英语长难句分析及习题

英德中学高二级英语长难句分析
在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。

长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。

长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。

理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

一、长难句的分类
1、带有较多成分的简单句。

如：
Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used. 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。

在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women’s magazine，而且还修饰television programs and stations。

exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。

插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。

2、含有多个简单句的并列句。

如：
In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。

在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he。

Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age，and doctors can do nothing to help. 担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。

三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。

3、含有多个从句的复合句。

如：
I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。

在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：as…resources。

However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。

本句的主谓语是：those of us know。

know有两个由that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了know。

在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从
句修饰belief。

4、含有多个插入成分的句子。

如：
His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地）enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。

作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。

as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。

5、并列复合句。

如：
I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。

在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其中还含有一个让步状语从句。

They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。

当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。

在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句，在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句，这个定语从句前省略了关系词that或when。

二、长难句分析步骤
1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。

2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。

按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。

译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。

如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。

3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。

4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

三、长难句分析的注意事项
在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：
1、是否有同位语和插入语。

2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。

3、替代词的所指对象。

4、判断并列成分的层次。

5ခ句首璄并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。

6、在从叡ခ皀句子中，从叡中又儅含从句的玐豁。

7
是状语从句∖宾语从句时的结构分析。

8、在有多个从句的复合句和并刕句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全䏥的修饐语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。

四、长ခ句分析实例
1、Stch tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.这些任务的结果通常都很重要，这为做好工作增加了压力，然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。

这是一个并列复合句。

在第一个并列分句中，有一个非限制性定语从句，但它不修饰outcome，而是修饰前面的整个分句。

后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构，用it作形式宾语，实际宾语为带有连接副词的不定式短语。

2、Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5，000美元学费贷款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。

这样的事现在已经是很平常了。

分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。

it是形式主语，实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结构for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。

这里应注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯定含义。

让步状语从句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中。

破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。

由于for到句末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他们连在一起，而把it is not unusual分译。

3、What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。

本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture，主语What emerges本身即为一个从句。

在说明picture的介词短语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment，在这个定语从句中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing，介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing，promoting和providing。

4、Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned. 正义确定要求严惩凶手。

常识也要求社会受到保护不被（恶人）侵犯。

但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监禁的囚犯。

第二、三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词，他们起承上启下的作用。

三个句子中各有一个
that引导的宾语从句，最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句。

习题：
1. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. （NMET2003.E篇）
__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇）
__________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. （NMET2003.E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 4. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. （NMET2003.D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers’ shelves.（NMET2003.D篇)
7. The mass media and government white papers play an important part in the spread of foreign words.（NMET2003.D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who was a lively interest in their pet, whether it be a cat 、dog or snake! （NMET2003.C篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. （NMET2003 .C篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 10. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.（NMET2003.E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 11.With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals（ITA）in salt Lake City.（NMET2003.B篇）
12. The Salt Lake City public library is sold on the idea. （NMET2003.B篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. （NMET2003. A篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 14. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous.（NMET2003.A篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and they’re very interactive and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. （NMET2002. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 16. The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that it brings parents and children closer together.（NMET2002. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 17.He had realized that the words: ―one of six to eight‖ under the fir st picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon, the first of Henry VIII’s six wives. （NMET2002. D篇）_________________________________________________________________________________ 18.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773. （NMET2002. D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 19. It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book. （NMET2002. C篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. （NMET2002. B篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space. （NMET2002. A篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Those who could were likely to name a woman. （NMET2001. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 23. In general, women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships are marked by shared activities. （NMET2001. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 24.For the most part, interactions between men are emotionally controlled —a good fit with the social requirements of ―manly behavior‖.（NMET2001. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________
25.Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.（NMET2001. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 26. Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. （NMET2001. D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 27. If this state of affairs had lasted, English today would be close to German.（NMET2001. D篇）_________________________________________________________________________________ 28. We even have different word for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which Shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming. while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating. （NMET2001. D 篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 29. When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more ―Foreign‖ than France because the German they see on signs and ads seems much more different from English than French does. （NMET2001. D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 30. Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. （NMET2001. C篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 31. After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure. （NMET2001. B 篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 32. The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shangha i’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.（NMET2001. A篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 33. That you won’t be for long means it won’t be long before you’ll have to recycle your rubbish. （NMET2000. E篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 34. These words, I have just made up, have to stand for thing and ideas that we simply can’t think of. （NMET2000.D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 35. Picturing (Imagining) the future will serve the interests of the present and future generations. （NMET2000. D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 36. Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what
others think you think and what you think they think you think. （NMET2000. C 篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 37. The easy way out isn’t always easiest. （NMET2000. B篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 38.The hot sun had caused the dough （面团）to double in size and the fermenting yeast（酵母）made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing and it looked like some unknown being from outer space. （NMET2000. B篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 39. After all, what lively children wouldn’t settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work, and acting, singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day? （NMET1999. E篇）_________________________________________________________________________________ 40. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten wear his safety belt —a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. （NMET1999. D篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 41.The summit was to mark the 25th anniversary（周年）of president Nixon’s journey to China, which was the turning point in China-US relations. （NMET1998.B篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. （NMET1997.A 篇）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 43. Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, inside Which stands a 160 –foot –tall Tree of Life. _________________________________________________________________________________ 44. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.
_________________________________________________________________________________ 45. Ill and suffering as she was after the inhuman punishment, she yet remained so cheerful and confident, eager to devote the little strength left to her to helping the other comrades.
_________________________________________________________________________________ 46. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset.
_________________________________________________________________________________ 47. I went around to the front of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached, And my father must have hurt, too, a little.
_________________________________________________________________________________ 48. It covered the whole distance from broken –hearted misery to bursting happiness—too fast.
_________________________________________________________________________________ 49.Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away.
_________________________________________________________________________________
50. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured, just as you choose to look at it.
_________________________________________________________________________________ 51. News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.（NMET2003.31）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 52. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once have they quarreled with each other.（NMET2003.34）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 53. After all, Ed’s idea of exercise has always been nothing mor e effort-making than lifting a fork to his mouth.（NMET2003）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 54.As a result , at the point in our game when I’d have figured on (predicted) the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor , it was instead 7 to 9 — and Ed was leading.（NMET2003）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 55.So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice , I was so surprised that I was speechless , my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape .（NMET2003）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 56.In a way , I think we both won : I the game , but cousin Ed my respect.（NMET2003）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 57. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows what to do with it. （NMET2002 .33）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 58. The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it.（NMET2002 .34）_________________________________________________________________________________ 59. The mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. （NMET2002 .24）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 60.When I was in the army I received an intelligence test that all soldiers took, and , against an average of 100 , scored 160.（NMET2002）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 61.We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it worked out very well （NMET2001.26）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 62. The home improvements have taken what little there is of my spare time . （NMET2001.27）
_________________________________________________________________________________ 63. Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.（NMET2001.35）
_________________________________________________________________________________。