论张爱玲与简.奥斯丁女性婚恋观异同
最新论文《解读张爱玲与简奥斯汀的情感与理智》
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摘要:奥斯汀与张爱玲都在创作中体现出鲜明的女性意识。
本文比较了两位作家的生活背景、婚恋观以及作品中的人物形象,对比了她们对婚恋、人性等诸多问题的思考。
张爱玲凭着情感理解世界,用苍凉的笔调对人性的弱点及婚恋的不完美进行了高度的解剖;而奥斯汀凭着理智来领会世界,用轻松愉快的笔调来描写世态人情并创作出以喜剧结束的婚姻。
关键词:张爱玲;奥斯汀;背景;婚恋观;爱情简·奥斯汀是世界上为数极少的著名女性作家之一,介于新古典主义和浪漫运动的抒情主义之间的“小幅画家”和“家庭小说”家,是文学评论家眼里堪与莎士比亚在不朽性方面相提并论的英国作家。
2000年,BBC做过一个“千年作家评选”活动,结果奥斯汀紧随莎士比亚之后,排名第二,而且,她是前十位里惟一的女性作家。
这位女性堪称英国之骄傲。
她创造出了一大批活灵活现的人物形象,开启了19世纪30年代的现实主义小说高潮。
应该承认,无论就创作成就还是就后世影响来说,张爱玲与这位一生只走过了42个春夏秋冬的伟大女性相比都是相形见绌的。
现在之所以把她们并列在一起谈论,无非是对西方文学与中国文学做一个小角度的切入而已,以期在比较中对西方文学和我们自己都有更进一步的了解。
两位作家都是女性,而且她们的作品也基本上都是以女性自己为主人公的,讲述的都是女人在这个并不公平的世界上的格外不公平的特殊处境。
婚姻爱情、情感命运是她们作品中共同的主题。
张爱玲与简·奥斯汀都对女性的婚姻爱情心理有着深切把握和透彻理解,并通过众多艺术形象生动地表现给广大读者。
她们都把对女性命运的探索伸向了女性传统的生存空间——婚姻和家庭,都把剖析女性在这一生存空间中深层次的生存状态作为自己创作的重点。
在她们的作品中,女性不再是一个扁平的性别符号,不仅仅只是一个携带有种种服务功能的综合物,而是具有自己生存价值的思考,拥有了实现自我、在外部世界获得支配权的需要与追求。
细读她们的作品,发现两位女性尽管在生活时代、文化背景、个人情趣方面存在很大差异,但是在爱情和婚姻题材的表达上,她们却有着很多的相似之处。
简·奥斯丁与张爱玲婚恋观之比较
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也不 失 为一个 明智 的选 择 。奥斯 丁在 小说 中对 夏洛 特进 行 了不 动声 色 的讥笑 和 嘲讽 , 作 为一 个没 有 但
任何财产 的小姐 , 她对物质生存 的选择在某种程度 上应该得到我们的同情和理解。 个 世 纪 前 的奥 斯 丁认 为经 济 对 于 婚 恋 很 重
一
要, 一个 世 纪之 后张 爱玲 亦 持此 观 。“ 四” 以后 , 五 追 求 两 性互 爱 、 主张 婚姻 自主 的婚 恋 观 影 响着 中国 人 。 当时 的中 国 , 文 化 、旧 文化 以及 新 旧折 衷 的 新
女性 亦找不 到别 的 出路 。婚姻爱 情 中最 关键 的是财
产 和地位 。表面上 两位作 者写 出 了婚 姻爱情 离不开
恋 现象 和婚 恋观念 也 同时并 存 , 但婚 姻 当事人 仍然
“ 婚恋关 系 作 为社会 生 活 的重要 组成 部 分 , 它
是 无法 摆脱社 会 经济 因素 的制 约的 。因为婚 恋 的任
人 和婚 姻 生活 , 把 自己嫁掉 才是 她 的 目标 。对 于 能
像 她 这 样 受 过 良好 的教物外。想要让恋爱婚姻
她们 出嫁 时的嫁 妆 。奥 斯 丁在《 慢 与偏 见 》 傲 中就 频
收 稿 日期 : 0 8 1— 5 20 — 2 1
作者简介: 虞晓伟(9 3 ) , 17 一,女 浙江晋云人 , 硕士 , 讲师 , 研究方 向:外国文 学。
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文化 同时并 存 , 因而 新 的 、旧的 以及 新 旧折衷 的婚
张爱玲与简 奥斯丁女性意识之比较
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[1]戴锦华.涉渡之舟[M].陕西人民出版社,2002年.
[2]李子云.女作家在当代文学史所起的先锋作用[J].当代作家评论,1987年第6期.
[3]林幸谦.女性主体的祭奠——张爱玲女性主义批评Ⅱ[M].广西师范大学出版社,2003年.
关键词:女性意识;张爱玲;简?奥斯丁;女性文学
一、女性文学及女性意识
女性文学在普通定义上,女性文学是指由女作家执笔写作或具有女性性质的文学。对于中国而言,20世纪80、90年代是一个具有特殊意义的时代。80年代女作家的大量涌现,相比较之下便成为令人印象深刻的女性写作“景观”。因为当时文学氛围的不断改善和提高,很多女作家纷纷涌现出来。当然,90年代初出现的林白、池莉、海男等人更能代表我国的女性文学写作。
张爱玲与简奥斯丁女性意识之比较
摘要:很多作家创作女性小说的初衷就是希望通过自己小说中的女性形象来唤醒世界上其他女性的女性意识,所以,大多数女性小说中的女性形象都有着异曲同工之妙;本文将在众多优秀的女性作家中以张爱玲和简?奥斯丁为对比对象,并且通过对女性文学及女性意识、社会大变革下女性意识的萌芽、从觉醒到妥协的婚恋意识的对比,从而对张爱玲和简?奥斯丁小说中的女性意识进行比较。
三、从觉醒到妥协的婚恋意识
张爱玲的小说主要以新旧文化交替的上海为背景,当时上海的背景告诉我们,钱财可以决定人的一生,很多人因为钱而发生悲剧,尤其是女性;虽然钱使很多女性发生悲剧,但一个重要的原因还是因为她们从小耳濡目染的“奴性”。张爱玲在小说的创作过程中很注重对内心和细节的剖析,并且研究了“奴性”对她们生活的影响,尤其是对家庭生活的影响。
事实上,女性意识并不只是在近现代才出现的。在西方文学世界里,像欧里庇得斯的《美狄亚》等作品中已经出现了明显的女性意识。美狄亚的形象在古希腊戏剧中是独树一帜的,她的一系列对于丈夫伊阿宋的报复显然是女性对男权地位的挑战和自我的觉醒。在中国精英文学作品里,女性意识的出现相对较晚,但是在民间文学作品中,女性意识却早早出现了;在宋元明清的精英文学作品中或多或少出现了一些女性主义的萌芽,只是很少有学者提及。
对比奥斯丁和张爱玲作品中的婚姻观
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都是爱看偶 像剧 的 , 爱撇除一些流连于表象 的令人不 舒服
的东西 。张爱玲是一位擅长将悲剧撕碎了呈给人看的女巫 。 她用苍凉 的笔触 ,将 流亡 中的一位无依无靠 的女 子的各 种 境况下的心理刻画得栩栩如生。比较起来 , 伊丽莎 白与 自流 苏, 达西 与范柳原 , 一个是 出身没落家庭 的佳 人 , 一个是钱
关 键 词 :奥 斯 丁 ; 爱玲 ; 姻观 ; 性 意识 张 婚 女
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文献标识码 : A
文章编号 :6 3 2 9 (0 0 0 — 12 0 17 — 5 6 2 1 )2 0 0 — 3
在文学作 品中, 婚姻 和爱情是永恒的主题 。无论 中西 , 婚恋都是能够深刻反映人性 的大题材 。奥斯 丁因为一生 中 创作的 以《 傲慢 与偏见》 为首的 6 部作 品而被认作 是表现婚
恋题材的最杰 出的英 国女作 家。无独有偶 , 在中国文学史上 也有一位擅 长发掘婚恋视角的女作家 , 她就是张爱玲。很多
而 , 处显着算 计 , 处 爱情在 战时显得太过 奢侈 , 以甚至不 所
必把爱情拉来遮住算计的丑。流苏初 见 原的时候 、 柳 打定主
意去香 港的时候 、 至与柳 原在一 起快乐或难过 着的时候 , 甚 她无时不在算计 : 可以嫁给他 , 若 就可 以从此摆脱家庭对她 的嘲笑 , 还可以反戈一击 ; 若得不到柳原 , 则万劫不复 。 柳原 那 边也 是如此 , 他说笑话 给流苏 听的时候 , 忽然半夜打去 电 话倾诉 他的爱和苦恼 的时候 , 舞场上灯光下 的恍惚 的情绪 ,
的 英 国女 作 家 。 独 有偶 。 中 国文 学 史 上也 有一 位 擅 长发 掘婚 恋视 角的 女 作 家— — 张 爱 玲 。 多评 论 家声 称 , 爱玲 的 《 无 在 很 张 倾
简·奥斯汀与张爱玲作品的婚恋观比较
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简奥斯汀与张爱玲作品的婚恋观比较
徐姗姗
【期刊名称】《戏剧丛刊》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)005
【摘要】爱情和婚姻永远是文学作品中永恒的主题,无论中西,作家们都在以独特的方式和理念在作品中演绎着各种各样的婚恋故事。
简·奥斯汀和张爱玲就是其中之一,且都是表现这一主题的大家。
尽管两位女性在生活年代、文化背景、个人情趣方面存在很大差异。
【总页数】1页(P48)
【作者】徐姗姗
【作者单位】山东师范大学文学院06研
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I267
【相关文献】
1.从《爱玛》解析简·奥斯汀的婚恋观 [J], 李帆
2.简·奥斯汀后期作品中婚恋观变化刍探 [J], 黄福奎
3.张爱玲与简·奥斯汀的婚恋观分析 [J], 邹晓蕾
4.简·奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中婚恋伦理观研究 [J], 孟洁;姚文娟;谢芸
5.简·奥斯汀与张爱玲文学作品中女性人物比较 [J], 闫俊玲
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简· 奥斯汀与张爱玲婚姻观之差异
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简奥斯汀与张爱玲婚姻观之差异王红艳【摘要】简· 奥斯汀和张爱玲这两位杰出的女作家是文坛上不可忽视的存在.长久以来,二者都被认为是女性主义的代表,父权制的挑战者,二者都对婚姻做出了新的阐释.在她们生活的时代,女性不得不在经济上依附于男性,因此她们在婚姻上没有任何话语权.在奥斯汀看来,美满婚姻即理智与情感完美结合的婚姻是女人最终的幸福归宿;而张爱玲则是彻底全面的否定了男权婚姻,在她看来,婚姻是一出绝望而永恒的悲剧.从马克思主义女性主义的角度分析,二者的差异是由她们所处的特殊的社会历史条件决定的.【期刊名称】《辽宁科技学院学报》【年(卷),期】2016(018)001【总页数】3页(P45-47)【关键词】简·奥斯汀;张爱玲;婚姻观【作者】王红艳【作者单位】忻州师范学院外语系,山西忻州034000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I0-03;I106.2简·奥斯汀是一位英国女作家,她也是最早突破男性写作垄断地位的女作家之一。
作为女性,她对于人类情感的敏锐感知,她观察英国中产阶级虚伪外壳的独特视角,她生动呈现的男性沙文主义及此对女性的影响,使她成为了同时代最杰出的小说家之一。
张爱玲在现代作家尤其是现代女作家中占有不可撼动的一席之地,她的作品在中国大陆、香港和台湾都影响甚大,她对于人类道德和精神困境的扭曲描写和冷眼洞察,令人印象深刻,无疑她是20世纪最优秀的女作家之一。
对于这两位作家的研究多如天上的繁星,其中,从女性主义的角度剖析她们和她们的作品更是硕果累累。
长久以来,这两位女作家都被看作是父权制的挑战者,也有很多的相同之处。
在她们的时代,女性要想获得他人尊重、社会地位和经济保障,都必须通过婚姻这个唯一的途径,而金钱在婚姻中也就显得尤其重要。
既然婚姻被看作是女性的正当职业,那么未婚的女性就被理所当然的看作是寄生虫而被人瞧不起。
女性不得不从经济上依靠男性,这就决定了女性并没有选择丈夫甚至是选择婚姻的权利。
从殊途到同归:简·奥斯汀与张爱玲小说中的女性意识之研究
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尽管人类历史是由女性和男性共同构成, 两者之间本应是相互需要, 相互依存、互补的关系, 但是, 自从进入了父权社会, 人类历史却违背了两性协调发展的关系。
