单片机外文文献翻译
单片机英文文献资料及翻译
单片机英文文献资料及翻译单片机(英文：Microcontroller)Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.A microcontroller's processor core is typically a small, low-power computer dedicated to controlling the operation of the device in which it is embedded. It is often designed to provide efficient and reliable control of simple and repetitive tasks, such as switching on and off lights, or monitoring temperature or pressure sensors.MEMORYMicrocontrollers typically have a limited amount of memory, divided into program memory and data memory. The program memory is where the software that controls the device is stored, and is often a type of Read-Only Memory (ROM). The data memory, on the other hand, is used to store data that is used by the program, and is often volatile, meaning that it loses its contents when power is removed.INPUT/OUTPUTMicrocontrollers typically have a number of programmable input/output (I/O) pins that can be used to interface with external sensors, switches, actuators, and other devices. These pins can be programmed to perform specific functions,such as reading a sensor value, controlling a motor, or generating a signal. Many microcontrollers also support communication protocols like serial, parallel, and USB, allowing them to interface with other devices, including other microcontrollers, computers, and smartphones.APPLICATIONSMicrocontrollers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:- Home automation systems- Automotive electronics- Medical devices- Industrial control systems- Consumer electronics- RoboticsCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, microcontrollers are powerful and versatile devices that have become an essential component in many embedded systems. With their small size, low power consumption, and high level of integration, microcontrollers offer an effective and cost-efficient solution for controlling a wide range of devices and applications.。
单片机英文文献及翻译)
Validation and Testing of Design Hardening for Single Event Effects Using the 8051 MicrocontrollerAbstractWith the dearth of dedicated radiation hardened foundries, new and novel techniques are being developed for hardening designs using non-dedicated foundry services. In this paper, we will discuss the implications of validating these methods for the single event effects (SEE) in the space environment. Topics include the types of tests that are required and the design coverage (i.e., design libraries: do they need validating for each application?). Finally, an 8051 microcontroller core from NASA Institute of Advanced Microelectronics (IAμE) CMOS Ultra Low Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) design is evaluated for SEE mitigative techniques against two commercial 8051 devices.Index TermsSingle Event Effects, Hardened-By-Design, microcontroller, radiation effects.I. INTRODUCTIONNASA constantly strives to provide the best capture of science while operating in a space radiation environment using a minimum of resources [1,2]. With a relatively limited selection of radiation-hardened microelectronic devices that are often two or more generations of performance behind commercialstate-ofthe-art technologies, NASA’s performance of this task is quite challenging. One method of alleviating this is by the use of commercial foundry alternatives with no or minimally invasive design techniques for hardening. This is often called hardened-by-design (HBD).Building custom-type HBD devices using design libraries and automated design tools may provide NASA the solution it needs to meet stringent science performance specifications in a timely,cost-effective, and reliable manner.However, one question still exists: traditional radiation-hardened devices have lot and/or wafer radiation qualification tests performed; what types of tests are required for HBD validation?II. TESTING HBD DEVICES CONSIDERATIONSTest methodologies in the United States exist to qualify individual devices through standards and organizations such as ASTM, JEDEC, and MIL-STD- 883. Typically, TID (Co-60) and SEE (heavy ion and/or proton) are required for device validation. So what is unique to HBD devices?As opposed to a “regular” commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) device or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) where no hardening has been performed, one needs to determine how validated is the design library as opposed to determining the device hardness. That is, by using test chips, can we “qualify” a future device using the same library?Consider if Vendor A has designed a new HBD library portable to foundries B and C. A test chip is designed, tested, and deemed acceptable. Nine months later a NASA flight project enters the mix by designing a new device using Vendor A’s library. Does this device require complete radiation qualification testing? To answer this, other questions must be asked.How complete was the test chip? Was there sufficient statistical coverage of all library elements to validate each cell? If the new NASA design uses a partially or insufficiently characterized portion of the design library, full testing might be required. Of course, if part of the HBD was relying on inherent radiation hardness of a process, some of the tests (like SEL in the earlier example) may be waived.Other considerations include speed of operation and operating voltage. For example, if the test chip was tested statically for SEE at a power supply voltage of 3.3V, is the data applicable to a 100 MHz operating frequency at 2.5V? Dynamic considerations (i.e., nonstatic operation) include the propagated effects of Single Event Transients (SETs). These can be a greater concern at higher frequencies.The point of the considerations is that the design library must be known, the coverage used during testing is known, the test application must be thoroughly understood and the characteristics of the foundry must be known. If all these are applicable or have been validated by the test chip, then no testing may be necessary. A task within NASA’s Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program was performed to explore these types of considerations.III. HBD TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION USING THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERWith their increasing capabilities and lower power consumption, microcontrollers are increasingly being used in NASA and DOD system designs. There are existing NASA and DoD programs that are doing technology development to provide HBD. Microcontrollers are one such vehicle that is being investigated to quantify the radiation hardness improvement. Examples of these programs are the 8051 microcontroller being developed by Mission Research Corporation (MRC) and the IAμE (the focus of this study). As these HBD technologies become available, validation of the technology, in the natural space radiation environment, for NASA’s use in spaceflight systems is required.The 8051 microcontroller is an industry standard architecture that has broad acceptance, wide-ranging applications and development tools available. There are numerous commercial vendors that supply this controller or have it integrated into some type of system-on-a-chip structure. Both MRC and IAμE chose this device to demonstrate two distinctly different technologies for hardening. The MRC example of this is to use temporal latches that require specific timing to ensure that single event effects are minimized. The IAμE technology uses ultra low power, and layout and architecture HBD design rules to achieve their results. These are fundamentally different than the approach by Aeroflex-United Technologies Microelectronics Center (UTMC), the commercial vendor of a radiation–hardened 8051, that built their 8051 microcontroller using radiationhardened processes. This broad range of technology within one device structure makes the 8051an ideal vehicle for performing this technology evaluation.The objective of this work is the technology evaluation of the CULPRiT process [3] from IAμE. The process has been baselined against two other processes, the standard 8051 commercial device from Intel and a version using state-of-the-art processing from Dallas Semiconductor. By performing this side-by-side comparison, the cost benefit, performance, and reliability trade study can be done.In the performance of the technology evaluation, this task developed hardware and software for testing microcontrollers. A thorough process was done to optimize the test process to obtain as complete an evaluation as possible. This included taking advantage of the available hardware and writing software that exercised the microcontroller such that all substructures of the processor were evaluated. This process is also leading to a more complete understanding of how to test complex structures, such as microcontrollers, and how to more efficiently test these structures in the future.IV. TEST DEVICESThree devices were used in this test evaluation. The first is the NASA CULPRiT device, which is the primary device to be evaluated. The other two devices are two versions of a commercial 8051, manufactured by Intel and Dallas Semiconductor, respectively.The Intel devices are the ROMless, CMOS version of the classic 8052 MCS-51 microcontroller. They are rated for operation at +5V, over a temperature range of 0 to 70 °C and at a clock speeds of 3.5 MHz to 24 MHz. They are manufactured in Intel’s P629.0 CHMOS III-E process.The Dallas Semiconductor devices are similar in that they are ROMless 8052 microcontrollers, but they are enhanced in various ways. They are rated for operation from 4.25 to 5.5 Volts over 0 to 70 °C at clock speeds up to 25 MHz. They have a second full serial port built in, seven additional interrupts, a watchdog timer, a power fail reset, dual data pointers and variable speed peripheral access. In addition, the core is redesigned so that the machine cycle is shortened for most instructions, resulting in an effective processing ability that is roughly 2.5 times greater (faster) than the standard 8052 device. None of these features, other than those inherent in the device operation, were utilized in order to maximize the similarity between the Dallas and Intel test codes.The CULPRiT technology device is a version of the MSC-51 family compatible C8051 HDL core licensed from the Ultra Low Power (ULP) process foundry. The CULPRiT technology C8051 device is designed to operate at a supply voltage of 500 mV and includes an on-chip input/output signal level-shifting interface with conventional higher voltage parts. The CULPRiT C8051 device requires two separate supply voltages; the 500 mV and the desired interface voltage. The CULPRiT C8051 is ROMless and is intended to be instruction set compatible with the MSC-51 family.V. TEST HARDWAREThe 8051 Device Under Test (DUT) was tested as a component of a functional computer. Aside from DUT itself, the other componentsof the DUT computer were removed from the immediate area of the irradiation beam.A small card (one per DUT package type) with a unique hard-wired identifier byte contained the DUT, its crystal, and bypass capacitors (and voltage level shifters for the CULPRiT DUTs). This "DUT Board" was connected to the "Main Board" by a short 60-conductor ribbon cable. The Main Board had all other components required to complete the DUT Computer, including some which nominally are not necessary in some designs (such as external RAM, external ROM and address latch). The DUT Computer and the Test Control Computer were connected via a serial cable and communications were established between the two by the Controller (that runs custom designed serial interface software). This Controller software allowed for commanding of the DUT, downloading DUT Code to the DUT, and real-time error collection from the DUT during and post irradiation. A 1 Hz signal source provided an external watchdog timing signal to the DUT, whose watchdog output was monitored via an oscilloscope. The power supply was monitored to provide indication of latchup.VI. TEST SOFTWAREThe 8051 test software concept is straightforward. It was designed to be a modular series of small test programs each exercising a specific part of the DUT. Since each test was stand alone, they were loaded independently of each other for execution on the DUT. This ensured that only the desired portion of the 8051 DUT was exercised during the test and helped pinpoint location of errors that occur during testing. All test programs resided on the controller PC until loaded via the serial interface to the DUT computer. In this way, individual tests could have been modified at any time without the necessity of burning PROMs. Additional tests could have also been developed and added without impacting the overall test design. The only permanent code, which was resident on the DUT, was the boot code and serial code loader routines that established communications between the controller PC and the DUT.All test programs implemented:• An external Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit device (UART) for transmission of error information and communication to controller computer.• An external real-time clock for data error tag.•A watchdog routine designed to provide visual verification of 8051 health and restart test code if necessary.• A "foul-up" routine to reset program counter if it wanders out of code space.