西北民族大学2011.11.21.ExplorationonIntonationPattern

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Unit1MyAmazingNaadamExperience文章单词讲解讲义高中英语人教版

MY AMAZING NAADAM EXPERIENCE我的那达慕大会奇妙经历——讲解Iexperienced the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for the first time this year. The festival falls on the fourth day of the six monthof the lunar calendar, usually lasting for three days. Naadam means “games” inMongolian, and it is represented by three events: horse racing,wresting, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch!今年，我第一次体验了中国内蒙古自治区的那达慕大会。

该节日于每年农历六月初四开始的，通常为期3天。

“那达慕”在蒙古语中的意思是“游戏”，主要表现为三大赛事：赛马、摔跤和射箭，每项运动都动人心魄！On the first day, I set off to the gamesearly with my friend Burin.I saw a lot of people wearing fancy Mongolian robes. Someothers were chatting or taking photographs. Burin told me that Mongolianstravel every year from near and far to attend the festival, just as theirancestors had done for centuries.(那达慕大会的)第一天，我和好友布林早早出发来到了会场。

西北民族大学大英3期中考试12个口语话题docx

1. My FamilyHello, everyone, I’m Liu Dongdong. I’m a student. There are three people in my family—my father, mother and I.My father is 40 years old. He is a worker. I think he is a good worker. Because he works very hard. He gets up very early every day and he works for more than 10 hours a day. So he is always busy, he looks very tired when he gets home. He likes reading newspapers. He usually reads it after supper. So he gets lots of news.My mother is 38 years old. She is a worker too. She works in a very small factory. She is not tall and she has two big eyes. She loves me and she is good for me. She always buys some books for me. She wants me to be a top student. She also cares for my diet and life. I’ m 15 years old. I wear glasses. I like reading. I always read books after school. I like singing, too. My favorite singer is Jay Chou. His music is very nice. What do you think of him? I also like making friends. If you want to meet me, please write to me.Oh, my parents love me and I love them, too. My family is a happy family.(责任编辑：英语作文网)2. Self IntroductionHello,everyone. Now please allow me to do an introduction. My name is Li Lei. I’m 14 year old. My birth day is on October 11th. My favorite book is twilight. I really love to read the books about vampires. My hobby is singing. Some people say I’m a good singer.My favorite singer is Justin Biber.I think he is a great singer. I love to sing his songs. Besides singing, I love shopping very much. If I have time, I will g o shopping with my friends.I’m really good at English, if you have any questions, you can ask me, I will do my best to help you. We can be the best friends forever. Thank you.3. Food例一Chinese food is very famous around the world, if you ask a foreign people about his opinion on Chinese food, he will speak highly of it. When we see the movie, Chinese food is praised by the people. Recently, there is a famous movie called A Bite of China, the movie is popular, it introduces Chinese food from different places. The audience is attracted by the delicious food, they never thought Chinese food would be so various. Now the second part of the movie has been made out, more and more Chinese traditional food has been introduced. After appreciating the movie, I begin to learn more aboutChinese food, I want to have taste of them. I am so proud of our food, when we talk about it to foreign friends, we can feel their favor of our food. The food is part of our culture, they should be inherited.例二Fast food is widespread in China,it might be the best reaction to modern fast rhythm society.There are two crucial reasons that fast f ood is popular.On the one hand,nowadays,numberous individuals are busy with their jobs and activities.Consequently,eating fast food is a favorable choice to save time.On the other hand,the price of fast food is also lower than other food.However,from the perspective of nutrition,and comparing with oth er food,fast food has no advantage.In a word,for health,we are supposed to eat fast food occasionally In the end,it's fine to reap added nutrients from a functional food,b ut remember to fulfill the majority of your needs with naturally rich sources4. Leisure Activities例一Leisure Activities(2011/10/12英语作文)As we all know, the most important duty for us college students is study. We channel the majority of our energy and time into study e veryday. Sometimes college students have little time to participate i n and enjoy leisure activities. However, in my opinion, leisure activit ies are as important as study for every college student in daily life. After a whole day study, students’ body and heart are tired, and it i s harm to students’ health. Therefore, college students should spen d the member of their time taking part in leisure activities so that th ey can relax themselves and enjoy their lives.There are many ways to spend the spare time on leisure activities. Some people like playing basketball or football, another people ma y enjoy swimming or skating, others will be used to reading or liste ning music. Each one has his or her special style to engage in leisur e activities. Take myself for example, I am mostly a stay-at-dormito ry type, but I do love cycling. I used to ride my bicycle alone wonde ring around the Hang Zhou. I was enjoying the views and the excitement of discovering new places. The heart when I cycled by m yself was so delightful and the taste of freedom was fantastic. I was addicted to it. Whenever I decided to go further about a direction, I was always as excited as a kid who just got a new toy. My leisure a ctivities make my heart peaceful and develop me positive attitudes t owards life.In a word, I hope that everyone will take active part in leisure acti vities like me and enjoy personal life例二I enjoy lots of activities in my leisure time such as playing piano, listening to music, reading and swimming. I have no set schedule for my leisure activities. Usually I do whatever I feel like doing when I am not busy. Playing a piano is not only relaxing, but exercising my mind as well. So is reading a novel. I also like swimming a lot because it is the best sports in my opinion that can give me good physical exercise.I truly believe that we can improve our life by making wise use of our leisure time; and also can do better work as leisure activities give us both the physical and mental strength for challenges.5、college life例一时间:2011-12-22Hello everyone.Today I'm glad to be here to give a speech about my fresh experience in China Agriculture University.First I must say the campus life is really different from what I have experienced in high school.Forinstance,I used to lean upon my dormitory teacher to wake me up on time.But now I have to set several alarm clocks to make myself could hear them in the morning otherwise I would miss my class.And then even worse there would be nobody remind me except my teacher!So the differences are everywhere and I could easily find them.The change of life is great and it's wonderful:I have more time of my own and the rights to decide how I live.First I must say the campus life is really different from what I have experienced in high school.Forinstance,I used to lean upon my dormitory teacher to wake me up on time.But now I have to set several alarm clocks to make myself could hear them in the morning otherwise I would miss my class.And then even worse there would be nobody remind me except my teacher!So the differences are everywhere and I could easily find them.The change of life is great and it's wonderful:I have more time of my own and the rights to decide how I live.Our university has the first level equipments and the most experienced teachers,also has the best students(laugh).I consider itto be a honor that I've got a chance to study here and I sincerely hope that we could live wonderful lives in our campus!例二时间:2013-04-14From 2005 to 2008, I spent my college life in Hunan First Normal College. Reminding my college life, I think it was of great significance. From 2005 to 2008, I spent my college life in Hunan First Normal College. Reminding my college life, I think it was of great significance. In English class, I was always the first one to open my mouth, so my teachers always praised me for my good pronunciation, and my classmates also admired me for my courage. It seemed as if I were on top of the world.In English class, I was always the first one to open my mouth, so my teachers always praised me for my good pronunciation, and my classmates also admired me for my courage. It seemed as if I were on top of the world.6. HolidayOh! It was winter holiday. I was very happy. I read my favourite books. I have many wonderful books. But I could not read these books too much. I also had a lot of homework to do. I like playing computer games, too. It’s very interesting. But I could not play it too much. I wear glasses, I’m very sad. It’s not good for my eyes to play computer games too much.Oh! It was the Spring Festival. It’s Chinese traditional festival. People were very happy. They went shopping, cleaned their houses, had supper together……I went to my grandparents’ home with my parents. My grandparents were very happy to see us. They prepared many kinds of nice food, such as fish, meat, vegetables and fruit. In the evening, we watched TVand lighted fireworks. We also knocked on people’s doors and gave some presents to them. After the Spring Festival, we went to Shanghai to go shopping. We bought clothes, shoes and some delicious food.I had a good holiday, I think. I also have very nice school life now. (责任编辑：英语作文网)7. SportsA ll over the world people enjoy sports. Sports help to keep people healthy and happy, and to live longer.Sports change with the seasons. People play different games in winter and summer. Swimming is fun in warm weather, but skating is good in winter.Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere go in for them. Football, for example, has spread around the world. Swimming is popular in all countries near the sea or in those with many rivers. Some sports or games go back thousands of years, like running or jumping. Chinese wushu, for example, has a very long history. But basketball and volleyball are rather new. People are inventing new sports or games all the time. Water skiing is one of the newest in the family of sports.People from different countries may not be able to understand each other, but after a game together they often become good friends. Sports help to train a person's character. One learns to fight hard but fight fair, to win without pride and to lose with grace. (胜不骄,败不馁)8. FriendsFriends play an important part in our lives,and although we may take friendship for granted,we often don't clearly understand how we make friends.While we get on well with a number of people,we a re usually friends with only a very few----for example,the average a mong students is about 6 per person.In all the cases of friendly rela tionships,two people like one another and enjoy being together.but beyond that,the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons f or the shared interests vary enormously.As we get to know people we take into account things like age,race ,economic conditions,socia l position,and intelligence.Although these factors are not of prime i mportance,it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a marked difference in age and background.Some friendly relationships can be kept on argument and discus sion,but it is usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs, to have attitudes and interests in commen ---they often talk about " being on the same wavelength ".it generally takes time to reach this point.And the more intimately involved people become,the more th ey rely on one another .people want to do friends favours and hate t o break a promise.Equally,friends have to learn to put up with anno ying habits and try to tolerate differencesof opinion.In contrast with marriage ,there are no friendship ceremonies to strengthen the association between two persons.But the supporting and understanding of each other that results from shared experienc es and emotions does seem to create a powerful bond ,which can ov ercome differences in background ,and break down barriers of age, class or race.9. TravelWith the improvement of people's living standards, more andmore people tend to travel to relax and enjoy their life.In daily life, we are often very busy with our work and other thin gs. So travel is a good way for us to relax. By traveling we can enjo y the beautiful scenery in different places. We will see many places read of in books with our own eyes, and visit some famous cities an d scenic spots. We can get ideas of the conditions and customs of o ther people. In a word, Travel will not only help us to gain knowledg e of geography and history and other knowledge, but also will help us keep healthy and make us less narrow-minded. Travel does bene fit us both mentally and physically.But travel also has some negative impacts. For example, too ma ny tourists would increase litter, noise and pollution and so on. And the more tourists, the more difficult to protect heritage and environ ment .And some low-morality tourists would damage the culture reli c while they are visiting the place。

