英语论文的摘要分析
研究生科研论文英文摘要常见问题分析及写作规范 泸州医学院
我院硕士研究生论文英文摘要常见问题分析李燕，王晓燕，唐小平，唐利，卞铁蓉，杨向东，史小玲，陈庄〔泸州医学院附属医院医学实验中心，四川泸州，646000〕摘要英文摘要作为科技论文的一个重要组成局部，是学术论文进入流通和引用的窗口。
本文对随机选取的我院25篇研究生学位论文英文摘要进行分析，通过举例说明英文摘要常见问题及书写标准。
为提高作者撰写高质量的英文摘要提供一些建议。
关键词医学论文；英文摘要；书写标准学位论文中的英文摘要是对外学术交流的重要局部[1]。
一篇论文英文摘要的好坏直接关系着评审论文时是否能得以通过，也是院校科研学术水平的重要表达。
因此，能写好一篇科研论文的英文摘要越来越重要。
选取我院25篇研究生学位论文英文摘要，包括根底，临床医学各专业，按照Ei Compendex收录期刊标准[2]对英文摘要的各组成局部的撰写要求逐一进行分析，以利于我院研究生撰写出高质量的英文摘要。
1 题名〔title〕1.1 题名的书写要求题名的根本原那么是准确，简练，清晰，信息丰富，便于索引。
题名通常不用陈述句形式，而是由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语和〔或〕后置定语构成，其中冠词可用可不用时均不用[3]。
题名一般可在10个单词左右，最好不超过15个单词。
必要时较长题名可采用副题名，中间用冒号隔开。
题目的书写形式大致有三种:(1)所有的单词均大写。
(2)仅首词的首字母大写。
(3)所有实词的首字母均大写，但介词字母多于4个〔含4个〕时，其首字母要大写。
目前世界上各大检索机构在题名上各有自己特有的要求，因机构不同而有所差异。
1.2题明局部中常见问题分析①表达错误。
例：Experimental Therapy of Disease A Infection with Drug 1 and Drug 2〔药物1作者介绍：李燕〔1984-〕，女，研究实习员，硕士通讯陈庄〔1954-〕，男，研究员，硕士生导师和药物2治疗疾病A的动物实验研究〕改：Experimental Therapy of Drug 1 and Drug 2 on Animal Disease A Model②指代不明，标点使用错误，值得注意的是英文中并无顿号。
英文论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及书写格式
论文英文摘要撰写论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及要素一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文，它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括，其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。
论文的英文摘要存在的问题有涉及结构内容方面的，有涉及句法词法方面的，也有涉及时态语态方面的。
下面我们首先对论文英文摘要的种类、功能与结构和英文摘要撰写的一般原则和基本步骤做以介绍；接下来对论文英文摘要撰写中的常见问题做出归纳并进行实例分析和提出相应解决方法。
1、摘要的种类与结构摘要一般分为两类：信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1）信息性（报道性）摘要（Informative Abstract）信息性摘要即报道性摘要，也称资料性摘要，它是原文内容要点的具体总结，主要由四个部分组成：（1）研究的目的（Objective or Purpose）；（2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Method）；（3）主要成果或发现（Results or Findings）；（4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）。
有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍（Background）。
实际上，信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要。
本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。
（信息性摘要范文请见第6-7页：第二部分；二；至1、摘要的要素）2）指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract，Descriptive Abstract）指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。
它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。
指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。
下面就是一篇题目为《英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养》论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。
英语论文-摘要
摘 要之间的桥梁，在跨文化交际中起着不可或缺的重要作用。
因此，在跨语言、跨文化的翻译中常常会碰到源语和译入语之间的语言、文化等方面的差异。
处理这些差异的策略就是归化和异化。
而策略的选取受到翻译的形式、目的和意图，文本的题材等因素的制约和影响。
文学翻译主要的目的是引进差异、促进文化交流。
因此本文不仅研究了文学翻译中语言文化的差异还研究了两种翻译策略的特点。
辩证的研究语言文化差异及两种翻译策略，有利于文学翻译研究的繁荣.; 归化; 异化Abstractare in essence the exchange of cultures. Serving as a bridge connecting the two languages and cultures, literary translation plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication. And there are many linguistic and cultural differences between source language and target language in cross-language and cross-culture literary translation. The strategies for dealing with these differences are domestication and foreignization. The selection of strategies are usually limited and influenced by such factors as the translation form, purpose and intention, and the genre of text to be translated, etc. The main purpose of literary translation is to introduce differences and to promote cultural communication. So this thesis not only studies the linguistic and cultural differences, but also analyzes the features of the two translation strategies. A dialectical view of translation strategies and the linguistic and cultural differences are advantageous to theKeywords:Literary translation; Linguistic differences; Cultural differences; Domestication;。
英文摘要的时态、语态问题
英文摘要的时态、语态问题一、本文概述本文旨在探讨英文摘要写作中时态和语态的使用问题。
英文摘要作为学术论文的重要组成部分，其撰写质量直接关系到论文的国际传播和学术影响力。
在英文摘要中，正确的时态和语态使用能够清晰、准确地传达研究的核心内容和成果。
本文将首先简要介绍英文摘要的基本结构和功能，然后重点分析时态和语态在英文摘要中的应用，以及常见的错误和避免方法。
通过本文的阐述，读者将能够更好地掌握英文摘要写作中的时态和语态问题，提高英文摘要的撰写水平。
二、英文摘要的时态问题英文摘要的时态运用对于准确地传达研究内容和成果至关重要。
通常情况下，英文摘要主要使用一般现在时，因为摘要旨在描述研究的核心内容、方法、结果和结论，这些都是不受时间影响的客观事实。
例如，当描述研究方法时，可以使用“This study employed a quantitative approach to investigate…”（本研究采用定量方法调查…）。
在描述研究结果时，则可以使用“The results indicate that…”（结果表明…）。
然而，如果摘要中涉及到具体的研究过程或背景信息，可能需要使用其他时态。
例如，对于过去进行的研究活动，可以使用一般过去时，如“Previous studies have shown that…”（以前的研究已经表明…）。
对于未来的研究方向或建议，可以使用将来时，如“Future research could focus on…”（未来的研究可以集中在…）。
英文摘要中还应避免使用过于复杂的语态结构，以免增加读者的理解难度。
一般来说，主动语态更为常见且更直接，能够清晰地表达研究的主体和动作。
但在某些情况下，为了强调研究的对象或突出动作的承受者，也可以使用被动语态。
英文摘要的时态运用应根据具体语境和内容来选择，既要确保准确传达研究信息，又要考虑读者的阅读体验。
在撰写英文摘要时，作者应仔细考虑时态和语态的选择，以确保摘要的准确性和可读性。
论文英文摘要要求与格式
Reports of the synthesis of new dendrimers containing organometallic fragments have increased dramatically over the past few years and examples of dendrimers containing many different metals are now known. This article highlights some of the ways in which t ransition metals and their ligand systems have been incorporated into the growing number of dendrimers. Some structural details and properties of metal containing dendrimers are described , and their applications are also discussed.