• An external telemetry data storage memory to provide backup of data in the event of an interruption in data transmission.The brief description of each of the software tests used is given below. It should be noted that for each test, the returned telemetry (including time tag) was sent to both the test controller and the telemetry memory, giving the highest reliability that all data is captured.Interrupt –This test used 4 of 6 available interrupt vectors (Serial, External, Timer0 Overflow, and Timer1 Overflow) to trigger routines that sequentially modified a value in the accumulator which was periodically compared to a known value. Unexpected values were transmitted with register information.Logic –This test performed a series of logic and math computations and provided three types of error identifications: 1) addition/subtraction, 2) logic and 3) multiplication/division. All miscompares of computations and expected results were transmitted with other relevant register information.Memory – This test loaded internal data memory at locations D:0x20 through D:0xff (or D:0x20 through D:0x080 for the CULPRiT DUT), indirectly, with an 0x55 pattern. Compares were performed continuously and miscompares were corrected while error information and register values were transmitted.Program Counter -The program counter was used to continuously fetch constants at various offsets in the code. Constants were compared with known values and miscompares were transmitted along with relevant register information. Registers – This test loaded each of four (0,1,2,3) banks of general-purpose registers with either 0xAA (for banks 0 and 2) or 0x55 (for banks 1 and 3). The pattern was alternated in order to test the Program Status Word (PSW) special function register, which controls general-purpose register bank selection. General-purpose register banks were then compared with their expected values. All miscompares were corrected and error information was transmitted.Special Function Registers (SFR) – This test used learned static values of 12 out 21 available SFRs and then constantly compared the learned value with the current one. Miscompares were reloaded with learned value and error information was transmitted.Stack – This test performed arithmetic by pushing and popping operands on the stack. Unexpected results were attributed to errors on the stack or to the stack pointer itself and were transmitted with relevant register information.VII. TEST METHODOLOGYThe DUT Computer booted by executing the instruction code located at address 0x0000. Initially, the device at this location was an EPROM previously loaded with "Boot/Serial Loader" code. This code initialized the DUT Computer and interface through a serial connection to the controlling computer, the "Test Controller". The DUT Computer downloaded Test Code and put it into Program Code RAM (located on the Main Board of the DUT Computer). It then activated a circuit which simultaneously performed two functions: held the DUT reset line active for some time (~10 ms); and, remapped the Test Code residing in the Program Code RAM to locate it to address 0x0000 (the EPROM will no longer be accessible in the DUT Computer's memory space). Upon awaking from the reset, the DUT computer again booted by executing the instruction code at address 0x0000, except this time that code was not be the Boot/Serial Loader code but the Test Code.The Test Control Computer always retained the ability to force the reset/remap function, regardless of the DUT Computer's functionality. Thus, if the test ran without a Single Event Functional Interrupt (SEFI) either the DUT Computer itselfor the Test Controller could have terminated the test and allowed the post-test functions to be executed. If a SEFI occurred, the Test Controller forced a reboot into Boot/Serial Loader code and then executed the post-test functions. During any test of the DUT, the DUT exercised a portion of its functionality (e.g., Register operations or Internal RAM check, or Timer operations) at the highest utilization possible, while making a minimal periodic report to the Test Control Computer to convey that the DUT Computer was still functional. If this reportceased, the Test Controller knew that a SEFI had occurred. This periodic data was called "telemetry". If the DUT encountered an error that was not interrupting the functionality (e.g., a data register miscompare) it sent a more lengthy report through the serial port describing that error, and continued with the test.VIII.DISCUSSIONA. Single Event LatchupThe main argument for why latchup is not an issue for the CULPRiT devices is that the operating voltage of 0.5 volts should be below the holding voltage required for latchup to occur. In addition to this, the cell library used also incorporates the heavy dual guard-barring scheme [4]. This scheme has been demonstrated multiple times to be very effective in rendering CMOS circuits completely immune to SEL up to test limits of 120 MeV-cm2/mg. This is true in circuits operating at 5, 3.3, and 2.5 Volts, as well as the 0.5 Volt CULPRiT circuits. In one case, a 5 Volt circuit fabricated on noncircuits wafers even exhibited such SEL immunity.B. Single Event UpsetThe primary structure of the storage unit used in the CULPRiT devices is the Single Event Resistant Topology (SERT) [5]. Given the SERT cell topology and a single upset node assumption, it is expected that the SERT cell will be completely immune to SEUs occurring internal to the memory cell itself. Obviously there are other things going on. The CULPRiT 8051 results reported here are quite similar to some resultsobtained with a CULPRiT CCSDS lossless compression chip (USES) [6]. The CULPRiT USES was synthesized using exactly the same tools and library as the CULPRiT 8051.With the CULPRiT USES, the SEU cross section data [7] was taken as a function of frequency at two LET values, 37.6 and 58.5 MeV-cm2/mg. In both cases the data fit well to a linear model where cross section is proportional to clock. In the LET 37.6 case, the zero frequency intercept occurred essentially at the zero cross section point, indicating that virtually all of these SEUs are captured SETs from the combinational logic. The LET 58.5 data indicated that the SET (frequency dependent) component is sitting on top of a "dc-bias" component –presumably a second upset mechanism is occurring internal to the SERT cells only at a second, higher LET threshold.The SET mitigation scheme used in the CULPRiT devices is based on the SERT cell's fault tolerant input property when redundant input data is provided to separate storage nodes. The idea is that the redundant input data is provided through a total duplication of combinational logic (referred to as “dual rail design”) such that a simple SET on one rail cannot produce an upset. Therefore, some other upset mechanism must be happening. It is possible that a single particle strike is placing an SET on both halves of the logic streams, allowing an SET to produce an upset. Care was taken to separate the dual sensitive nodes in the SERT cell layouts but the automated place-and-route of the combinatorial logic paths may have placed dual sensitive nodes close enough.At this point, the theory for the CULPRiT SEU response is that at about an LET of 20, the energy deposition is sufficiently wide enough (and in the right locations) to produce an SET in both halves of the combinatorial logic streams. Increasing LET allows for more regions to be sensitive to this effect, yielding a larger cross section. Further, the second SEU mechanism that starts at an LET of about 40-60 has to do with when the charge collection disturbance cloud gets large enough to effectively upset multiples of the redundant storage nodes within the SERT cell itself. In this 0.35 μm library, the node separation is several microns. However, since it takes less charge to upset a node operating at 0.5 Volts, with transistors having effective thresholds around 70 mV, this is likely the effect being observed. Also the fact that the per-bit memory upset cross section for the CULPRiT devices and the commercial technologies are approximately equal, as shown in Figure 9, indicates that the cell itself has become sensitive to upset.IX. SUMMARYA detailed comparison of the SEE sensitivity of a HBD technology (CULPRiT) utilizing the 8051 microcontroller as a test vehicle has been completed. This paper discusses the test methodology used and presents a comparison of the commercial versus CULPRiT technologies based on the data taken. The CULPRiT devices consistently show significantly higher threshold LETs and an immunity to latchup. In all but the memory test at the highest LETs, the cross section curves for all upset events is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the commercial devices. Additionally, theory is presented, based on the CULPRiT technology, that explain these results.This paper also demonstrates the test methodology for quantifying the level of hardness designed into a HBD technology. By using the HBD technology in a real-world device structure (i.e., not just a test chip), and comparing results to equivalent commercial devices, one can have confidence in the level of hardness that would be available from that HBD technology in any circuit application.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors of this paper would like to acknowledge the sponsors of this work. These are the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP), NASA Flight Programs, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).。
单片机英文文献及翻译
附录A英文文献翻译原文Temperature Control Using a Microcontroller:An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Engineering Design ProjectJames S. McDonaldDepartment of Engineering ScienceTrinity UniversitySan Antonio, TX 78212AbstractThis paper describes an interdisc iplinary design project which was done under the author’s supervision by a group of four senior students in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The objective of the project was to develop a temperature control system for an air-filled chamber. The system was to allow entry of a desired chamber temperature in a prescribed range and to exhibit overshoot and steady-state temperature error of less than 1 degree Kelvin in the actual chamber temperature step response. The details of the design developed by this group of students, based on a Motorola MC68HC05 family microcontroller, are described. The pedagogical value of the problem is also discussed through a description of some of the key steps in the design process. It is shown that the solution requires broad knowledge drawn from several engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and control systems engineering.1 IntroductionThe design project which is the subject of this paper originated from a real-world application.A prototype of a microscope slide dryer had been developed around an OmegaTM modelCN-390 temperature controller, and the objective was to develop a custom temperature control system to replace the Omega system. The motivation was that a custom controller targeted specifically for the application should be able to achieve the same functionality at a much lower cost, as the Omega system is unnecessarily versatile and equipped to handle a wide variety of applications.The mechanical layout of the slide dryer prototype is shown in Figure 1. The main element of the dryer is a large, insulated, air-filled chamber in which microscope slides, each with a tissue sample encased in paraffin, can be set on caddies. In order that the paraffin maintain the proper consistency, the temperature in the slide chamber must be maintained at a desired (constant) temperature. A second chamber (the electronics enclosure) houses a resistive heater and the temperature controller, and a fan mounted on the end of the dryer blows air across theheater, carrying heat into the slide chamber. This design project was carried out during academic year 1996–97 by four students under the author’s supervision as a Senior Design project in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The purpose of this paper isto describe the problem and the students’ solution in some detail, and to discuss some of the pedagogical opportunities offered by an interdisciplinary design project of this type. The students’ own report was presented a t the 1997 National Conference on Undergraduate Research [1]. Section 2 gives a more detailed statement of the problem, including performance specifications, and Section 3 describes the students’ design. Section 4 makes up the bulk of the paper, and discusses in some detail several aspects of the design process which offer unique pedagogical opportunities. Finally, Section 5 offers some conclusions.2 Problem StatementThe basic idea of the project is to replace the relevant parts of the functionality of an Omega CN-390 temperature controller using a custom-designed system. The application dictates that temperature settings are usually kept constant for long periods of time, but it’s nonetheless important that step changes be tracked in a “reasonable” manner. Thus the main requirements boil down to·allowing a chamber temperature set-point to be entered,·displaying both set-point and actual temperatures, and·tracking step changes in set-point temperature with acceptable rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot.Although not explicitly a part of the specifications in Table 1, it was clear that the customer desired digital displays of set-point and actual temperatures, and that set-point temperature entry should be digital as well (as opposed to, say, through a potentiometer setting).3 System DesignThe requirements for digital temperature displays and setpoint entry alone are enough to dictate that a microcontrollerbased design is likely the most appropriate. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the stude nts’ design.The microcontroller, a MotorolaMC68HC705B16 (6805 for short), is the heart of the system. It accepts inputs from a simple four-key keypad which allow specification of the set-point temperature, and it displays both set-point and measured chamber temperatures using two-digit seven-segment LED displays controlled by a display driver. All these inputs and outputs are accommodated by parallel ports on the 6805. Chamber temperature is sensed using apre-calibrated thermistor and input via one of the 6805’s analog-to-digital inputs. Finally, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) output on the 6805 is used to drive a relay which switches line power to the resistive heater off and on.Figure 3 shows a more detailed schematic of the electronics and their interfacing to the 6805. The keypad, a Storm 3K041103, has four keys which are interfaced to pins PA0{ PA3 of Port A, configured as inputs. One key functions as a mode switch. Two modes are supported: set mode and run mode. In set mode two of the other keys are used to specify the set-point temperature: one increments it and one decrements. The fourth key is unused at present. The LED displays are driven by a Harris Semiconductor ICM7212 display driver interfaced to pins PB0{PB6 of Port B, configured as outputs. The temperature-sensing thermistor drives, through a voltage divider, pin AN0 (one of eight analog inputs). Finally, pin PLMA (one of two PWM outputs) drives the heater relay.Software on the 6805 implements the temperature control algorithm, maintains the temperature displays, and alters the set-point in response to keypad inputs. Because it is not complete at this writing, software will not be discussed in detail in this paper. The control algorithm in particular has not been determined, but it is likely to be a simple proportional controller and certainly not more complex than a PID. Some control design issues will be discussed in Section 4, however.4 The Design ProcessAlthough essentially the project is just to build a thermostat, it presents many nice pedagogical opportunities. The knowledge and experience base of a senior engineering undergraduate are just enough to bring him or her to the brink of a solution to various aspects of the problem. Yet, in each case, realworld considerations complicate the situation significantly.Fortunately these complications are not insurmountable, and the result is a very beneficial design experience. The remainder of this section looks at a few aspects of the problem which present the type of learning opportunity just described. Section 4.1 discusses some of the features of a simplified mathematical model of the thermal properties of the system and how it can beeasily validated experimentally. Section 4.2 describes how realistic control algorithm designs can be arrived at using introductory concepts in control design. Section 4.3 points out some important deficiencies of such a simplified modeling/control design process and how they can be overcome through simulation. Finally, Section 4.4 gives an overview of some of the microcontroller-related design issues which arise and learning opportunities offered.4.1 MathematicalModelLumped-element thermal systems are described in almost any introductory linear control systems text, and just this sort of model is applicable to the slide dryer problem. Figure 4 shows a second-order lumped-element thermal model of the slide dryer. The state variables are the temperatures Ta of the air in the box and Tb of the box itself. The inputs to the system are the power output q(t) of the heater and the ambient temperature T¥. ma and mb are the masses of the air and the box, respectively, and Ca and Cb their specific heats. μ1 and μ2 are heat transfer coefficients from the air to the box and from the box to the external world, respectively.It’s not hard to show that the (linearized) state equationscorresponding to Figure 4 areTaking Laplace transforms of (1) and (2) and solving for Ta(s), which is the output of interest, gives the following open-loop model of the thermal system:where K is a constant and D(s) is a second-order polynomial.K, tz, and the coefficients ofD(s) are functions of the variousparameters appearing in (1) and (2).Of course the various parameters in (1) and (2) are completely unknown, but it’s not hard to show that, regardless of their values, D(s) has two real zeros. Therefore the main transfer function of interest (which isthe one from Q(s), since we’ll assume constant ambient temperature) can be writtenMoreover, it’s not too hard to show that 1=tp1 <1=tz <1=tp2, i.e., that the zero lies between the two poles. Both of these are excellent exercises for the student, and the result is the openloop pole-zero diagram of Figure 5.Obtaining a complete thermal model, then, is reduced to identifying the constant K and the three unknown time constants in (3). Four unknown parameters is quite a few, but simple experiments show that 1=tp1 _ 1=tz;1=tp2 so that tz;tp2 _ 0 are good approximations. Thus the open-loop system is essentially first-order and can therefore be written(where the subscript p1 has been dropped).Simple open-loop step response experiments show that,for a wide range of initial temperatures and heat inputs, K _0:14 _=W and t _ 295 s.14.2 Control System DesignUsing the first-order model of (4) for the open-loop transfer function Gaq(s) and assuming for the moment that linear control of the heater power output q(t) is possible, the block diagram of Figure 6 represents the closed-loop system. Td(s) is the desired, or set-point, temperature,C(s) is the compensator transfer function, and Q(s) is the heater output in watts.Given this simple situation, introductory linear control design tools such as the root locus method can be used to arrive at a C(s) which meets the step response requirements on rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot specified in Table 1. The upshot, of course, is that a proportional controller with sufficient gain can meet all specifications. Overshoot is impossible, and increasing gains decreases both steady-state error and rise time.Unfortunately, sufficient gain to meet the specifications may require larger heat outputs than the heater is capable of producing. This was indeed the case for this system, and the result is that the rise time specification cannot be met. It is quite revealing to the student how useful such an oversimplified model, carefully arrived at, can be in determining overall performance limitations.4.3 Simulation ModelGross performance and its limitations can be determined using the simplified model of Figure 6, but there are a number of other aspects of the closed-loop system whose effects on performance are not so simply modeled. Chief among these are·quantization error in analog-to-digital conversion of the measured temperature and· the use of PWM to control the heater.Both of these are nonlinear and time-varying effects, and the only practical way to study them is through simulation (or experiment, of course).Figure 7 shows a SimulinkTM block diagram of the closed-loop system which incorporates these effects. A/D converter quantization and saturation are modeled using standard Simulink quantizer and saturation blocks. Modeling PWM is more complicated and requires a customS-function to represent it.This simulation model has proven particularly useful in gauging the effects of varying thebasic PWM parameters and hence selecting them appropriately. (I.e., the longer the period, the larger the temperature error PWM introduces. On the other hand, a long period is desirable to avoid excessiv e relay “chatter,” among other things.) PWM is often difficult for students to grasp, and the simulation model allows an exploration of its operation and effects which is quite revealing.4.4 The MicrocontrollerSimple closed-loop control, keypad reading, and display control are some of the classic applications of microcontrollers, and this project incorporates all three. It is therefore an excellent all-around exercise in microcontroller applications. In addition, because the project isto produce an actua l packaged prototype, it won’t do to use a simple evaluation board with theI/O pins jumpered to the target system. Instead, it’s necessary to develop a complete embedded application. This entails the choice of an appropriate part from the broad range offered in a typical microcontroller family and learning to use a fairly sophisticated development environment. Finally, a custom printed-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals must be designed and fabricated.Microcontroller Selection. In view of existing local expertise, the Motorola line of microcontrollers was chosen for this project. Still, this does not narrow the choice down much. A fairly disciplined study of system requirements is necessary to specify which microcontroller, out of scores of variants, is required for the job. This is difficult for students, as they generally lack the experience and intuition needed as well as the perseverance to wade through manufacturers’ selection guides.Part of the problem is in choosing methods for interfacing the various peripherals (e.g., what kind of display driver should be used?). A study of relevant Motorola application notes [2, 3, 4] proved very helpful in understandingwhat basic approaches are available, and what microcontroller/peripheral combinations should be considered.The MC68HC705B16 was finally chosen on the basis of its availableA/D inputs and PWMoutputs as well as 24 digital I/O lines. In retrospect this is probably overkill, as only oneA/D channel, one PWM channel, and 11 I/O pins are actually required (see Figure 3). The decision was made to err on the safe side because a complete development system specific to the chosen part was necessary, and the project budget did not permit a second such system to be purchased should the firstprove inadequate.Microcontroller Application Development. Breadboarding of the peripheral hardware, development of microcontroller software, and final debugging and testing of a customprinted-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals all require a development environment of some kind. The choice of a development environment, like that of themicrocontroller itself, can be bewildering and requires some faculty expertise. Motorola makes three grades of development environment ranging from simple evaluation boards (at around $100) to full-blown real-time in-circuit emulators (at more like $7500). The middle option was chosen for this project: the MMEVS, which consists of _ a platform board (which supports all 6805-family parts), _ an emulator module (specific to B-series parts), and _ a cable and target head adapter (package-specific). Overall, the system costs about $900 and provides, with some limitations, in-circuit emulation capability. It also comes with the simple but sufficient software development environment RAPID [5].Students find learning to use this type of system challenging, but the experience they gain in real-world microcontroller application development greatly exceeds the typical first-course experience using simple evaluation boards.Printed-Circuit Board. The layout of a simple (though definitely not trivial) printed-circuit board is another practical learning opportunity presented by this project. The final board layout, with package outlines, is shown (at 50% of actual size) in Figure 8. The relative simplicity of the circuit makes manual placement and routing practical—in fact, it likely gives better results than automatic in an application like this—and the student is therefore exposed to fundamental issues of printed-circuit layout and basic design rules. The layout software used was the very nice package pcb,2 and the board was fabricated in-house with the aid of our staff electronics technician.5 ConclusionThe aim of this paper has been to describe an interdisciplinary, undergraduate engineering design project: a microcontroller- based temperature control system with digital set-point entry and set-point/actual temperature display. A particular design of such a system has been described, and a number of design issues which arise—from a variety of engineering disciplines—have been discussed. Resolution of these issues generally requires knowledge beyond that acquired in introductory courses, but realistically accessible to advance undergraduate students, especiallywith the advice and supervision of faculty.Desirable features of the problem, from a pedagogical viewpoint, include the use of a microcontroller with simple peripherals, the opportunity to usefully apply introductorylevel modeling of physical systems and design of closed-loop controls, and the need for relatively simple experimentation (for model validation) and simulation (for detailed performance prediction). Also desirable are some of the technologyrelated aspects of the problem including practical use of resistive heaters and temperature sensors (requiring knowledge of PWM and calibration techniques, respectively), microcontroller selection and use of development systems, and printedcircuit design.AcknowledgementsThe author would like to acknowledge the hard work, dedication, and ability shown by the students involved in this project: Mark Langsdorf, Matt Rall, PamRinehart, and David Schuchmann. It is their project, and credit for its success belongs to them.References[1] M. Langsdorf, M. Rall, D. Schuchmann, and P. Rinehart,“Temperature control of a microscope slide dryer,” in1997 National Conference on Undergraduate Research,(Austin, TX), April 1997. Poster presentation.[2] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, Temperature Measurementand Display Using the MC68HC05B4 and the MC14489,1990. Motorola SemiconductorApplicationNote AN431.[3] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, HC05 MCU LED DriveTechniques Using the MC68HC705J1A, 1995. MotorolaSemiconductor Application Note AN1238.[4] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, HC05MCU Keypad DecodingTechniques Using the MC68HC705J1A, 1995. MotorolaSemiconductor Application Note AN1239.[5] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, RAPID Integrated DevelopmentEnvironment User’s Manual, 1993. (RAPID wasdeveloped by P & E Microcomputer Systems, Inc.).附录B英文文献翻译中文单片机温度控制：一个跨学科的本科生工程设计项目JamesS.McDonald工程科学系三一大学德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市78212摘要本文所描述的是作者领导由四个三一大学高年级学生组成的团队进行的一个跨学科工程项目的设计。
plc单片机 毕业论文文献翻译 中英文对照