西北民族大学英语作文

The Unique Role of English in the NorthwestMinorities UniversityIn the vibrant academic landscape of the Northwest Minorities University, English holds a unique andprestigious position. This is not merely because English is a global language but also due to its significant role in promoting cross-cultural understanding and academic excellence among the diverse student population.The university, situated in the heart of the northwest region, is home to students from various ethnic backgrounds, each with their unique languages and cultures. This diverse student body brings a rich tapestry of perspectives and experiences, making the academic environment truly vibrant and inclusive. English, as a common language, acts as a bridge that connects these diverse cultures, facilitating communication and understanding among students.The English department at the Northwest Minorities University is not just about teaching grammar or vocabulary. It is an incubator for cultural exchange and intellectual growth. The courses offered are designed to not onlyimprove students' language skills but also to sensitizethem to the nuances of global culture and perspectives. This approach encourages students to think beyond their own cultural boundaries, fostering a generation of globally aware and culturally sensitive individuals.The emphasis on English also reflects the university's commitment to preparing its students for the globalized world. In today's interconnected era, proficiency in English is crucial for accessing internationalopportunities and resources. The Northwest Minorities University recognizes this and strives to equip its students with the necessary language skills to compete and succeed on the global stage.Moreover, the integration of English into various academic disciplines enhances the learning experience for students. From literature to history, from science to technology, English is used as a tool to delvee deeper into different fields of knowledge. This approach not only improves students' understanding of their respective subjects but also broadens their horizons, enabling them to appreciate the global context of their学术研究。

西北民族大学学位英语真题

西北民族大学学位英语真题A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement(新拓居地)spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental, system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actural work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, usedChinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish labourers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging Westward Movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.1.The major problems with America‘s railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _______.A. lack of financial support for developmentB. poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systemsC. limited railroad linesD. lack of a transcontinental railroad2.The building of the first transcontinental system ________.A. brought about a rapid growth of industry and farmingin the west.B. attracted many visitors to the construction sitesC. attracted labourers from EuropeD. encouraged people to travel all over the country3.The best title for this passage would be ________.A. Settlements Spread WestwardB. The Importance of Railroads in the American EconomyC. American Railroad HistoryD. The Coast-to-Coast Railroad：A Vital Link4.The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________.A. 3 yearsB. 7 yearsC. 4 yearsD. 9 years5.What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?A. The possibility of government support for such a task.B. The need to explore Utah.C. The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.D. The need to connect the east coast with the west.If you look closely at some of the early copies of theDeclaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded(宣布，预示)the support of all thirteen colonies.Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When her proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing The Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore‘s first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor’s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard‘s name appeared in the newspaper’s masthead (报头) for the first time.When the Continental Congress fled there fromPhiladelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore‘s only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies."She was also the city’s postmaster from 1775 to 1789 ——appointed by Benjamin Franklin –and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.6.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?A. The accomplishment of a female publisher.B. The weaknesses of the newspaper industry.C. The rights of a female publisher.D.The publishing system in colonial America.7.Mary Goddard‘s name appears on the Declaration of Independence because____.A. She helped write the original documentB. She published the documentC. She paid to have the document printedD.Her brother was in prison8.According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she ____.A. was appointed by Benjamin FranklinB. signed the Declaration of IndependenceC. took over her brother‘s printing shopD.moved to Baltimore9.The word "there"in paragraph 3 refers to____.A. the coloniesB. the print shopC. BaltimoreD.Providence10.It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was ____.A. an accomplished businesswomanB. extremely wealthyC. a member of the Continental CongressD.a famous writer。

西北民族大学大学作文考试题目)

大学英语(写作)整体教学与考试计划申请书教务处:现将2013/2014级大学英语写作教学与考试计划申请如下: 根据学校教学工作总体安排，大学英语写作考试将于十五周周末进行。

本次教学检查活动涉及：2013级（大英3）、2014级（大英1）两个级别。

考查方式：笔试。

组题方案：2013级A、B、C、D类写作以作文形式考查；E 类以课文及课后练习翻译形式考查。

2014级A、B、C类写作以作文形式考查，D类课文及课后练习翻译考查，E类以课文及课后练习翻译形式考查。

注：每阶段考核应包括前阶段试题任务的总合，如：大英3应包括大英1、2、3的全部作文任务。

经过教务处审定，现将大英1、2、3、4作文题目修正如下：大英1：A级作文题目五选一：1.Development and Environment（大英1）puter and Education. （大英1）3.Negative Effects of Television（大英1）4.The Importance of Physical Exercises（大英1）5.Health is Better Than Wealth（大英1）B级作文题目五选一：1.Development and Environment（大英1）puter and Education. （大英1）3.Negative Effects of Television（大英1）4.The Importance of Physical Exercises（大英1）5.Health is Better Than Wealth（大英1）C级作文题目五选一：1.College Friendship（大英1）2.My Information Sources（大英1）3.My working experience（大英1）4．How To Learn English（大英1）5.My free time activities（大英1）2013级D、E级：课文或课后练习翻译。

综合英语 unit 11 salvation(课堂PPT)

16
Key phrases
• go on (a certain age)
• by/in leaps and bounds
• speak of
• feel … in one’s soul
• hold out one’s arms
• say in a whisper
• swirl all around sb.
5. My aunt knelt __a_t my knees and prayed _f_o_r me. 6.My aunt sobbed _o_u_t my name _to__ the priest.
7. Westley grinned down _a_t_ me proudly.
8. I would rather die than take the God ’s name _in__ 15
4
Am I really saved?
Para 15:
16. What did I do at the night of my salvation? Why? What did my aunt thought why?
17. Was I really saved?
18. What was the effect on me of the false salvation?
12
• The conclusion (Pa. 15):
• The concluding paragraph reveals the narrator's
remorseful disillusionment with religion. The
revelation is satirical and indignant due to the fact that he is saved in the sense that the religious ritual has been completed or he has answered the expectations of the old people, but he is not saved in any sense of reality. • Q: According to the last paragraph, do you agree with the statement that the author feels he has committed a sin by lying to everyone?