避免陈泛之语，英文标题应简明朴实。中文标 题中常见的一些与内容无关的词语如浅谈、漫谈、 初探、试论等等，有的是作者出于谦虚，有的是作 者为使自己的论文显得有气魄增加点学术性和理论 性色彩，在转换为英语时常常可以略而不译。如 “关于随机系统稳定性的讨论”此处的讨论一词在 英文很难找到确切的对应语，倘若硬将其翻译成 discussion、debate 或argumentation 往往会给人 造成误解，使人觉得该文章可能是关于随机系统是 否存在稳定性的一种讨论或争论。因而英语标题中 完全可以不出现讨论而直接译为On the stability of stochastic system
中外学者语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构对比研究
中外学者语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构对比研究王亚静(江苏师范大学外国语学院)摘要：摘要作为一篇研究论文的开头，是整篇论文的完整缩影，对论文的整体质量也起着至关重要的作用。
然而对许多学生来说，摘要是论文中相对比较困难的一个部分。
本文以Santos的五语步模型(five moves model)为理论基础，考察中外学者在实证语言学研究论文英文摘要中的语步结构特征，并为英文摘要的写作提供一些建议。
结果发现，中外论文的英文摘要在语步结构上存在着显著差异。
与中文期刊论文相比，外文期刊论文摘要的语步结构更为规范和清晰，据分析,这一结果可能是受母语迁移的影响。
这个发现对实证性语言学论文的英文摘要写作有一定启示。
关键词：语步结构;摘要;实证性研究论文;对比研究0.引言体裁是一系列有目的的交际性活动,其交际目的决定了体裁的具体结构和内容(Swales,1990)。
摘要作为一种特殊的文体，有其独特的特点(Hyland，2000)，摘要是对学术论文内容的高层次概括,也是检索或收录论文的重要依据。
专业读者总是通过阅读论文的摘要来判断论文的价值。
然而，许多中国学生在撰写英文摘要时遇到了困难，这应该引起我们的注意。
笔者通过大量的研究发现，语步结构分析可以提高论文摘要的写作水平。
巴赫金认为，言语体裁是指特定的社会交际者在特定的话语交际领域中形成的一种较为稳定的言语表达方式，在学术论文写作中，每一章节都有其规定的结构和表达顺序，被称之为“语步”。
有研究者指出%Bondi&Hyland,2006)，通过对学术论文这一体裁的分析,可以让研究者了解某学科论文的写作规范、团体价值观、文化与实践方式等。
所以，本文试图从对比的角度，以Santos的五语步模型为理论基础,考察本族语学者和中国学者所写语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构差异。
语料来自2015-2018年国内外学者发表在外语类核心期刊上的论文，以英文摘要为主要分析对象。
英语论文摘要
英语论文摘要
英语论文摘要通常包括以下方面的内容：
1. 研究背景：简要介绍研究领域的背景和相关研究的现状。
2. 研究目的：说明研究的目的、目标或问题。
3. 研究方法：概述研究所采用的方法、实验设计或数据收集方式。
4. 研究结果：列出主要的研究结果或发现。
5. 结论/意义：总结研究的主要结论，并指出对学术领域或实
践的重要意义。
6. 展望：提出未来研究的方向或建议。
整体上，英语论文摘要应该清晰、简明地呈现研究的核心内容，以激发读者的兴趣，并使其能够快速了解论文的主要贡献和结论。
因此，摘要的内容应该具有逻辑连贯性，并尽量避免使用过多的专业术语和复杂的句式。
关于论文的英语摘要作文
关于论文的英语摘要作文标题，An Exemplary English Abstract on Academic Paper Writing。
Abstract:This essay serves as an in-depth exploration of academic paper writing, focusing on the pivotal component of the English abstract. By delving into the essential elements, structure, and strategies for crafting an effective abstract, this paper aims to equip readers with the necessary knowledge and skills to produce high-quality abstracts for their research papers. Drawing from the most downloaded samples available online, this essay provides comprehensive guidance and practical insights into the art of abstract writing in English. 。
Introduction:Academic paper writing is a fundamental aspect ofscholarly communication, enabling researchers todisseminate their findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields. Within the realm of academic writing, the abstract plays a crucial role in summarizing the key points of a research paper and attracting potential readers. Despite its brevity, an effective abstract should encapsulate the essence of the study, entice readers to delve deeper into the paper, and adhere to specific conventions of language and style. Inthis essay, we will explore the intricacies of crafting an exemplary English abstract, drawing inspiration from the most widely downloaded samples available online.Key Elements of an Abstract:The first step in writing an exceptional abstract is understanding its key elements. A well-constructed abstract typically consists of four essential components: background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions. The background provides context by outlining the research problem or question, while the objective elucidates the purpose of the study. The methods section describes themethodology employed to address the research question, followed by a concise summary of the results and their implications. Finally, the conclusions highlight the significance of the findings and their potential implications for future research or practical applications.Structural Guidelines:In addition to incorporating the key elements, a well-written abstract should adhere to certain structural guidelines to ensure clarity and coherence. The abstract should be concise, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words, and written in a single paragraph. It should be informative yet succinct, avoiding unnecessary details or jargon that may obscure the main points. Furthermore, the abstract should follow a logical flow, moving seamlessly from the background to the objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. By adhering to these structural guidelines, writers can ensure that their abstracts effectively communicate the essence of their research to readers.Strategies for Effective Abstract Writing:Crafting an effective abstract requires careful attention to language, style, and presentation. To engage readers and convey the significance of the research,writers can employ various strategies, including the use of clear and concise language, active voice, and strategic placement of keywords. Additionally, writers should tailor the abstract to the intended audience, ensuring that it is accessible to both specialists and non-specialists in the field. By highlighting the novelty and significance of the findings, writers can capture the interest of readers and compel them to explore the full paper. Moreover, proofreading and editing are essential to ensure accuracy, coherence, and adherence to formatting guidelines.Conclusion:In conclusion, the English abstract is a vital component of academic paper writing, serving as a concise summary of the research and a gateway to the full paper. By incorporating the key elements, adhering to structural guidelines, and employing effective writing strategies,researchers can craft abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of their work and attract readers' attention. Drawing inspiration from the most downloaded samples available online, this essay has provided comprehensive guidance and practical insights into the art of abstract writing in English. By mastering the skills outlined in this essay, researchers can enhance the impact and visibility of their research in the academic community.This essay offers a comprehensive guide to writing an exemplary English abstract for academic papers, drawing inspiration from the most downloaded samples available online. It covers key elements, structural guidelines, and effective writing strategies, providing readers with the necessary knowledge and skills to craft high-quality abstracts for their research papers. Through careful attention to language, style, and presentation, researchers can create abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of their work and attract readers' attention. By mastering the art of abstract writing, researchers can enhance the impact and visibility of their research in the academic community.。