外文翻译：The monolithic In order to prevent without authorization the visit or the copy monolithic integrated circuit machine in the procedure, the majority of monolithic integrated circuits all has the encryption to lock the localization or the encryption byte, by protects the internal procedure. If in programming time encrypts locks the localization to enable (locking), is unable with the ordinary programming directly reading in the monolithic integrated circuit the procedure, this is the so-called copy protection or says the fixed function. In fact, such protective measures are very frail, is very easily explained. The monolithic integrated circuit aggressor with the aid of the special purpose equipment or the self-made equipment, using the monolithic integrated circuit chip design in loophole or the software flaw, through the many kinds of technical method, may withdraw the essential information from the chip, gains in the monolithic integrated circuit the procedure. Therefore, has the newest technology extremely as electronic products project engineer which the essential understanding current monolithic integrated circuit attacks, achieves knows oneself and the other side, knows fairly well, can effectively prevent oneself spends the product which the massive moneys and the time laboriously designs the matter occurrence which is counterfeited by a others night between.monolithic integrated circuits attacks technology：At present, attacks the monolithic integrated circuit mainly to have four kind of technologies, respectively is:This technical usual use processor correspondence connection and in the use agreement, the encryption algorithm or these algorithm security loophole carries on the attack. The software attack obtains the success a case in point is to early A T M E L A the T 89 C series monolithic integrated circuit attack. The aggressor has used in this series monolithic integrated circuit cleaning operation succession design loophole, uses from arranges the procedure to lock the localization after the cleaning encryption, stops the next step of cleaning internal program memory data the operation, thus makes to add the dense monolithic integrated circuit not to turn the encryption monolithic integrated circuit, then use programming read-out internal procedure.This technology usually monitors the processor by the high time resolution when the normal operation all power sources and the connection connection simulation characteristic, and through monitors its electromagnetic radiation characteristic to implement the attack. Because the monolithic integrated circuit is an active electronic device, when it carries out the different instruction, the corresponding mains input consumption also correspondingly changes. Like this analyzes and examines these changes through the use special electronic surveying instrument and mathematics statistical method, then gains in the monolithic integrated circuit the specific essential information.the mistake has the technology This technical use exceptionally working condition causes the processor to make a mistake, then provides the extra visit to carry on the attack. Uses the most widespread mistake to have the attack method including the voltage impact and the clock impact. The low voltage and the high voltage attack may usefor to forbid the protection circuit work or to fortected the information. The power source and the clock transient state jump may affect the single scroll instruction in certain processors the decoding and the ece the processor to carry out the misoperation. Perhaps the clock transient state jump can reposition the protection circuit but not to be able to destroy is proxecution.This technology is the direct exposed chip interior segment, then the observation, holds controls, disturbs the monolithic integrated circuit by to achieve the attack goal.In order to facilitate in order to, the people divide into above four kind of attacks technology two kinds, a kind is the invasion attack (physical attack), this kind of attack needs to destroy the seal, then with the aid of the semiconductor test facility, the microscope and the micro locator, several hours even several week time can complete on the special laboratory flower. All micro probes technology all belongs to the invasion attack. Moreover three methods belong to the non- invasion attack, the monolithic integrated circuit which attacks cannot by the physical damage. In certain situation non- invasion attacks is specially dangerous, this is because the non- invasion attack needs the equipment usually to be possible the self-restraint and the promotion, therefore is extremely inexpensive.The majority of non- invasions attack needs the aggressor to have the good processor knowledge and the software knowledge. Is opposite with it, the invasion probe attack then does not need too many initial knowledge,moreover usually may use the one whole set similar technology to cope with the width scope the product. Therefore, the attack often starts to the monolithic integrated circuit from the invasion reverse engineering, the accumulation experience is helpful to the development more inexpensive and the fast non- invasion attack technology.Last step will be seeks the protection melt silk the position and protects the melt silk to expose under the ultraviolet ray. With enlargement factor at least 100 time of microscopes, inputs the foot from the programming voltage the segment to track generally, seeks the protection melt silk.This technical use exceptionally working condition causes the processor to make a mistake, then provides the extra visit to carry on the attack. Uses the most widespread mistake to have the attack method including the voltage impact and the clock impact. The low voltage and the high voltage attack may use for to forbid the protection circuit work or to force the processor to carry out the misoperation. Perhaps the clock transient state jump can reposition the protection circuit but not to be able to destroy is protected the information. The power source and the clock transient state jump may affect the single scroll instruction in certain processors the decoding and the execution.(4) probe technologyThis technology is the direct exposed chip interior segment, then the observation, holds controls, disturbs the monolithic integrated circuit by to achieve the attack goal.In order to facilitate in order to, the people divide into above four kindof attacks technology two kinds, a kind is the invasion attack (physical attack), this kind of attack needs to destroy the seal, then with the aid of the semiconductor test facility, the microscope and the micro locator, several hours even several week time can complete on the special laboratory flower. All micro probes technology all belongs to the invasion attack. Moreover three methods belong to the non- invasion attack, the monolithic integrated circuit which attacks cannot by the physical damage. In certain situation non- invasion attacks is specially dangerous, this is because the non- invasion attack needs the equipment usually to be possible the self-restraint and the promotion, therefore is extremely inexpensive.The majority of non- invasions attack needs the aggressor to have the good processor knowledge and the software knowledge. Is opposite with it, the invasion probe attack then does not need too many initial knowledge,moreover usually may use the one whole set similar technology to cope with the width scope the product. Therefore, the attack often starts to the monolithic integrated circuit from the invasion reverse engineering, the accumulation experience is helpful to the development more inexpensive and the fast non- invasion attack technology.3 invasions attacks general process：The invasion attack first step uncovers the chip seal. Some two methods may achieve this goal: The first kind is dissolves the chip seal completely, the exposed metal segment. The second kind is only moves above the silicon nucleus plastic seal. The first method needs the chip to tests on the jig, with the aid of Taiwan to operate. The second method except needs to have the aggressor certain knowledge and Wants outside skill, but also needs individual wisdom and the patience, but operates relatively quite is convenient.Above the chip plastic may use the knife to open, around the chip epoxy resin may use the aqua fortis perish. The hot aqua fortis can dissolve the chip seal but not to be able to affect the chip and the segment. This process carries on generally under the extremely dry condition, because the water existence possibly can corrode already the aluminum wire connection which exposes.Then first uses the acetone in the supersonic pond to clean this chip by except the remaining nitric acid, then cleans with the clear water by and is dry except the salinity. Not the supersonic pond, jumps over generally this step. In this kind of situation, the chip surface can a little dirty, but not too affects the ultraviolet ray to the chip operation effect.Last step will be seeks the protection melt silk the position and protects the melt silk to expose under the ultraviolet ray. With enlargement factor at least 100 time of microscopes, inputs the foot from the programming voltage the segment to track generally, seeks the protection melt silk.If does not have the microscope, then uses the chip different partially exposes to the ultraviolet ray under and the observed result way carries on the simple search. When operation applies not the opaque slip of paper cover chipby to protect the program memory not by the ultraviolet ray cleaning. Will protect the melt silk to expose in the ultraviolet ray next 5 ~ 10 minutes can broken the protection position protective function, afterwards, will use the simple programming to be possible the direct readout program memory content.Regarding used the protective layer to protect E E P R O the M unit the monolithic integrated circuit to say that, the use ultraviolet ray repositioned the protection circuit is not feasible. Regarding this kind of type monolithic integrated circuit, uses the micro probe technology reading the memory content generally. Opens after the chip seal, puts in the chip under the microscope to be able very easy finding中文翻译单片机为了防止未经授权访问或拷贝单片机的机内程序，大部分单片机都带有加密锁定位或者加密字节，以保护片内程序。
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
SCM is an integrated circuit chip，is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM，read-only memory ROM，a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions （which may also include display driver circuitry，pulse width modulation circuit，analog multiplexer，A / D converter circuit）integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems.SCM is also known as micro—controller （Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control。
Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor。
The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which。
单片机-毕业论文外文文献翻译
单片机单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU 表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。
此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。
单片机外文文献翻译(2024)
引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。
它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。
随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。
本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。
概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。
传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。
而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。
本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。
正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。
1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。
1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。
二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。
采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。
2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。
2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。
三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。
单片机设计外文文献翻译(含中英文)
附录A 外文翻译——AT89S52/AT89S51技术手册AT89S52译文主要性能与MCS-51单片机产品兼容8K字节在系统可编程Flash存储器1000次擦写周期全静态操作：0Hz～33Hz三级加密程序存储器32个可编程I/O口线三个16位定时器/计数器八个中断源全双工UART串行通道低功耗空闲和掉电模式掉电后中断可唤醒看门狗定时器双数据指针掉电标识符功能特性描述AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K在系统可编程Flash 存储器。
使用Atmel公司高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业80C51产品指令和引脚完全兼容。
片上Flash 允许程序存储器在系统可编程，亦适于常规编程器。
在单芯片上，拥有灵巧的8位CPU和在系统可编程Flash，使得AT89S52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。
AT89S52具有以下标准功能：8k字节Flash，256字节RAM，32位I/O口线，看门狗定时器，2个数据指针，三个16位定时器/计数器，一个6向量2级中断结构，全双工串行口，片内晶振及时钟电路。
另外，AT89S52可降至0Hz静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择节电模式。
空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。
掉电保护方式下，RAM内容被保存，振荡器被冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个中断或硬件复位为止。
引脚结构方框图VCC : 电源GND :地P0口：P0口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O口。
作为输出口，每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。
对P0端口写“1”时，引脚用作高阻抗输入。
当访问外部程序和数据存储器时，P0口也被作为低8位地址/数据复用。
在这种模式下，P0具有内部上拉电阻。
在flash编程时，P0口也用来接收指令字节；在程序校验时，输出指令字节。
程序校验时，需要外部上拉电阻。
P1口：P1 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，p1 输出缓冲器能驱动4个TTL 逻辑电平。