2011年考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案-七绝俗手版

2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-16七绝俗手21-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41-45 BDACFSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say theleast.“Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。

2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。

退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。

如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼托姆西尼就这样写：万岁，最后。

然而，这次任命还是令人意外。

原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。

就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。

高二哲学思考与文化分析英语阅读理解30题

高二哲学思考与文化分析英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Ancient Greek philosophy is one of the most important intellectual achievements in human history. It laid the foundation for much of Western thought and has had a profound impact on modern society.The ancient Greeks were thinkers who questioned everything around them. They sought to understand the nature of the universe, the meaning of life, and the proper way to live. Some of the most famous Greek philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.Socrates is known for his method of questioning, which he used to challenge people's beliefs and encourage them to think deeply. Plato, Socrates' student, developed a complex theory of forms and believed that the physical world is a mere shadow of a more perfect realm. Aristotle, Plato's student, was a great scientist and philosopher who made important contributions to many fields, including biology, physics, and ethics.The ideas of these philosophers have had a lasting impact on modern society. For example, the concept of democracy, which originated in ancient Greece, is still an important political ideal today. The pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, as advocated by the ancient Greeks, is also a fundamental value in modern education.In addition, ancient Greek philosophy has influenced modern art, literature, and culture. Many works of art and literature draw on themes and ideas from ancient Greek philosophy, and the study of ancient Greek literature is an important part of many educational curriculums.Overall, ancient Greek philosophy continues to be a source of inspiration and intellectual stimulation for people around the world.1. Socrates is famous for his ___.A. theories of formsB. method of questioningC. contributions to scienceD. works of literature答案：B。

【英语世界翻译赛往届赛题】-第十一届原文及参考翻译

英译汉原文：Confronting Modern Lifestyles（Excerpt）By Tim Jackson and Carmen Smith【1】Few people would disagree that modern society has changed dramatically in the course of only a few decades.These changes can be characterized in a variety of different ways.We can point,for example,to the growth in disposable incomes,to a massive expansion in the availability of consumer goods and services,to higher levels of personal mobility,increases in leisure expenditure and a reduction in the time spent in routine domestic tasks.【2】We might highlight the gains in technological efficiency provided by an increasingly sophisticated knowledge base.Or the rising resource“footprint”of modern consumption patterns.Or the intensification of trade.Or the decline in traditional rural industries.Or the translocation of manufacturing towards the developing world.Or the emergence of the“knowledge”economy.【3】We should certainly point out that these changes have been accompanied,and sometimes facilitated,by changes in the underlying institutional structures:the deregulation(or reregulation)of key industries,the liberalization of markets,the easing of international trade restrictions, the rise in consumer debt and the commoditization of previously noncommercial areas of our lives.【4】We could also identify some of the social effects that accompanied these changes:a faster pace of life;rising social expectations;increasing divorce rates;rising levels of violent crime; smaller household sizes;the emergence of a“cult of celebrity”;the escalating“message density”of modern living;increasing disparities(in income and time)between the rich and the poor,the emergence of “postmaterialist”values;a loss of trust in the conventional institutions of church,family,and state;and a more secular society.【5】It is clear,even from this cursory overview,that no simple overriding“good”or“bad”trend emerges from this complexity.Rather, modernity is characterized by a variety of trends that often seem to be set (in part at least)in opposition to each other.The identification of a set of “postmaterialist”values in modern society appears at odds with the increased proliferation of consumer goods.People appear to express less concern for material things,and yet have more of them in their lives.【6】The abundance offered by the liberalization of trade is offset bythe environmental damage from transporting these goods across distances to reach our supermarket shelves.The liberalization of the electricity market has increased the efficiency of generation,reduced the cost of electricity to consumers and at the same time made it more difficult to identify and exploit the opportunities for end-use energy efficiency.【7】To take another example,the emergence of the knowledge economy has increased the availability and the value of information. Simultaneously,it has intensified the complexity of ordinary decision-making in people’s lives.As Nobel laureate Hebert Simon has pointed out,information itself consumes scarce resources.“What information consumes is rather obvious:it consumes the attention of its recipients.Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention, and a need to allocate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources that might consume it”.This consuming effect of information makes the concept of“informed choice”at once more important and at the same time more difficult to achieve in modern society.【8】These examples all serve to illustrate that modern lifestyles are both complex and haunted by paradox.This is certainly one of the reasons why policy makers have tended to shy away from the wholequestion of consumer behavior and lifestyle change.It is clear nonetheless that coming to grips with consumption patterns, understanding the dynamics of lifestyle and influencing people’s attitudes and behaviors are all essential if the kinds of deep environmental targets demanded by sustainable development are to be achieved.英译汉参考译文：直面现代生活方式（节选）文/蒂姆·杰克逊、卡门·史密斯译/裘禾敏很少有人会否认，仅仅数十年间，现代社会就已发生了巨大变化。

无血清悬浮培养CHO_K1_SFS细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

i ，无血清悬浮培养 C H O -K 1-S F S 细胞系的建立及其生物学特性杨妍梅 1，2，冯若飞 1，3，谢晶莹 2，李向茸 2，王丹 2，马忠仁 31. 西北民族大学生物工程与技术国家民委重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730030；2. 西北民族大学生命科学与工程学院，甘肃兰州 730030；3. 甘肃省动物细胞工程技术研究中心，甘肃兰州 730030摘要：目的建立无血清悬浮培养 C H O -K 1-SFS 细胞系，并检测其生物学特性。

方法将 CH O -K 1 贴壁细胞通过逐步降低血清浓度，获得低血清 CH O -K 1 贴壁细胞，以 3 × 105 个／ m l 接种于含无血清培养基 SF M4CHO 的 150 m l 三角瓶中，摇床无血清适应培养，获得 CH O -K 1-SFS 细胞。

对该细胞进行生长曲线绘制、微生物污染检测、代谢分析及外源基因表达检测。

结果所获得的 CH O -K 1-SFS 细胞系可无血清悬浮培养，以 3 × 105 个／ m l 的初始密度接种，最大增殖浓度可达 3. 8 × 106 个／ m l ，平均倍增时间为 29. 7 h ；无细菌、真菌、病毒和支原体污染；对葡萄糖利用率较高，乳酸产生较多；能较好地表达外源基因。

