
而日本人会说，因为会下雨所以你要带伞。
不管这种正常的表达方式的顺序是否会控制想法顺序还是什么，日本人这种用不同顺序的表达信息的方式会让那些说英语的国家的人且对日本语言不了解的人感到困惑。
另一个例子就是，一些说英语的日本人和美国的一些领导举行卫星电视会议来讨论两国间的经济和贸易关系。
日本的参会者说着流利的英语，同时会被翻译成日语以供那些不懂得英语的人理解。
美国人，当然了，说的话也要被翻译成日语。
然而，对于那些想听到用原汁原味的讨论的人来说，多路传输声音系统提供了条件。
在讨论期间，一个美国人问道汇率的变化是否会导致美元的贬值进而严重影响到日本对美国的出口呢。
这个问题被直接传送到日本的一个参会者那里。
那个日本人首先通过解说日本支持和促进贸易自由的政策来做出了答复。
然后他又讲了日本政府通过重组工业企业来应对汇率的变化所做出的努力。
最终，他说日本会继续和美国保持良好的贸易关系。
电视屏幕的一部分显示了当日本参会者说完后美国人的脸庞。
很明显可以看出，美国人很困惑，尽力在理解刚才发言者说的话语。
他确实期待一个直接的答复，出口受影响或者出口不受影响这样的简洁的答案。
在同样的电视讨论中，一个美国人问道，对于美国人要改善贸易不平衡日本人认为应当怎么做。
那个日本人的回答非常委婉，通过研发高质量的商品来吸引日本的消费者，学习日本的市场体系和网络分发。
很多能够说一口流利英语的日本人，发现自己常常被声东击西所责备。
并不是所有的日本人都遵循英语表达方式的模式。
但是有一个很明显的迹象。
除了词句的自然顺序和文化与说英语的国家相反以外，另外在日本和英语国度里还有一些基本的区别，那就是表达想法和信息的形式不同。
除了新加坡这样的国家以外，日本是世界上人口密度最大的国家。
这样稠密的人口，贫乏的自然资源，地理上的隔离，佛教和儒家长期影响着人际关系，对生存的基本需求，铸就了日本人现在的言行举止模式。
日本人要求关系融洽。
其他国度，当然也强调对和谐关系的渴望。
然而，日本人对此更看重。
很明显和谐支撑这种合作精神，加强团队整体，弘扬礼貌，为生存营造了良好的氛围，这种目的达多数的日本人都怀有。
语言风格被有意识的目标所引导是为了维持和谐的关系，这比大多数英语国度里还要强烈。
这可以从日本人表达信息的次序上可以看出。
首先给出背景信息，主要观点在最后是为了给最重要的信息作准备。
说话人经历了导致结论的事情的进程。
说话者因此假定听者通过经历相同的进程才能更好的理解结论。
尤其是，如果是对建议或问题的答复是否定的，回答通常是NO。
在日本有很多表达否定方式的说法而不用这个单词。
另一个可想而知的影响似乎是在得到观点之前鼓励长久预备工作的呈现那就是日本语言结构自身了。
动词总是在句子的末端。
由于动词是一个句子的主要元素他决定着说话人想要表达的含义，因此听者必须要等到说话人完全把话说完才可以，不管这个句子有多长或者多复杂。
因此日本人似乎比说英语的人更习惯于等待和听完所有，而在英语句子里一般在句子中就可以听到动词而抓住其含义了。
当听者乐意等待和听长久的准备工作时，说话者可能会试着按照日本人这种表达信息的次序。
一个长期习惯的养成或许会显著的影响着一个日本人用英语表达信息的方式。
维持和谐关系的日本语言一个特点之一就是在日语种有很多的固定用语，它们来表达感谢，识别和允许等。
这些固定用语被用在几乎所有的日常场合和遭遇中，比如离开家或者到达，吃饭或者吃晚饭，提到一件好事或者坏事，意识到某个人的努力，某个人自我谦虚，长期不在的适时问候，以及先于别人做某件事。
这些固定的使用几乎是强制性的，即使一个人更愿意创造一个新的观点来给出相同的意见。
这些用语在英语中没有对应词。
一个人在特定场合中没有用合适的用语可能会被认作不礼貌或者是粗鲁的。
这些固定用语是促使日本社会这台机器正常运转的润滑剂。
和这些固定用语同时在一起的是敬语和不同程度的礼貌用语它们也是润滑剂。
日本社会的这种竖向的本性，可能是从古代的封建时期演变而来的，他孕育了不同程度的礼貌用语。
合适的礼貌用语，伴随着恰当的敬语，可以帮助在这些不同的身份地位之间维持良好的和谐关系。
在这些固定用语，敬语和礼貌用语的使用中，谦虚谨慎经常被看做是导向。
一个日本人用英语进行交流，可能是为了寻找在日语中没有的一个固定用语。
另一个求助的办法是自我贬低的观点，这听起来有点不符合逻辑。
典型的例子就是一个日本人用道歉来开始一场演讲，而美国人是用一个玩笑开始一场演讲，在某一层次上，至少在语言差异上可能有其源头。
对英语用法的另一个影响是英语单词和其在日本语言中对应词的语义上的差异。
简单的名词比如说村庄，委员会，房子等等，都包含有基于文化社会上的观念。
适得其反。