在父权社会里, / 人类文明的整体构架是极不完善的, 它只是一座按照男性的意志而构筑起来的大厦) ) ) 它的顶端永远飘扬着男性的旗帜, 它的钟声永远为男性鸣响, 而女性则在政治上、经济上、法律上和文化习俗上深受男性的全面压抑。
但当历史进入到18 世纪末19 世纪初, 在欧美等国家文学领域诞生了一批向这千百年来似乎不可变更的历史宿命发出挑战的女性作家。
她们以女性独有的视角、暗藏锋芒的笔触悄无声息地对男性霸权进行着抗争, 后人称之为女性意识或女性主义思想也随之滥觞。
欧美国家的女性意识思想在20 世纪的中国女性作家当中得到继承与发展。
简#奥斯汀是早期欧美国家具有女性意识的典型代表, 张爱玲则是20 世纪中国女性主义作家的集大成者。
对她们的作品进行分析, 有利于我们了解早期女性主义作家与20 世纪女性主义作家对于女性意识的因承关系及其发展变化。
一、简#奥斯汀与张爱玲小说的共同旨趣女性意识简#奥斯汀的作品在世界女性文学中是不可忽视的重要存在, 其作品的影响力在她所处的时代也是独一无二的。
正如女权主义作家维吉尼亚#伍尔夫所言: / 在所有伟大作家当中, 简#奥斯汀是最难在伟大的那一瞬间捉住的。
简#奥斯汀一生共创作了6 部作品:5理智与情感6 ( 1811) 、5傲慢与偏见6 ( 1813) 、5曼斯菲尔德庄园6 ( 1814) 、5 爱玛6 ( 1815) 、5诺桑觉寺( 1818) 和5劝导6( 1818) 。
作为处于社会大变革时期的一位观察敏锐, 感情丰富的女性, 奥斯汀对爱情、婚姻及其它各种复杂的两性关系的描写虽然琐碎, 但却从女性的视角尖锐地揭示了当时英国社会男尊女卑的现象, 传递了女性为争取男女平等而抗争的呼声。
然而, 由于历史的局限, 奥斯汀作品中所表现出来的背叛父权社会的先锋意识和她在与传统的道德交锋时所表现出来的妥协, 却又构成了她作品中含蓄、蒙昧的女性主义色彩。
张爱玲与简·奥斯丁作品中女性意识之比较——以《倾城之恋》与《傲慢与偏见》为例
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毕信、卞齐欣郝英慧和蔡翠平张爱玲与简·奥斯丁作品中女性意识之比较——以《倾城之恋》与《傲慢与偏见》为例【摘要】:张爱玲和简·奥斯丁是东西方文学史上各具特色的女性作家,她们在创作中体现了鲜明的女性意识。
本文主要通过具体分析《倾城之恋》与《傲慢与偏见》这两本书,得出两人追求独立与平等的女性共识,对爱情的不同的追求以及对所处时代顺从态度的差异。
同时本文从人性角度分析两位作家女性意识异同的原因,和家庭环境、时代背景、爱情经历对她们人性追求的影响。
【关键词】:女性意识比较爱情AbstractEileen Chang and Jane Austen is the eastern and western literature history of distinctive female writers, they reflected the distinctive female consciousness in the creation. This paper mainly through the concrete analysis of "the whole city of love "and" pride and prejudice "these two books, it is concluded that two people pursuing independence and equality of women consensus, the pursuit of love is different as well as to the time differences submissive attitude.At the same time, the author analyzes the causes of the similarities and differences between the two writers' female consciousness from the perspective of human nature, and the influence of the family environment, the background of the times and the love experience on their human nature.Keywords: Female consciousness comparison love引言(女性意识的内涵)所谓女性意识就是女性的主体意识,即女性作为主体在客观世界中的地位、作用和价值的体验和觉醒。
简析简·奥斯丁和张爱玲作品异同的原因
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简·奥斯丁与张爱玲女性观之比较
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简·奥斯丁与张爱玲女性观之比较张爱玲与奥斯丁是东西方文学史上各具特色的女作家,二人的创作积累了丰富的女性书写经验,为女性文学的发展做出了重要贡献。
身为女性作家,两人在发现并把握女性心理世界、生存状态、生活背景和生命体验的过程中,各自表达出对普遍永恒的人生悲喜剧的思考。
本文运用比较文学平行研究的方法对奥斯丁与张爱玲女性观统照下的女性婚恋观、女性地位、女性意识之异同进行论述,从中体现出两位作家对女性理解包涵的人性关怀。
第一章比较奥斯丁与张爱玲婚恋观的异同。
第一节首先简述奥斯丁与张爱玲婚恋观产生的社会时代背景。
第二节在此基础上比较得出二人婚恋观的相同之处是共奉现实功利的实用主义婚姻原则,而对婚姻中爱情存在的意义及婚恋能动性的不同阐发则是其婚恋观的差异所在。
第二章比较分析奥斯丁与张爱玲看待女性地位问题时观点的异同。
第一节整体考察东西方女性因性别差异而被动承受男权社会压制的社会背景。
第二节论述张爱玲审查了中国女性“内化外缘”处境下的无权地位,奥斯丁则赋予女性较为充实的地位。
第三节通过对女性治家的意义及其发挥教育职能作用的比较,论述了二者关于“他者”定位下女性家庭地位的观点的异同。
第三章比较论述在女性意识方面奥斯丁与张爱玲观点的异同。
第一节主要分析二人笔下伊丽莎白与白流苏的形象及其体现的现代女性意识。
第二节系统论述奥斯丁女性意识中反传统思想与传统观念的具体表现及二者之间的矛盾纠结,并分析其产生的原因。
第三节系统论述张爱玲以冷静清醒、内审自省的态度坚守女性本位立场,同时打破了男性定义的女性神话和女性自诩的理想神话。
第四章重点论述奥斯丁与张爱玲女性观中宽厚的人性关怀。
第一节主要阐述奥斯丁在其充满巨大挖掘空间的艺术世界里努力发现存在的人,即对女性的本真面目和复杂人性进行考察刻画。
张爱玲由“身世之感”出发,推及时代与文明的危机,在此之上把握人的存在,在审视人生存状态的同时充满了对普通人的悲悯同情。
第二节论述二人把对人性的关照、人生的关怀建立在道德劝诫之上,体现为奥斯丁对人真诚宽厚的抚慰怀抱及张爱玲于“无神无圣”的世俗化倾向中对女性存在的永恒价值的肯定。
《2024年《简·爱》与《倾城之恋》中的女性意识对比研究》范文
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《《简·爱》与《倾城之恋》中的女性意识对比研究》篇一一、引言简·奥斯汀的《简·爱》与张爱玲的《倾城之恋》虽属不同文化和时代的文学作品,却均深刻地展现了女性意识的成长和演进。
这两部作品通过不同的叙述手法和情节设置,反映了当时社会对女性地位和角色的认知与期待,同时也揭示了女性自我意识的觉醒和追求。
本文旨在对比分析这两部作品中女性意识的不同表现和特点,以探讨女性意识在东西方文化中的共性与差异。
二、简·爱中的女性意识《简·爱》作为一部英国的经典小说,反映了当时英国社会对女性的认知和期待。
简·爱作为一个独立、自尊、勇敢的女性形象,其女性意识主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 自我认知:简·爱对自己的身份、价值和尊严有着清晰的认识,她不因贫穷和社会地位低下而自卑,也不因他人的评价而动摇自己的信念。
2. 追求平等:简·爱在面对爱情和婚姻时,不接受任何形式的压迫和束缚,她追求的是平等、自由和相互尊重的关系。
3. 自我实现:简·爱在不断成长的过程中,实现了自我价值的最大化,成为了一个独立、自信、有责任感的女性。
三、《倾城之恋》中的女性意识相比之下,《倾城之恋》所反映的女性意识更为复杂和多元。
这部作品展现了当时中国社会对女性的认知和期待,同时也揭示了女性在传统与现代之间的挣扎与追求。
以下是《倾城之恋》中女性意识的主要表现:1. 传统与现代的冲突:作品中的女性角色在传统与现代之间挣扎,既受到传统观念的束缚,又渴望追求现代女性的自由与独立。
2. 爱情与婚姻的矛盾:作品中的女性角色在爱情与婚姻之间寻找平衡,她们既希望得到真挚的爱情,又不得不面对婚姻中的种种现实问题。
3. 自我价值的追求:尽管在传统观念的束缚下,女性角色仍努力实现自我价值,争取在社会和家庭中发挥更大的作用。
四、两部作品中女性意识的共性与差异1. 共性:两部作品都展现了女性意识的觉醒和追求,反映了当时社会对女性的认知和期待。
【精品】英文论文奥斯汀与张爱玲婚恋观对比
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【关键字】精品学号:56哈尔滨师范大学学士学位论文题目简奥斯汀与张爱玲作品中婚恋观的对比学生冯曦颍指导教师苗学华讲师年级2007级10班专业英语教育系别英语教育系学院西语学院GRADUA TION PAPERTITLE: The Comparison of Different Views in Love and Marriage between Jane Austen and Eilleen Zhang’s WorksSTUDENT: FENG XiyingTUTOR: Miao Xuehua(Lecturer)GRADE: Grade 2007MAJOR: English EducationDEPARTMENT: English Education DepartmentCOLLEGE: Faculty of Western Languages and LiteraturesMay, 2011The Comparison of Different Views in Love and Marriage between Jane Austen and EilleenZhang’s WorksFENG XiyingAbstract: Jane Austen and Eilleen Zhang both compose their novels from the perspective of marriages, expressing their deep thoughts on human nature, social ideology, and their points of views about marriage; however, Jane Austen describes the world with more sense while Eileen Zhang shows the world with more sensibility, which leads to their different styles of writing. In Jane Austen’s view, a perfect marriage needs passion, love sense and education backgrounds; in Eileen Zhang’ opinion, love exists out of marriage, which leads to women’s dereism and tragedies. Different times and societies where they live influence their attitudes and tones, but their novels also share some common views on marriage. This thesis will compare and contrast people’s attitudes towards