结论成功建立了无血清悬浮培养 CH O -K 1-SFS 细胞系，为建立高效的外源基因表达平台奠定了基础。

关键词： CH O -K 1 细胞；无血清培养；悬浮培养；生物学特性中图分类号： Q2-33 R392-33 文献标识码： A 文章编号：1004-5503（2014）02-0180-05Establishment and biological characteristics of serum -freesuspension culture of CHO -K1-SFS cell lineYANG Ya n -m e *FEN G Ruo -fe i ，XIE Ji ng -y i ng ，LI X ia ng -r ong ，WANG Da n ，MA Zhong -ren*The K ey Bio -engineering and T echnology Laboratory of N ationality Commission ，Northw est University for N ationalities ，L anzhou 730030，Gansu Province ，C hinaCorresponding author ：MA Z hong -ren ，E -mail ：*******************.cnAb st r act ： O bjective To establish the ser um -fr ee suspensi o n culture of CH O -K 1-SFS cell line and deter m ine its bi o l og ical characteristics. Methods Adherent CH O -K 1 cells we re cultured by g raduall y decreasi ng ser um c o ncentrati o n ，and the o btained CH O -K 1 cells in l ow ser um m edi um we re i no culated at a densi ty of 3 × 105 cells ／ m l to 150 m l Erle nm e y er fl ask c o ntaini ng ser um -fr ee SFM4CHO m edi um and cultured in shaker. The g r owth cur ve of the o btained CH O -K 1-SFS cells wa s pl o tted ，the m icr o bial c o nta m inati o n wa s tested ，whi le the m eta bo lis m wa s anal yz ed ，and the e xog e no us g ene e x pressi o nwa s deter m ined. Results The o btained CH O -K 1-SFS cell line wa s suitable fo r ser um -fr ee suspensi o n culture ，of whi ch the m a x i mum densi ty reached 3. 8 × 106 cells ／ m l whe n i no culated at an initial densi ty of 3 × 105 cells ／ m l ，whi le the m ean do ubli ng ti m e wa s 29. 7 h. No c o nta m inati o n wi th bacteria ，fung i ，vi ruses o r my c o plas m a wa s o bser ve d. The utili z ati o n rate of g luc o se wa s hi g h ，and a quanti ty of lactic acid wa s pr o duced. Exog e no us g ene wa s e ffe cti ve l y e x pressed. Conclusion The ser um -fr ee suspensi o n culture of CH O -K 1-SFS cell line wa s success ful l y established ，whi ch laid a fo undati o n of hi g h e x pressi o n of e xog e no us g ene.K e y words ： CH O -K 1 cells ；Se r um -fr ee culture ；Suspensi o n culture ；Bio l og ical characteristicsC HO -K1 细胞是最常用的工业化生产外源蛋白的工程细胞株之一［ 1 ］，也是目前用于包括工程抗体和重组蛋白在内的生物技术药物研发和生产的最重要的表达系统［ 2-3］。

小学上册第十四次英语第二单元测验卷(有答案)

小学上册英语第二单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the famous singer known as the "King of Pop"?A. Elvis PresleyB. Michael JacksonC. PrinceD. Freddie Mercury答案:B2.Did you see that _____ (小狗) digging in the dirt?3.The capital of Senegal is __________.4.What do we call the process of a plant making its own food using sunlight?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. DigestionD. Fermentation答案: A5.I like to celebrate my birthday with ________.6.I planted some ______ (种子) in my garden. I hope they grow into beautiful ______ (花).7.What do we call the area of land that is known for its unique climate and vegetation?A. BiomeB. EcosystemC. HabitatD. Region答案: A. Biome8.The chemical formula for sodium bromide is ______.9.Mount Everest is located in the __________ mountains.10.The element with the symbol O is __________.11. A mixture can be separated by __________ methods.12.The ______ (植物学家) studies plants.13.What do we call the young of a cow?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: A14.Which bird is known for its colorful plumage?A. PigeonB. PeacockC. SparrowD. Crow答案: B15.The main component of proteins is ______.16. A _______ (小猩猩) is known for its intelligence and strength.17.On rainy days, I love to watch movies and drink __________. (热巧克力)18. A ______ is a representation of a chemical process.19.Some _______ are great for attracting hummingbirds.20.I want to _______ a big cake for my birthday.21.My friend is very __________ (包容的) towards others.22.What is the term for a young eagle?A. ChickB. EagletC. HatchlingD. Fledgling答案: B23.My friend is a ______. He loves to play video games.24.He is a researcher, ______ (他是一名研究员), studying animals.25.My friend loves to write __________ (诗歌).26. A bear can stand on its ______ (后腿).27.I enjoy ______ (参加) sports tournaments.28. A ______ is a region of flat land with higher elevation.29.I have a green ___. (ball)30.The first successful test of an atomic bomb was in _______.31.Which season comes after winter?A. FallB. SpringC. SummerD. Autumn答案: B32.How many colors are in a standard rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C33.What do we call the process of changing from a solid to a liquid?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporatingD. Boiling答案:A34.She is a _____ (记者) reporting on global issues.35.The elephant has a long ________________ (鼻子).36.My brother has a pet ______ (兔子) that is very cute.37.What do we call the largest type of shark?A. HammerheadB. Great whiteC. Whale sharkD. Tiger shark答案: C. Whale shark38.I can ______ (swim) really well.39.The process of combining elements to form compounds is called ______.40.Many plants can be grown in ______ (盆栽).41.My _____ (妈妈) loves to bake cookies for my friends. 我妈妈喜欢给我的朋友们烤饼干。

