洋务运动、戊戌变法、辛亥革命
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康有为、梁启超、谭嗣同
领导者
代表人物 奕訢、李鸿章 内容 影响
洋务运动:19世纪60年代到90年代,清政府中的洋务派打着 “自强”“求富”的旗号,通过采用西方先进的生产技术, 企图摆脱内忧外患的困境,维护封建统治的自救运动. “今日和议既成，中外贸易有无交通，购买外洋器物， 尤属名正言顺。购成之后，访募覃思之士，智巧之匠， 始而演习，继而试造，不过一二年，火轮船必为中外官 民通行之物，可以剿发捻，可以勤远略。” ——曾国藩
考点26： 了解洋务运动、戊戌变法和辛亥革命 的概况及影响 (a）
洋务运动与戊戌变法（百日维新）
洋务运动 戊戌变法
1898年6月11日—9月21日， 历时103天
背景
时间 目的
内忧外患
19世纪60—90年代
为了扑灭人民起义和 强化封建统治 以官僚和地主阶级 为代表的洋务派
救亡图存，使中国强大 资产阶级维新派
“中国文武制度,事事远出西人之上,独火器不能及”
——李鸿章 “中学为体，西学为用” ——张之洞 指导思想: 中体西用论
洋务运动的两个阶段
时间
口号
19世纪60—70年代 “自 强”
19世纪70—90年代 “求 富”
开办民用工业
内容 引进西方先进技术 创办军事工业 训练新式军队
兴办新式学堂
派遣留学生，培养 洋务人才
戊戌变法与辛亥革命的异同异同不 同 点戊戌变法运动 性质
资产阶级改良运动 君主立宪制 改 良
辛亥革命
资产阶级民主革命 民主共和制 武装革命
主张
手段 背景
中国面临瓜分，清政府统治腐败，民族危机
相 同 点
目的
救亡图存，发展资本主义
领导 资产阶级 阶级 结果 失败，原因都是资产阶级的软弱性，没有广泛
发动人民群众
公车上书拉开了 维新变法的序幕
洋务运动 不 同 点 性质 内容
戊戌变法
地主阶级的 自救运动
洋务派只主张学习 西方的先进科技
资产阶级性质 的改良运动
维新派只主张学习 西方的政治制度
相 同 点
维新派和洋务派都维护清王朝 统治，都主张向西方学习
同盟会的政治纲领： 驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，建立民国，平均地权 民 族 民 权 民 生
/ 合盛娱乐
ed by the Guardian of a Camp Fire circle in a small town in Pennsylvania to which she had belonged, the Akiyuhapi Camp Fire.” “The Are-you-happy Camp Fire! Sounds just like that!” put in Arline, rainbowed with mirthful memory. “Jessica told us that she had already been initiated a s a Wood Gatherer and showed her silver fagot ring. But we were a little flabbergasted, weren’t we, when she sprang her Indian name on us, by which she ha d chosen to be known among Camp Fire circles: Welatáwesit; it sounded musical as she pronounced it, but it seemed a mouthful! She partly explained it (d’you remember?) by saying that when she was choosing her symbolic name —as all Camp Fire Girls do —she wanted, for a special reason which she kept to herself, to take that of a flower, MorningGlory. And that Penobscot Indian word was the nearest she could get to it, the morning -glory not being originally a native plant .”“Yes, and it was at that very meeting, after we had welcomed Jessica with open arms as a Camp Fire Sister”—thus Sally again took up the fascinating thread of reminiscence—“that when each girl had told her symbolic name, Indian or otherwise, and how she came to choose it to express some special wish or aim, that we fell back upon digging for one for the new Camp Fire itself, the new circle or tribe. And then, don’t you remember”—Sesooā’s voice rose to a pitch of excitement—“how Betty Ayres, little fair-haired Betty, who’s so enthusiastic and about as big as a minute—she’s just four feet, five inches and a half——”“My! but your minutes do stretch—like elastic,” put in Arline, with a rallying elbow poke.“Humph! Piffle! Betty jumped up suddenly as if she s aw a vision, with an idea swelling up so big in her that she seemed to grow two inches on the strength of it. ‘Girls!’ she cried, ‘I’m just tired of br owsing among Indian dictionaries, searching for a novel name for our new Camp Fire circle. Why don’t we call it, right away, the Morning -Glory Camp Fire? There’s a name that will reflect glory on us!’ said little Betty, half sobbing and half shining. ‘It suggests so much —so much that I can’t just put into words of—— ’”“‘Of the Morning of Life, the Glory of Girlhood—and vice versa—isn’t that what you mean, Betty dear?’ said our Guardian, helping her out!” This reminiscent contribution came from Arline. “And then Miss Dewey went on to say how she thought herself that it would be a glo rious name for us who are Daughters of the Sun, so to speak, having the Sun as our general symbol. So the Morning-Glory Camp Fire we are! And when we