第二讲 定语及定语从句

第二讲定语及定语从句

[思维导图]

Ⅰ.定语

1．修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。

2．定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。

3．定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。

The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)

那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。

The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)

正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。

Ⅱ.定语从句

一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类

1．定语从句

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.

那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)

定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

2．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)

This is the place which is worth visiting.

这是值得参观的地方。

He laughs best who laughs last.

谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。

(2)一个短语

Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。

(3)一个分句

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.

希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

(4)一个完整的句子

I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.

我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。

3．关系词

引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。

Beijing, which is the capital city of China，is a very

↓

which代指Beijing，在从句中作主语

beautiful city.

4．分类

(1)限制性定语从句

它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。

Do you know the girl who just came in?

你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？

The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.

我第一次遇见怀特先生的时候是一个我一生中非常困难的时期。

(2)非限制性定语从句

它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。

The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.

这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。

He whispered to me the news，which was really amazing.

他低声告诉我这个消息，它真令人惊叹。

二、正确使用关系词

1．关系代词

Those who are interested in the film can contact me.

对该电影感兴趣的可与我联系。

My daughter，whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling，is always away from home.

我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。

[名师指津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.

汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。

Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.

汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。

2．两组关系词的区别

(1)4种只用that而不用which的情况：

①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?

你有什么要为自己说的吗？

②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级，the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。

This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.

这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

This is the only thing that we can do now.

这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。

③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

④当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

上海不再是过去的那座城市了。

(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别