Bisphenol A impairs follicle growth, inhibits steroidoge

TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES119(1),209–217(2011)doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq319Advance Access publication October18,2010Bisphenol A Impairs Follicle Growth,Inhibits Steroidogenesis,and Downregulates Rate-Limiting Enzymes in the Estradiol BiosynthesisPathwayJackye Peretz,Rupesh K.Gupta,Jeffrey Singh,Isabel Herna´ndez-Ochoa,and Jodi A.Flaws1Department of Comparative Biosciences,University of Illinois,Urbana,Illinois618021To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Comparative Biosciences,University of Illinois,2001S.Lincoln Avenue,Room3223,Urbana,IL61802.Fax:(217)244-1652.E-mail:jﬂaws@.Received July27,2010;accepted October8,2010Bisphenol A(BPA)is used as the backbone for plastics and epoxy resins,including various food and beverage containers.BPA has also been detected in95%of random urine samples and ovarian follicularﬂuid of adult women.Few studies have investigated the effects of BPA on antral follicles,the main producers of sex steroid hormones and the only follicles capable of ovulation.Thus,this study tested the hypothesis that postnatal BPA exposure inhibits antral follicle growth and steroidogenesis. To test this hypothesis,antral follicles isolated from32-day-old FVB mice were cultured with vehicle control(dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]),BPA(4.4–440m M),pregnenolone(10m g/ml),pregnen-olone1BPA44m M,and pregnenolone1BPA440m M.During the culture,follicles were measured for growth daily.After the culture,media was subjected to ELISA for hormones in the estradiol biosynthesis pathway,and follicles were processed for quantitative real-time PCR of steroidogenic enzymes.The results indicate that BPA(440m M)inhibits follicle growth and that pregnenolone cotreatment was unable to restore/maintain growth. Furthermore,BPA44and440m M inhibit progesterone,dehy-droepiandrosterone,androstenedione,estrone,testosterone,and estradiol production.Pregnenolone cotreatment was able to increase production of pregnenolone,progesterone,and dehy-droepiandrosterone and maintain androstenedione and estrone levels in BPA-treated follicles compared with DMSO controls but was unable to protect testosterone or estradiol levels.Further-more,pregnenolone was unable to protect follicles from BPA-(44–440m M)induced inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes compared with the DMSO control.Collectively,these data show that BPA targets the estradiol biosynthesis pathway in the ovary. Key Words:bisphenol A;steroidogenesis;ovary;antral follicle growth;StAR;pregnenolone.Bisphenol A(BPA),2,2-bis-4-hydroxyphenyl propane,is an estrogenic compound originally synthesized in1963to prevent miscarriage.BPA eventually became widely used as the backbone for epoxy resins,durable clear polycarbonate plastics such as reusable plastic food containers,food and beverage can liners,infant formula cans,baby bottles,and dental sealants, among many other plastic-based products.Unfortunately, aging,heating,and contact with acids and bases,including those commonly found in cleaning supplies and detergents, cause the BPA polymers to break apart.In a process commonly referred to as‘‘leaching,’’BPA seeps into the contents of various food packages,into saliva,and/or into dust particles, providing ample entry ways for BPA into animal physiological systems,including humans(Can et al.,2005;Kang et al.,2006; Lenie et al.,2008;Vandenberg et al.,2007;vom Saal and Hughes,2005;Welshons et al.,2006).Although BPA exposure can occur via food and drink (ingested),BPA can also be inhaled.Once in the lungs,BPA can travel through the bloodstream and into enterohepaticﬂow, where it can act as if ingested orally and travel through the digestive system.Various studies have detected BPA in blood, saliva,and human tissues as well as in95%of human urine samples taken in a random sampling(Calafat et al.,2005, 2008;Ouchi and Watanabe,2002).Additionally,though BPA is thought to be conjugated to glucuronide in the digestive system and to exit the body via the urinary system,the chemical is not solely conﬁned to the digestive system.BPA has also been detected in mammary tissue,breast milk, amnioticﬂuid,and ovarian follicularﬂuid,indicating BPA travels not only through the digestive system but also through the venous network and thus into the many other organ and tissue systems of the body(Ikezuki et al.,2002;Lenie et al., 2008;Vandenberg et al.,2007,2009).Recent research has suggested that BPA persists in the human system longer than originally thought.In a study comparing BPA levels with fasting time,researchers found BPA persisting in the body well past the given4–6h half-life of BPA.Speciﬁcally,following17-h exposure,BPA levels only decreased56%instead of the expected100%elimination. This study suggests that BPA has a longer half-life than previously estimated;there are signiﬁcant non-food source exposures of BPA or,more likely,a combination of the twoÓThe Author2010.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology.All rights reserved. For permissions,please email:journals.permissions@ at Shanghai Jiao Tong University on June 6, Downloaded fromexplanations(Stahlhut et al.,2009;Tillet,2009).Collectively, theseﬁndings suggest that humans are constantly exposed to BPA.Studies focusing on the effects of BPA exposure on the rodent female reproductive system have shown that maternal exposure to BPA during gestation can cause adverse de-velopmental effects in the offspring.Speciﬁcally,BPA has been shown to induce early puberty onset,changes in weight gain,early vaginal opening(Honma et al.,2002),and ovarian morphological abnormalities in the offspring.The ovarian abnormalities include cystic ovaries(Hartshorne,1997)and cystadenomas,hemorrhagic follicles,and large antral-like follicles seemingly unable to ovulate(Hartshorne,1997). BPA also can cause progressive proliferative lesions of the oviduct(Savabieasfahani et al.,2006)and leiomyomas in the uterus(Newbold et al.,2007).Furthermore,BPA increases estrogen receptor alpha(Esr1)and estrogen receptor beta(Esr2) receptor expression levels in the uterus(Richter et al.,2007). Few studies have investigated the direct effects of BPA on the ovarian follicle itself,the functional unit of the ovary and the main steroid hormone producer of the female reproductive system.Previous studies have focused mainly on meiotic abnormalities,such as cell cycle arrest,meiotic aneuploidy,and congression failure during the cell cycle(Eichenlaub-Ritter et al.,2008;Hunt et al.,2003)or on morphological indicators of ovulation,such as observing a lack of corpora lutea in the ovary(Hartshorne,1997).Although BPA has been reported to be present in follicularﬂuid of adult human ovaries,previously published studies have not focused on antral follicles of adult humans,and as a result,little information is available regarding the effect of postnatal BPA exposure on the proper functioning of adult human ovarian follicles.Furthermore,little informa-tion is available on the effect of BPA on the proper functioning of ovarian antral follicles in the adult mouse model.Thus,this study tested the hypothesis that postnatal exposure to BPA inhibits growth and steroidogenesis of adult ovarian antral follicles in mice.MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals.BPA powder(99%)was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis,MO).A stock solution of BPA was dissolved and diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)(Sigma-Aldrich)to achieve various BPA treatment concentrations(1.3,13.3,and133mg/ml)forﬁnal working concentrations of 1.0,10,and100l g of BPA per milliliter of culture media(4.4,44,and440l M BPA,respectively).Additionally,using these treatment concentrations allowed each working concentration to contain the same volume of chemical and vehicle(0.75l l BPA:DMSO per milliliter of culture media).The concentrations chosen for the cultures were based on concentrations used in previous studies(Can et al.,2005;Lee et al.,2007;Lenie et al.,2008; Mlynarcikova et al.,2009;Vandenberg et al.,2007;Watson et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2002;Zhou et al.,2008).BPA concentrations were also chosen based on studies showing the effects of BPA on ovarian cells.For example,BPA exposure between100fM and100l M for24–72h results in an increase in apoptosis and G2-to-M arrest in cultured mouse ovarian granulosa cells (Xu et al.,2002).The selected concentrations of BPA are relevant to current regulatory levels set for BPA.The lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL)is50mg/kg/day.This equates to210.6l M.The doses used in the experiments were4.4,44,and440l M(or1,10,and100l g/ml),encompassing the LOAEL concentration.5-Pregnen-3b-ol-20-one(Pregnenolone;pregn)powder was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.A stock solution of pregn was prepared in DMSO for aﬁnal concentration in culture of10l g/ml.Animals.Adult,cycling female FVB mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor,ME)and allowed to acclimate to the facility for at least 5days before use.The mice were housed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,Veterinary Medicine Animal Facility.Food(Harlan Teklad8626) and water were provided for ad libitum consumption.Temperature was maintained at22±1°C,and animals were subjected to12-h light-dark cycles. The Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign approved all procedures involving animal care, euthanasia,and tissue collection.In vitro follicle culture.Female FVB mice were euthanized on postnatal day32and their ovaries removed using aseptic technique.Antral follicles were mechanically isolated from the ovary based on relative size(250–400 l m),cleaned of interstitial tissue usingﬁne watchmaker forceps(Gupta et al., 2006;Miller et al.,2005),and individually placed in wells of a96-well culture plate and covered with unsupplemented a-minimal essential medium (a-MEM)prior to treatment.Sufﬁcient numbers of antral follicles for statistical power were isolated from unprimed mouse ovaries;follicles from two to three mice were isolated per experiment providing approximately 20–40antral follicles from each mouse.Each experiment contained a minimum of8–16follicles per treatment group.Doses of vehicle control (DMSO),BPA(4.4,44,and440l M),pregn(10l g/ml),pregnþBPA (44l M),and pregnþBPA(440l M)were individually prepared in supplemented a-MEM.Supplemented a-MEM was prepared with:1%ITS (10ng/ml insulin,5.5ng/ml transferrin,and5.5ng/ml selenium),100U/ml penicillin,100mg/ml streptomycin,5IU/ml human recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone(Dr A. F.Parlow,National Hormone and Peptide Program,Harbor-UCLA Medical Center,Torrance,CA),and5%fetal calf serum(Atlanta Biologicals,Lawrenceville,GA)(Gupta et al.,2006;Miller et al.,2005).An equal volume of chemical was added for each dose to control for the amount of vehicle in each preparation(0.75l l/ml of media:BPA treatments;1.0l l/ml of media:DMSO and pregn treatments).Antral follicles were cultured for120h in an incubator supplying5%CO2at37°C.Analysis of follicle growth.Follicle growth was examined at24-h intervals by measuring follicle diameter on perpendicular axes with an inverted microscope equipped with a calibrated ocular micrometer.Follicle diameter measurements were averaged among treatment groups and plotted to compare the effects of chemical treatments on growth over time.Data were presented as percent change over time.Analysis of hormone levels.Media was collected after120h of follicle culture and subjected to ELISA for measurement of estradiol,estrone, testosterone,androstenedione,dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate(DHEA-S),and progesterone levels.ELISA kits and reagents were obtained from ALPCO Diagnostics(estrone,testosterone,androstenedione,progesterone,and DHEA-S) and Diagnostics Research Group(estradiol).The assays were run using the manufacturer’s instructions.All samples were run in duplicate and all intra-and interassay coefﬁcients of variability were less than10%.Analysis of quantitative real-time PCR.Female FVB mouse antral follicles were cultured as described above for120h.At the end of culture, follicles were collected and snap frozen atÀ80°C for quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)analysis.Total RNA was extracted from follicles using the RNeasy Micro Kit(Qiagen,Inc.,Valencia,CA)according to the manufac-turer’s protocol.Reverse transcriptase generation of complementary DNA (cDNA)was performed with0.3–1l g of total RNA using an iScript RT Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories,Inc.,Hercules,CA).qPCR was conducted using the210PERETZ ET AL.at Shanghai Jiao Tong University on June 6, Downloaded fromCFX96Real-Time PCR Detection System(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Inc.)and accompanying software(CFX Manager Software)according to the manufac-turer’s instructions.The