托福语法基础 5
托福语法笔记
三、平行结构
A，B，or/and C
A, B，C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找that
indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate, show,hold,
insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列，有确定的先后顺序
(B)当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系，相当于adj,所以中心词为名词
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词牲的名词，可以带宾语，与名词之间是动宾关系，
中心词是动名词
*Doing复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj),必须加宾补
(F)*what is now永远对
where + V永远错，因为where是adv.
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句
TOEFL语法笔记
TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。
填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。
句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。
并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。
③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。
捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。
句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。
100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。
2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。
3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。
4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。
填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。
为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。
※任何从句都是正常语序。
二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。
※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。
错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。
be done ，done and done。
※——，——，and——。
四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。
小托福 语法
小托福语法1. 介绍小托福是指针对中学生的英语水平进行测试的一种考试。
其中，语法部分是小托福考试的重点之一。
掌握英语语法对于学习英语、提高英语水平非常重要。
本文将介绍小托福语法的相关知识点，帮助考生更好地准备小托福语法部分的考试。
2. 名词名词是英语语法中的基本部分之一，它用来表示人、事物、地方、抽象概念等。
名词有单数和复数形式，可以作为主语、宾语、表语等。
2.1 名词的单数和复数形式名词的单数形式一般是指一个人或一件事物，而复数形式则表示多个人或多件事物。
名词的复数形式通常有以下几种情况：•以s、sh、ch、x结尾的名词，直接在词尾加es，如：bus -> buses；•以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加es，如：city -> cities；•以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为v，再加es，如：leaf -> leaves；•以o结尾的名词，加es或s，如：potato -> potatoes，photo -> photos。
2.2 名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系，一般在名词后面加上’s。
如果名词已经以s结尾，则只需在名词后加上’。
例如：•Mary’s book（玛丽的书）•The students’ desks（学生们的桌子）3. 动词动词是英语语法中的核心部分，用来表示动作、状态或存在。
动词有不同的时态、语态和形式，可以根据句子的需要进行变化。
3.1 动词的时态动词的时态表示动作发生的时间。
英语中常用的时态有以下几种：•一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）：表示经常性的、普遍的或客观存在的动作或状态。
例如：I play tennis every Sunday.（我每个星期天打网球。
）•一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。
例如：She studied English last night.（昨晚她学习了英语。
托福语法)
一：不定式短语做目的状语时1,不定式做目的状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。
放在句首时，需要加逗号与句子隔开，放在句末时不需要隔开。
如T o catch the first bus, Li Lei started out early.Mom opened the window to let some fresh air in.注意为了强调目的状语，可以用in order to do 或者so as to do。
In order to do 前后均可，而so as to do只能放在后面。
如Mom opened the window so as to let some fresh air in.2,不定式做原因状语往往要放在表示人的喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词或分词之后。
这些形容词有angry,anxious,content,clever,cruel,delighted,disappointed,ex cited,foolish,glad,happy,pleased,pound,ready,sorry,surprised ,willing,fortunate,right,wrong,foolish,luck,quick,slow等。
注意不要用逗号隔开。
如I am glad to see you.Many people are content to live a simple life.3,不定式作结果状语，注意下面几种情况：①Only to do表示出人意料、意想不到的结果eg. we hurried to the railway station only to find the trainhad left.②enough to do, too…to do结构eg. The boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.③在so(such)…as to do结构中，意为‘如此……以致……’eg. I am not such a fool as to believe a cheat. He is so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.一般说来不定式作状语的逻辑主语必须是主句主语，主句主语和不定式的动词存在着动作上的主谓和动宾关系。
小托福常考语法知识点
小托福常考语法知识点标题：深入探讨小托福常考语法知识点的新表述引言：语法是英语学习中的重要组成部分，对于想要在小托福考试中取得好成绩的学生来说尤为重要。
然而，对于这些学生而言，仅仅记住语法规则是远远不够的。
本文将以深度和广度的标准，探讨小托福常考的语法知识点，并提供新的表述方式，以帮助学生更加全面、深入地理解和应用这些知识点。