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用THE Application and Development ofMicrocontroller UnitMonolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses tec hnology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integration interface i tu rned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the c ontrol of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integrated circuits will have a computer chip of all t he functions.Thus, the microprocessor （monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ）chips are not functional, it can independently com plete modern industrial control required for intelligent control func tions, it is monolithic integrated circuits of the biggest characteristi c.Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from mac hines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and o utput interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, it is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it m achine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference betw een).Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （monolithic integrated circuits lear ners with users understand the structure of the chip ）monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use o f technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in th is particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a parti cular function.Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character de pends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the intern al structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know this type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The tech nical features include functional characteristics, control and electric al attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruction system and devel opment support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and log ical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requi rements, etc. Development support of the environment, including th e instructions of compatible and portable. support software (contai ns can support the development and application software and hard ware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of deve lopment of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, lea rn its structural features and technological characteristic is require d.Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use o f sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achi eve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic in tegrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products and household appliances, the instruments and processes to contr ol and control devices, theapplication of more monolithic integrate d circuits sector.Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic perfor mance is more important it is a fundamental change in the traditi onal methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it i s a revolution is an important milestone.Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought conte nd "monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unv eiled his monolithic integrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and,with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with e ach other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circ uits, the application of the world provide a broad.Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development p rocess, the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ：1.the low TDP COMSMcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolit hic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lowe r TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic inte grated circuits are used in the basic cmos (complementary metal o xides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the hig h density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (com plementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). C mos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at a speed isn't high enough, but it has a high-spee d chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic i ntegrated circuits。
单片机STM32外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文译英文原文：STM32 MicrocontrollerIntroductionRequirements based STM32 family is designed for high-performance, low-cost, low-power embedded applications designed specifically for ARM Cortex-M3 core. According to the performance into two different series: STM32F103 "Enhanced〞 series and STM32F101 "Basic" series. Enhanced Series clock frequency of 72MHz, the highest performance of similar products product; basic clock frequency of 36MHz, 16-bit product prices get more than 16 products significantly enhance the performance and is 16 product users the best choice. Both series have built-in 32K to 128K of flash memory, the difference is the maximum capacity of the SRAM and peripheral combinations. At 72MHz, executing from Flash, STM32 power consumption 36mA, are 32 products on the market s lowest power, the equivalent of 0.5niA/MHz.STM32F103 Performance Characteristics1)Kernel. ARM32 bit CPU, the maximum operating frequency of 72MHz,1.25DMIPS/MHz. Single-cycle multiply and hardware divide.2)Memory. Integrated on-chip 32-512KB of Flash memory. 6-64KB SRAM memory.3)Clock, reset, and power management. 2.0-3.6V power supply and I/O interface, the drive voltage. POR, PDR and programmable voltage detector. 4-16MHz crystal. Embedded factory tuned 8MHz RC oscillator circuit. 40 kHz internal RC oscillator circuit. CPU clock for the PLL. With calibration for the RTC 32kHz crystal.4)Low power consumption. Three kinds of low-power mode. Sleep, stop, standby mode. For RTC and backup registers supply VBAT.5)Debug mode. Serial debugging and JTAG interface.6)Direct data storage. 12-channel direct data storage controller. Supported peripherals: timers, ADC, DAC, SPI, IIC and USART.7)Up to a maximum of 112 fast I / O ports. Depending on the modeL there are 26,37,51,80, and 112 I/O ports, all ports can be mapped to 16 external interrupt vectors. In addition to the analog input, all of them can accept the input of 5V or less.8)Up to a maximum of 11 timers. Four 16-bit timers, each with 4 IC / OC / PWM orpulse counter. 2 16 6-channel advanced control timer: up to 6 channels can be used for PWM output. 2 watchdog timer. Systick tinier: 24 down counter. Two 16-bit basic timer for driving DAC.9)Up to a maximum of 13 communication interfaces. 2 IIC interface. 5 USART interfaces. 3 SPI interface, two and IIS reuse. CAN interface. USB 2.0 full-speed interface. SDIO interface.System Function1)Integration of embedded Flash and SRAM memory ARM Cortex-M3 core. And 8/16 equipment compared, ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC processor provides a higher code efficiency. STM32F103xx microcontrollers with an embedded ARM core, so it can be compatible with all ARM tools and software.2)Embedded Flash memory and RAM memory. Built up to 512KB embedded Flash, can be used to store programs and data. Up to 64KB of embedded SRAM clock speed of the CPU can read and write.3)Variable static memory. Variable static memory with 4 chip selects, supports four modes: Flash, RAM, PSRAM, NOR and NAND. After three FSMC interrupt lines connected to the OR after the nested vector interrupt controller. No read / write FIFO, except PCCARD, the code is executed from external memory is not supported Boot, the target frequency is equal to SYSCLK / 2, so the time when the system clock is 72MHz, 36MHz conducted in accordance with external access.4)Nested Vectored Internipt Controller. Can handle 43 maskable interrupt channels, providing 16 interrupt priority levels. Tightly coupled nested vectored intenupt controller to achieve lower latency interrupt handling directly passed to the kernel interrupt vector table entry address, tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller kernel interface, allowing early treatment interruption, the latter to be more high-priority interrupt processing, support tail chain, auto-save processor state terrupts automatically restored on interrupt exit, no instructions intervention.5)External internipt / event controller. External interrupt / event controller consists for 19 to generate interrupt / event requests edge detector lines. Each line can be individually configured to select the trigger event, it can be individually masked. There is a pending interrupt request registers to maintain state. When an external line appear longer than the internal APB2 clock-cycle pulse, the external interrupt / event controller is able to detect. Up to 112 GPIO connected to the 16 external internipt lines.6)Clocks and startup. At boot time or to the system clock selection, but the reset whenthe internal 8MHz crystal oscillator is selected as the CPU clock. Can choose a 4-16MHz external clock, and will be monitored to determine the success. During this time, the interrupt controller is disabled and the software management is subsequently disabled. Also, if there is a need, PLL clock internipt management fully available. Comparator can be used more pre-configuration of the AHB frequency, including high-speed and low-speed APB APB, APB highest frequency of high-speed 72MHz, low-speed APB highest frequency of 36MHz.Architectural AdvantagesIn addition to the new features Enhanced peripheral interfaces, STM32 series also interconnect with other STM32 microcontrollers offer the same standard interface, such sharing of peripherals to enhance the entire product family, application flexibility, so that developers can a plurality of design reuse the same software. New STM32 standard peripherals include 10 timers, two 12-bit ADC, two 12-bit DAC, two I2C interfaces, five USART interfaces and three SPI ports. There are 12 new products peripherals direct data storage channel, there is a CRC calculation unit, like other STM32 microcontrollers, the supports 96 unique identifier.New series also has followed the STM32 microcontroller family of products low voltage and energy saving are two advantages. 2.0V to 3.6V operating voltage range compatible with the mainstream of battery technologies such as lithium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the package also features a battery operation mode dedicated pin Vbat. 72MHz frequency to execute code from flash consumes only 27mA current. There are four low-power mode, the current consumption can be reduced to two microamps. Quick Start from low power mode to save energy too; starting circuit using STM32 internally generated 8MHz signal, the microcontroller from stop mode when you wake up with less than 6 microseconds.中文译:单片机STM321STM32的介绍STM32系列基于专为要求高性能、低本钱、低功耗的嵌入式应用专门设计的ARMCortex-M3内核.按性能分成两个不同的系列：STM32F103 “增强型〞系列和STM32F101 “根本型〞系列.增强型系列时钟频率到达72MHz,是同类产品中性能最高的产品；根本型时钟频率为36MHz,以16位产品的价格得到比16位产品大幅提升的性能,是16位产品用户的最正确选择.两个系列都内置32K 到128K 的闪存,不同的是SRAM的最大容量和外设接口的组合.时钟频率72MHz时,从闪存执行代码,STM32功耗36mA,是32位市场上功耗最低的产品,相当于0.5mA/MHz.2STM32F103性能特点1〕内核.ARM32位CPU,最高工作频率72MHz, 1.25DMIPS/MHzo单周期乘法和硬件除法.2〕存储器.片上集成32-512KB的Flash存储器.6-64KB的SRAM存储器.3〕时钟、复位和电源治理.2.0-3.6V的电源供电和I/O接口的驱动电压. POR、PDR和可编程的电压探测器.4-16MHZ的晶振.内嵌出厂前调校的8MHz RC振荡电路.内部40 kHz的RC振荡电路.用于CPU时钟的PLL.带校准用于RTC的32kHz的晶振.4〕低功耗.3种低功耗模式：休眠,停止,待机模式.为RTC和备份存放器供电的VBAT.5〕调试模式.串行调试和JTAG接口.6〕直接数据存储.12通道直接数据存储限制器.支持的外设：定时器,ADC, DAC, SPI, IIC 和USART.7〕最多高达112个的快速I/O端口.根据型号的不同,有26, 37, 51, 80, 和112的I/O端口,所有的端口都可以映射到16个外部中断向量.除了模拟输入,所有的都可以接受5V以内的输入.8〕最多多达11个定时器.4个16位定时器,每个定时器有4个IC/OC/PWM 或者脉冲计数器.2个16位的6通道高级限制定时器:最多6个通道可用于PWM 输出.2个看门狗定时器.Systick定时器：24位倒计数器.2个16位根本定时器用于驱动DACo9〕最多多达13个通信接口.2个HC接口.5个USART接口.3个SPI接口,两个和IIS复用.CAN接口.USB 2.0全速接口.SDIO接口.3系统作用1〕集成嵌入式Hash和SRAM存储器的ARM Cortex-M3内核.和8/16位设备相比,ARM Cortex-M3 32位RISC处理器提供了更高的代码效率. STM32F103xx微限制器带有一个嵌入式的ARM核,所以可以兼容所有的ARM 工具和软件.2〕嵌入式Flash存储器和RAM存储器.内置多达512KB的嵌入式Flash, 可用于存储程序和数据.多达64KB的嵌入式SRAM可以以CPU的时钟速度进行读写.3〕可变静态存储器.可变静态存储器带有4个片选,支持四种模式：Flash, RAM, PSRAM, NOR和NANDo 3个FSMC中断线经过OR后连接到嵌套矢量中断限制器.没有读/写FIFO,除PCCARD之外,代码都是从外部存储器执行, 不支持Boot,目标频率等于SYSCLK/2,所以当系统时钟是72MHz时' 外部访问根据36MHz进行.4〕嵌套矢量中断限制器.可以处理43个可屏蔽中断通道,提供16个中断优先级.紧密耦合的嵌套矢量中断限制器实现了更低的中断处理延迟,直接向内核传递中断入口向量表地址,紧密耦合的嵌套矢量中断限制器内核接口,允许中断提前处理,对后到的更高优先级的中断进行处理,支持尾链,自动保存处理器状态,中断入口在中断退出时自动恢复,不需要指令干预.5〕外部中断/事件限制器.外部中断/事件限制器由用于19条产生中断/事件请求的边沿探测器线组成.每条线可以被单独配置用于选择触发事件,也可以被单独屏蔽.有一个挂起存放器来维护中断请求的状态.当外部线上出现长度超过内部APB2时钟周期的脉冲时,外部中断/事件限制器能够探测到.多达112个GPIO连接到16个外部中断线.6〕时钟和启动.在启动的时候还是要进行系统时钟选择,但复位的时候内部8MHz的晶振被选用作CPU时钟.可以选择一个外部的4-16MHZ的时钟,并且会被监视来判定是否成功.在这期间,限制器被禁止并且软件中断治理也随后被禁止.同时,如果有需要,PLL时钟的中断治理完全可用.多个预比拟器可以用于配置AHB频率,包括高速APB和低速APB,高速APB最高的频率为72MHz, 低速APB最高的频率为36MHzo4架构优势除新增的功能强化型外设接口外,STM32互连系列还提供与其它STM32微限制器相同的标准接口,这种外设共用性提升了整个产品家族的应用灵活性,使开发人员可以在多个设计中重复使用同一个软件.新STM32的标准外设包括10 个定时器、两个12位模数转换器、两个12位数模转换器、两个12c接口、五个USART接口和三个SPI端口.新产品外设共有12条直接数据存储通道,还有一个CRC计算单元,像其它STM32微限制器一样,支持96位唯一标识码.新系列微限制器还沿续了STM32产品家族的低电压和节能两大优点.2.0V 到3.6V的工作电压范围兼容主流的电池技术,如锂电池和银氢电池,封装还设有一个电池工作模式专用引脚Vbato以72MHz频率从闪存执行代码,仅消耗27mA 电流.低功耗模式共有四种,可将电流消耗降至两微安.从低功耗模式快速启动也同样节省电能；启动电路使用STM32内部生成的8MHz信号,将微控制器从停止模式唤醒用时小于6微秒.。
单片机和keil 毕业论文外文翻译