CFX96quantiﬁes the amount of PCR product generated by measuring a dye(SYBR Green)thatﬂuoresces when bound to double-stranded DNA.A standard curve was generated fromﬁve serial dilutions of one of the samples,thus allowing analysis of the amount of cDNA in the exponential phase.Speciﬁc qPCR primers for the genes of interest and annealing temperatures are listed in Table1,along with GenBank accession numbers(Akingbemi et al.,2003;Hernandez-Ochoa et al.,2010;Pakarainen et al.,2005;Sha et al.,1996;Weihua et al.,2000).qPCR analysis was performed using2l l cDNA,forward and reverse primers(5pmol)for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR),cytochrome P450side-chain cleavage(P450scc),3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(3b-HSD),17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(17b-HSD),cytochrome P450aromatase (Cyp19),cytochrome P45017a-hydroxylase/17,20lyase(Cyp17a),or b-actin, in conjunction with a SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix qPCR Kit(Bio-Rad Laboratories).An initial incubation of95°C for10min was followed by denaturing at94°C for10s,annealing from56to61°C for10s,and extension at72°C for10s,for40cycles(b-actin),followed byﬁnal extension at72°C for 10min.A melting curve was generated at55–90°C to monitor the generation of a single product.The software also generated a standard curve.b-Actin was used as reference gene for each sample.Final values were calculated and expressed as the ratio normalized to b-actin.All analyses were performed in duplicate for at least three separate experiments.Statistical analysis.Data were expressed as means±SEM,and multiple comparisons between experimental groups were made using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc comparison.Tests for trend were analyzed using linear regression analyses for the overall effect of BPA concentration(continuous variable).At least three separate experiments were conducted for each treatment prior to data analysis.Statistical signiﬁcance was assigned at p0.05.RESULTSEffect of BPA on Follicle GrowthExposure to BPA(440l M)signiﬁcantly decreased antral follicle growth compared with DMSO controls beginning at 72h,and this decrease in follicle growth remained throughout the120-h culture(Fig.1).No signiﬁcant differences in follicle growth were observed between follicles exposed to DMSO, BPA(44l M),or BPA(4.4l M).Effect of BPA on Sex Steroid Hormone ProductionBPA(440l M)exposure for120h signiﬁcantly decreased estradiol,estrone,testosterone,androstenedione,DHEA-S,and progesterone levels produced by the follicles compared with DMSO(Fig.2).BPA(44l M)exposure for120h signiﬁcantly decreased estradiol,estrone,testosterone,androstenedione, DHEA-S,and progesterone levels produced by the follicles. No signiﬁcant differences in steroid levels were found between DMSO and4.4l M BPA.Effect of BPA on Gene ExpressionBecause BPA decreased steroidogenesis in the cultured antral follicles,studies were conducted to see if it did so by decreasing the expression of enzymes required for steroido-genesis.Speciﬁcally,levels of steroidogenic enzymes StAR,TABLE1PrimersusedinQuantitativeReal-TimePolymeraseChainReactions(qPCR)GenenameGenesymbolPrimersequencesAnnealingtemperatureGenBankaccession#ForwardReverseBeta-actinActbF:GGGCACAGTGTGGGTGACR:CTGGCACCACACCTTCTAC56°CNM_7393SteroidogenicacuteregulatoryproteinStARF:CAGGGAGAGGTGGCTATGCAR:CCGTGTCTTTTCCAATCCTCTG57°CNM_781CytochromeP45cholesterolside-chaincleavageCyp11a1F:AGATCCCTTCCCCTGGCGACAATGR:CGCATGAGAAGAGTATCGACGCATC6°CNM_82933b-Hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase1HSD3b1F:CAGGAGAAAGAACTGCAGGAGGTCR:GCACACTTGCTTGAACACAGGC59.5°CNM_8293CytochromeP45aromataseCyp19a1F:CATGGTCCCGCAAACTGTGAR:GTAGTAGTTGCAGGCACTTC56°CNM_781CytochromeP45steroid17-a-hydroxylase1Cyp17a1F:CCAGGACCCAAGTGTGTTCTR:CCTGATACGAAGCACTTCTCG56°CNM_78917B-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase1HSD17b1F:ACTGTGCCAGCAAGTTTGCGR:AAGCGGTTCGTGGAGAAGTAG58°CNM_1475THE EFFECTS OF BISPHENOL A ON ANTRAL FOLLICLES211at Shanghai Jiao Tong University on June 6, Downloaded from3b -HSD,and Cyp17a were compared in control and BPA-treated follicles.Only StAR messenger RNA (mRNA)expression levels were signiﬁcantly decreased following exposure to BPA44l M and BPA440l M compared with DMSO controls (Figs.3and 6;BPA-only treated follicles).Exposure to BPA440l M,however,resulted in a signiﬁcant trend for decreased 3b -HSD expression compared with controls.Furthermore,BPA44l M and BPA440l M signiﬁ-cantly decreased P450scc mRNA expression levels compared with DMSO controls (Fig.6;BPA-only treated follicles).Effect of Pregnenolone Cotreatment on BPA-Treated FolliclesThe BPA-induced inhibition of steroidogenesis and follicle growth could be the result of decreased StAR and P450scc levels in the follicles because these are rate-limiting enzymes for the estradiol biosynthesis pathway.Because addition of pregnenolone bypasses this disrupted enzyme,studies were conducted to investigate whether cotreatment of follicles with pregnenolone and BPA would protect follicles from the toxic effects of BPA on follicle growth and steroidogenesis.Addition of pregnenolone to the supplemented media did not protect follicles from BPA-induced follicle growth inhibition (Fig.4).However,cotreatment of follicles with pregnenolone and BPA did provide some protection against inhibition of steroidogenesis (Fig.5).Pregnenolone cotreatment with BPA increased pregnenolone,progesterone,and DHEA-S levels compared with DMSO controls and maintained androstene-dione and estrone levels similar to DMSO controls.Pregnen-olone cotreatment with BPA,however,did not increase levels of testosterone and estradiol production compared with DMSO controls.Speciﬁcally,progesterone levels were 2.9±0.4ng/ml with BPA44l M only and 14.1±2.5ng/ml with DMSO only,but progesterone levels were 5502.1±387.2ng/ml with pregn þBPA44l M.Androstenedione levels were 0.07±0.003ng/mL with BPA44l M only and 1.1±0.2ng/ml with DMSO only,but androstenedione levels were 1.0±0.04ng/ml with pregn þBPA44l M.Estradiol levels were 378.1±54.5pg/ml with BPA44l M only,5417.8±1849.9pg/ml with DMSO only,and 465.6±11.2pg/ml with pregn þBPA44lM.FIG.2.Effect of BPA exposure on antral follicle hormone production.After exposure of antral follicles to DMSO control or BPA (4.4–440l M)for 120h in vitro ,media was collected and subjected to various hormone measurements by ELISA.These graphs represent the means ±SEMs from separate experiments.A single asterisk (*)denotes a signiﬁcant p value for overall effect of BPA concentration as the continuous variable using linear regression.A double asterisk (**)denotes a signiﬁcant p value from the DMSO control via ANOVA,post hoc Tukey’s Honestly Signiﬁcant Difference (test)(n ¼3–4;p0.05).at Shanghai Jiao Tong University on June 6, 2011 Downloaded fromEffect of Pregnenolone þBPA on Gene ExpressionBecause levels of pregnenolone,DHEA-S,progesterone,androstenedione,and estrone were protected from BPA-induced inhibition in the pregnenolone-treated groups compared with their nonpregnenolone counterparts,geneexpression levels of the enzymes responsible for their metabolism along the biosynthesis pathway were measured.Addition of pregnenolone treatment did not protect the follicles from BPA-induced alterations in steroidogenic enzyme gene expression (Fig.6).Speciﬁcally,StAR mRNA expression levels were 0.09±0.04genomic equivalents (ge)with BPA44l M only and 0.41±0.04ge with DMSO,but StAR mRNA expression levels were 0.09±0.006ge with pregn þBPA44l M.P450scc mRNA expression levels were 0.08±0.01ge with BPA44l M only and 0.37±0.07ge with DMSO only,but P450scc mRNA expression levels were 0.03±0.13ge with pregn þBPA44l M.DISCUSSIONUsing an in vitro follicle culture system,we have shown that BPA inhibits follicle growth and decreases hormone pro-duction in mouse ovarian antral follicles.Furthermore,although cotreatment with pregnenolone did not protect follicles from BPA-induced inhibition of follicle growth,it partially protected follicles from BPA-induced inhibition of steroidogenesis.Sex steroid hormone production is required for proper development of antral follicles (Cain et al.,1995).These hormones produced in the ovary have an autocrine effect on the growth and development of follicles.Estrogens,such as estradiol,stimulate follicle growth and protect the follicle from atresia (Quirk et al.,2004).Progestins,such as progesterone,have an inhibitory effect and induce atresia,although the speciﬁc actions of progesterone on the follicle are not currently well understood (Fukuda et al.,1980).Androgens,such as androstenedione,testosterone,and dehydrotestosterone,have been reported to both stimulate follicle growth and induce atresia in antral follicles (Drummond,2006).FIG.3.Effect of BPA exposure on StAR,3b -HSD,and Cyp17a mRNA expression levels.After exposure of antral follicles to DMSO control of BPA (4.4–440l M)for 120h in vitro ,the follicles were collected and subjected to qPCR analysis for StAR,3b -HSD,and Cyp17a mRNA expression levels.All values were normalized to b -actin as a loading control.Graph represents means ±SEMs from separate experiments.A single asterisk (*)denotes a signiﬁcant p value for overall effect of BPA concentration as the continuous variable using linear regression.A double asterisk (**)denotes a signiﬁcant p value from the DMSO control via ANOVA,post hoc Tukey’s HSD (n ¼8–16follicles per treatment per experiment from three separate experiments;p0.05).FIG.4.Effect of pregnenolone cotreatment with BPA on antral follicle growth.Antral follicles were mechanically isolated from FVB mice and exposed in vitro to BPA (4.4–440l M),pregnenolone (10l g/ml)or pregnenolone,and BPA (44–440l M)for 120h.Growth of follicles was monitored during culture and recorded in micrometers and reported as percent change.The graph represents means ±SEMs from at least three separate experiments.Lines with asterisks (*)are signiﬁcantly different from DMSO controls (n ¼8–16follicles per treatment per experiment from at least three separate experiments;p 0.05).THE EFFECTS OF BISPHENOL A ON ANTRAL FOLLICLES213at Shanghai Jiao Tong University on June 6, 2011 Downloaded fromHormone production is dependent on the components of the estradiol biosynthesis pathway.More speciﬁcally,production of downstream hormones in the pathway,such as estradiol,is dependent on the availability of upstream hormones,such as progestins and androgens.All the hormones within the biosynthesis pathway are dependent on the availability of the lipid precursor,cholesterol.Furthermore,the rate-limiting step of the estradiol biosynthesis pathway is the transport of cholesterol by StAR from lipid droplets in the theca cells into the inner matrix of the mitochondria.Therefore,without this transport,cholesterol cannot be converted to pregnenolone via P450scc,and further hormone metabolism and production in the antral follicles is inhibited.Our results suggest that both StAR and P450scc mRNA expression are inhibited following exposure to BPA.This would prevent cholesterol uptake into the mitochondria and metabolism to pregnenolone,explaining the decrease in hormone production following exposure to BPA in our study.To try and bypass these enzymes,we added pregnenolone to the culture.We hypothesized that the pregnenolone addition would protect the follicles from inhibited growth and hormone production.Exposing the follicles concurrently to pregneno-lone and BPA did not prevent inhibition of follicle growth but protected hormone production in the theca cells,although not necessarily in the granulosa cells.These data support our ﬁnding that StAR and P450scc mRNA levels are inhibited by BPA.Thus,cholesterol uptake into the mitochondria and metabolism to pregnenolone is inhibited,impairing hormone production in the antral follicles.Without adequate hormone levels,late antral follicle growth and ovulation will be impaired,as well as further hormone production within the follicles,thus affecting fertility.Our results support previous work,indicating that BPA exposure affects progesterone production using porcine granulosa cells incubated for 24–72h,although this previous work was done in isolated granulosa cells not the wholefollicleFIG.5.Effect of pregnenolone cotreatment with BPA on antral follicle hormone production.After exposure of antral follicles to DMSO control,BPA (4.4–440l M)pregnenolone (10l g/ml)or pregnenolone,and BPA (44–440l M)for 120h in vitro ,media was collected and subjected to various hormone measurements by ELISA.These graphs represent the means ±SEMs from separate experiments.Asterisks (*)indicate a signiﬁcant difference between no pregnenolone and pregnenolone groups;symbols (†)indicate a signiﬁcant difference between BPA and control groups without pregnenolone;letters indicate a signiﬁcant difference between BPA and control groups with pregnenolone groups (n ¼3–4;p 0.05).214PERETZ ET AL.at Shanghai Jiao Tong University on June 6, 2011 Downloaded from。