一、主语和谓语动词的一致性1. 主语和谓语动词的数一致性在英语语法中，主语和谓语动词之间必须保持数的一致性。
具体来说，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词也必须是单数形式；如果主语是复数形式，谓语动词也必须是复数形式。
2. 主语和谓语动词的人称一致性另一个需要注意的语法知识点是主语和谓语动词之间的人称一致性。
即，主语和谓语动词在人称上要保持一致。
篇章主题：本文将深入研究主语和谓语动词的一致性，包括数一致性和人称一致性，并提供新的表述方式，帮助学生更好地理解和应用这些知识点。
正文：1. 数一致性数一致性是指主语和谓语动词的单复数形式要保持一致。
通常，主语是单数形式时，谓语动词也应该是单数形式。
例如：- The dog barks.（主语是单数形式，谓语动词也是单数形式）- The dogs bark.（主语是复数形式，谓语动词也是复数形式）除了基本的数一致性规则外，还有一些特殊的情况需要注意：- 不可数名词：不可数名词在数上是单数形式，因此谓语动词应该是单数形式。
例如：- Milk is good for you.（Milk是不可数名词，因此谓语动词用的是is）- 以复数形式表示单数意义的名词：有些名词形式是复数，但在语义上表示一个整体或一个概念时，谓语动词仍应该使用单数形式。
例如： - Physics is my favorite subject.（Physics在语义上表示学科的整体，因此谓语动词用的是is）2. 人称一致性人称一致性是指主语和谓语动词在人称上要保持一致。
例如，当主语是第三人称单数形式时，谓语动词也应该是第三人称单数形式。
托福基础语法
托福基础语法大全 （内部资料禁止出售）一、词类、句子成分和构词法1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。
如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。
实义动词：就是有实际意义的动词，可以单独做谓语的动词，它是相对于没有实际意义的动词而言的一个概念非实义动词（1）be动词am, is, are（2）情态动词can，may，must6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
托福口语语法知识汇总
托福口语语法知识汇总一.非谓语动词：主要包括四种形式：比如动词不定式to+v，动名词v-ing，现在分词 v-ing，过去分词 v-ed。
考生在应用非谓语动词的时候需要注意，这个词不能用作谓语，在句子中只能充当主语，宾语，和状语。
1.动词不定式to+v：这个结构能够表示目的，结果或者某个具体的动作。
例：在To let children do a part-time job helps cultivate their independence and self-control.这句话中的to let就表示目的2. 动名词 v-ing：在托福口语考试中，如果考生想表达动作的主动概念和实行意义能够采取这个结构。
而且考生需要注意的是，有一些动词之后只能够加动名词，比如admit 承认 / advise 建议 / appreciate 感激 / avoid 避免 / consider 考虑 / delay 推迟 / deny 否认等等例：在The best way of keeping fit is to do aerobic exercises and reduce junk food intake. 这句话中的keeping就属于动名词v-ing的结构3. 现在分词 v-ing：在托福口语考试中，如果考生想表示动作的主动或者实行能够使用这个结构。
例：在Some advertisements are misleading and cheating. 这句话中的misleading and cheating就是现在分词v-ing的形式。
4.过去分词 v-ed：这个结构能够协助考生表达动作的被动或完成。
例：Overseas students are vulnerable to feel depressed when facing difficulties. 这句话中的depressed就是过去分词的v-ed结构二. 虚拟语气：在托福口语考试中，考生如果想表示自己所说的话并不是事实，而是假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测等等，能够采用这个结构。
托福语法基础5
托福语法基础5托福语法基础 51. ---ratchet is a wheel or bar that can move in only one direction.(A) A(B) It is a(C) Although a(D) There is a2. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ---a politician.(A) such(B) more(C) as(D) than3. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ---best in its climate and soil.(A) it grows(B) what grows(C) does it grow(D) what does it grow4. Possibly the greatest advance in ---materials came with the invention of a cheap way to make steel.(A) bridge-building(B) building of bridges(C) building a bridge(D) bridges are built5. ---, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A) Contrary to general belief(B) General belief contrary to(C) Belief contrary to general(D) Contrary belief general to6. Two years after she was chosen president of the T exas State Senate, ---successfully for a seat in the United States Congress.(A) Barbara Jordan’s campaign being(B) Barbara Jordan campaigned(C) Campaigning for Barbara Jordan(D) Barbara Jordan campaigning7. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world ---their language.(A) are influenced(B) be influenced(C) influencing(D) influence8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s ---is equal to the probability that it will not occur.(A) occurs(B) will occur(C) can occur(D) occurring9. ---fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle of capillaryaction.(A) All lamps early(B) Lamps all early(C) All early lamps(D) Early all lamps10. Annie Jump Cannon, ---discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky.”(A) a leading astronomer who(B) who, as a leading astronomer,(C) was a leading astronomer(D) a leading astronomer,11. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---to the body.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress12. And ideal is a standard ---people judge real phenomena.(A) how(B) of(C) by which(D) for it13. Maine has ---weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.