英语论文摘要的写法
• 2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘 要的第一句话重复使用教学题ppt 目或题目的一部分)。12
• 摘要的作用：不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息； 关键的创新点、结果和意义。
• 摘要应包含以下内容：
①研究的主要内容，指明采用怎样的方法完成了哪些工作；
②获得的基本结论和新见解。
• 摘要必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，一般不超出 300字。但英文摘要提倡扩展。
教学ppt
3
摘要的注意事项
➢ 应该用第三人称； ➢ 不加注释和评论； ➢ 不宜举例，不用引文； ➢ 不宜与其它研究工作比较； ➢ 不应用图表、公式、化学结构式等； ➢ 摘要中第一句话的注语，如“本文－－－”、“作
教学ppt
7
关键词
• 关键词是为了文献索引工作而从论文中选取出来、 用以表示全文主要信息单词或术语。一篇论文可 选取3-5个词作为关键词。
• 关键词应该是能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇， 这些信息或词汇可以从论文标题中选，也可从论 文内容中去找。
• 关键词的作用： 1）提炼主题； 2）方便他人检索，提高检索效率和论文引用率。
• Key words: lexical variation; lexical sophistication; lexical error • 中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1004-
5112(2010)01-0040-07
中英文论文写作(摘要)
1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
2 时态
以一般现在时为主, 也使用一般过去时和 现在完成时 从理论上讲: 说法一: 一般现在时
通过科 学实验取得的 研究结果、结 论，揭示自然 界的客观规律 一般过去时
Objective 动词不定式开头 To investigate … To study … To explore … To examine … To determine … To report … To review … 使用第一人称时，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。 如: In this paper we conclude …
Result: The contents of the components of midecamyc A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%～ 50% and 10%～20% respectively, the contents of the rest components w lower, different manufactures produces have differ components. Conclution: To revise the specificati meleumycin for quality control.
指示性文摘（indicative abstract）
This type of abstract is designed to ind the subject of a paper, making it easy fo potential readers to decide whether to r the paper.
英语专业学术论文写作：摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。
练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。
如何写英语论文摘要
如何写英语论文摘要
在撰写一个英语论文的摘要时，有几个关键要点需要考虑，以确保摘要的质量和信息量。
以下是撰写英语论文摘要的六个步骤。
1.确定摘要的类型：
-描述性摘要：简要概述论文的主要内容和结论。
-说明性摘要：除了提供主要内容和结论外，还解释研究的意义和方法。
-评论性摘要：除了提供主要内容和结论外，还对论文进行评估和批判。
2.单独撰写摘要：
摘要应该是一个独立的部分，不应与论文的其他部分混淆。
即使读者只阅读摘要，也应该能够理解论文的主要内容和结论。
3.按照一定的结构撰写：
摘要应该包括以下几个部分：
-引言：介绍研究的背景和目的。
-方法：简要描述研究所用的方法和研究对象。
-结果：总结研究的主要结果。
-讨论：讨论研究结果的意义和可能的局限性。
-结论：阐述研究的主要结论。
4.保持简洁：
摘要应该尽量精炼、简明扼要地表达论文的主要内容。
避免冗长的插入语和过多的细节。
5.不要引用：
6.仔细校对：
在撰写完摘要后，仔细校对并检查语法、拼写和语句结构。
确保摘要的清晰、准确和流畅。
总之，在撰写英语论文摘要时，应该多花时间思考和规划摘要的结构和内容。
通过提供简明的综述和清晰的结论，摘要应该能够吸引读者并引起他们对论文的兴趣。
2019年英文摘要的论文范文
英文摘要的论文范文有了英文摘要便方便了国际间的交流，取长补短，共同进步。
下面准备了几篇英文摘要的论文范文，欢迎欣赏!英文摘要的论文范文一Fortheviolationoflegitimaterightsandinterestsofconsumersava rietyofoffenses,howtoprovideforthecorrespondinglegalrespons ibilitiesandhowthelegalliabilitysystemreflectedthespecialpr otectionofconsumersshouldbe"ConsumerProtectionLaw"keysolved alegalissue.Tosolvethislegalproblem,itisnecessarytofurtherestablishareg ulatedmarketoperatingordertoprotectlegitimateinterestsofcon sumersandimprovingthelegalliabilitysystem.Ontheonehandistoestablishalegalsystemtheconceptofprotection ofconsumers;theotherhand,istoimproveconsumerprotectionlegalliabilitysys tem.对于侵犯消费者合法权益的各种违法行为，如何规定相应的法律责任以及在法律责任制度中如何体现对消费者的特别保护，应是《消费者权益保护法》重点解决好的一个法律问题。
要解决好这一法律性问题，就必须进一步建立起规范的市场经营秩序和完善保护消费者合法权益的法律责任制度。
一方面是建立消费者的法律体系保护观念;另一方面是完善消费者权益保护的法律责任制度。
英文摘要的论文范文二Titaniumore,electedfrommagiteorTitanmagite,iswidelyusedasth erawmaterialintheproductionoftitaniumdioxide.Titaniumqualit yanditsyieldconstraintsisoftenthebottleneckinthetitaniumind ustry.Thus,wecannotblindlyconsumealargeamountofcapitaltomaintaino rimproveitsqualityandyield.Thispapermakesanattempttoexplore sandoptimizethedevelopmentofthetitaniumindustry,throughinsi deandoutsideobservationandassociation.Inthispaper,flotation testsareconductedtoparetheoriginalpulptitaniumorewithPolyac rylamideandthatwithoutontheconcentrategradeyieldoftitaniumc oncentrates.Inthisprocess,theconsumptionofdrugs,therecoveryrateof,equip mentutilization,theamountandcostofpolyacrylamide(PAM)areall consideredtodeterminewhetheritisaptimizationprogramtoaddPol yacrylamidetotheoriginalflotationpulpoftitaniumore.Finally,wereachaconclusionthroughrelevantdata.Intheexperime ntalprocess,inprinciple,wedonotchangetheoriginalflotationprocessandtherelevantparam eters.Keywords:Titaniumore;Flotation;Polyacrylamide;quality;yield 英文摘要的论文范文三【ABSTRACT】Withthedeepeningoftheglobalization,newshasbeeanimportantpar tofinformationmunicationbetweendifferentcountries.WhetherEnglishnewstranslationisaccurateornotmaydirectlyaffe ctthequalityofourmunicationwithothercountries.InEnglishnews reportdiscourse,theuseofmetaphorexpressionsbeemoreandmore.DuetoEnglishnewsandotherstylisticdifferences,aswellastheEng lishandChineselanguages,ethnicdifferencesinideologyinthepro cessofcross-culturalmunication,makethetranslationofEnglishn ews,especiallyEnglishnewstranslationofmetaphorputforwardgreatch allengetotranslators.SohowtotranslatethemetaphorintheEnglis hnewsisthemutualconcernproblemfortranslationtheoristsandpra ctitionerstodiscuss,therefore,thispaperattemptstofromtheperspectiveofNida'sfunctionalequi valencetheorytodiscussthetranslationofmetaphorinEnglishnews .TheapplicationofmetaphorinEnglishnewsmakeseventsmoredistinc tandvivid,andalsomakeiteasierforEnglishreaderstoprehendandu nderstandthenewscontents.However,duetothedifferencesinEnglishandChineselanguages,the useofmetaphorsinEnglishnewsincreasesthedifficultyoftranslat ion.ThisarticleattemptsfromtheperspectiveofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheorytodiscussthetranslationofmetaphorinEnglish