marriage in Jane Austen’s works and Eileen Zhang’s works and differe nt writing styles of these two great writers, aiming to discover the impacts by distinct social backgrounds and periods.Key Words: Jane Austen; Eileen Zhang; MarriageJane Austen and Eilleen Zhang are the two outstanding women writers in writing theme of love and marriage. Their works have a lot of similarities, especially in a fit of marriage, which primarily reflects in economic factors and female subjective factors. Although the two writers grew up in different social background, different historical era, and different cultural backgrounds, they have shown similar qualities in their works. This article will mainly discuss the economic factor’s decisive impact on the marriage relationship and the female subjective main role in marriage.1. The love and marriage reflected in the themes of Jane Austen’s and Eileen Zhang’s Novels1.1 The reflection of love and marriage in the theme of Jane Austen’s novelsThe perfect marriage in Austen’s eyes should base on money but not totally rely on money. Husband and wife should respect and love each other thus they could live a happy life.1.2 The reflection of love and marriage in the theme of Eileen Zhang’s novelsThe women in Zhang’s novels are not the ones living in the old times whose marriages are totally arranged by parents, or the ones who are courageous and stink in modern times. They have special qualities nurtured by the metropolitan city, and . Compared to the women who leave home in modern times, they in cline to stay by the side of their husbands and suffer from sorrow and pain in the rest of their lifetime.2. The similarities of Jane Austen and Eileen Zhang’s points of views on marriage2.1 The similar fatalism and chanciness of love and marriageIn Eileen Zhang’s novels, she emphasized the fu nction of fatal and chances in marriages. For example, Liusu Bai, a miserable woman at first, in Loving of the Beautiful Woman, made her dream of marriage come true because of the ’s accidental occupation by enemy. After being horrified by the coming death, Liuyuan Fan who survived and exhausted decided to live a normal life like others, thus he married Bai Liusu. “Life, death or separation are big events tut they are notunder our control. Compared with the powers beyond human being’s capabilities, we are so tiny.” Because we are so “tiny”, we succumbed to the fates of ours and pargmatism principle in chanciness. Like Zongzhen Lv in Blockage preliminarily only intended to avoid his nephew on an electric car during the blank off, but changed his seat and moved to a seat next to a teacher named Wu Cuiyuan. It was beyond our imagination that this coincidence gave birth to a love carash between the two.Although Jane Austen persisted to the importance of sense in choice, yet she also attached great importance to coincidence, never separating rational choice and chanciness or making them two different mutually repellent powers. In Pride and Prejudice, fates and chanciness played a leading role and enriched the plot to a large extent, making several happy marriages, which resulted from a series of coincidences. As we can see in Pride and Prejudice, marriages between Jane and Bingly, Elizabeth and Darcy had close relationship with chanciness. Bingly is a happy-go-lucky man whose character determined that accidental factors would influence his choice. At the same time, the marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy was also tied to chanciness which made hear Darcy’s frivolous remarks on her, causing ’s prejudice on Darcy. And in the second half of this novel, routes and calendar of and her uncle had been rescheduled, leading to the unexpected meet between and Darcy and ’s new attitude towards Darcy because she didn’t release the fact to her parents and that it was Wichham who made their elopement. In the end of the novel, they happily got married, having experienced their pure course of mutual understandings, which was beyond their own expectations and efforts. It was coincidence that brought them to their happy marriages.The people at that time believed so much in fates which blocked their way to discoveries and adventures. Writing abut the belief shows the incapacity of human beings in existence. From the novels and the analysis above, we can see the dependence on fatalism and chanciness of Jane Austen and Eileen Zhang are similar.2.2 The reflection of pragmatism love and marriage in their worksAlthough Jane Austen and Eileen Zhang expressed their submission and dependence on people’s traditional minds, yet they were great realists and saw women’s depression and restrictions on them clearly. In the works of Jane Austen and Eileen Z hang, readers do not feel romantic at all, for the two great authors, from the beginning to the end in their novels, put marital problem in complicated economic problems and relations. In fact, the love affairs and marriages were usually issues of economy, life and lust. Moreover, marriages did not exist for the simple results of love but the demands of money, which reflected the real life, inner quality and people-to-people relations in different social backgrounds and times. Women were the appendix of man and their only way to survive is to marry a decent and rich man, making