(A) coolest(B) the coolest(C) cooler(D) the cooler14. Amoebas are ---small to be seen without a microscope.(A) far too(B) far and(C) so far(D) as far as15. Graphite conducts electricity ---does not burn.(A) because(B) if(C) when(D) and16. The methods of spectrum analysis varyaccording to the wavelength region were studied.17. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who originate over tropicalocean waters.18. A great proportion of the seeds of desert flora they possess germination-inhibiting substances.19. Window treatment, furniture arrangement and color combine all contribute to the overall impression ofa room.20. Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of moisture, butboth.21. Due to its excellent tensile strength, acetate rayon is an important material for products so as balloons,parachutes, fire hoses, and webbing.22. It has not been determined how years sea turtles can live in their natural environment, but they willreach a very old age if left undisturbed by humans.23. A footnote is characteristically employed to give information that is too long or too detailedbe included in the body of a text.24. Watercolorsdrymore faster than other paints.25. In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or relating thoseobjects.26. Alike most fruit trees, the quince is normally propagated from shoots or cuttings.27. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to theirinventions for a fix period of time.28. In 1981 the fossil jaw of a previouslyunknown small mammal was found onto a Navaho reservation inArizona.29. The wild carrot, knew as Queen Anne’s lace, gave rise to the cultivated carrot in its domesticated form.30. A statue, a monumental, a building, or a park may be dedicated to commemorate a distinguishedindividual.31. The Earth’s magnetic poles are not stationary, but slowly shift its position.32. A emotion is not necessarilyaroused by something in the outside world.33. T he elbows are joints that connected people’s up arms with their forearms.34. Ants have an elaborate structure social, and enjoy a longevity far greater than that of most insects.35. Municipal planners deal chieflyfor the physicallayout of communities.36. A musician with multiply talents, Aretha Franklin is able to write songs that are unusually consistent instyle and content.37. Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a question of physiologyand of culture.38. One of the most distinctiondialects of North American English, Gullah is spoken by many people in theSouth Carolina area.39. The novels of John Cheever belongs to a literary tradition that is concernedprimarily with manners.40. Pennsylvania has the mostinstitutions of higher learning than any other state has.。
5雅思托福语法之动名词
动名词作表语
• 1. 学习中最难的环节之一就是保持注意力。 • One of the hardest parts of learning is keeping your attention. • 2. 人生是画一幅图画，而不是做一道算术 题。 • Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
常见动名词短语
• 1. be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事 • 他们正忙着准备周六的活动。 • They are busy preparing for an activity on Saturday. • 2. spend time (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事 • spend time to do X • 我同意花下周时间帮克拉克教授布置新的博物馆 展览。 • I agreed to spend next week helping Professor Clark set up the new museum exhibition.
2017.8
What? How?
• 1. 动名词：由动词演变而成的名，因来 源是动词，作名词使用，同时具有一些动 词特征，故称为动名词。
• • • • •
2. 动名词的语法功能： 主语 宾语 表语 定语
动名词作主语
• 句首或以it形式主语开头，置于句末。 • 1. 将先前用于阅读文学的时间转移到浅薄的娱乐形式上， 普遍降低了文化层次。 • Diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general. • 2. 牛奶已洒，哭已无用。 • It is no use crying over spilt milk. • It is no use/ good + doing sth. • 3. 现在担心那件事是没用的。 • It is no good worrying about that thing now. • 4.你这样匆忙离开是很危险的。 • It is very risky your going off in such a hurry. • 5. 燃烧煤炭和石油产生大量的污染。 • Burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution.