科学和技术专门用语和其他一些国际上的被专业人士定义的界定词语可以在英语和日语中通用。
但是其他的的一些词语则不可以。
一个依赖于双语词典的翻译人员或者解说员可能会使用一个在日语中没有其对应词的词语。
例如，M，在英语中是问题。
但是在日语中这个词用的更广泛，意思是现象，事情，因素或者大的事件。
在日语—英语单词中T的意思是反制措施。
但是在日语中这个词不仅是对于毒品和犯罪的反制措施，还是提倡健康和贸易自由等等的措施。
一本由TY写的叫做FS日本小说激起了强烈的反响就是由于其题目的含义。
这是一篇长片记叙小说，他描述了一个由日本和美国人组合的家庭，故事的主人公是一个年轻的混血人，他在珍珠港学习了语言和文化。
后来他变成了美国军方的一个日本语言专家，跟随征战太平洋后来在东京的甲级战犯审判法庭上担任解说员。
这篇小说的中心集中在了他在两种语言文化上所出的困境。
F意思是两个，S在双语词典中意思是父亲或着母亲。
这个标题暗含了这个混血种人有两份忠诚，一个是对美国一个是对日本。
让人不能理解的是，主人工非常讨厌被这样渲染，因此他宣称只有一个母亲，他的名字叫美国。
这种观念后来在美国一度成了把这部小说拍摄成电视剧后没能上电视的原因之一。
过分依赖于词典是这种反应的原因（在那些不熟悉日本语言的的人当中）。
S包含了两种中国品质，SO意思是祖先，KOKU意思是祖国。
在小说标题中的词语，作者的意思是英雄的祖先是日本人但是其国籍是美国国籍。
TY解释道这些是主人公生来就有的权利。
标题的合理的英语翻译会是两种遗产。
广泛复杂的用语其在英语和日语中意思的背离可能会充满整本书。
其中的几个解说给出了一种见解：究竟有多少误解会产生呢？除非日本人和非日本人都能够小心谨慎且有耐心的为了准确的彼此沟通而努力。
Our body language鲍勃早上八点十五离开了公寓，然后在街角的一个杂货店吃了早餐。
在他买饭之前，服务员先开口说，还是像往常一样吗？鲍勃点头是。
正当他品尝着丹麦酥皮饼时，一个胖胖的男人来到了他邻近的凳子边。
鲍勃对于这个不速之客的行为非常怒气，他没有说任何话语但是其言行举止已经传出了两条信息。
哈利在十一点要和乐评有一个约会。
哈利十一点半到达约会地点，他们之间的谈话非常友好，但是乐评却一直存有敌对情绪。
哈利由于来晚了，这样已经无意识的传达出了这样两条信息一是这个约会对他来说并不是很重要，二是乐评是一个不需要尊重的人。
乔治在一个聚会上正和查理的妻子谈话。
他们之间的谈话完全是一些无关紧要的琐事，然而查理却用怀疑的眼光怒目而视他们。
他们这种形体上的靠近和眼神的运动传达出了这样一条信息，他们彼此间互相吸引。
杰克和色拉正在同一个聚会上，并且这个聚会对于他们建立相互之间的真诚友谊是非常重要的。
因此他们双方都尽力显示出热情和友好来，然而最终由于彼此间的不信任而分道扬镳相应的他们间的合作交易也成为了泡影。
当杰克和色拉交谈时，杰克以拉丁人的方式紧密的靠向色拉。
然而这一举动被色拉认为是杰克往外推他，因此色拉往后退以求远离这种亲密，而色拉的这种举动又被杰克认为是冷淡。
无声的拉丁语言和英语文化比有声语言更难以理解和掌握。
在上面的每一个案例中，我们可以看到无声交流的微妙力量。
贯穿人类大部分历史的唯一通用语言就是你学会的第一种交流方式。
在你获得语言能力之前，你会自觉不自觉的利用这些肢体手势语言告诉其他人你对自己和对他们的感想。
这些语言包括你的姿势姿态，手势，面部表情，穿着打扮，你走路的方式，甚至你对待时间和空间以及物质材料的方式。
为什么人们创造了这么多不同的交流信息的方式？一方面是由于人们不愿意勾勒出那些很固定很明显的信息。
我们更热衷于寻找其他的方式来表达我们的感觉，尤其是在恋爱期间这种表达方式更为恰当。
男士们不喜欢被拒绝而大多数的女士也不想轻率的拒绝一个男士。
相反，我们创造出了这么多种微妙的表达我们感情的方式既可以给彼此留下颜面又可以避免正面冲突。
人们在同一时间在不同的水平上进行交流并且往往只意识到的是口头有声对话而认为对无声语言信息没有反应。
无声交流体系相对于有意识的欺诈课程要少的多，并且有意识的欺诈通常发生在有声交流体系中。
当我们发现自己在思考时，“我不知道关于他的一切事情，但是他似乎不太真诚”。
这通常是由于这个人的话语和其言行举止缺乏一致性而使我们产生忧虑和不舒服。
很少有人意识到在我们的对话中我们到底有多少要依赖我们的肢体运动或者说意识到控制我们听觉行为的潜规则。
但是我们可以很快的判断出与我们所说话的那个人是不是在听并且我们在听别人讲话的这项礼节中对任何的破坏都会很敏感。
在美国白种人的中等阶级文化中，当一个人想要显示他是在听别人讲话，他会看着另一个人的脸尤其是眼睛，他会从讲话人的这只眼睛移动到另一只眼睛。