news,inordertomakeChinesereadersbetterunderstandthesameresponsea ndsenseofbeautyandmeaningofmetaphorsinEnglishnewsastheorigi nalreaders.metaphorRhetoricisnotsimpleoftranslationintoChineseinEnglis hnewsfromtheliteraltransformation,althoughsomerhetoricorare totallythesameinformandcontent,whilethisisjustafew.ThereareculturaldifferencesinEnglishandChineselanguages,inf luencedbydifferentcultures.People'swayofthinkingandexpressi onhavedifferencesinevitably.Whenthetranslatorshouldfirstlyc onsciouslypondertheintentionoftheauthor,digthedeepmeaninghiddenbehindthemetaphorrhetoricofbackgroun d.Underthefunctionalequivalencetheoryregardthetranslatorast heguidance,conformtothelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguagerea ders,makeChinesereaderscanbetterunderstandthetranslationofm etaphorinEnglishnews.KEYWORD：Englishnews;metaphor;functionalequivalencetheory;translation【中文摘要】随着全球化的深入，新闻成为不同国家之间交流的重要部分。
论文英文摘要写法
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作者姓名与作者单位英译 1) 作者姓名 中国作者的汉语拼音名字采用如下拼 写方法：姓前名后，中间为空格，姓氏 的全部字母均大写，复姓连写，名字的 首字母大写，名字不缩写。如：ZHANG Zeduan SHANGGUAN Xuzhi
英语国家的作者，采用名前姓后的形式，
其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的 罗马字母拼法拼写。
论文摘要写作
I：Introduction
英文摘要的构成摘要是原始文献(一次文 献)的浓缩和代表,它本身给读者一个信息, 即该文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要 问题,帮助读者决定此论文是否有用。由 于英文摘要与中文摘要面向不同读者,所 以对英文摘要要求较高的完整性,即读者 不看中文原始文献,只读英文摘要就能对 论文有较完整的了解。它包括介绍性内容 和描述性信息,相对独立于正文。
（2）一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时
刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、 观察、调查等)。例如:The heat-pulse technique was applied to study the sternsapflow(树干液流) of two main deciduous broad-leaved tree species in July and August ,1996。 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、 现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永 恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的 研究过程,也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
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) 大小写 科技论文英文摘要标题中字母大小写 的情况分三种： (1)全部字母均大写。 (2)开头字母以及每个实词首字母大写, 虚词小写。 (3) 开头第一个字母和专有名词大写, 其余均小写。 目前第2种形式较为普遍,第3种的使用 似有增多趋势。
毕业论文英语摘要
毕业论文英语摘要关于《毕业论文英语摘要》，是我们特意为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。
AbstractDuring the foreign language-learning, reading comprehension plays an important role of the four basiclearning skills. It is not only one of the standards to evaluate （the）whether the proficiency of Englishcomprehension is high. In the 1970s, Flavell put forward the concept the meta-cognitive, which couldstimulate many of the researchers to do the research. And it is also a heated topic in the fields of psychology,pedagogic, and linguistics. Accomplishing the reading task, the reader need combine their knowledge withtextual knowledge in the process of the planning, monitoring and evaluating. During the process, Onlythereaders actively can plan,regulate and evaluate as well as adopt proper strategies can they tackle the readingproblems efficiently. Therefore, meta-cognition plays an important role in accomplishing the readingcomprehension for those English learners.Through one year teaching experience for college students majoring in Art for nationalities, the authorfinds out that the proficiency of English of Art major students has the common character that is poor in basicskills, low activity and bad attitude, etc. Furthermore, most of them in English learning have no plans, andthey even do not know how to learn effectively. Some of the results are concluded by the factor that is loss ofthe effective strategies, such as, meta-cognitive strategies and other learning strategies. Therefore, accordingto the condition, the author bases on the meta-cognitive theory and take the two classes students majoringArt in Art college in Grade 2012 of Northwest University for Nationalities for example. And the authorconducted the meta-cognitive strategies training on them and the training content includes planning,monitoring and evaluating strategies. Meanwhile, through the training program, some of the questions willbe asked and answered: 1）Can the implication of the Meta-cognitivestrategy training improve the attitudetoward English reading comprehension of Art major students in Nationalities? 2）Can the implication of themeta-cognitive strategies improve the proficiency of English learning comprehension of Art major studentsin Nationalities? During the research, the author also adopts the questionnaire and reading test to get the data,which are analyzed by the SPSS. 17.0. Seventy-five students majoring Art participate in the experiment. Afterthe comparison between the T-test and paired sample test of the pre-experiment questionnaire andpost-experiment questionnaire, it indicates that the meta-cognitive awareness and learning attitude of EC andCC have improved a lot, but as for the comparison between the EC and CC, their awareness meta-cognitivestrategies have no significant differences. Then these students are required to have the reading test. Thecomparison between the T-test and Paired sample test has proved that the English reading comprehensionproficiency of EC and CC have made big progress individually. However, the comparison between the ECand CC shows that they have no significant changes.Accordingly, the author can conclude that meta-cognitivestrategies have no significant differences forimproving the English reading comprehension of Art major students of Northwest University forNationalities. As for the above conclusion, we can indicate that meta-cognitive strategies are supposed to addto the class for Art major students little by little, because most of them are unsuccessful English learners. Ofcourse, the author suggests that teacher may teach a small part of students how to use the meta- cognitivestrategies, but the teacher should make sure that the proficiency of English reading comprehension of thesesmall