【备考技巧】托福语法的5大技巧和6大要点
【备考技巧】托福语法的5大技巧和6大要点托福语法对于考生获得高分有巨大的帮助作用，从托福成绩的高低就决定了该名同学是否能成功出国。
因此，学好托福语法，就显得非常重要的。
学习方法非常重要。
往往同样的题目，让同一位同学用不同的方法去做，效率和准确率会有较大差别。
好的方法可以起到事半功倍的效果，好的学习方法首先应该弄清考查目的。
在这里点课台君就以填空题为例，给大家具体讲讲解答技巧及方法。
五大语法技巧一、填空题的完整做法：1、先找句子的分段点，即连词、介词、分词和标点符号，将句子分为几段，选摘要看的那部门句子，即只关注空格地址的那部门句子。
2、简化句子，简化原则是：以下句子成分可以直接划掉1）介词短语（主句句首除外），即prep.+n。
2）作定语（润色名词）的形容词或者分词短语3）副词、冠词、数词4）位于句首或句尾作啄暌癸的分词短语5）与空格无关的句子3、剖析句子结构，判定空格中所缺句子成分，给自己找一个选择谜底的依据。
4、对四个选项进行区分，连系句意和语感确定谜底。
熟练掌握这个方法后，无论是遇到难题还是简单题目，都能很快找到问题的关键。
二、做题不在多，重在积累总结同学们在平时做练习的时候，不要一味地大量去做题，而不去做相应的总结。
每次做错题后都要剖析和总结ETS的考绩目的，即考点，往后碰着近随问题问题不再犯同样的错误，这样才会有长足的前进。
无论句子形式或内容若何转变，考点是不变的，万变不离其宗，把握一个考点等于把握数十道题。
因此大家在做题过程中要有意识地去思虑ETS这道题考绩的是哪个考点，这一考点是否是自己的弱点，而万万不要为了做题而做题，应争夺做每一道题都有所思虑和收成。
三、掌握常考词汇很多同学在经由一段时间的刻苦训练后，发现托福语法并不难，每次做错题后一对谜底发现问题问题现实很简单，总有一种恍然大悟的感受，可是若干天往后又会再一次恍然大悟，走进一个一而再、再而三犯同样错误的怪圈。
原因很简单。
首先，可以肯定的是对于常识点必定是懂的;其次，由于同学们在做题时对考点涉及的常考词不敏感，视若无睹，根本想不起来。
托福考试必备托福英语语法
托福考试必备托福英语语法参加托福考试必备的，英语语法知识点，趁现在就掌握它吧。
下面是店铺给大家整理的托福英语语法，供大家参阅!托福英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)、经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
托福英语语法：一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
托福语法
OG(官方指南)对托福写作在“语言运用”方面的要求是“appropriate word choices”和“a variety of sentence structures”，也就是“词汇能恰当传达意思就好，句式多样就好”。
换句话说，托福写作在词汇和句式上没有任何“高大上”的要求。
英语写作中最简单的句式共2种：一是“主(S.)+谓(V.)+宾(O.)”;二是“主(S.)+系(V.)+表(P.)”。
前者为根本，在此称之为英语句式之“魂”。
以公式表达的话，“魂”=“主+谓+宾”= N.(名词) + V.(动词) + N.(名词)，最少由3个单词组成。
比如说，Jack plays basketball。
但一篇300字以上的独立作文绝对不可能由100来句3个单词的句子构成。
所以，我们要帮“魂”进行“增肥”，也就是给它加内容。
那到底可以加哪些内容呢?在我认为，只须往里加4个词：名词(N.)、动词(V.)、形容词(Adj.)、副词(Adv.)。
五种基本句型：S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+PSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语Object=宾语（Oi=间接宾语，Od=直接宾语）Complement=补语Predicative=表语S+Vi（主谓）Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.S+V+O（主谓宾）Media violence affect children’s mental health.Frequent physical punishment contributes to a child’s later crimes.练习：由于他老师的推荐，他顺利地找到了一份好工作。
He smoothly found a good job for his teacher’s recommendation.性格因人而异。
托福语法
similar, same, alike)
• The most _______time of life is _______(joyful/young, joy/young, enjoyable/youth, joyfully/youth). • We all found it ______to understand Lesson Three.(diffucult, difficulty, difficulty)
句子成分
• 主语（s) • 谓语 (v) • 宾语 (o) • 定语 • 状语 • 补语
Nouns
• a new book • many good students • his beautiful wife • the best answer • those sweet roses
限定词、形容词、名词
• Honesty is not necessarily the best policy. • There are five Sundays this month. • I have an appointment on Sunday. • Mr Smith was president of the high school. • Some say he was a better president than Mr. Robbert.
形容词的比较级
• crowed • loving • helpful • useless • famous • active
That和those
• My car is bigger than you. • My car is bigger than yours. • Cars made in China are better than those made in Korea.