单片机和keil 毕业论文外文翻译附录A 外文文献The SCM and µVision2一、Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it wasfirst used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is INTEL's 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop asingle-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. Asthe field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginningof a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90's with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bitsingle-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80's to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of themid-90's close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system isno longer only the bare-metal environment in the development and use ofa large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating systems.More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, evenmore than the number of human beings.Hardwave introductionThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it canperform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:? an eight bit ALU? 32 descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed? two 16 bit timer/counters? full duplex UART? 6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels? 128 bytes of on board RAM? separate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).二、etting Started with µVision2The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are programsyou use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files,link and locate object modules and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program.µVision2 for Windows? is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project management, source code editing, and program debuggingin one single, powerful environment.The C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler creates relocatable object modules from your C source code.The A51 Macro Assembler creates relocatable object modules from your 8051 assembly source code.The BL51 Linker/Locator combines relocatable object modules createdby the C51 Compiler and the A51 Assembler into absolute object modules.The LIB51 Library Manager combines object modules into librariesthat may be used by the linker.The OH51 Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.The RTX-51 Real-time Operating System simplifies the design of complex, time-critical software projects.Software Development CycleWhen you use the Keil Software tools, the project development cycleis roughly the same as it is for any other software development project.1. Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool settings.2. Create source files in C or assembly.3. Build your application with the project manager.4. Correct errors in source files.5. Test the linked application.µVision2 IDEThe µVision2 IDE combines project management, a rich-featured editor with interactive error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use µVision2 to create your source files and organize them into a project that defines your target application. µVision2 automatically compiles, assembles, and links your embedded application and provides a single focal point for your development efforts.LIB51 Library ManagerThe LIB51 library manager allows you to create object library from the object files created by the compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program collections of object modules that may be used by the linker at a later time. When the linker processes a library, only those object modules in the library that are necessary to create the program are used.BL51 Linker/LocatorThe BL51 linker creates an absolute object module using the object modules extracted from libraries and those created by the compiler and assembler. An absolute object file or module contains no relocatable code or data. All code and data reside at fixed memory locations. The absolute object file may be used:To program an EPROM or other memory devices,With the µVision2 Debugger for simulation and target debugging,With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing.µVision2 DebuggerThe µVision2 symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable program debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on-chip peripherals and external hardware. The attributes of the chip you use are automatically configured when you select the device from the Device Database.The µVi sion2 Debugger provides several ways for you to test your programs onreal target hardware:Install the MON51 Target Monitor on your target system and download your program using the Monitor-51 interface built-in to the µVision2 Debugger.，Use the Advan ced GDI interface to attach use the µVision2 Debugger front end with your target system.Monitor-51The µVision2 Debugger supports target debugging using Monitor-51. The monitor program resides in the memory of your target hardware and communicates with the µVision2 Debugger using the serial port of the 8051 and a COM port of your PC. With Monitor-51, µVision2 lets you perform source-level, symbolic debugging on your target hardware.RTX51 Real-Time Operating SystemThe RTX51 real-time operating system is a multitasking kernel for the 8051 microcontroller family. The RTX51 real-time kernel simplifies the system design, programming, and debugging of complex applications where fast reaction to time critical events is essential. The kernel is fully integrated into the C51 Compiler and is easy to use. Task description tables and operating system consistency are automatically controlled by the BL51 linker/locator.C51 Optimizing C Cross CompilerThe Keil C51 Cross Compiler is an ANSI C Compiler that was written specifically to generate fast, compact code for the 8051 microcontroller family.The C51 Compiler generates object code that matches the efficiency and speedof assembly programming.Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly languageprogramming:Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. Rudimentary knowledge of the memory structure of the 8051 CPU is desirable (but not necessary).Details like register allocation and addressing of the various memory types and data types is managed by the compiler.Programs get a formal structure (which is imposed by the C programming language) and can be divided into separate functions. This contributes to source code reusability as well as better overall application structure.The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability.Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought process may be used.Programming and program test time is drastically reduced.The C run-time library contains many standard routines such as: formatted output, numeric conversions, and floating-point arithmetic.Existing program parts can be more easily included into new programs because of modular program construction techniques.The language C is a very portable language (based on the ANSI standard) that enjoys wide popular support and is easily obtained for most systems.Existing program investments can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed.Code OptimizationsThe C51 Compiler is an aggressive optimizing compiler that takes numerous steps to ensure that the code generated and output to the object file is the most efficient (smallest and/or fastest) code possible. The compiler analyzes the generated code to produce the mostefficient instruction sequences. This ensures that your C program runsas quickly and effectively as possible in the least amount of code space.The C51 Compiler provides nine different levels of optimizing. Each increasing level includes the optimizations of levels below it. The following is a list of all optimizations currently performed by the C51 Compiler.General OptimizationsConstant Folding: Constant values occurring in an expression or address calculation are combined as a single constant.Jump Optimizing: Jumps are inverted or extended to the final target address when the program efficiency is thereby increased.Dead Code Elimination: Code that cannot be reached (dead code) is removed from the program.Register Variables: Automatic variables and function arguments are located in registers whenever possible. No data memory space is reserved for these variables.，Parameter Passing Via Registers: A maximum of three function arguments，may be passed in registers.Global Common Subexpression Elimination: Identical subexpressions or address calculations that occur multiple times in a function are recognized and calculated only once whenever possible.Common Tail Merging: Common instruction blocks are merged together using jump instructions.Re-use Common Entry Code: Common instruction sequences are moved in front of a function to reduce code size.二、Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it wasfirst used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is INTEL's 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. Asthe field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginningof a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90's with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bitsingle-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80's to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of themid-90's close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system isno longer only the bare-metal environment in the development and use ofa large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating systems.More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, homeappliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the number of human beings.Hardwave introductionThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:? an eight bit ALU? 32 descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed? two 16 bit timer/counters? full duplex UART? 6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels? 128 bytes of on board RAM? separate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).附录B 中文译文单片机和keil一、单片机原理单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。
单片机STM32外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文翻译英文原文：STM32 MicrocontrollerIntroductionRequirements based STM32 family is designed for high-performance, low-cost, low-power embedded applications designed specifically for ARM Cortex-M3 core. According to the performance into two different series: STM32F103 "Enhanced" series and STM32F101 "Basic" series. Enhanced Series clock frequency of 72MHz, the highest performance of similar products product; basic clock frequency of 36MHz, 16-bit product prices get more than 16 products significantly enhance the performance and is 16 product users the best choice. Both series have built-in 32K to 128K of flash memory, the difference is the maximum capacity of the SRAM and peripheral combinations. At 72MHz, executing from Flash, STM32 power consumption 36mA, are 32 products on the market's lowest power, the equivalent of 0.5mA/MHz.STM32F103 Performance Characteristics1)Kernel. ARM32 bit CPU, the maximum operating frequency of 72MHz,1.25DMIPS/MHz. Single-cycle multiply and hardware divide.2)Memory. Integrated on-chip 32-512KB of Flash memory. 6-64KB SRAM memory.3)Clock, reset, and power management. 2.0-3.6V power supply and I / O interface, the drive voltage. POR, PDR and programmable voltage detector. 4-16MHz crystal. Embedded factory tuned 8MHz RC oscillator circuit. 40 kHz internal RC oscillator circuit. CPU clock for the PLL. With calibration for the RTC 32kHz crystal.4)Low power consumption. Three kinds of low-power mode. Sleep, stop, standby mode. For RTC and backup registers supply VBAT.5)Debug mode. Serial debugging and JTAG interface.6)Direct data storage. 12-channel direct data storage controller. Supported peripherals: timers, ADC, DAC, SPI, IIC and USART.7)Up to a maximum of 112 fast I / O ports. Depending on the model, there are 26,37,51,80, and 112 I / O ports, all ports can be mapped to 16 external interruptvectors. In addition to the analog input, all of them can accept the input of 5V or less.8)Up to a maximum of 11 timers. Four 16-bit timers, each with 4 IC / OC / PWM or pulse counter. 2 16 6-channel advanced control timer: up to 6 channels can be used for PWM output. 2 watchdog timer. Systick timer: 24 down counter. Two 16-bit basic timer for driving DAC.9)Up to a maximum of 13 communication interfaces. 2 IIC interface. 5 USART interfaces. 3 SPI interface, two and IIS reuse. CAN interface. USB 2.0 full-speed interface. SDIO interface.System Function1)Integration of embedded Flash and SRAM memory ARM Cortex-M3 core. And 8/16 equipment compared, ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC processor provides a higher code efficiency. STM32F103xx microcontrollers with an embedded ARM core, so it can be compatible with all ARM tools and software.2)Embedded Flash memory and RAM memory. Built up to 512KB embedded Flash, can be used to store programs and data. Up to 64KB of embedded SRAM clock speed of the CPU can read and write.3)Variable static memory. Variable static memory with 4 chip selects, supports four modes: Flash, RAM, PSRAM, NOR and NAND. After three FSMC interrupt lines connected to the OR after the nested vector interrupt controller. No read / write FIFO, except PCCARD, the code is executed from external memory is not supported Boot, the target frequency is equal to SYSCLK / 2, so the time when the system clock is 72MHz, 36MHz conducted in accordance with external access.4)Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller. Can handle 43 maskable interrupt channels, providing 16 interrupt priority levels. Tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller to achieve lower latency interrupt handling directly passed to the kernel interrupt vector table entry address, tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller kernel interface, allowing early treatment interruption, the latter to be more high-priority interrupt processing, support tail chain, auto-save processor state terrupts automatically restored on interrupt exit, no instructions intervention.5)External interrupt / event controller. External interrupt / event controller consists for 19 to generate interrupt / event requests edge detector lines. Each line can be individually configured to select the trigger event, it can be individually masked. There is a pending interrupt request registers to maintain state. When an external line appear longer than the internal APB2 clock-cycle pulse, the external interrupt / eventcontroller is able to detect. Up to 112 GPIO connected to the 16 external interrupt lines.6)Clocks and startup. At boot time or to the system clock selection, but the reset when the internal 8MHz crystal oscillator is selected as the CPU clock. Can choose a 4-16MHz external clock, and will be monitored to determine the success. During this time, the interrupt controller is disabled and the software management is subsequently disabled. Also, if there is a need, PLL clock interrupt management fully available. Comparator can be used more pre-configuration of the AHB frequency, including high-speed and low-speed APB APB, APB highest frequency of high-speed 72MHz, low-speed APB highest frequency of 36MHz.Architectural AdvantagesIn addition to the new features Enhanced peripheral interfaces, STM32 series also interconnect with other STM32 microcontrollers offer the same standard interface, such sharing of peripherals to enhance the entire product family, application flexibility, so that developers can a plurality of design reuse the same software. New STM32 standard peripherals include 10 timers, two 12-bit ADC, two 12-bit DAC, two I2C interfaces, five USART interfaces and three SPI ports. There are 12 new products peripherals direct data storage channel, there is a CRC calculation unit, like other STM32 microcontrollers, the supports 96 unique identifier.New series also has followed the STM32 microcontroller family of products low voltage and energy saving are two advantages. 2.0V to 3.6V operating voltage range compatible with the mainstream of battery technologies such as lithium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the package also features a battery operation mode dedicated pin Vbat. 72MHz frequency to execute code from flash consumes only 27mA current. There are four low-power mode, the current consumption can be reduced to two microamps. Quick Start from low power mode to save energy too; starting circuit using STM32 internally generated 8MHz signal, the microcontroller from stop mode when you wake up with less than 6 microseconds.中文翻译：单片机STM321 STM32的介绍STM32系列基于专为要求高性能、低成本、低功耗的嵌入式应用专门设计的ARM Cortex-M3内核。