刘其中-新闻翻译教程笔记

签在港逗留一周的建议，在本港立法会议员和居民中引起了激烈的辩论。
一个警官因穿着制服巡街时偷了一位女士的手机而被判入狱 6 个月
拿到的士司机会新的驾驶证
上面的名字也看不清国防大臣杰奥夫·胡恩说，如果伊拉克使用
Shenzhen residents to have up to a week’s visa-free access to Hong Kong has sparked heated debates among local legislators and residents. A police constable was jailed for 6 months for stealing a mobile phone from a woman while he was on uniformed patrol Taxi drivers will be issued with new iden ty cards It is diﬃcult to read the dri’sv enr ame Nuclear weapons will be used against Iraq if
通航恢复三通与...一致的
祖国大陆已经超过美国成为台湾最大的出口
Transport links Restoring transport, trade and postal links To echo To be consistent with China surpassed the US as Taiwan ’s biggest
they used weapons of mass destruc on against Bri sh troops, according to Defence Secretary Geoﬀ Hoon. The world health organiza on has sent experts to Hong Kong and Hanol in a global eﬀort to iden fy the cause of a severe form of pneumonia that is sweeping the region. Leading Israeli and Pales nian oﬃcials last night embraced an historic United Na ons resolu on which for the ﬁrst me endorsed a Pales nian state and called for an immediate