托福基础语法知识讲解
托福基础语法知识讲解语法是托福考试的基本内容，整理了一些语法知识，让我们一起来看看吧。
下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福基础语法知识讲解：被动时态语法知识也是托福备考的基本内容，语法知识贯穿于听说读写各个考试科目中。
今天我们重点来讲解的是“被动时态”，下面就跟随新东方在线托福网一起来看看具体的内容吧!先说说被动语态的结构，其基本结构为：be+动词的过去分词。
其与主动语态在形式上的特征是选择使用哪一种语态的必备常识，也是解题的一种手段。
被动语态区别于主动语态的是谓语动词必须是及物动词且之后绝大多数不能够再接宾语，只有极少数可以接双宾语的动词，像consider, give,call, name等就可以，比如像：She was considered a genius in painting.提醒：在托福考试的改错题中，如果在被动句里面，动词(除了上面提到的接双宾语的动词)的被动式后面出现宾语，那么在这里绝对是有错误的，可将其改为主动句，但是同样的，在主动句里面，如果及物动词后面没有宾语，此处肯定也是错误的，可以将其改为被动句。
其实大家可以将by视为被动语态的标志词，在by之后的名词短语是句子中动作的施动者，因此在题目中如果见到by+名词的结构的时候，最优先考虑的就是被动式，比如像：Thebook was written by Mark Twain.提醒：在by的后面如果接的是动名词，那么其表示为方式、手段就不能将其视为被动式的标志了，并且此时的谓语应该用主动式，如：He passed theexam by cheating.而对于know来讲，一般都是用be known to，而不用be know by。
有点迷糊?没事，我们照例来例题解析：例：The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged --- to produce Thedesired blend of contributor from The various himself to sections.(A) the conductor of(B) from the conductor(C) the conductor and(D) by the conductor解析：在题目中，如果不要空白处的话，句子也是很完整的，我们可以清楚的看到空格后的不定式短语表目的，那么可能填入的是arrange的施动者，自然此处应该用by来引导，A选项中of不能接不定式，C选项不能在被动式后面接宾语，所以选D。
托福语法讲义(教师版)
一、题型概述（一）填空：1-15个题，考句法句法包括简单句，并列句，主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。
（二）挑错：16-40个题，考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。
二、基础语法规则（一）词法第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容1．重要的名詞（1）重要的可數名詞discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change（2）常见的不可数名词①流体：air, smoke, coffee, oil②自然现象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]③微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust④抽象名词：intelligence（情报）, evidence, wisdom, advice⑤学科：mathematics, economics, statistics （统计学，作统计数据讲时可数）, physics, politics,mechanics, genetics遗传学, geology，geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology,history⑥医学疾病：measles（麻疹）, mumps（腮腺炎）, diabetes（糖尿病）⑦总称名词：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry,scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising（广告业）, health例题: 交易Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.答案: C an advertising advertising（3）常见不规则单复数，一般考复数man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases,analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena（4）常见的单复数同形的名词（注意鱼！好多鱼~）aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,（sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish）·-craft后缀单复数相同（5）只能用复数的名词：clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers集合名词：people（人们，作民族时可数）, folk（人们）, cattle（牛）, police, livestock（牲畜）（6）单复数意义不同的名词air- airs（气派）good（好处，利益）- goods（货物）part- parts（才能，划线永远对）mean（均值/中间）- means（手段/财富）arm- arms（武器）custom（习俗）- customs（海关）letter- letters（文学）spectacle（光景）- spectacles（眼镜）force- forces（武装部队）water- waters（水域，划线永远对）sky- skies（气候）（7）既有可数又有不可数]的名词（注意有无数的概念，具体还是抽象）sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, actionwork（工作，作品）- works（工厂，工程，工事，著作）area（面积）- areas（区域，领域）time（时间）- times（倍数，此书，时代）paper（纸）- papers（报告，文件）collection（不同种收藏品组成的集）- collections（同种藏品的集）room（空间）- rooms（房间）18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers （报纸种类）art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts land（面积）-lands（区域）注意：* 当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages （饮料）（8）同源近形词义区别bank/banking, advertisement/advertising, architect/architecture, reason/reasoning,author/authority/authorization, poem/poet/poetry, cloth/clothes/clothing,human/humanity/humanities, produce/product/production/productivity,editor/edit/edition/editorial, variable/variety/variation, critic/critical/criticize,chemical/chemistry, management/manager, weapon/weaponry, logic/logical,measure/measurement, publish/publication, weighing/weight,nourishment/nutrition/nutritious/nutrient, machine/machinery总规律：(1) –ing动作抽象化，不可数（一般）(2) sugar,fish,cloth,作物质名词，不可数；表种类，则可数(3) –or/er/ee 具体，tion/sion/ment/ness/ship/ing 抽象2．重要的限定詞与名词单复数（1）many+复数可数n.；much+不可數n.例题:Since (the) 1950’s, folk music (has had) a (significant) influence on (many) popular vocal and instrumental music.答案: D many→muchIn the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→much※看到many, various, diverse, numerous往后找[C]，看到much往后找[UC]many..music ×As many as 50 percent of the income ×As much as 2,000 kilometers √（一个距离是整体，不可数）例题：The asphalt (deposits) of La Brea Tar Pit in California (have yielded) fossils of numerous (animal) of the Pleistocene epoch, including (the giant) ground sloth.