their lives supported by something, no matter during the old times in or in . In , conservative disciplines and authority of husband posed great burdens on women, ethic order ideology and gender ruling ideology the relationship of economy, sex and powers decided their weak role in which women’s fates were mastered by men and almost lost their initiative rights while seeking their dependable husbands. This phenomenon blocked women’s way to develop their characters and personalities, which led to their difficulties in finding their free libido and their own relationships with the society. In consequence, it was rather hard for women at that particular time to be perfect persons of complete flesh, anima and spirit. The in 18th century was called “a rational time” when sense ruled everything. That is also one of the reasons why Jane Austen looks on marriage with sense.We can see from Austen’s novels that heritages were only allowed to be inherited by male children in that family, indicating that women had no social status and their only guarantee was the limited dowers. Therefore, in order to ensure their life comfortable in marriages, women should base on the practical factors, seeking their rich husbands, when they were usually warned by their parents that seeking a rich husband was better than enjoying a unforgettable romance.The marriages described by Eileen Zhang were similar to Jane Austen. In Loving of Beautiful Woman,, the character Liusu Bai, a divorced woman living with her parents and brothers, showed us her horror under economic stress and inconsistent psychological status between a husband and a stable income. Liusu Bai bet her rest of life and her dignity on a stable marriage. In order to achieve that, Liusu Bai tried everything she could do to get rid of the title of “fancy woman” and then marry Liuyuan Fan justifiably. Actually the secret lying in this intention was to ensure her in a safer state. Qi Qiao, in A Gold Lock, suffered form pains physically and psychologically. She made a golden lock on the price of a life time, losing normal humanity. The characters in Eileen Zhang’s novels relied too much on money and it doomed that the women would be lock in marriage.Austen and Zhang wrote their familiar things with a delicate mind and acute observations. Zhi Qingxia thought, “Eileen Zhang mastered a quite subtle relations among people stably” and “th e characters in Legend are real Chinese, sometimes too native that they became horrible; therefore they are real human beings, sometimes too real.” Scott commented on Austen, “This young lady has actual talents in describing daily life, feelings and other complicated trivia. And it’s valuable and I’ have never seen before; but I cannot show the people in such another complicated trivia. And it’s valuable and I’ve never seen before; but I cannot show people in such an active way.’ These comments show Jane Austen’s mature technique of pragmatism.Although their works lack romantic technique, the exhibition of pragmatism and shocks in heart are no worse than any other master in pragmatism.3. The different points of Jane Austen and Eileen Zhang’s points of views on love and marriageAlthough either in Jane Austen’s or Eileen Zhang’s novels, most of the characters bent over pragmatism and fatalism, yet they differ from the other in the side of the attitudes and actions they make to express their dissatisfactions. Eileen Zhang gives us a sense of psychological heaviness for sorrows and pains fill in her novels, while Jane Austen poses us a sense of resilience and joviality for her novel are usually comedies.3.1 Jane Austen: Women’s Persistence on Equality and DignityJane Austen’s view of marriage was not consistent with the popular perspective of marriage at that period of time when wives never went the other way from their husband; however, Jane Austen didn’t think the blind obedience was a necessary virtue. She believed that marriage should base on the integration of mutual respect. In Persuasion which was the last novel of Jane Austen, clear views had been presented. That was also the fruit from her mature thoughts on marital relationships. In Persuasion, A nne saw the Crofts’ ways of dealing with daily trivia from the matter that the Crofts drove a carriage together. From the description we can see that Mrs. Croft didn’t succumb to her husband without thoughts while she corrected his mistakes, encouraging hi s passions. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth, a bright and brilliant girl, was facing a dilemma that Mr. Collins who she hated proposed to her, but if she didn’t find a husband in a short period of time, she was facing the danger of becoming an old virgin; however, she still refused him after thepretentious words he addressed to her and said “I am very sensible of the honor of your proposals, but it is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them.” On seeing this, we will cheer for Elizabeth who was always on the active stage showed her confidence and strived for her dignity.Therefore we can see that the marital relationships in Austen’s novels didn’t conclude issues about dependence or ruling but were the ones about quality and common cooperation, which reflected the impact of culture break on villages ,i.e., the