camp out this summer upon the Sugarloaf Peninsula where the sand-dunes are white as snow, we’re going to call our great, ramshackle wooden shanty, with one si de quite open to the airs of heaven, Camp Morning-Glory. So much glory that we shan’t know ourselves, eh? But all this”—slowly—“doesn’t bring us one little b it nearer to answering the question which I asked you at first, why our Glory-girl, Jessica, chose her symbolic name at the beginning. Since it put so much into our heads we’ve got a right to know all about it!” with another laughing stamp upon the playground grass. “I can’t bear mystery; if there’s a secret as big as my thumb, even if it’s about nothing or next to nothing, I want to know it.”“Oh, mystery—I love mystery! Bubbling mystery!” Sesooā rose on tiptoe under the Silver Twins, looking rather like a Baltimore oriole, that vivid flame-bird, for she, too, wore the latest thing in girlish smock frocks of a dainty peach-color very closely related to orange, shirred or smocked with black by her own clever little fingers that had fashioned the garment , too, the which had won her a green honor-bead to string upon the Camp Fire Girl’s necklace that she wore on ceremonial occasions.Those fingers had draped the little orange Tam O’Shanter, as well, which covered her crisp, dark hair, a masterpiece of head -gear more jaunty, less hood-like than that of the flower-like figure leaning against the auto’s side to which the wheeling firefly of her glance now turned.“Oh, bubbles! I’m going right over now to ask her why she chose her Morning-Glory name and symbol,” she went on, each word a tinted bubble of laughing curiosity painting itself upon the sunshine. “Absurd, but I am! If there’s any foolish little child -story woven in with the choice, this is the very time and place to hear it, here on the public playground, with all those children—such funny, foreign-looking tots most of them!—dancing ‘Pop Goes the Weasel!’ Pouf! I feel like dancing with them.”And the human oriole flitting forth from the friendly shade of the Twins fluttered her shirred plumage in a gleeful pas seul upon the playground g rass, where the sun-glare transformed her into an orange flame, while her ears, attuned to all merry sounds, drank in the shrill music of five -and-thirty children’s voices (the number ought to have been even, but in that gleeful chorus there was one silent throat), six dancing sets, shouting with a st range babel of foreign accents, to the accompaniment of their stamping feet, the old nonsense-rhyme of the sixteenth century:“Half a pound of twopenny rice,Half a pound of treacle,Stir it up and make it nicePop goes the weasel!”musical scorehummed Sally, in flaming echo, and stood still.All the while, that versa tile quirk in her nature, corresponding to the flitting firefly in her eyes, which rendered her attention easily diverted when she wasn’t gravely in ea rnest, changed her all at once from an eager bubble of curiosity, that must burst if it did not penetrate a trifling secret, into an absorbed spectator. She hung upon the fringe of the playground dances, intent upon every rhythmic movement as the leading couple in each juvenile set (it happened to be a little earringed, lustrous-eyed Syrian girl footing it with a small Turk for a partner in that nearest) formed an arch with their uplifted arms for a gay little dan cer to pass beneath.“Oh-h! don’t they catch on well and dance prettily, these playground children?” murmured Sesooā softly to the quivering interest in her own heart. “I’m awfully glad that Jessica proposed our visiting this playground to