答案：C animal→animalsRodents (dwell) in various (habitat), some species (being) aquatic, (some terrestrial).答案: B habitat→habitatsEven as he (wrote) copiously on such (diverse topic) as education, politics, and religion, Lewis Mumford (remained) active (in city) and regional planning.答案：B diverse topic→ topicsmuch 和many可以做代词：Many are.. .. by many. Much of the information..（2）some 和any，二者都可加单复数，都可加可数和不可数，都可做代词（同few/little 代词的作用）some kinds 某些种some kind 某一种例题：For thousands of years, people (have used) some (kind) of refrigeration (cooling) beverages and preserve (edibles).答案: C cooling→to cool（3）few little 否定a few, a little 肯定+複數可數n. +不可數n.few equipment ×to few extent ×可做代詞：a few/few of the books例题：The Dinee, a Native American (people) of the southwestern United States, were (once) semi- nomadic hunters who (practiced) a (few) agriculture.答案: D few→little（4）數詞/ several/ one of/ among + 複數可數n.※看到several, one of, among 往后找複數[C]eg: five aircraft ×several setting ×several settings √one of the philosophers √among the schools √例题：The United States census人口普查(for) 1970 (showed that) the French-speaking residents of Louisiana (were) one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic (minority)答案: D minority→minorities39. Beverly Sills was (a child) radio star (who) became one of the world’s most dramatically gifted opera (singer), making her debut初演(at) seventeen.答案: C singer→singers40. In the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→muchThe Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major (center) for (the collection) and display of (works) of (abstract art) in the United States.答案: A center→centersGeraldine Farrar, (who) debuted as (an) opera singer in 1901, later appeared (both) on stage and in several silent (film).答案：D film→filmsSeveral (comet)彗星are discovered each year, but very few of (them) are (bright) enough (to be seen) without the aid of magnification.放大答案: A comet→comets（5）every/ each 直接加單數可數n. 或者加数词和复数名词(every/ all常考，almost all加复数)eg: each major styles ×each ten boys √every four years √（every/each 修飾數詞）例题：7. Almost (every) fruits and vegetables contain riboflavin核黄素; the (richest) sources are (leafy) green vegetables (such) as spinach菠菜, kale甘蓝, or turnip greens.另一种甘蓝答案: A 。
托福语法讲义(教师版)
一、题型概述（一）填空：1-15个题，考句法句法包括简单句，并列句，主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。
（二）挑错：16-40个题，考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。
二、基础语法规则（一）词法第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容1．重要的名詞（1）重要的可數名詞discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change（2）常见的不可数名词①流体：air, smoke, coffee, oil②自然现象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]③微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust④抽象名词：intelligence（情报）, evidence, wisdom, advice⑤学科：mathematics, economics, statistics （统计学，作统计数据讲时可数）, physics, politics,mechanics, genetics遗传学, geology，geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology,history⑥医学疾病：measles（麻疹）, mumps（腮腺炎）, diabetes（糖尿病）⑦总称名词：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry,scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising（广告业）, health例题: 交易Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.答案: C an advertising advertising（3）常见不规则单复数，一般考复数man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases,analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena（4）常见的单复数同形的名词（注意鱼！好多鱼~）aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,（sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish）·-craft后缀单复数相同（5）只能用复数的名词：clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers集合名词：people（人们，作民族时可数）, folk（人们）, cattle（牛）, police, livestock（牲畜）（6）单复数意义不同的名词air- airs（气派）good（好处，利益）- goods（货物）part- parts（才能，划线永远对）mean（均值/中间）- means（手段/财富）arm- arms（武器）custom（习俗）- customs（海关）letter- letters（文学）spectacle（光景）- spectacles（眼镜）force- forces（武装部队）water- waters（水域，划线永远对）sky- skies（气候）（7）既有可数又有不可数]的名词（注意有无数的概念，具体还是抽象）sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, actionwork（工作，作品）- works（工厂，工程，工事，著作）area（面积）- areas（区域，领域）time（时间）- times（倍数，此书，时代）paper（纸）- papers（报告，文件）collection（不同种收藏品组成的集）- collections（同种藏品的集）room（空间）- rooms（房间）18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers （报纸种类）art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts land（面积）-lands（区域）注意：* 当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages （饮料）（8）同源近形词义区别bank/banking, advertisement/advertising, architect/architecture, reason/reasoning,author/authority/authorization, poem/poet/poetry, cloth/clothes/clothing,human/humanity/humanities, produce/product/production/productivity,editor/edit/edition/editorial, variable/variety/variation, critic/critical/criticize,chemical/chemistry, management/manager, weapon/weaponry, logic/logical,measure/measurement, publish/publication, weighing/weight,nourishment/nutrition/nutritious/nutrient, machine/machinery总规律：(1) –ing动作抽象化，不可数（一般）(2) sugar,fish,cloth,作物质名词，不可数；表种类，则可数(3) –or/er/ee 具体，tion/sion/ment/ness/ship/ing 抽象2．