(完整版)单片机毕业参考英文文献及翻译
Structure and function of the MCS-51 seriesStructure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces。
This company introduced 8 top-grade one—chip computers of MCS—51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one—chip computer the chips have，such as 8051， 8031, 8751， 80C51BH, 80C31BH，etc。
, their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives— 51 serial one-chip computers 。
An one—chip computer system is made up of several following parts: （ 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU）。
( 2） At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B）,it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation，final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3） Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB )，is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers， such as 8031 , 8032， 80C ，etc。
单片机英文文献外文翻译
单片机英文文献Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is INTEL's 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90's with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80's to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90's close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer only the bare-metal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating systems.More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the numberof human beings.Hardwave introductionThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:·an eight bit ALU·32 descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed·two 16 bit timer/counters·full duplex UART· 6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels·128 bytes of on board RAM·separate 64K byte address spaces for DA TA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).单片机原理单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。
单片机STM32外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文翻译英文原文：STM32 MicrocontrollerIntroductionRequirements based STM32 family is designed for high-performance, low-cost, low-power embedded applications designed specifically for ARM Cortex-M3 core. According to the performance into two different series: STM32F103 "Enhanced" series and STM32F101 "Basic" series. Enhanced Series clock frequency of 72MHz, the highest performance of similar products product; basic clock frequency of 36MHz, 16-bit product prices get more than 16 products significantly enhance the performance and is 16 product users the best choice. Both series have built-in 32K to 128K of flash memory, the difference is the maximum capacity of the SRAM and peripheral combinations. At 72MHz, executing from Flash, STM32 power consumption 36mA, are 32 products on the market's lowest power, the equivalent of 0.5mA/MHz.STM32F103 Performance Characteristics1) Kernel. ARM32 bit CPU, the maximum operating frequency of 72MHz,1.25DMIPS/MHz. Single-cycle multiply and hardware divide.2) Memory. Integrated on-chip 32-512KB of Flash memory. 6-64KB SRAMmemory.3) Clock, reset, and power management. 2.0-3.6V power supply and I / O interface, the drive voltage. POR, PDR and programmable voltage detector. 4-16MHz crystal. Embedded factory tuned 8MHz RC oscillator circuit. 40 kHz internal RC oscillator circuit. CPU clock for the PLL. With calibration for the RTC 32kHz crystal.4) Low power consumption. Three kinds of low-power mode. Sleep, stop, standby mode. For RTC and backup registers supply VBAT.5) Debug mode. Serial debugging and JTAG interface.6) Direct data storage. 12-channel direct data storage controller. Supported peripherals: timers, ADC, DAC, SPI, IIC and USART.7) Up to a maximum of 112 fast I / O ports. Depending on the model, there are 26,37,51,80, and 112 I / O ports, all ports can be mapped to 16 external interruptvectors. In addition to the analog input, all of them can accept the input of 5V or less.8) Up to a maximum of 11 timers. Four 16-bit timers, each with 4 IC / OC / PWM or pulse counter. 2 16 6-channel advanced control timer: up to 6 channels can be used for PWM output. 2 watchdog timer. Systick timer: 24 down counter. Two 16-bit basic timer for driving DAC.9) Up to a maximum of 13 communication interfaces. 2 IIC interface. 5 USART interfaces. 3 SPI interface, two and IIS reuse. CAN interface. USB 2.0 full-speed interface. SDIO interface.System Function1) Integration of embedded Flash and SRAM memory ARM Cortex-M3 core. And 8/16 equipment compared, ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC processor provides a higher code efficiency. STM32F103xx microcontrollers with an embedded ARM core, so it can be compatible with all ARM tools and software.2) Embedded Flash memory and RAM memory. Built up to 512KB embedded Flash, can be used to store programs and data. Up to 64KB of embedded SRAM clock speed of the CPU can read and write.3) Variable static memory. Variable static memory with 4 chip selects, supports four modes: Flash, RAM, PSRAM, NOR and NAND. After three FSMC interrupt lines connected to the OR after the nested vector interrupt controller. No read / write FIFO, except PCCARD, the code is executed from external memory is not supported Boot, the target frequency is equal to SYSCLK / 2, so the time when the system clock is 72MHz, 36MHz conducted in accordance with external access.4) Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller. Can handle 43 maskable interrupt channels, providing 16 interrupt priority levels. Tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller to achieve lower latency interrupt handling directly passed to the kernel interrupt vector table entry address, tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller kernel interface, allowing early treatment interruption, the latter to be more high-priority interrupt processing, support tail chain, auto-save processor state terrupts automatically restored on interrupt exit, no instructions intervention.5) External interrupt / event controller. External interrupt / event controller consists for 19 to generate interrupt / event requests edge detector lines. Each line can be individually configured to select the trigger event, it can be individually masked. There is a pending interrupt request registers to maintain state. When an external line appear longer than the internal APB2 clock-cycle pulse, the external interrupt / eventcontroller is able to detect. Up to 112 GPIO connected to the 16 external interrupt lines.6) Clocks and startup. At boot time or to the system clock selection, but the reset when the internal 8MHz crystal oscillator is selected as the CPU clock. Can choose a 4-16MHz external clock, and will be monitored to determine the success. During this time, the interrupt controller is disabled and the software management is subsequently disabled. Also, if there is a need, PLL clock interrupt management fully available. Comparator can be used more pre-configuration of the AHB frequency, including high-speed and low-speed APB APB, APB highest frequency of high-speed 72MHz, low-speed APB highest frequency of 36MHz.Architectural AdvantagesIn addition to the new features Enhanced peripheral interfaces, STM32 series also interconnect with other STM32 microcontrollers offer the same standard interface, such sharing of peripherals to enhance the entire product family, application flexibility, so that developers can a plurality of design reuse the same software. New STM32 standard peripherals include 10 timers, two 12-bit ADC, two 12-bit DAC, two I2C interfaces, five USART interfaces and three SPI ports. There are 12 new products peripherals direct data storage channel, there is a CRC calculation unit, like other STM32 microcontrollers, the supports 96 unique identifier.New series also has followed the STM32 microcontroller family of products low voltage and energy saving are two advantages. 2.0V to 3.6V operating voltage range compatible with the mainstream of battery technologies such as lithium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the package also features a battery operation mode dedicated pin Vbat. 72MHz frequency to execute code from flash consumes only 27mA current. There are four low-power mode, the current consumption can be reduced to two microamps. Quick Start from low power mode to save energy too; starting circuit using STM32 internally generated 8MHz signal, the microcontroller from stop mode when you wake up with less than 6 microseconds.中文翻译：单片机STM321 STM32的介绍STM32系列基于专为要求高性能、低成本、低功耗的嵌入式应用专门设计的ARM Cortex-M3内核。
单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照 基于C51兼容微(宝典)
附录A 英文原文Design of PWM Controller in a MCS-51 Compatible MCUAuthor . Yue-Li Hu Wei Wang Microelectronic Research Development Center CampusP.O.B.221 149 Yanchang Rd Shanghai 200072 China Introduction PWM technology is a kind of voltage regulation method by controlling the switchfrequency of DC power with fixed voltage to modify the two-end voltage of load. Thistechnology can be used for a variety of applications including motor control temperaturecontrol and pressure control and so on. In the motor control system shown as Fig. 1 throughadjusting the duty cycle of power switch the speed of motor can be controlled. As shown inFig. 2 under the control of PWM signal the average of voltage that controls the speed ofmotor changes with Duty-cycle D t1/T in this Figure thus the motor speed can beincreased when motor power turn on decreased when power turn off.Fig.1: The Relationship between Voltage of Armature and Fig.2 Architecture of PWM Module Therefore the motor speed can be controlled with regularly adjusting the time of turn-onand turn-off. There are three methods could achieve the adjustment of duty cycle: 1 Adjustfrequency with fixed pulse-width. 2 Adjust both frequency and pulse-width. 3 Adjustpulse-width with fixed frequency. Generally there are four methods to generate the PWM signals as the following: 1Generated by the device composed of separate logic components. This method is the originalmethod which now has been discarded. 2 Generated by software. This method need CPU tocontinuously operate instructions to control I/O pins for generating PWM output signals sothat CPU can not do anything other. Therefore the method also has been discarded gradually.3 Generated by ASIC. The ASIC makes a decrease of CPU burden and steady workgenerally has several functions such as over-current protection dead-time adjustment and soon. Then the method has been widely used in many kinds of occasion now. 4 Generated byPWM function module of MCU. Through embedding PWM function module in MCU andinitializing the function PWM pins of MCU can also automatically generate PWM outsignals without CPU controlling only when need to change duty-cycle. It is the method thatwill be implemented in this paper. In this paper we propose a PWM module embedded in a 8051 microcontroller. ThePWM module can support PWM pulse signals by initializing the control register andduty-cycle register with three methods just mentioned above to adjust the duty cycle andseveral operation modes to add flexibility for user. The following section explains the architecture of the PWM module and the architecturesof basic functional blocks. Section3 describes two operation modes. Experimental andsimulation results verifying proper system operation are also shown in that section.Depending on mode of operation the PWM module creates one or more pulse-widthmodulated signals whose duty ratios can be independently adjusted. Implementation of PWM module in MCU Overview of the PWM module A block diagram of PWM module is shown in Fig.3. It is clearly from the diagram thatthe whole module is composed of two sections: PWM signal generator and dead-timegenerator with channel select logic. The PWM function can be started by the user throughimplementing some instructions for initializing the PWM module. In particular the followingpower and motion control applications are supported: DC Motor Uninterruptablel Power Supply UPSThe PWM module also has the following features: Two PWM signal outputs with complementary or independent operation Hardware dead-time generators for complementary mode Duty cycle updates are configurable to be immediated or synchronized to the PWM Fig.3 Architecture of PWM Module Details of the architecture PMW generator The architecture of the 2-output PWM generator shownin Fig.4 is based on a 16-bitresolution counter which creates a pulse-width modulated signal. The system is synthesizedby a system clock signal whose frequency can be divided by 4 times or 12 times throughsetting the value of T3M for PWM0 or T4M for PWM1 in the special register PWMCON asshown in Fig.4. To PWM0 generator the clock to 16-bit counter will be pre-divided by 4times by default when T3M is set to zero. And the clock will be divided by 12 times whenT3M is set to 1. This is also true for PWM1. The other bits in PWMCON are explained indetail in Table 1. Fig .4 Bit Mapping of PWMCON Table 1: The Bit Definition in PWMCONChannel-select logic The follow Fig. 5 shows the channel-select logic which is useful in ComplementaryMode. From this diagram it is clear to know that signal CP and CPWM control the source ofPWMH and PWML. And the details about the two control signals will be discussed in thesection 3 and the architecture of dead-time generator will also be discussed in section 5 forthe continuity of Complementary Mode. Fig. 5 Diagram of Channel-select LogicOperation Mode and Simulation Results The design has two operation modes: Independent Mode and Complimentary Mode. Bysetting the corresponding bit CPWM in register PWMCON shown in Fig.6 user can