1专业英语基础(第一讲)

• • • Biblioteka •3.土木工程设施的基本要求 Safety Serviceability Economy Beautification, harmony with environment
• • • • • • • • • • • •
4.土木工程的分支学科 Building engineering Railway engineering Highway engineering, Road engineering Airport engineering Bridge engineering Tunnel and underground engineering Geotechnical engineering Special engineering structure City heat and gas supply engineering Traffic engineering Port engineering
（二）语法特点
1）非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It 结 构、名词化结构 Examp1: It is easier to make changes in design and to correct errors during construction (and at less expense) if welding is used. Examp2: It is estimated that about one third of all accidents happen when it is dark, although obviously there is more traffic during daytime.
（三）词汇特点
1. 较多使用词性转换
如：standard（名词） standardize（动词） former （形容词）the former（名词） wide （形容词）widen （动词）
2. 词缀和词根 如dis-, in-, multi-, super-, sub- 等 常用的前缀和后缀见附录 然而词根才是词汇的核心
土木工程专业外语 English for special purposes in civil engineering
温进芳 wenjinfang1@
基础 大学英语 日常应用
听 、 说 、 读 、 写
进阶
科技英语
各专业英语
科技文献的 阅读和翻译 词汇、语 法、句型
听、说、读、写 CET4 和 CET6
1.3.3 工程力学 ＊理论力学(theoretical mechanics) ＊固体力学(solid mechanics) ： 材料力学(mechanics of materials) ； 结构力学(structural mechanics) ； 弹性力 学(elasticity) ；塑性力学(plasticity) ； 复合材料力学(mechanics of composite materials) ； 断裂力学(fracture mechanics) ＊流体力学(fluid mechanics) ＊土力学(soil mechanics) ＊岩体力学(rock mass mechanics) ＊计算力学（computational mechanics）
1.3.4 结构分析与设计 ＊容许应力法(allowable stress design) ＊极限荷载法(ultimate load method) ＊极限状态法(limit state method) ultimate limit state serviceability limit state
2. 逻辑严谨，要领清晰，关系分明 Examp2: The yield criterion for a material is a mathematical description of the combination of stresses that would cause yield of the material. In other words it is a relationship between applied stresses and strength.
3. 缩写、数学符号及其表达式
Fig.(figure)
Eq.(equation)
m/s(meter/second) In.(inch) FIDIC ISO
ASCE
EI ISTP
(四)结构特点
一般，在一个自然段中，总有一句话 概括出本段落的重点，其位置常位于段首 或段未，很少出现在段中。它对理解本段 意思起至关重要的作用，应给予足够注视。
2）较多采用被动语态。 Examp3: Before any civil engineering project can be designed, a survey at site must be made.
• 英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英 语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态结构。
1.3.2 工程结构 1.按材料划分: timber structure;masonry structure等 2. 按结构的力学特征划分 plain structure; space structure 3. 按结构形式划分 truss structure; tube structure 4.按工程类型划分 bridge structure; underground structure
claim/clam= to cry呼喊
• claim 动词变名词 claim----clamation • proclaim=pro（forward）+ claim（cry） • exclaim =ex（out）+ claim（cry） • acclaim=ac（to）+ claim（cry • reclaim=re（back）+ claim（cry） • declaim de- 加强语气
7）省略句较多 Examp10: If not well managed, the procedure for construction may be more expensive.
常见的省略：
as already discussed; if possible
when necessary;
where feasible
4）较多地使用祈使语气和公式化表达方式
常用Assume that, Support that, let, 等祈使语 气表达方式。 Examp6: Suppose that P=0 at x=y.
5）条件语句较多
Examp7: The huge investment in highway infrastructure will be erased quickly if proper maintenance and rehabilitation procedures are enforced and funded.
Examp8: If substituting Eq. (1) into (7), we obtain F=xyz.
6）长句较多，但一般较简洁清晰 Examp9: It is important also that the designer be aware of the method of construction or erection to be employed since, in certain cases, the loading conditions to which a member is subjected during erection may induce a stress condition which exceeds that due to the service loads of the structure.
词根词缀法统一词多义
• (1)compose “作曲，作图，写作，合成” • com=together一起 • pose=put摆放 • (2) aggressive=ag（to）+gress（go） +ive
词根词缀法辨别近义单词
（1） insist , persist sist=stand in-里面 （2）decline=de(down)+cline(slope) refuse=re(back)+fuse(pour) reject=re(back)+ject(throw)
强调与客观 使用时要注意：主要的信息置于句首 ;尽量避免使用第一、二 人称
3）大量使用非限定动词，即不定式、动名 词、现在分词和过去分词。
Examp4: The total weight being less, it is possible to build much taller buildings. Examp5: The demands for sophisticated analysis, coupled with some serious limitation on computational capability, led to a host of special techniques for solving a corresponding set of special problems.
二、专业英语起源的原因：
• 世界科技和经济发展的需要 • 语言学的革命 • 以学习者为中心
1.2专业英语的基本特点
从以下几个方面分别展开： 语言特点 语法特点 词汇特点 结构特点
（一）语言特点
1. 语言简练，表达明确，不重润饰 Examp1: Usually the foundations for the piers must rest on bedrock, and often under water. One technique for working in these conditions is by means of a cofferdam. Piles usually made of interlocking steel plates are driven into the waterbed. The water is then pumped out from within the area that has been enclosed.
另外还应注意各个自然段之间的逻辑 关系，逻辑关系对理解句子的意思也有很 大帮助。
1.3 土木工程基础
1.3.1 工程与土木工程 • 1.工程与科学的联系与区别 • 2. 土木工程设施 building; bridge; highway; railway; tunnel; underground engineering; dam; port; power station; airport; canal; offshore oil platform; TV tower; water supply; drainage; heat supply; coal gas supply; ventilation.
bar=横木
• • • • • rolling bar（滚动条） stay behind bars barrel（bucket，drum）n.桶;枪管,炮管 barrier n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物) embarrass =em(in)+bar+r+ass vt.使窘， 使尴尬，使不好意思；妨碍 • embarrassment n. 困窘 • embarrassing adj. 令人困窘的
介绍听和说 重点在阅读、翻译和写作。
1.1 专业英语的基础
一、英语的分类： 普通英语 General English (shorted as GE) 科技英语 English for science and technology (shorted as EST)
专业英语 English for special purposes (ESP).