重要的限定詞与名词单复数（1）many+复数可数n.；much+不可數n.例题:Since (the) 1950’s, folk music (has had) a (significant) influence on (many) popular vocal and instrumental music.答案: D many→muchIn the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→much※看到many, various, diverse, numerous往后找[C]，看到much往后找[UC]many..music ×As many as 50 percent of the income ×As much as 2,000 kilometers √（一个距离是整体，不可数）例题：The asphalt (deposits) of La Brea Tar Pit in California (have yielded) fossils of numerous (animal) of the Pleistocene epoch, including (the giant) ground sloth.答案：C animal→animalsRodents (dwell) in various (habitat), some species (being) aquatic, (some terrestrial).答案: B habitat→habitatsEven as he (wrote) copiously on such (diverse topic) as education, politics, and religion, Lewis Mumford (remained) active (in city) and regional planning.答案：B diverse topic→ topicsmuch 和many可以做代词：Many are.. .. by many. Much of the information..（2）some 和any，二者都可加单复数，都可加可数和不可数，都可做代词（同few/little 代词的作用）some kinds 某些种some kind 某一种例题：For thousands of years, people (have used) some (kind) of refrigeration (cooling) beverages and preserve (edibles).答案: C cooling→to cool（3）few little 否定a few, a little 肯定+複數可數n. +不可數n.few equipment ×to few extent ×可做代詞：a few/few of the books例题：The Dinee, a Native American (people) of the southwestern United States, were (once) semi- nomadic hunters who (practiced) a (few) agriculture.答案: D few→little（4）數詞/ several/ one of/ among + 複數可數n.※看到several, one of, among 往后找複數[C]eg: five aircraft ×several setting ×several settings √one of the philosophers √among the schools √例题：The United States census人口普查(for) 1970 (showed that) the French-speaking residents of Louisiana (were) one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic (minority)答案: D minority→minorities39. Beverly Sills was (a child) radio star (who) became one of the world’s most dramatically gifted opera (singer), making her debut初演(at) seventeen.答案: C singer→singers40. In the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→muchThe Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major (center) for (the collection) and display of (works) of (abstract art) in the United States.答案: A center→centersGeraldine Farrar, (who) debuted as (an) opera singer in 1901, later appeared (both) on stage and in several silent (film).答案：D film→filmsSeveral (comet)彗星are discovered each year, but very few of (them) are (bright) enough (to be seen) without the aid of magnification.放大答案: A comet→comets（5）every/ each 直接加單數可數n. 或者加数词和复数名词(every/ all常考，almost all加复数)eg: each major styles ×each ten boys √every four years √（every/each 修飾數詞）例题：7. Almost (every) fruits and vegetables contain riboflavin核黄素; the (richest) sources are (leafy) green vegetables (such) as spinach菠菜, kale甘蓝, or turnip greens.另一种甘蓝答案: A 。
【语法基础】不得不看的托福语法零失分宝典
【语法基础】不得不看的托福语法零失分宝典据权威调查数据显示，在托福考试中，我国考生的语法成绩非常优秀，托福成绩在630分以上的，半数以上在语法项目中零失分。
这是一个非常令人高兴的事情。
今天，我们特地为大家整理了零失分宝典，提供给大家事半功倍的解题方法。
同样的题目让同一考生用不同的方法去做，效率和准确率会有很大差别，这就是方法问题。
好的方法可以做到事半功倍，好的方法首先应该弄清考查目的。
这里以填空题目为例，填空部分考查的是考生的句法，因此句子的结构才是解题的关键，至于词义、句意，乃至语感都是相对次要的。
而且，ETS为了让题目显得更难一些，在句子中加了许多对解题而言完全无用的话，这些话根本无需读懂，甚至根本没必要去读它们。
下面是填空题的完整做法：(1)先找句子的分段点，即连词、介词、分词和标点符号，将句子分为几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注空格所在的那部分句子。
(2)简化句子，简化原则是：以下句子成分可以直接划掉1、介词短语(主句句首除外)，即prep.+n.2、作定语(修饰名词)的形容词或者分词短语3、副词、冠词、数词4、位于句首或句尾作状语的分词短语5、与空格无关的句子(3)分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺句子成分，给自己找一个选择答案的依据。
(4)对四个选项进行区分，结合句意和语感确定答案。
在熟练掌握和使用上述方法后，无论是难题还是简单题，都能很快找到问题的关键。
做题不在多而在精有的考生习题做了一大筐，但准确率未有明显提高，这是为什么呢?这是因为这些考生做题时只是就题论题，做错了题只是对一下答案搞懂这道题就算完事了，下一次该怎么错还怎么错，根本没有任何提高。
因此，做题不在于多而在于精，每次做错题后都要分析和总结ETS 的考查目的，即考点，以后碰到类似题目不再犯同样的错误，这样才会有长足的进步。
纵观ETS考试，我们发现，在英语考试中，无论句子和内容如何变化，考点基本是不变的，这就是所谓的万变不离其宗。