rural noble youngsters ideas began to go along with the vicissitudes of society and culture and the main stream of social life.3.2 Eileen Zhang: Women’s ServilityAlthough the background in Eileen Zhang’s novels enjoyed a combination of Chinese traditional and foreign new cultures and people’s daily life were impacted by capitalism and related business culture, yet feudal conventions still took the neck of people’s spiritual life. Since Chinese society was dominated by man, Chinese women have been circled in a small range of space, devoting themselves to giving birth to babies and taking care of their husbands. Day by day, their living space became smaller and smaller where they had lost their contact with outside world wcen their own characters. This led to women’s dependence on men in whatever factors, like economy, views, life and etc. Eileen Zhang concluded this phenomenon to a miserable status “women always think about men, talk about men and complaint about man”. Marriage was the chip for women to survive. Marriage is like a mortgage bill and what we hock is love. Likewise, women in Eileen Zhang’s novels regarded love as the only adventure and considered marriage as the only enterprise in their lives. The only meaning for marriage was to earn a material base for life.Apparently, economic factors play as the exterior reasons which lead to women’s tragedies in common marriages, but the distinct interior factors are ineradicable servility lying deep Chinese women’s hearts. Through psychological analysis, in a large number of Eileen Zhang’s novels, I pay my attention on the impact on marriages by the awareness of servility caused by depressed mood of women in old times. It is obvious that in materialized marriages, women were on the passive status, which made women unable to keep the track of happiness and vulnerable to the frustrations in life. Chinese women in old times were slaves to the feudalism deluding them into thinking that they, as married women, should serve their husbands throughout their lives and were accustomed to working like slaves for their husbands although they have struggled and cried, poor women eventually initiated to serve. No matter she was acquainted or not; no matter she was in love or not, she was took on the neck by feudalism, succumbed to men’s manipulation. from men had never been in their minds. Sometimes they were even longing for the control from the male world; therefore, it was domed that they were female slave at home.Since there was no love in marriages,” women never think twice when they choose their life-long companions, less carefully than when they pick a hat”, said by Eileen Zhang. In Joss Stick’s Old Ash-the First Stick, Mrs. Liang married a rich businessman reaching his sixties, “wanting for his death”. Qiqiao Cao, a woman in A Gold Lock, got a gold lock on the price of a whole life time. Jiaorui, a woman in Red Rose and White Rose, had a flat-like heart where anyone can live in.4.Styles reflected the different views of love and marriage4.1 General stylesIf we read through Eileen Zhang’s novels, we will find that fine things never had a place to live in her novels. Youth, enthusiasm, imagination and hope are like soapbubbles which disappear in a few seconds, leaving only tragedies. Although Eileen Zhang is good at making out theatrical stories, yet her stories lack logical arrangements with clear cause and effect. When the plot is about to come to the summit, Zhang never lets the story come to the familiar scene that the readers are eagerly longing for, but turns to another scene, making the summit delay and indicating the quick turning of hero’s or heroin’s fate. For example, in Loving of the Beautiful Woman, Liusu gets the guarantee of marriage, but she is still in bad mood for Liuyuan Fan leaves the flirting words to other women, making the hard-won live vulnerable. Another example lies in the end of Engraved Flower. The good weather wakes weak Chuanchang who gets up and tries the pair of shoe leather her mother brings her, saying, “This kind of leather seems firm and can endure three years’wearing”; however she dies in three weeks. This kind of tone implies challenges and oppositions to orderly lives. In Baoyuan Yin Song. Hualouhui, it seems to be an ordinary love affair between a teacher and a student, but at the end of the story, the heroin says she will never marry the nuts guy, which makes the romantic love story appear flimflam in face of common customs and empty. It is all these delicate details, visional topics, elegant material, desolated spiritual world and the finishing point in Zhang style that composes the irony effect in her novels.However, when we look at Austen’s novels, they are giving us the sense of happy and bright. On reading the comedic scenarios and happy endings, we feel as if we were chatting with close friends on a cup of tea surrounded by verdant trees and blue sky. While reading Zhang’s stories, we feel as if we stayed in a small room with dim light and moist air, recalling the nightmare we just had in bed. Moreover, the property is not the only major thing Austen mentions in her novels. True love survives, and more importantly, whatever frustrations they encounter, their affair ends with marriage. In Persuasion, Anne and Captain Wentworth