part of students is best of the class. At last, the thesis talks about the reason why meta- cognitivestrategies have no significant differences for Art major students of Northwest University for Nationalities.Then the author also gives the limitations and suggestions for further study.AbstractIn recent years, the South China Sea issue has become a hottopic, escalatingfrom bilateral disputes into the current situation of “six countries and eight parties”.Therefore, the issue has raised many concerns from the international community.China-Vietnam dispute over the South China Sea is particularly noticeable. Associalist countries, China and Vietnam have deep historical relations between them.We can even say that the China-Vietnam relations enjoy unique advantages. However,Vietnam has occupied most of the Chinese islands and reefs in the South China Sea.Different from other claimants in the South China Sea issue, Vietnam has declaredclaim to the entire Spratly and Paracel Islands, playing a leading role in the SouthChina Sea issue.Given the important influence of Vietnam on the South China Sea issue and theuniqueness of their bilateral relations, the China-Vietnam dispute has become themost complex dispute in the South China Sea issue; meanwhile, it is also a good pointto make abreakthrough from so as to solve the South China Sea issue. China andVietnam have successfully solved through bilateral consultations and negotiations theland border issue left over from the history. We have reasons to look forward to thepeaceful settlement of their dispute over the South China Sea issue.From the current perspective, the differences between China and Vietnam arevery big, and the United States and other outside powers have never stopped theirinterference in the South China Sea issue. Therefore, it will be difficult for China tosafeguard national interests in the South China Sea by peaceful means while ensuringsmooth relations with Vietnam. However, with China's comprehensive nationalstrength growing, the cost of interference for powers outside the region in the SouthChina Sea issue will be increasingly high, and the change in the balance of power willalso be in favor of China.The option of military means contains lots of risks, while the option ofinternational arbitration is undesirable. On this occasion, the present study holds thatthere remains a possiblypragmatic solution. This needs the non-interference of theUS on the China-Vietnam dispute. If China wants to reach this goal, China shouldtake the benefit-sharing with US to some content into full consideration. On this basis,China could regain its sovereignty over the Nansha islands through joint development,transfer of some economic benefits, increasing economic influence on Vietnameseeconomy, and widening the power gaps, etc.If China and Vietnam could successfully solve their maritime dispute, it wouldbe a very positive example to the final solution to the South China Sea issue.ABSTRACTPronunciation is an important criterion to test English proficiency. As the backboneof English phonetics, super-segmental factors play a key role in communication,realizing the functions of disambiguating, conveying information and expressing thespeaker's attitude. This study focuses on super-segmentalfeatures of senior Englishmajors in a public university in Zhejiang Province by means of ToBI labeling. Twentyeight senior English majors and three native English speakers are required to read aloudand record the same material. Five target sentences are extracted from each participant'srecording and with the help of PRAAT, the pitch contours of these five target sentencesread by each participant are produced, and after that, ToBI labeling is conducted.The super-segmental features are studied from the perspectives of prominence,phrasing and tunes. Results indicate Aat: （1）EFL learners use prominence morefrequently, but the distinction between prominent words and unprominent words are notquite obvious,which may blur the focus of information. （2）EFL learners tend tosegment the utterance into smaller chunks with fewer words in shorter time. （3）EFLlearners tend to use various types of tunes in the utterance but level and falling tones aretwo commonly used tune types. The pitch range of their tunes is narrow, withoutobvious undulations. Possible causes are negative transfer from mother tongue Chineseand a lack of phonetic knowledge.Pedagogical suggestions are made to improve phonetic instructions, i.e., increasingstudents' phonetic awareness, particularly their awareness of super-segmental features,and applying visual software to phonetic instructions. Limitations of andrecommendations for further studies are also presented.ABSTRACTDegree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN （TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English），FLOB （The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English）and CLEC （Chinese Learner English Corpus），the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosodybetween Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.The study has some implications for English language teaching, vocabularylearning, as well as the textbook and dictionary compiling.。
英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文的
中文含义 黑色 蓝色 棕色 绿色 深色 浅色 深蓝色 深绿色 浅蓝色 浅绿色 橙色 粉红色 紫色 红色 褐色 白色 黄色
Table 6-8 Color abbreviation of harnnesses (GM)
5.2.2 Electrical Symbols
TOYOTA (丰田)
1. battery 2. ground 3. cigarette lighter 4. horn 5. capacitor (condenser) 6. circuit breaker 7. headlight (1) headlight ,single filament (2) headlight, double filament 8. diode, Zenner 9. diode 10. LED(light emitting diode) 11. photodiode 12. motor 13. ignition coil C 14. distributor 15. meter, analog 16. meter, digital 17. light
“was”, “are”和“were”这样的弱动词。
英文摘要的写作技巧
4、摘要的英文写作风格
9） 构成句子时，动词应靠近主语。避免形如以下的句子：
“The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.”