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托福语法基础 51. ---ratchet is a wheel or bar that can move in only one direction.(A) A(B) It is a(C) Although a(D) There is a2. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ---a politician.(A) such(B) more(C) as(D) than3. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ---best in its climate and soil.(A) it grows(B) what grows(C) does it grow(D) what does it grow4. Possibly the greatest advance in ---materials came with the invention of a cheap way to make steel.(A) bridge-building(B) building of bridges(C) building a bridge(D) bridges are built5. ---, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A) Contrary to general belief(B) General belief contrary to(C) Belief contrary to general(D) Contrary belief general to6. Two years after she was chosen president of the Texas State Senate, ---successfully for a seat in the United States Congress.(A) Barbara Jordan’s campaign being(B) Barbara Jordan campaigned(C) Campaigning for Barbara Jordan(D) Barbara Jordan campaigning7. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world ---their language.(A) are influenced(B) be influenced(C) influencing(D) influence8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s ---is equal to the probability that it will not occur.(A) occurs(B) will occur(C) can occur(D) occurring9. ---fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle of capillaryaction.(A) All lamps early(B) Lamps all early(C) All early lamps(D) Early all lamps10. Annie Jump Cannon, ---discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky.”(A) a leading astronomer who(B) who, as a leading astronomer,(C) was a leading astronomer(D) a leading astronomer,11. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---to the body.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress12. And ideal is a standard ---people judge real phenomena.(A) how(B) of(C) by which(D) for it13. Maine has ---weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.(A) coolest(B) the coolest(C) cooler(D) the cooler14. Amoebas are ---small to be seen without a microscope.(A) far too(B) far and(C) so far(D) as far as15. Graphite conducts electricity ---does not burn.(A) because(B) if(C) when(D) and16. The methods of spectrum analysis varyaccording to the wavelength region were studied.17. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who originate over tropicalocean waters.18. A great proportion of the seeds of desert flora they possess germination-inhibiting substances.19. Window treatment, furniture arrangement and color combine all contribute to the overall impression ofa room.20. Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of moisture, butboth.21. Due to its excellent tensile strength, acetate rayon is an important material for products so as balloons,parachutes, fire hoses, and webbing.22. It has not been determined how years sea turtles can live in their natural environment, but they willreach a very old age if left undisturbed by humans.23. A footnote is characteristically employed to give information that is too long or too detailedbe includedin the body of a text.24. Watercolorsdrymore faster than other paints.25. In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or relating thoseobjects.26. Alike most fruit trees, the quince is normally propagated from shoots or cuttings.27. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.28. In 1981 the fossil jaw of a previouslyunknown small mammal was found onto a Navaho reservation inArizona.29. The wild carrot, knew as Queen Anne’s lace, gave rise to the cultivated carrot in its domesticated form.30. A statue, a monumental, a building, or a park may be dedicated to commemorate a distinguishedindividual.31. The Earth’s magnetic poles are not stationary, but slowly shift its position.32. A emotion is not necessarilyaroused by something in the outside world.33. The elbows are joints that connected people’s up arms with their forearms.34. Ants have an elaborate structure social, and enjoy a longevity far greater than that of most insects.35. Municipal planners deal chieflyfor the physicallayout of communities.36. A musician with multiply talents, Aretha Franklin is able to write songs that are unusually consistent instyle and content.37. Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a question of physiologyand of culture.38. One of the most distinctiondialects of North American English, Gullah is spoken by many people in theSouth Carolina area.39. The novels of John Cheever belongs to a literary tradition that is concernedprimarily with manners.40. Pennsylvania has the mostinstitutions of higher learning than any other state has.。