reunited as husband and wife after a separation; Emma in Emma,married Mr. Knightly; in Sense and Sensibility, Elion and Mariana find their husbands eventually; in Pride and Prejudice, Jane and her sister Elizabeth married men with large property and noble status. We can see that Jane Austen is an optimist although she stays single.4.2 Language StylesZhang composes her novels with poet-like magnificent words which are chosen for great contrast in order to show people in modern time go mad or breathless. The contrasts in her works are dense and lead to the weird impression in readers’ minds. For example in A Golden Lock, the description of Shifang’s visit to Qiqiao is filled with dramatic tense but static; however, the colorful words and distinct contrast seem to make us feel that in these peaceful words some unidentified monster will crash and burn, creating a thrilling atmosphere. ZhiqingXia concluded that we can see meaningful irony on one side and on the other side, we feel depression and sorrow. The two sides combine altogether, composing a bleak environment. Marriage descriptions in Great Happiness seem lifeless and lack of excitement and happiness. Everyone tells a lie. Two old virgins talk with acerb words. “No one asks sister Tangqian or Liqian for dance, but Tangqian keeps smiling as if she cannot close her mouth for there is a big piece of white china.”In Carved China, Mr. Zheng is “aposthumous child, who never accepts the new age, thus has not grown older since the first day in Republic of China. Though he knows alcohol, women and opium, his heart remains naïve. He is a child corpse dipped in alcohol jar.” Zhang’s language has strong tune of Chinese literature which contains plain colloquial words but composes dedicate and talented comparison, always magnificent and subtle.The devices Austen uses is typical English humor and irony whose humor is like a mirror in life which reflects the foolishness and absurd qualities of human beings for readers. Jane Austen never criticizes with obvious words. It is the travesty and irony that she uses skillfully in her novels. In Sense and Sensibility, sister Mariana decided early that Captain Brandon is old and weak and not qualified for marriage; however, it is her who becomes Mrs. Brandon at last. Another woman Lucy who looks down upon Robert Ferras, and considers him an absolute playboy, nevertheless, she became his wife dramatically. In Jane Austen’s novels, reality always plays joke on us, sneering at human’s judgment, wish and actions. Austen’s irony is not so cold, sad or cynical but acrid but acrid and well-meaning. That is the real humor.5. The reason for the foundation of different views on love and marriage5.1 About Jane AustenBefore Austen’s major works were published,her Vindication of the Rights of Woman published in1792 which concluded the ideas about feminism over nearly a century. At that time, women were encouraged in the women’s movement in the Enlightenment and they wanted to play a role in social life and professions Jane Austen lived at the time when the first feminism wave emerged, We can obviously see qualities which were influenced by feminism in women images in her novels, though ‘the terms feminism and feminist are modern, not being recorded in any of their present—day meanings until the nineteenth century’ (Mary Astell, Preface to The Travels of an English Lady in Europe, Asia and Africa, 1724). Austen’s view shown in her novels is from the feminist view at that time when was in the reign of GeorgeⅢand some important changes took place. The economy developed and a large extent; therefore; women’s economy status had been improved, too. They became more informed and tended to think more for themselves. These social and historical elements show that Austen was a product of that age and she was starting to insist on women’s equal rights, letting out the idea of sex differences.5.2 About Eileen ZhangWhen we read Eileen Zhang’s novels, we are often surprised by Zhang; a young lady’s writing skill to master and depict the living’s bleak nature and chilling minds. How can Zhang analyze and show us the deep soul lying in women’s life? Apart from her talent and sense, life itself is the major source of her inspiration. Hang lived in gap between modern and tradition where living seemed a doubled burden. She was the descendant of an aristocratic family who were greatly influenced by conservational culture and at the same time accepted and also appreciated the modern Western-style civilization. Living in suck an environment where oriental tradition and accidental civilization existed, she was nurtured by both.At that time, feminism, i.e.: emancipation of women became the symbol of the emancipation of the age. It was the equal rights between men and women andwomen’s education r ights that became the hot issue in the literary field, however, at certain corner, there still lived many people who struggled in the old surroundings, declined gradually and at last were abandoned by the time. Women living in this sort of environment were unable to change their fates. What they desired is only a small room to survive and to appear like a woman. Such living status had been suffered by Eileen Zhang who was longing for the so-called “stable”.The poor women in