select oneof the two operation modes. When CPWM is set to zero PWM module will work inIndependent Mode whereas PWM module will work in Complimentary Mode. In thefollowing of this section the two operation mode will be explained respectively in detail andthe simulation results of the PWM module from the Synoposys VCS EDA platform whichverify the design will also be shown.Independent PWM Output Mode An Independent PWM Output mode is useful for driving loads such as the one shown inFigure 6. A particular PWM output is in the Independent Output mode when thecorresponding CP bit in the PWMCON register is set to zero.In this case two-channel PWMoutputs are independent of each other. The signal on pin PWM0/PWMH is from PWM0generator and the signal on pin PWM1/PWML is from PWM0 generator. The separate case isachieved by the channel-select logic shown in Fig. 6. The PWM I/O pins are set toindependent mode by default upon advice reset. The dead-time generator is disabled in theIndependent mode. The simulation result is shown in Figure 6 as the following Fig.6 Tr4 andtr3 are run bits to PWM0 and PWM1 respectively. Actually from this diagram Pin P15/P14 of MCU is used for PWMH/ PWML or normal I/O alternatively. Fig6 the Waveform of PWM Outputs in Independent ModeComplementary PWM Output Mode The Complementary Output mode is used to drive inverter loads similar to the oneshown in Figure 7. This inverter topology is typical for DC applications. In ComplementaryOutput Mode the pair of PWM outputs cannot be active simultaneously. The PWM channeland output pin pair are internally configured through channel-select logic as shown in Figure7.A dead-time may be optionally inserted during device switching where both outputs areinactive for a short period. Fig 7 : Typical Load for Complementary PWM Outputs The Complementary mode is selected for PWM I/O pin pair by setting the appropriateCPWM bit in PWMCON. In this case PSEL is in effect. PWMH and PWML will come fromPWM0 generator when PSEL is set to zero when the signals from PWM1 generator is uselesswhereas PWMH and PWML will come from PWM1 generator when PSEL is set to 1 whenthe signals from PWM0 generator is useless. In the process of producing the PWM outputs inComplementary Mode the dead-time will be inserted to be discussed in the following section.Dead-time Control Dead-time generation is automatically enabled when PWM I/O pin pair is operating inthe Complementary Output mode. Because the power output devices cannotswitchinstantaneously some amount of time must be provided between the turn-off event of onePWM output in a complementary pair and the turn-on event of the other transistor. The2-output PWM module has one programmable dead-time with 8-bitregister.Thecomplementary output pair for the PWM module has an 8-bit down counter that is used toproduce the dead-time insertion. As shown in Figure 8 the dead time unit has a rising andfalling edge detector connected to PWM signal from one of PWM generator. The dead timesis loaded into the timer on the detected PWM edge event. Depending on whether the edge isrising or falling one of the transitions on the complementary outputs is delayed until the timercounts down to zero. A timing diagram indicating the dead time insertion for the pair of PWMoutputs is shown in Figure 8a. Fig 8a Dead-time Unit Block Diagram Fig. 8b the Waveforms of PWM Outputs in Complementary ModeConclusions In this paper we have designed PWM module based on an 8-bit MCU compatible with8051 family. The design can generate 2-channel programmable periodic PWM signals withtwo operation mode Independent Mode and Complementary Mode in which dead-time willbe inserted. The simulation results on the EDA platform have proven its correctness andusefulness. 附录B 汉语翻译基于C51 兼容微处理器单片机的PWM 控制器设计Yue-Li Hu Wei Wa 单片机研究与开发中心Campus P.O.B.221 149Yanchang Rd Shanghai 200072 China 导言PWM 技术，是一种电压调节方法，通过控制具有固定电压的直流电源的开关频率来调整两端负荷电压。
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译一、外文文献Title: The Application and Development of SingleChip Microcontrollers in Modern ElectronicsSinglechip microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronic systems They are small, yet powerful integrated circuits that combine a microprocessor core, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip These devices offer significant advantages in terms of cost, size, and power consumption, making them ideal for a wide range of applicationsThe history of singlechip microcontrollers can be traced back to the 1970s when the first microcontrollers were developed Since then, they have undergone significant advancements in technology and performance Today, singlechip microcontrollers are available in a wide variety of architectures and capabilities, ranging from simple 8-bit devices to complex 32-bit and 64-bit systemsOne of the key features of singlechip microcontrollers is their programmability They can be programmed using various languages such as C, Assembly, and Python This flexibility allows developers to customize the functionality of the microcontroller to meet the specific requirements of their applications For example, in embedded systems for automotive, industrial control, and consumer electronics, singlechip microcontrollers can be programmed to control sensors, actuators, and communication interfacesAnother important aspect of singlechip microcontrollers is their low power consumption This is crucial in batterypowered devices and portable electronics where energy efficiency is of paramount importance Modern singlechip microcontrollers incorporate advanced power management techniques to minimize power consumption while maintaining optimal performanceIn addition to their use in traditional electronics, singlechip microcontrollers are also playing a significant role in the emerging fields of the Internet of Things （IoT) and wearable technology In IoT applications, they can be used to collect and process data from various sensors and communicate it wirelessly to a central server Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers rely on singlechip microcontrollers to monitor vital signs and perform other functionsHowever, the design and development of systems using singlechip microcontrollers also present certain challenges Issues such as realtime performance, memory management, and software reliability need to be carefully addressed to ensure the successful implementation of the applications Moreover, the rapid evolution of technology requires developers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to keep up with the latest advancements in singlechip microcontroller technologyIn conclusion, singlechip microcontrollers have revolutionized the field of electronics and continue to play a vital role in driving technological innovation Their versatility, low cost, and small form factor make them an attractive choice for a wide range of applications, and their importance is expected to grow further in the years to come二、中文翻译标题：单片机在现代电子领域的应用与发展单片机已成为现代电子系统中不可或缺的一部分。
单片机原理中英文文献翻译(一)2024
单片机原理中英文文献翻译（一）引言概述：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成电路芯片，融合了中央处理器（CPU）、内存、输入输出端口和其他外围设备接口等功能于一体。
在电子设备中，单片机扮演着控制和管理各种任务的重要角色。
本文将介绍关于单片机原理的中英文文献翻译。
大点1：单片机的基本概念1. 单片机的定义和发展历史2. 单片机的特点和应用领域3. 单片机的工作原理和体系结构4. 单片机与传统微处理器的对比5. 单片机的分类和性能指标大点2：单片机的主要组成部分1. 中央处理器（CPU）的功能和工作原理2. 存储器单元（Memory Unit）的作用和分类3. 输入输出（I/O）端口和外围设备接口4. 定时器和计数器的功能及应用5. 电源和电源管理电路的设计要点大点3：单片机的编程方法1. 单片机的指令系统和寄存器2. 单片机的汇编语言和高级语言编程3. 编写简单的单片机程序的实例4. 单片机编程中常见的问题和解决方法5. 嵌入式操作系统的开发和应用大点4：单片机的应用案例1. 家用电器中的单片机控制应用2. 工业自动化领域中的单片机应用3. 交通和物流行业中的单片机应用4. 医疗设备和仪器中的单片机应用5. 农业和环保领域中的单片机应用大点5：单片机的发展趋势1. 单片机技术的发展历程和现状2. 单片机性能和功耗的改进方向3. 嵌入式系统和物联网对单片机的影响4. 新一代单片机的发展趋势和应用前景5. 单片机教育和研究的发展现状和挑战总结：通过对单片机原理中英文文献的翻译，我们可以了解单片机的基本概念、主要组成部分、编程方法、应用案例和发展趋势。
这些知识有助于我们更好地理解和应用单片机技术，推动电子设备的创新与发展。
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毕业论文说明书毕业设计外文文献及翻译Single-chipAbstract：Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or4 bits.In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip.Key words:Single chip;Microcontroller Unit1Single-chipSCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control.Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL'sZ80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCUSystems. SCMsystems based on this system until nowis still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the greatdevelopment of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status andenterthemainstream market.Thetraditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90's dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end model only 10 dollars.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world'slargest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip.Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work.SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings.Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip.Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. It is small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice.SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it. Some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow. It is primarily as a control section of the core components. It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability.2 Single chip MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special uniquefeatures, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board. But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change. Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability.As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device.A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is notacceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical "stomach" in.It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters,real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.3 SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SOC three stages.3.1First model1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development ofMCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.3.2 Embedded Systems Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.4 MCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of ourlives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas.4.1In the application of Intelligent Instruments SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controllingfunction, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).4.2 In the industrial control application With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control.4.3In Household Appliances It can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. 4.4 In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCUgeneral with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies.4.5Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system. 4.6 In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniatureelectronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace. 4.7 Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc.. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.5 Application of six important part of learning MCU learning an important part of the six applications.5.1Bus We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection betweenthe , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Zhong Each device Gongtong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Device's data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use,distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.5.2 data, address, command The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, can not be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process). 5.3 P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzledthat the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I / O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port used, so long as a A microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use of commands. In fact 'not as a general-purpose I / O port use' is also not a 'no' but (user) 'not' as a general-purpose I / O port to use. You can arrange the order of a SETB P3.7's instructions, and when the MCU execution to the instruction, the also make P3.7 into a high, but users will not do so because this is usually will cause the system to collapse.5.4 the program's implementation Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 ', the process is always from the 0000' units started, that is: thesystem must exist in ROM 0000 'this unit , and in 0000 'unit must be stored in a single instruction.5.5the stack Stack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called 'advanced post out backward first out ', and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that' PUSH 'and' POP ', has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution, SP on (in the Based on the original value) automatically add 1, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP will (on the basis of the original value) automatically by 1. As the SP values can be changed with the instructions, so long as the beginning of the process to change the value of the SP, you can set the stack memory unit required, such as the program begins, with an MOV SP, # 5FH instructions When set on the stack starting from the memory unit 60H unit. There is always the beginning of the general procedure with such a directive to set the stack pointer, because boot, SP initial value of 07H,08H This unit from the beginning to stack next, and 08H to 1FH 8031 is the second in the region, three or four working register area, often used, this will lead to confusion of data. Different authors when writing programs, initialize the stack is not exactly the same directive, which is the author's habit. When set up the stack zone, does not mean that the region become a special memory, it can still use the same memory region as normal, but generally the programmer does not regard it as an ordinary memory used.1单片机单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit）,常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。