领导者
代表人物 奕訢、李鸿章 内容 影响
洋务运动:19世纪60年代到90年代,清政府中的洋务派打着 “自强”“求富”的旗号,通过采用西方先进的生产技术, 企图摆脱内忧外患的困境,维护封建统治的自救运动. “今日和议既成，中外贸易有无交通，购买外洋器物， 尤属名正言顺。购成之后，访募覃思之士，智巧之匠， 始而演习，继而试造，不过一二年，火轮船必为中外官 民通行之物，可以剿发捻，可以勤远略。” ——曾国藩
考点26： 了解洋务运动、戊戌变法和辛亥革命 的概况及影响 (a）
洋务运动与戊戌变法（百日维新）
洋务运动 戊戌变法
1898年6月11日—9月21日， 历时103天
背景
时间 目的
内忧外患
19世纪60—90年代
为了扑灭人民起义和 强化封建统治 以官僚和地主阶级 为代表的洋务派
救亡图存，使中国强大 资产阶级维新派
“中国文武制度,事事远出西人之上,独火器不能及”
——李鸿章 “中学为体，西学为用” ——张之洞 指导思想: 中体西用论
洋务运动的两个阶段
时间
口号
19世纪60—70年代 “自 强”
19世纪70—90年代 “求 富”
开办民用工业
内容 引进西方先进技术 创办军事工业 训练新式军队
兴办新式学堂
派遣留学生，培养 洋务人才
戊戌变法与辛亥革命的异同异同不 同 点戊戌变法运动 性质
资产阶级改良运动 君主立宪制 改 良
辛亥革命
资产阶级民主革命 民主共和制 武装革命
主张
手段 背景
中国面临瓜分，清政府统治腐败，民族危机
相 同 点
目的
救亡图存，发展资本主义
领导 资产阶级 阶级 结果 失败，原因都是资产阶级的软弱性，没有广泛
发动人民群众
公车上书拉开了 维新变法的序幕
洋务运动 不 同 点 性质 内容
戊戌变法
地主阶级的 自救运动
洋务派只主张学习 西方的先进科技
资产阶级性质 的改良运动
维新派只主张学习 西方的政治制度
相 同 点
维新派和洋务派都维护清王朝 统治，都主张向西方学习
同盟会的政治纲领： 驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，建立民国，平均地权 民 族 民 权 民 生
/ 合盛娱乐
ed by the Guardian of a Camp Fire circle in a small town in Pennsylvania to which she had belonged, the Akiyuhapi Camp Fire.” “The Are-you-happy Camp Fire! Sounds just like that!” put in Arline, rainbowed with mirthful memory. “Jessica told us that she had already been initiated a s a Wood Gatherer and showed her silver fagot ring. But we were a little flabbergasted, weren’t we, when she sprang her Indian name on us, by which she ha d chosen to be known among Camp Fire circles: Welatáwesit; it sounded musical as she pronounced it, but it seemed a mouthful! She partly explained it (d’you remember?) by saying that when she was choosing her symbolic name —as all Camp Fire Girls do —she wanted, for a special reason which she kept to herself, to take that of a flower, MorningGlory. And that Penobscot Indian word was the nearest she could get to it, the morning -glory not being originally a native plant .”“Yes, and it was at that very meeting, after we had welcomed Jessica with open arms as a Camp Fire Sister”—thus Sally again took up the fascinating thread of reminiscence—“that when each girl had told her symbolic name, Indian or otherwise, and how she came to choose it to express some special wish or aim, that we fell back upon digging for one for the new Camp Fire itself, the new circle or tribe. And then, don’t you remember”—Sesooā’s voice rose to a pitch of excitement—“how Betty Ayres, little fair-haired Betty, who’s so enthusiastic and about as big as a minute—she’s just four feet, five inches and a half——”“My! but your minutes do stretch—like elastic,” put in Arline, with a rallying elbow poke.“Humph! Piffle! Betty jumped up suddenly as if she s aw a vision, with an idea swelling up so big in her that she seemed to grow two inches on the strength of it. ‘Girls!’ she cried, ‘I’m just tired of br owsing among Indian dictionaries, searching for a novel name for our new Camp Fire circle. Why don’t we call it, right away, the Morning -Glory Camp Fire? There’s a name that will reflect glory on us!’ said little Betty, half sobbing and half shining. ‘It suggests so much —so much that I can’t just put into words of—— ’”“‘Of the Morning of Life, the Glory of Girlhood—and vice versa—isn’t that what you mean, Betty dear?’ said our Guardian, helping her out!” This reminiscent contribution came from Arline. “And then Miss Dewey went on to say how she thought herself that it would be a glo rious name for us who are Daughters of the Sun, so to speak, having the Sun as our general symbol. So the Morning-Glory Camp Fire we are! And when we camp out this summer upon the Sugarloaf