her novels who survived in the sad society had been tortured furiously, nevertheless, the women who had gone left with hope and peace. Zhang created this kind of women image which were common then and they were not willing to be trapped and controlled by Chinese old tradition for they were influenced or educated by modern thoughts.Moreover, Zhang had enjoyed little mother love during her childhood which was bitter and suffering. This kind of experience endowed her with an inborn skill to create bleak art scene and tone. Zhang not only shaped a cruel mother who had a miserable and destroyed her children’s happy life in A Golden Lock. Also in Withered Flower, Chuanchang was ill but her parents watched her dying instead of treating her. All those are the double influences by social and family backgrounds.6. ConclusionThough Jane Austen and Eileen Zhang are writers belonging to different times and countries; yet they are excellent observer of women’s psychology and social problems and their novels reflect their marital views of people at that time.Both Jane Austen’s and Eileen Zhang’s points of view about marriage focus on pragmatism,fatalism and chanciness. Under the influence of the social environment, Austen is not for marriage without love, though she knows that in a successful marriage, money plays a significant role; however, the perfect marriage not only contains money and love but also the equal status of husband and wife. In Austen’s eyes, women should gain their dignity and equality before they consider their marriages as happy one s. Reading through Austen’s novels, we feel light and happy. On the contrary, we become depressed and pessimistic after reading Zhang’s novels where women lead miserable lives without equality and dignity.On making this marriage comparison, I would like to show the different views on marriage in different time and space let the readers understand that the social and family background’s important role in marital idea s and values.Bibliography:1. Zhou, Q.(2002).On Jane Austen’s view of marriage in Northange r abbey.Unpublished Master’s thesis. Suzhou University, Suzhou.2. Eliot, T.(1992).Family Evolution. Press of Remain University of China, Vol.10, p.38.3. Wang, J. G.(2005). On woman’s problems in Austen’s works and her matrimonial value orientation. Unp ublished Master’s thesis. Jiling University,Jiling.4. Cecil,D.(1935).Jane Austen. Cambridge University Press.5. Gard,R.(1992).Jane Austen’s novels:the art of clarity.New Haven Yale University Press.6. Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680[M]. Rutrers Univereity, 1982:80.7. HeShenYing, A Perfect Marriage Wants True love as well as Money. Yuxi: Journal of YuXi Teacher Collage.20018. Rubinstein Annette, 1967 Great Tradition in English Literature from Shakespeare to Austen, Monthly Review Press9.BU.Ya-Yun, Irony In Pride and prejudice. HuZhou: Journal of HuZhou Teachers Collage. 2001.10. Sampson George, the Concise Cambridge History of English Literature, Cambridge University 198811. Grey, J. David, The Jane Austin Companion [M].New York: Macmillan Publishing Company 1986.中文摘要摘要:简奥斯汀与张爱玲创作时都采用了婚恋的视角,表达了她们对人性、社会意识及婚姻观等问题的深刻思考。
人同此心 心同此理--浅析张爱玲与简·奥斯丁小说的异同
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人同此心心同此理--浅析张爱玲与简奥斯丁小说的异同
冯俏
【期刊名称】《天津职业院校联合学报》
【年(卷),期】2004(006)004
【摘要】简·奥斯丁和张爱玲是表现爱情与婚姻题材的两位杰出的女作家,她们作品的相同之处,一是用小题材来体现社会,二是缺少浪漫的情节,三是时代背景模糊.不同之处,一是主体风格不同,二是语言风格迥异,三是人物创作心态不同.
【总页数】4页(P83-86)
【作者】冯俏
【作者单位】天津工程职业技术学院,天津市,300280
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I04
【相关文献】
1.人同此心,心同此理——中国文学《三毛流浪记》、西班牙文学《小癞子》中流浪汉小说元素共性阐释 [J], 韦倩;
2.人同此心,心同此理——高中生同理心培养主题活动 [J], 杨兵;
3.浅析简·奥斯丁与张爱玲作品中的女性意识之异同 [J], 李丽程
4.简析简·奥斯丁和张爱玲作品异同的原因 [J], 范丽娜
5.不同的时代一样的叹息——简·奥斯丁与王海鸰小说异同浅析 [J], 曾艳
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对比奥斯丁和张爱玲作品中的婚姻观
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作者: 闫俊玲[1]
作者机构: [1]赤峰学院外国语学院,内蒙古赤峰024000
出版物刊名: 赤峰学院学报:汉文哲学社会科学版
页码: 102-104页
年卷期: 2010年 第2期
主题词: 奥斯丁;张爱玲;婚姻观;女性意识
摘要:无论中西,婚恋都是能够深刻反映人性的大题材。
《傲慢与偏见》的作者奥斯丁被认作是表现婚恋题材的最杰出的英国女作家。
无独有偶。
在中国文学史上也有一位擅长发掘婚恋视角的女作家——张爱玲。
很多评论家声称,张爱玲的《倾城之恋》就是中国版的《傲慢与偏见》。
两位女作家作品中的婚姻现既有共同之处,也不乏不同点。
从女性主义角度对比《傲慢与偏见》与《倾城之恋》的婚恋观
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从女性主义角度对比《傲慢与偏见》与《倾城之恋》的婚恋观作者:袁路琦来源:《青年文学家》2014年第20期摘要:《傲慢与偏见》与《倾城之恋》是简·奥斯汀与张爱玲表达婚姻主题的典型作品。
两部作品虽在创作年代与创作背景上差异很大,但在婚姻主题的描写上存在着共性。
两部作品都描写了女性在男权社会的处境与抗争。
本文从女性主义角度分析两部作品中的主人公的婚恋观的共性。
透过婚姻观,论述在男性至上的年代,奥斯汀与张爱玲所塑造的具有女性主义意识的人物的共性。
关键词:《傲慢与偏见》;《倾城之恋》;婚姻主题;女性主义作者简介:袁路琦(1989-),女,汉族,山东泰安人,曲阜师范大学外国语学院,研究方向:英语语言文学。
[中图分类号]:I06 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2014)-20-0-02一、引言婚姻与爱情是文学作品中的永恒主题。
无论中西,作家都以其独特的方式和理念在其作品中演绎着各种各样的爱情故事。
张爱玲与简·奥斯丁是中西表现婚姻题材的杰出女作家,她们对女性的婚姻爱情心理都有着深切把握和透彻理解,并通过众多艺术形象生动地展现给读者。
《倾城之恋》与《傲慢与偏见》是她们表现这个主题的两部代表性作品。
两个故事发生在相似的背景下,即在男权社会中,男性拥有绝对的权利,而女性只能通过婚姻的形式来依附于他们。
与传统的女性不同,故事中的主人公可谓是男权社会的反叛者。
因此,本文意从女性主义角度对比两篇小说主人公婚恋观的相同之处。
二、女性主义意识的共同点与传统的男性作家不同,简·奥斯汀与张爱玲从女性主义角度构建故事中的爱情与婚姻。
在故事中,传统的男性主导意识被否认,取而代之的是基于男女平等的,兼顾情感与理智的爱情。
她们力图在婚姻中实现爱情与物质的“双赢”。
同样成长在中产阶级家庭的白流苏与伊丽莎白,面对父权社会的压制,并没有屈服,而是为了争取自身的独立与自由,坚持不懈得与之奋斗。
虽然性格迥异,两人却在女性主义意识觉醒的历程上有一定的相似性,体现在以下几个方面:对男性中心的世俗观念的叛逆,拥有独立思考能力和判断力,以及女性意识的不彻底性。
张爱玲与简·奥斯汀爱情小说的异同之探析
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张爱玲与简·奥斯汀爱情小说的异同之探析【摘要】奥斯汀与张爱玲是近现代世界女性文学两个杰出的作家,她们在作品中都表现出了自己的婚姻爱情观,都对当时社会产生了一定的影响,促进了女性意识的觉醒。