ABS system (Jeep)
BRAKE FLUID LEVEL SWITCH CIRCUIT CAB POWER FEED CIRCUIT CLUSTER FAULT CONTROLLER FAILURE “G” SWITCH NOT PROCESSABLE LEFT FRONT SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE LEFT FRONT SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE LEFT REAR SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE LFET REAR SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE PCI BUS COMMUNICATION PUMP MOTOR NOT WORKING PROPERLY RIGHT FRONT SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE RIGHT FRONT SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE RIGHT REAR SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE RIGHT REAR SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE SYSTEM OVERVOLTAGE SYSTEM UNDERVOLTAGE NO RESPONSE FROM CAB CONTROLLER
英语教学论文范文(精选6篇)(4)
英语教学论文范文(精选6篇)(4)摘要：随着全球化进程的加快，英语作为国际通用语言，在各个领域都发挥着重要作用。
在我国，英语教育也受到了越来越多的重视。
本文精选了六篇优秀的英语教学论文，通过分析这些论文的研究方法、研究内容以及研究结论，为我国英语教学提供了一些有益的借鉴和启示。
一、论文1：基于任务型教学法的高中英语阅读教学研究1. 研究方法：采用文献综述、问卷调查、课堂观察等方法，对任务型教学法在高中的应用进行了实证研究。
2. 研究内容：分析了任务型教学法在高中的应用现状，探讨了任务型教学法对提高高中英语阅读教学效果的作用。
3. 研究结论：任务型教学法有助于激发学生的学习兴趣，提高阅读理解能力，培养学生的自主学习能力。
二、论文2：基于翻转课堂的大学英语听说教学研究1. 研究方法：采用实验研究法，对翻转课堂在大学英语听说教学中的应用效果进行了实证研究。
2. 研究内容：探讨了翻转课堂在大学英语听说教学中的应用模式，分析了翻转课堂对提高学生听说能力的作用。
3. 研究结论：翻转课堂有助于提高学生的听说能力，培养学生的自主学习能力，提高课堂教学效果。
三、论文3：基于情境教学的初中英语词汇教学研究1. 研究方法：采用实验研究法，对情境教学在初中英语词汇教学中的应用效果进行了实证研究。
2. 研究内容：探讨了情境教学在初中英语词汇教学中的应用模式，分析了情境教学对提高学生词汇掌握程度的作用。
3. 研究结论：情境教学有助于提高学生的词汇掌握程度，培养学生的语言运用能力，提高课堂教学效果。
四、论文4：基于项目式学习的大学英语写作教学研究1. 研究方法：采用实验研究法，对项目式学习在大学英语写作教学中的应用效果进行了实证研究。
2. 研究内容：探讨了项目式学习在大学英语写作教学中的应用模式，分析了项目式学习对提高学生写作能力的作用。
3. 研究结论：项目式学习有助于提高学生的写作能力，培养学生的创新思维和团队协作能力，提高课堂教学效果。
英文摘要的概念、作用及分类
英文摘要的概念、作用及分类赵珍祥2010121001一、概念及意义摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
1）目的——研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围。
2）方法——所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。
3）结果——实验的、研究的结果、数据，被确定的关系，观察结果，得到的效果、性能等。
4）结论——结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题等。
在日益频繁的国际性经济贸易活动和科学技术交流活动中，英语的应用日益广泛，实际上它已成为一种国际上通用的“世界语”。
科技学术论文如果要在国际学术会议上交流或在国际学术刊物上发表都须用英文撰写。
即使要在国内的各类期刊上发表也须附上论文的英文题名、英文摘要及英文关键词，以便参加国际学术交流。
1．英文摘要的概念和作用科技文章的“摘要”就是对文章主要内容的摘录。
国际标准化组织（ISO）的国际标准ISO214-1976（E）中规定，“摘要”一词统一为abstract，其定义为An abbreviated，accurate representation of the contents of a document without added interpretation or criticism（对原文内容准确、扼要的表述，而不加以解释和评论）。
摘要是从原文中抽出主题内容，以简练的文字写成，既可独立成章，又能单独刊载在文摘刊物上。
摘要包括了与论文主体等量的主要信息，可供读者在最短的时间内确定有无必要阅读全文。
当今的科技文献真可谓“浩如烟海”，科技工作者要在短时间内查到自己所需要的信息，除了利用科学的检索手段之外，对每篇文章的取舍只能通过阅读摘要来决定。
中国英语专业大学生毕业论文摘要结构的体裁分析——以华南理工大学为例
பைடு நூலகம்
Ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｃａ ｓ ｅ ｏ ｆ Ｓ ｏ ｕ ｔ ｈ Ｃｈ ｉ ｎ ａ Ｕｎ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｉ ｔ ｙ ｏ ｆ Ｔｅ ｃ ｈ ｎ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ Ｚ ＨＵ Ｘｉ ａ ｏ － ｌ ｉ ｎ
（ Ｓ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｆ Ｆ ｏ ｒ ｅ ｉ ｇ ｎ Ｌ ａ ｎ ｇ ｕ ａ ｇ ｅ ｓ ， Ｓ ｏ ｕ ｔ ｈ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ Ｕｎ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｉ ｔ ｙ ． ｏ ｆ Ｔ ｅ ｃ ｈ ｎ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ， Ｇ ｕ ａ ｎ ｇ ｚ ｈ ｏ ｕ Ｇｕ ａ ｎ ｇ ｄ ｏ ｎ ｇ ５ １ ０ ６ ４ ０ ， Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ ）
【 Ｋｅ ｙ ｗｏ ｒ ｄ ｓ 】 Ｇ ｅ ｎ ｒ ｅ ； Ｇ ｅ ｎ ｒ ｅ Ａｎ ａ ｌ ｙ ｓ ｉ ｓ ； Ｍｏ ｖ ｅ — Ｓ ｔ ｅ ｐ Ｍｏ ｄ ｅ ｌ
１ 摘 要 和 摘 要研 究
摘 要是文章的浓缩 和精华 ． 学生 的毕业论文摘要更是在毕业论 文 中更是 占据了举 足轻重 的地位 近年来众多的学者对摘要进 行了多维 度的研究 ． 其中以体裁研究最受学者青 睐 众多学者对体裁 的宏观 结 构和语言特点进行 了研究 Ｅ Ｓ Ｐ学派对 学术体裁 的研 究最为成熟 Ｓ ｗａ ｌ ｅ ｓ研 究 论 文 的 引 言 部 分 提 出 了 导 言 （ Ｉ ｎ ｔ ｒ ｏ ｄ ｕ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ） － 方 法 （ Ｍｅ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｄ ） 一结果 （ Ｒｅ ｓ ｕ １ ｔ ） 一 讨论 （ Ｄ ｉ Ｓ Ｃ Ｕ Ｓ Ｓ ｉ ｏ ｎ ） “ 四语步模 式 ” （ Ｓ ｗ ａ ｌ ｅ ｓ ， １ ９ ９ ０ ） 他认为论文摘要的结构应该 与论文结 构一致 。 除此之外他还 分 析的实现这 四个语步 （ ｎｏ ｖ ｅ ） 的不同 的策 略即步骤 （ ｓ ｔ ｅ ｐ ） ， 进一步 提出 了分析论文摘要的语 步一 步骤 （ ｍ ０ ｖ ｅ — ｓ ｔ ｅ ｐ ） 模式【 】 １ 。Ｂ ｈ ａ ｔ ｉ ａ 将此 应用 于 论文摘要 的研究上 ． 提出与 Ｓ ｗ ａ ｌ ｅ ｓ 相似 的论文摘要语 步结构模式 ． 即 著名的 Ｉ — Ｍ— Ｒ— Ｃ（ Ｉ ｎ ｔ ｒ ｏ ｄ ｕ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ — Ｍｅ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｄ — Ｒｅ ｓ ｕ ｌ ｔ — Ｄ ｉ ｓ ｃ ｕ ｓ ｓ ｉ ｏ ｎ ）模 式 目 Ｂ ｈ ａ ｔ ｉ ａ 对摘要 的分析模式是相 对标准的 ． 对本科生毕业论文摘要分 析 仍然可以继续使用此模 式。从 以往研究 主要集 中于学术论 文摘要 ． 而 对毕业论文摘要的研究 则相对 较少 学生毕业论文摘要有 自己的体裁 特征 ． 值得深入研究 本论 文将从 学生毕业论文摘要 的语轮转 换宏 观 结构和微观结构对摘要 进行分 析研究 ． 以找 出问题 、 弥补漏洞 。
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Absract AnalysisAnalysis•Structurebackground methods result conclusion •Transitional words •Grammatical features and voice •Useful wordsInterfacial damping characteristics ofcarbon nanotube-based composites •This paper is published on Composites Science and Technology,2004.•The author is from Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity.•This paper is related to Developments in carbon nanotube and nanofibre reinforced polymersIntroduction of the thesisMy major is composites. Carbon nanotube is a kind of new material ,for its special properties that can be used in aerospace. So I choose this paper which is about the development in carbon nanotube.Background 1-5:Introduction and purpose1-4:Introduction(1)Because of their ultraarea to mass ratio(specificextremely large.⑵Thereforestructure,it is anticipated highadvantage of the interfacialand the polymer resin.⑶modulus features allowin strain between the constituents,energy dissipation ability.damping properties of CNT-basedBackground•Transitional words:Because of ; Therefore; In addition; Despite •Grammatical features and voice:present tense; present perfect; passive voice•Useful words:achieve; allow for ; enhance; it is anticipated that; take advantage of•Comment: This passage pays attention to the background and questions.Background5: Purpose⑸The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structural damping characteristics of polymeric composites containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), with a focus on analyzing the interfacial interaction between the CNT and the resin materials.