Peninsula where the sand-dunes are white as snow, we’re going to call our great, ramshackle wooden shanty, with one si de quite open to the airs of heaven, Camp Morning-Glory. So much glory that we shan’t know ourselves, eh? But all this”—slowly—“doesn’t bring us one little b it nearer to answering the question which I asked you at first, why our Glory-girl, Jessica, chose her symbolic name at the beginning. Since it put so much into our heads we’ve got a right to know all about it!” with another laughing stamp upon the playground grass. “I can’t bear mystery; if there’s a secret as big as my thumb, even if it’s about nothing or next to nothing, I want to know it.”“Oh, mystery—I love mystery! Bubbling mystery!” Sesooā rose on tiptoe under the Silver Twins, looking rather like a Baltimore oriole, that vivid flame-bird, for she, too, wore the latest thing in girlish smock frocks of a dainty peach-color very closely related to orange, shirred or smocked with black by her own clever little fingers that had fashioned the garment , too, the which had won her a green honor-bead to string upon the Camp Fire Girl’s necklace that she wore on ceremonial occasions.Those fingers had draped the little orange Tam O’Shanter, as well, which covered her crisp, dark hair, a masterpiece of head -gear more jaunty, less hood-like than that of the flower-like figure leaning against the auto’s side to which the wheeling firefly of her glance now turned.“Oh, bubbles! I’m going right over now to ask her why she chose her Morning-Glory name and symbol,” she went on, each word a tinted bubble of laughing curiosity painting itself upon the sunshine. “Absurd, but I am! If there’s any foolish little child -story woven in with the choice, this is the very time and place to hear it, here on the public playground, with all those children—such funny, foreign-looking tots most of them!—dancing ‘Pop Goes the Weasel!’ Pouf! I feel like dancing with them.”And the human oriole flitting forth from the friendly shade of the Twins fluttered her shirred plumage in a gleeful pas seul upon the playground g rass, where the sun-glare transformed her into an orange flame, while her ears, attuned to all merry sounds, drank in the shrill music of five -and-thirty children’s voices (the number ought to have been even, but in that gleeful chorus there was one silent throat), six dancing sets, shouting with a st range babel of foreign accents, to the accompaniment of their stamping feet, the old nonsense-rhyme of the sixteenth century:“Half a pound of twopenny rice,Half a pound of treacle,Stir it up and make it nicePop goes the weasel!”musical scorehummed Sally, in flaming echo, and stood still.All the while, that versa tile quirk in her nature, corresponding to the flitting firefly in her eyes, which rendered her attention easily diverted when she wasn’t gravely in ea rnest, changed her all at once from an eager bubble of curiosity, that must burst if it did not penetrate a trifling secret, into an absorbed spectator. She hung upon the fringe of the playground dances, intent upon every rhythmic movement as the leading couple in each juvenile set (it happened to be a little earringed, lustrous-eyed Syrian girl footing it with a small Turk for a partner in that nearest) formed an arch with their uplifted arms for a gay little dan cer to pass beneath.“Oh-h! don’t they catch on well and dance prettily, these playground children?” murmured Sesooā softly to the quivering interest in her own heart. “I’m awfully glad that Jessica proposed our visiting this playground to