化学竞赛 金属元素课件解剖

p
p IIIAAlGaInTl IVAGeSnPb VA SbBi VIAPo ;
2 ns2 np1 2-1
1[(Al2O3�2H2O)] Al2O3+2NaOH+2H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] Al2O3+Na2CO3=2NaAlO2+CO2 2Na[Al(OH)4]+CO2=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3+H2O 2NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3 2Al(OH)3=Al2O3+3H2O 2Al2O3=4Al+3O2670
GeS2
Na2SHale Waihona Puke Baidu
SnS2
Na2S
GeS
s
1
KCl�MgCl2�6H2O KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6CaCO3 CaSO4�2H2OBaSO4
2
a
2.1
2.2
b
2.3 1)IA>IIA 2)Li2ONa2O2MO2MOBaO2 3) 4) 5) TiCl4+4Na=Ti+4NaClSiO2+2Mg=Si+2MgO
2.4 1)20-1 2)2MN3=2M+3N2M=NaKRbCs 3) KCl+Na=NaCl+K 2RbCl+Ca=CaCl2+2Rb K2CO3+2C=3CO+2K
1
2LiOHLi2CO3Li3PO4Na[Sb(OH)6] NaAc�Zn(Ac)2�3UO2(Ac)2�9H2OKClO4KHC4H4O6 K4[PtCl6]K2Na[Co(NO2)6]K[B(C6H5)4]
3 Z/r CaCl2 4 MCl�MgCl2�6H2OK+Rb+Cs+ M2SO4�MgSO4�6H2OK+Rb+Cs+ MIMIII(SO4)2�12H2OMI= Na+K+Rb+Cs+ MIII= Al3+Cr3+Fe3+Co3+ 5 6
3-2 121-4 , 286 K~434 K 2
1 2Pb+O2+CO2+H2O=Pb2(OH)2CO3 2HClHAcSn+2HCl()=SnCl2+H2 PbPbCl2Pb+4HCl=H2[PbCl4]+H2
2Pb+O2+2HAc=2Pb(Ac)2+H2O 3H2SO4Ge(Sn)+4H2SO4()=Ge(SO4)2+2SO2+4H2O Pb+3H2SO4()=Pb(HSO4)2+SO2+2H2O 4HNO3 Ge+4HNO3()=GeO2�H2O+4NO2+H2O 4Sn+10HNO3()=4Sn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O Sn+4HNO3()=SnO2�H2O+4NO2+H2O 3Pb+8HNO3()=3Pb(NO3)2+2NO+4H2O 5NaOH Ge+2NaOH+H2O=Na2GeO3+2H2
Li2O Na2O2 KO2 2KO2+2H2O=O2+H2O2+2KOH 4KO2+2CO2=2K2CO3+3O2 3KOH(s)+2O3(g)=2KO3(s)+KOH�H2O(s)+0.5O2(g)
1LiOHMg(OH)2Be(OH)2 2NaOHCa(OH)2 3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O
3-3
1
MO2MO SnO2 SnO2+2NaOH=Na2SnO3+H2O SnO2+2Na2CO3+4S=Na2SnS3+Na2SO4+2CO2 Snn
PbO
PbO2PbO2+2NaOH=Na2PbO3+H2O PbO2+4HCl=PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O PbO2+H2SO4=PbSO4+O2+2H2O
2Ge(OH)4Sn(OH)4 M(OH)4+2NaOH=Na2[M(OH)6]
1 2
Ge(IV) Sn(IV) Pb(IV)
Ge(II) Sn(II) Pb(II) SnCl2 1SnCl2+H2O=Sn(OH)Cl+HCl 22HgCl2+SnCl2=SnCl4+Hg2Cl2 Hg2Cl2+SnCl2=SnCl4+2Hg PbCl2PbI2PbCl2+2HCl=H2[PbCl4]PbI2+2HI=H2[PbI4]
5PbO2+2Mn(NO3)2+6HNO3=2HMnO4+5Pb(NO3)2+2H2O PbO2SP Pb3O4 Pb3O4+4HNO3=PbO2+2Pb(NO3)2+2H2O
2 1Ge(OH)2Sn(OH)2Pb(OH)2
3Na2[Sn(OH)4]+2BiCl3+6NaOH=2Bi+3Na2[Sn(OH)6]+6NaCl
Cr3+Fe2+Fe3+Ti4+
-Al2O3 723 K1273 kAl2O3Al2O3+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2O;
Al2O3+2NaOH+3H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] -Al2O3NaAl11O17
2Al(OH)3 2Na[Al(OH)4]+CO2=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3+H2O
1 AlAl2O3Al(OH)3Al3+ AlAl2O3Al(OH)3[Al(OH)4] 2Al3++3CO32+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO2 2Al(OH)3+12HF+3Na2CO3=2Na3AlF6+3CO2+9H2O 2 Al2Cl6KAl(SO4)2�12H2O
2-2 LiMgBeAl LiMg 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Li+Mg2+ BeAl 1.2. 3. 4. 5.BeCl2AlCl3 6.
3
IVAns2 np2
3-1
4%~7.5%
GeS2+3O2=GeO2+2SO2 GeO2+4HCl=GeCl4+2H2O GeCl4+4H2O=GeO2+4HClGeO2+2H2=Ge+2H2O SnO2+2C=Sn+2CO 2PbS+3O2=2PbO+2SO2 PbO+C=Pb+CO PbO+CO=Pb+CO2 PbS+Fe=Pb+FeS
2 1 2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe 4Al+3TiO2+3C=2Al2O3+3TiC 2 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+6H2SO4()=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O 2Al+2NaOH+6H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4]+3H2
1Al2O3-Al2O3