浅谈油页岩研究的发展前景

浅谈油页岩、页岩气成藏及其发展前景

摘要：国际原油价格大幅上升和全球已探明的石油储量只能维持40年的开采，使寻找可替代能源步伐悄然加快，一种沉寂多年的低热值燃料油母页岩的的开发利用开始升温。目前，世界大部分油页岩分布区地质勘探程度低，很难对全球的油页岩资源量正确预测，只有部分国家对本国油页岩矿床进行了详细的勘探和评价工作。就目前的勘探情况而言，美国是世界上油页岩资源最丰富的国家，查明地质资源量为33400亿吨，折合页岩油为3036亿吨。然而，中国乃至世界范围对于页岩的研究还很欠缺，油页岩研究给我们提出了问题，也带来了机遇。另外,我国油页岩在全国各地均有分布，其主要分布在中、新生代的盆地中。按照盆地分类方法，我国油页岩主要分布于伸展盆地、挠曲盆地、走滑盆地和克拉通盆地中，其中以伸展盆地为主。其主要受油页岩的沉积时期的沉积环境、古构造、古气候、有机质来源、氧化还原条件、古地形、古盐度等条件的影响。含油页岩伸展盆地油页岩成矿规律的研究为我国油页岩地质理论的发展和同类含油页岩盆地的勘探开发起到一定的促进作用。

关键词：油页岩；政策；发展现状；资源勘探；成矿规律；控制因素

Introduction to the development of the oil

shale research prospects

Abstract: the international crude oil prices have risen sharply and the world's proven oil reserves lasted only for 40 years of exploration, speeding up quietly looking for alternative sources of energy, a kind of perennial low calorific value of fuel oil shale exploitation began to heat up. At present, the world's most shale areal geology exploration degree is low, it is difficult to predict the oil shale resources in the world right, only part of the country for their own oil shale deposit has carried on the detailed exploration and evaluation. In terms of the current exploration situation, the United States is the world's most abundant oil shale resource countries, find out the geological resources of 3.34 trillion tons, or shale oil is 303.6 billion tons. In shale oil can get into so many by-products: ammonium sulfate as a fertilizer; Phenols and pyridine can be used for production of synthetic fibre, plastic, dye, drug chemical raw materials; Exhaust gases, like gas, as a fuel gas; Shale ash, can be used to make cement clinker, ceramic fiber, ceramsite and other building materials. Oil shale is "is". At home and abroad has promulgated relevant policies, to encourage the development and utilization of oil shale. However, China and the world is on the study of shale, shale research put forward the problem to us, also brought opportunities. In addition, the shale are distributed in all parts of the country, the main distribution in Cenozoic in the basin. Classification method according to the basin, the oil shale mainly distributed in extensional basin, deflection basin, strike-slip basin and cratonic basin, which is given priority to with stretching basin. Its main sedimentary environment, sedimentary period by shale paleostructure, paleoclimate, organic matter source, REDOX conditions, ancient topography, salinity, etc. Contain shale stretching basin shale metallogenic regularities of research

for our country the development of oil shale geological theory and similar with shale basin exploration and development play a role in promoting.

Keywords:Oil shale; Policy; Current situation of the development; exploration; Metallogenic regularity; Control factors

1油页岩简介

1.1油页岩定义及性质

油页岩又称油母页岩，是可燃矿产之一，现在公认的可燃矿产包括:煤、天然气、石油等都是由有机物组成，堆积的植物和动物残骸是可燃性矿产的重要来源。油页岩由有机物质和无机物质组成，其中无机物质常见的有:石英、粘土、碳酸盐等，有的还含

有铜、镍、钻、相、钦、钒等的化合物。油页岩有机物质可分两类:一类为油母，是其主要成分，分析元素组成主要为:C,H,N,S,O等;另一类为沥青，其含量在1%左右。一般认为油母是一种具有三维结构的大分子聚合物的混合物。油母中的碳主要以脂族和环烷结构存在，也有部分芳香族。所以只要能把油页岩中的油母提炼出来，就可得到类似石油的原油，也即页岩油[1]。油母中的氮在热加工时大部分转化为氨。

油页岩具有如下特征[2]:

(1)油页岩通常为具有片状层理性的无空固体，油页岩的颜色自浅灰至深褐不等。从外面看与褐色的石头几乎一样，不过如果拿起一块往地上一摔，就会摔成许多片状的碎块，看起来就像一页页的纸叠起来似的，人们因此管它叫油页岩。

(2)油页岩与煤不同，主要由较大量的无机矿物质和较少量的有机物组成，油页岩的有机物含量通常不超过35%

(3)油页岩在隔绝空气或氧气的情况下，加热至400～500℃(即称为干馏、低温千馏或热解)，其油母热解生成页岩油、热解气、热解水及固体残渣。固体残渣附着于加热后的无机质表面，通常称为半焦。油页岩所含的无机矿物质加热时也会发生变化，例

如，含结晶水的氧化铝、氧化硅会有脱水反应;碳酸盐于高温下会脱去二氧化碳，生成氧化物。

(4)油母的氢碳原子比通常高于煤的有机质的氢碳原子比，故热解后页岩油对油母的收率高于煤热解液体产物(煤焦油)对煤有机质的收率。但是由于油母只占油页岩的少部分，以及煤所含的有机质大大多于其无机质，因此页岩油对油页岩的收率通常低于煤焦油对煤的收率。