•Useful words: The purpose of ; investigate;focus on •Comment: This passage is to tell us about the reason or intention of this paper.Methods(6)The system is modeled using a four-phase composite, composed of a resin, voids, and bonded and debonded nanotubes. ⑺A micromechanical model is proposed to describe interfacial debonding evolution.⑻To characterize the overall behavior, Weibull’s statistical function is employed to describe the varying probability of nanotube debonding under uniaxial loading. ⑼To address damping effects , the concept of interfacial ‘‘stick-slip’’ frictional motion between the nanotubes and the resin is proposed.⑽The developed method is extended to analyze composites with randomly oriented nanotubes.Methods•Grammatical features and voice: present tense; passive voice•Useful words:is proposed to ; characterize; is employed to; address; is extended to•Comment : From this passage ,it can be seen that this paper is more objective since passive tense is used a lot.⑾The analytical results weight ratio and structure damping characteristic.trends predicted by the analysis. specimens,the study showsfillers into polymeric composites could achieve other types(differentResults•Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voice•Useful words:show that ; be performed to ; It is also observed that; compare with ;•Comment:This passage is related to the experiment results.And we can use some verbs to describe results such as show, perform,observe,and so on.Conclusion(15)These results confirm the possible advantage of using CNTs fordamping enhancement.Useful words:confirm,possible,advantage Comments:In the end,the author made a prediction according to results.Failure Mechanics of Thermal BarrierCoatings•The thesis was published on Surface &Coating Technology,2003•Presented by Daniel Stephen Balint,to the division of Engineering and Applied Sciences in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosopy in the subject of Engineering Scinences•Harvard University CambridgeIntroduction of the thesisMy major is material science and enginering,and I’m mainly engaged in thermal barrier coatings research. Thermal barrier coatings is a kind of coatings that protects the materials from high temperature. So I choose this thesis which is about how the coatings fail.BackgroundProtective coatings effectively make the underlying component more tolerant of harsh conditions without compromising structural integrity. Thermal barrier coatings are deposited on superalloy turbine blades to protect them from engine temperatures in excess of 1000°C.Failure of these coatings is known to involve undulations that develop in the oxide layer, between the ceramic top-coat and the metallic bond coat. The equi-biaxial stress in the readily creeping bond coat, that results from thermal mismatch with the superalloy substrate and a reversible phase transformation, dramatically reduces its ability to resist transverse deformation at elevated temperatures. The nonlinear interaction between the equi-biaxial stresses in the bond coat, and, to a lesser extent, the ceramic top-coat, with the tractions applied on both creeping layers by the compressed oxide film allows an increment of growth to occur each cycle before the equi-biaxial stress decays by creep. The thermal barrier layer, although creeping, constrains growth significantly, resulting in large tensile stresses above the undulations and normal to the interface with the oxide layer.Background•Transitional words: and•Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voice •Useful words:protect them from; that results from;dramatically reduces; resulting in•Comment:Gave an outline of thermal barrier coatings.Define the scope of this study. The study is mainly about the failure mechanics of thermal barrier coatings.MethodsA model providing an analytical approximation of undulation growth in a four-layer thermal barrier system, incorporating nearly all details, presented for a realistic cyclic thermal history.is used to elucidate the mechanics of undulation growth,cases,replicate trendsfor PtNiAl bond-coats without theexplained, including that oxide undulation growth does not occur on unconstrained bulk PtNiAl, that far more undulation growth occurs when the system is thermally cycledtemperature for the same total time, and that larger amplitudes observed for systems thatthan for a 1 hour period for the same total time at high temperature.Methods•Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voice•Useful words:A set of model problems; in somecases; including that•Comment:The study is baced on a model incorporating nearly allconsiderable details, to provide an analytical pproximation of undulation growth in a four-layer thermal barriersystem.ResultsComplete simulations are performed, and selected results are compared with a finite element program written expressly for this purpose.Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voiceConclusionLarge undulation amplitudes are possible, and the tensile stresses predicted by this model are sufficient to initiate cracking in the top-coat parallel to the interface with the oxide layer.•Grammatical features and voice: present tense; •Useful words:are sufficient toThermoplastic Coating ofCarbon Fibers•The thesis was presented by D. D. Edie and G. C.Lickfield,who worked in Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers,in Clemson University.Introduction of the thesis•My major is material science and enginering,and I’m mainly studing on composite material research.