很多评论家声称,张爱玲的《倾城之恋》就是中国版的《傲慢与偏见》,两位女作家作品中的爱情婚姻观既有共同之处,也不乏不同点。
本文从作家生活的时代背景生活经历、以及作品人物形象入手来探析她们爱情小说的异同点。
【关键词】女性意识;爱情观;婚恋;女性形象简·奥斯汀和张爱玲两位作家都以婚恋小说闻名,刻画小世界中女性的情态,成就斐然,影响巨大。
简·奥斯汀一生共写下了以《傲慢与偏见》为代表的6部小说,结局都是有情人终成眷属,及收获了爱情又不乏金钱,这就是她的爱情观----------在幸福的婚姻中,金钱和感情缺一不可。
而张爱玲的作品是以《倾城之恋》为代表,结局大抵是凄惨的,她在婚姻家庭题材的小说中,写尽了爱情的辛酸悲伤。
张爱玲小说里的爱情是没有青春、幻想、热情和希望的,有的只是虚妄和苍凉。
她在《半生缘》里面借用曼桢和世钧阐释的爱情观就是:“也许爱的不是热情,也不是怀念,不过是岁月,年深月久成了生活的一部分。
” 凭着对女性的爱情婚姻心理的深切把握和透彻理解,张爱玲与简·奥斯丁用手中的笔刻画出一个个血肉丰富的艺术形象,通过这些形象演绎出的故事将自己对爱情和婚姻的深刻认识生动地表现给广大读者。
首先,来谈谈她们爱情小说的相同之处:1.以女性视觉来审视爱情,展开写作,展现了近现代时期的崛起的女性意识。
简·奥斯汀和张爱玲都是女性作家,对女性比较了解,她们的作品自然也就以女性口吻来写作。
作品中着墨多的往往是各色各样的女性,刻画的也极为生动,跃然纸上。
如《傲慢与偏见》中的伊丽莎白,她聪明机智,敢于反抗,追求平等自由的婚姻,当达西傲慢的向她表白后她立马愤怒的予以回击,最终赢得了对方的尊重。
表现了女性对自由平等的渴望。
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论张爱玲与简.奥斯丁女性婚恋观的异同摘要:本文从物质驱动、女性主体性的张扬、讽刺人性的残缺等三个角度,讨论了张爱玲与简·奥斯丁两位女性作家小说中的婚姻爱情的不同点:张爱玲重在解构爱情,奥斯丁重在重构爱情;张爱玲重在抵抗虚无,奥斯丁重在审美愉悦。
关键词:张爱玲简·奥斯丁女性婚姻观物质原因中图分类号:i106 文献标识码:a张爱玲和简·奥斯丁是中西方重量级的女作家,二者都涉笔成趣,刻画的女性人物都极具典型性。
可以说,这是两位异大于同的作家;但同中有异自成一家,则是两位女作家的风范。
本文试从以下两个角度,探讨和分析张爱玲与简·奥斯丁这两位女性作家婚恋观的异同。
一相同点1 物质原因对婚恋的重要作用马克思认为经济基础决定上层建筑。
对于张爱玲和奥斯丁来说,物质原因对于女性婚姻爱情的抉择的重要性自不待言。
在张爱玲的笔下,经济基础显然是首要考虑的因素。
《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》被看作是张爱玲的重要作品,作品仍然是写大都市的男欢女爱,仍然在体现着张爱玲式的人生体验和认识。
作品写一个叫佟振保的白领男人,先是爱上一个女性,但他并不把她当作妻子,而只当作情人,所以,当这个女性提出要和他结婚的时候,他没有答应。
后来,他和另一个女人结了婚,但这个女人使他非常失望。
小说实际反映了现代都市社会中的人性状态,即爱情无非是欲望的膨胀,没有经济基础的爱情注定不会长久。
《倾城之恋》描写了女性与具有流氓品格的男人相爱的故事。
张爱玲笔下的男性都带有感情游戏的特点:只要娱乐,只要感情欲望的满足,却拒绝爱情、婚姻。
女性无法抵抗那种豪华生活,即使知道男人有可能把自己当作玩物,也要挺身而出,投入到他们的怀抱。
如白流苏感到范柳原对她就是高级而文雅的调情。
实际上,白流苏结婚背后的一个很大的动机就是看中了范柳原富足殷实的家庭环境。
而《金锁记》更是张爱玲物质决定婚恋的代表作。
七巧是因为钱才无奈地牺牲自己的青春和幸福嫁到姜家的,她具有极强的金钱情结。
她认为,“人都是靠不住的,靠得住的只有钱”。
为了得到金钱,她不惜成为一个不折不扣的戴着黄金枷锁的“奴隶”。
小说题名为《金锁记》,而这个金锁就是存在于七巧骨髓深处的黄金枷锁,压得她透不过气来。
在不断寻求病态发泄与报复的过程中,她变得越来越自私、乖戾、刻毒、残忍。
而奥斯丁同样认识到物质原因在婚恋中的重要作用。
所以在《傲慢与偏见》这部小说中,奥斯丁就以夏洛蒂对婚姻的选择作为一个典型的例子,来说明经济在婚姻中的重要地位。
夏洛蒂尽管出身较好,但是偏偏没有继承家业的权利,她的父母亲虽无奈却也没有办法;她只有嫁给她朋友的远亲才能有资格继承家产。
但是,柯林斯是何其愚蠢之人,在奥斯丁的笔下他几乎成了一个十足可笑的人物,也是人性畸形愚昧的典型。
但是,夏洛蒂认识到如果不结婚,她就只能寄居于兄长家中终老,而兄长以及嫂子都不能始终对她好,这就在她心里产生了深深的顾虑。
实际上,夏洛蒂非常清楚“柯林斯先生既不通情达理,又不讨人喜爱,同他相处实在令人厌烦”,自己也不爱他,几乎没有感情可言,而对方也很难对自己产生兴趣。
不过,她还是选择了他,女人毕竟要回归家庭的,即使没有爱情,但婚姻的价值和作用对于女人的一生来说是至关重要的。
所以她不看重男人和婚姻生活,能把自己嫁掉才是她的目标。
对于像她这样受过良好的教育却没有什么财产的适婚女性来说,嫁人是唯一一条体面的出路。
尽管出嫁不一定会叫人幸福,但总归是女人最适意的“保险箱”,能确保她们不致挨冻受饥。
虽然夏洛蒂的选择是赤裸裸地对于金钱的追求,牺牲的是个人情感,这桩婚事也并不完美,但就夏洛蒂的情形来看,倒也不失为一个明智的选择。
奥斯丁为我们塑造了一个为了婚姻和物质而把自己嫁人的典型,其背后也带着很深的思索。
女人必须为了物质和婚姻嫁出去,但是其合理性和爱情又将如何寻觅呢?其悖论也蕴含其中。
2 张扬女性的主体性在婚恋中的价值《十八春》的女主人公曼桢,是一个自尊自强的女性,她自由地选择自己的工作以及自己的对象。
但是无论她怎样起早贪黑地赚钱,家里的生活总是捉襟见肘,而她的自主性偏偏不能改变家庭对她的影响,无论如何她都无法摆脱顾家父母因姐姐的“身世”带给她的猜忌;本来和世钧两人相亲相爱,但阴差阳错,结果只能是劳燕分飞,不能厮守在一起;不管曼桢怎样厌恶、憎恨祝鸿才,她最终还是为了无辜的儿子,突然改变主意嫁给祝鸿才。
这环环相扣的悲剧结构使“乱世”的黑暗、痛楚笼罩在曼桢身上,一切都显得十分荒唐却又好像合情合理。
曼桢似乎永远逃脱不了命运的捉弄和无边的黑暗。
但是,我们的曼桢始终都在努力,都在抗争,她从来没有意志消沉过,也没有因此而堕落。
曼桢也像周围的人一样真实地活着。
她没有为爱情殉道,而是选择活下去,甚至以后会嫁给自己最恨的人。
在这里,张爱玲重在揭示这种对抗以及对抗背后女性的主体性,即:不管环境如何恶劣,只有女性自己为自己的人生以及婚姻做主,才可能获得理想的未来。
这也是张爱玲小说中永远不能逃脱的价值逻辑和审美精神。
而奥斯丁笔下的女性也同样如此,她笔下的女性具有一种美感与庄严,这不仅和她们的聪明才智相契合,而且是她们不可分离的部分。
如《华生一家》中,她让我们预先地领略了这种力量。
在这儿一切都是恰当的:中午时分,一位迟钝的青年男子和一位年轻妇女在楼梯上交谈,他们为了要参加宴会正要到楼上换装,女佣们从他们身边走过。
然后,他们的谈话突然由平凡琐细变为富有意义,对于他们俩来说,这就成了他们一生中最值得怀念的时刻。
年轻女性那种恬静而自尊的性格、那种自主自立的精神,光芒四射、鲜艳夺目地浮现在我们面前。
它是深刻的、颤动的,能激起读者长久的美感。
正因为两位作家都深入思考女性在婚姻中的主体性问题,她们的作品才为大多数女性读者所深深喜欢。
3 讽刺人性的残缺奥斯丁和张爱玲作为伟大的文学家,都能够把表面上的生动活泼、栩栩如生弃而不顾,有一种对于人类价值的精微细致的鉴别能力,为我们提供了一种解释人性残缺的平台。
我们在张爱玲的笔下,看到的人性都是自私的;亲情、友情、爱情,甚至最伟大的、最神圣的母爱之情都变成了冷酷的产物。
曹七巧作为母亲,其身上存在着严重的性缺失或者性压抑。
弗洛伊德认为,心理障碍是因为性紧张的累积所引起的。
情欲的不满足、性紧张,这种潜意识才是曹七巧性格孤僻、行为怪异的动力根源。
不让儿子去和媳妇同床,硬是活活地折磨死了儿媳妇;女儿长安好不容易找到了一个相好的,七巧却因为妒忌自己女儿的幸福,而用语言把童世舫赶跑。
在这种行为的背后,是曹七巧因为爱情体验的缺失,情欲体验的得不到满足,无助、无依,让她苦楚不已,疼痛不已,孤独不已,充满着强烈的落寞与感伤。
这成了她性格悲剧的主因,成了促使她蜕变的动力。
情欲的丝把她缠得死死的,越缠越紧,扼杀了其人性。
这从她对待儿子、女儿的婚姻可以得到充足论证:我得不到的,我看着你们得到、看到你们快乐开心,我会更压抑。
所以,你们也别想得到。
这就是七巧内心的人性残缺的真实写照。
而奥斯丁同样也是如此,她一个接一个地创造出她的傻瓜、道学先生和世俗之徒,创造出她的柯林斯先生、伍尔特们。
她用鞭子一般的词语驱策着他们,使他们围成一个圆圈;这根词语的鞭子在他们身上飞舞,剪下了他们永恒的自私与残缺的人性。
于是他们就留在那儿,她没有为他们找任何借口,也没有对他们表示怜悯。
当她把朱莉亚和玛利亚这两个自私人物处理完毕后,她什么痕迹也没有留下,只是让读者深深地思索其背后的主导动因。
最后,奥斯丁作出判决:格兰特博士喜欢吃嫩鹅肉,于是在一个星期之内参加了三次丰盛的学院宴会,最终患了中风,一命呜呼了。
奥斯丁的独特之处在于,她的人物被塑造出来后,只是为了让她去享受割下他们人性残缺的尾巴那种最高的乐趣。
不论是张爱玲或者奥斯丁,笔者以为在她们揭示人性自私的同时,一个很重要的目的旨在使读者认识到,在强烈的虚荣心引起的苦闷或者精神上的愤怒引起的激动,怂恿我们去改进一个充满怨恨、偏狭和愚蠢的世界。
二不同点本文探讨了两位作家在女性婚恋爱情观上相同的一面。
接下来,笔者将从两个方面来探讨其不同的一面。
1 张爱玲重在解构爱情,奥斯丁重在重构爱情张爱玲小说具有很深切的人生悲剧感。
人们喜欢用“苍凉”来概括她的悲剧意蕴,说她的小说,是一个“美丽而苍凉的手势”。
张爱玲认为“人生是一袭华美的袍,爬满了虱子”,而她的小说的悲剧意味全在这句话里。
张爱玲在《传奇》(再版的话)中这样说:“呵,出名要趁早呀,来得太晚的话,快乐也不那么痛快……快,快,迟了来不及了,来不及了!”“个人即使等得及,时代是仓促的,已经在破坏中,还有更大的破坏要来。
有一天我们的文明,不论是升华还是浮华,都要成为过去。
如果我最常用的字是‘荒凉’,那是因为思想背景里有这惘惘的威胁。
”张爱玲不相信爱情的存在,所以在她的小说中没有一样感情不是千疮百孔的。
而奥斯丁笔下的爱情显然不是这样的,她认为这个世界上最美的是爱情,爱情是值得去追求的。
因此,在她的笔下我们看到了伊丽莎白最后美满的爱情,这是奥斯丁爱情观最为直接的流露。
伊丽莎白和达西的爱情,是一种女性自主精神下美好的产物,充分显示了伊丽莎白独立自主的一面,她的智慧和诙谐、精力充沛、伶俐可爱和灵动美貌一起赢得了达西的心。
最终,达西也没有对伊丽莎白的活力和智慧视而不见,而是做出了令他拥有一生幸福的选择。
一位是根深蒂固地不相信爱情,去解构爱情、颠覆爱情;另一位则是重构爱情、在平等自愿互爱的基础上建构爱情,这是两位女性作家在这一问题上最大的不同之处。
接下来,笔者从审美创作的功利价值角度来分析两位作家的另一种不同之处。
2 张爱玲重在抵抗虚无,奥斯丁重在审美愉悦张爱玲是一位具有虚无意识的作家。
她以世俗欲望的追求,来抗拒虚无。
如在《倾城之恋》中,范柳原与白流苏的爱情是借助偶然的战争的外力促成的:“香港成全了她。
但是在这不可理喻的世界里,谁知道什么是因,什么是果?谁知道呢,也许就因为要成全她,一个大都市倾覆了。
成千上万的人死去,成千上万的人痛苦着,跟着是惊天动地的大改革……流苏并不觉得她在历史上的地位有什么微妙之点。
她只是笑吟吟的站起来,将蚊香踢到桌子底下去。
”这就意味着,这种爱情是建筑在一种不可理喻的荒谬性之中的。
世界是荒谬的、不可理喻的,没有任何秩序。
人在这样的世界中,没有能够主宰自己的命运。
他们表面上好象获得了自主性,其实不过是世界无形的巨手拨弄的结果而已。
爱情,在这样的背景中也变得荒谬、飘摇不定。
这里,仍然显示出苍凉虚无的韵味。
而奥斯丁则对这个世界充满了热爱与向往,她认为这个世界尤其是男女之间的感情比她的想象更广阔、更神秘、更浪漫。
因此,在她的笔下表达的那么从容自若、深刻而含蓄,她要用这种文学审美的方式来表达人们已经说出来的事情,当然更是为了表达他们尚未吐露的内心隐曲;不仅是为了刻画人们的面貌,而且是为了写出人生的真谛。