•Composite materials are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic scale within the finished structure.BackgroundThermoplastic polymers are under extensive evaluation for use as matrix materials for composites. The major obstacle to the use of these promising polymers is that their high viscosity makes liquid impregnation of the carbon fiber tows difficult.One alternative is to coat the fibers with the thermoplastic in a dry, finely-ground powder form.Background•Grammatical features and voice: present tense；active voice •Useful words: are under extensive evaluation;One alternative is;The major obstacle to •Comment:Introduce thermoplastic polymers and explain the importance. Propose the major obstacle to the use of thermoplastic polymers in composite materials and describe a new technique of using it.Using a continuous powder coating process, more than 1500 meters of T300/LaRC-TPI prepregdifferent types of heating sections in the coating line,resistance and convection heating,used to fabricate unidirectional composites. During composite fabrication the cure time of the consolidationwere produced with and without vacuum.Using these specimens,of the variation of the consolidation parameters on mechanicalproperties and void content were investigated.composites were determined fromMechanical propertiesshear testing and dynamic mechanical analysis.Methods•Transitional words: and•Grammatical features and voice: past tense;passive voice •Useful words: are under extensive evaluation;One alternative is;The major obstacle to •Comment:Introduce what the paper studies on.Firstly, produce composites samples.Secondly, mechanical properties and void content of these samples were investigated.ResultsThe results of this investigation showed that composites formed using LaRC-TPI powder-coated prepreg contained very few voids when heated rapidly during consolidation. Only moderate tensile strengths were obtained, but short beam shear test and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated a good interfacial bonding between the matrix and the carbon fibers.Results•Grammatical features and voice: past tense;passive voice •Useful words: a good interfacial bonding between•Comment: Show the results of the study.Effect of surface treatment on thebioactivity of nickel-titanium•The thesis was presented by Wojciech Chrzanowski, Ensanya Ali Abou Neel,David Andrew Armitage, Jonathan Campbell Knowles, to the division of Biomaterials andtissue Engineering,UCL Eastman Dental Institute , DeMontfort University ,Leicester School of Pharmacy , The Silesian University of Technology ,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,ul.•It came from 2008 Acta Materialia and was published by Elsevier Ltd.Introduction of the thesisMy major is material science and enginering, and I’m mainly engaged in biomedical materials research. As biomedical materials should be implanted into human’s body ,there are high requirements of their properties, such as bioactivity,mechanical properties ,corrossion resistance and so on. So I choose this thesis which is about bioactivity of nickel-titanium.BackgroundTitanium and its alloys have been important materials in the production of hard tissues for several years. This is as results of their mechanical properties (which are more favorable than those of stainless steel),very good tissue response and enhanced osseointegration .It is also possible to make the implant inert ,which is demonstrated to be important for retrieving the implant and reducing the adherence of soft tissues that could alter their functions. However,there is a considerable difference between the elastic properties of the metal compared to bone, and this difference plays a very important role during fracture healing for many types of fixations. It must be highlighted that it is not the mechanical properties of the material that are the most important but rather the properties of the entire construct which bears the load.Among the titanium alloys, one has exceptional mechanical ptoperties including superelastic properties and shape memory effects;this is the nominally equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy,and these properties may improve the performance of some devices.Background•Transitional words•Grammatical features and voice: present tense; present perfect; passive voice•Useful words:It is also possibledifference; plays a very important roleThe biological properties of Ni-Ti alloydifferent surface treatments.In this paper, the bioactive properties of Ni-Ti alloy after different surface treatmentsdifferent media (Hanks’ balanced salt solution, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and osteogenic). Evaluation performed on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy studies after immersing samples for up to 24 h in the relevant media. Thiskinetics of Ca2+and Pmedia with surfaces.measured and the influence of heat treatment on phase transformation temperature and rate of nickel and titanium ion release was investigated.•Transitional words•Grammatical features and voice: past tense; passive voiceResultsThe most favorable bioactive properties were observed for simply ground Ni-Ti samples when evaluated in HBSS ,which showed similar properties to reference positive samples(Bioactive Ti). On the other hand, samples heat-treat at 600℃showed very low levels of precipitation of Ca and P. Most interestingly,evaluation in the media containing organic components(protein, vitamins, antibiotics and drugs) revealed that bioactivity for all the samples was at the sane lever(except for the reference negative)irrespective of the surface preparationmethod.(Results)•Transitional words•Grammatical features and voice: past tense; passive voiceConclusionsIt demonstrated thatrapidly ,forming a thin protein layer, and thisproperties of the samples, making them bioactive .No significant difference in kinetics of the CaNevertheless, further ion release and chemical composition evaluation revealed that alkali treatment and spark oxidationuseful for biomedical application due to very high levels of Ni in the top layer (alkali-treated) and high rate of Ni release(spark-oxidized and alkali-treated).•Grammatical features and voice: past tense; passive voice •Useful words:It demonstrated thatAdvantages & Disadvantages:•This abstract’s most parts use passive voice , which makes it more scientific and authentic. It is good for writing scientific literature because your researchbecomes convincing.•I think that the conclusion of the abstract isn’t clearly organized and isn’t concise.。