关于hai lai a mu的英语阅读理解

关于hai lai a mu的英语阅读理解全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hailaiamu - An Ancient Practice Bridging Mind and BodyAs students, we've all felt the pressures of academic life - the demanding coursework, looming deadlines, and the constant drive to excel. In the midst of this whirlwind, finding balance and inner peace can seem like an elusive goal. However, an ancient practice originating from the remote mountains of China offers a holistic approach to harmonizing the mind, body, and spirit. This practice, known as Hailaiamu, has been passed down through generations, and its profound wisdom continues to resonate with modern seekers of well-being.Hailaiamu, often translated as "the way of harmonious energy," is rooted in the philosophical and spiritual traditions of ancient China. Its origins can be traced back to the mists of time, where wandering sages and hermits sought enlightenment through a deep connection with nature and the cosmos. At its core, Hailaiamu emphasizes the cultivation of inner peace andthe free flow of energy within the body, known as "qi" (pronounced "chee").One of the fundamental concepts of Hailaiamu is the belief that all living beings are interconnected by an invisible web of energy. This energy, referred to as "qi," is believed to permeate the universe and flow through every aspect of our existence. When this energy is balanced and flowing freely, it is said to promote physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Conversely, when the flow of qi is disrupted or blocked, it can lead to a multitude of imbalances and ailments.The practice of Hailaiamu encompasses a variety of techniques aimed at harnessing and harmonizing the flow of qi within the body. One of the most prominent aspects of this practice is the series of gentle, flowing movements known as "qi gong" (pronounced "chee-gung"). These movements, often described as a form of moving meditation, are designed to cultivate awareness, focus the mind, and promote the circulation of energy throughout the body.As students, the benefits of Hailaiamu can be profound. The practice encourages mindfulness and presence, qualities that can greatly enhance our ability to concentrate and retain information during lectures and study sessions. By cultivating a sense of innercalm and balance, we can approach our academic pursuits with a clearer mind and a more resilient spirit, better equipped to navigate the challenges and stresses of student life.Moreover, the emphasis on harmonizing the flow of energy within the body can have physical benefits as well. Many practitioners of Hailaiamu report improvements in flexibility, strength, and overall physical well-being. This can be particularly valuable for students who spend long hours sitting at desks or hunched over books and computers, as the gentle movements of qi gong can help alleviate tension and promote better posture and body alignment.Beyond the physical and mental aspects, Hailaiamu also offers a profound spiritual dimension. The practice encourages a deeper connection with the natural world and a sense of reverence for the interconnectedness of all things. By cultivating this awareness, we can develop a greater appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the universe around us, fostering a sense of awe and wonder that can enrich our academic pursuits and personal growth.One of the most remarkable aspects of Hailaiamu is its accessibility. Unlike many traditional martial arts or spiritual practices, Hailaiamu does not require specialized equipment orextensive training facilities. The gentle movements and meditative techniques can be practiced virtually anywhere, making it an ideal practice for students with limited time and resources.As we navigate the challenges of academic life, the wisdom of Hailaiamu offers a powerful reminder of the importance of balance and harmony. By embracing this ancient practice, we can cultivate a sense of inner peace, improve our physical well-being, and deepen our connection with the world around us. In doing so, we may find that our academic pursuits become not just a means to an end, but a journey of personal growth andself-discovery.In the words of an ancient Hailaiamu proverb, "The student who seeks knowledge must first find stillness within." By incorporating the principles of Hailaiamu into our daily lives, we can indeed find that stillness, and from that place of tranquility, we can approach our studies with renewed focus, resilience, and a deeper appreciation for the wonders of learning and personal growth.篇2Hainan Airlines: The Tropical Gem of Chinese AviationAs an international student studying in China, I've had the opportunity to travel extensively within this vast and diverse country. Among the numerous domestic airlines I've flown with, one carrier stands out for its exceptional service, warm hospitality, and commitment to showcasing the best of Chinese culture – Hainan Airlines.Based in the tropical island province of Hainan, this airline has captured the essence of its home region's vibrant spirit and infused it into every aspect of its operations. From the moment you step onto one of their planes, you're enveloped in a world of comfort and tranquility, reminiscent of the laid-back island lifestyle.The Cabin ExperienceHainan Airlines' cabins are a true oasis of relaxation, meticulously designed to provide a seamless travel experience. The sleek and modern interiors, adorned with hues of blues and greens, instantly transport you to the crystal-clear waters and lush landscapes of Hainan. The ergonomically designed seats offer ample legroom, ensuring a comfortable journey, even on long-haul flights.But what truly sets Hainan Airlines apart is its commitment to exceptional service. The friendly and attentive cabin crew, cladin their distinctive uniforms inspired by traditional Chinese clothing, exemplify the warmth and hospitality that Chinese culture is renowned for. They go above and beyond to anticipate your needs, offering a personalized touch that leaves a lasting impression.Culinary DelightsOne of the highlights of flying with Hainan Airlines is the opportunity to indulge in the flavors of authentic Chinese cuisine. The airline's in-flight catering is a celebration of the diverse culinary traditions found across China, expertly prepared by talented chefs who understand the importance of using fresh, high-quality ingredients.From the delicate flavors of Cantonese dim sum to the bold and spicy dishes of Sichuan, the menu offers a tantalizing array of options that cater to every palate. And if you're feeling adventurous, don't hesitate to try the airline's signature Hainanese dishes, which showcase the unique blend of flavors found on the tropical island.Embracing Chinese CultureWhat truly sets Hainan Airlines apart is its unwavering commitment to celebrating and promoting Chinese culture.From the moment you board the plane, you're immersed in a world of cultural richness, where every detail pays homage to the country's storied heritage.The airline's in-flight entertainment system offers a curated selection of Chinese films, documentaries, and music, providing passengers with a glimpse into the nation's vibrant arts and entertainment scene. Additionally, the airline frequently collaborates with renowned Chinese artists and designers, showcasing their works throughout the cabins and lounges, creating a truly immersive cultural experience.Beyond the in-flight experience, Hainan Airlines has also made significant contributions to promoting Chinese culture on a global scale. The airline sponsors numerous cultural events and exhibitions around the world, serving as an ambassador for Chinese art, music, and traditions.Environmental ResponsibilityIn an era where environmental sustainability is a pressing concern, Hainan Airlines has taken significant strides to minimize its carbon footprint and promote eco-friendly practices. The airline has invested heavily in modernizing its fleet withfuel-efficient aircraft, reducing emissions and improving operational efficiency.Additionally, Hainan Airlines has implemented variouseco-friendly initiatives, such as reducing single-use plastics on board and promoting recycling and waste reduction efforts. The airline's commitment to environmental responsibility is a testament to its understanding of the importance of preserving the natural beauty of its home province and the planet as a whole.ConclusionAs I reflect on my experiences with Hainan Airlines, I'm left with a profound appreciation for the airline's dedication to providing exceptional service, celebrating Chinese culture, and promoting environmental sustainability. Every flight with Hainan Airlines is more than just a journey from one destination to another; it's a immersive experience that transports you to the heart of China's rich cultural tapestry.Whether you're a seasoned traveler or a first-time visitor to China, Hainan Airlines offers a unique and unforgettable way to explore this fascinating country. So, the next time you're planning a trip within China or beyond, consider flying with Hainan Airlines – the tropical gem of Chinese aviation.篇3Hai Lai A Mu - The Mystical Realm of the Ami PeopleAs a student of anthropology, I've always been fascinated by the rich cultural tapestry of Taiwan's indigenous tribes. Among them, the Ami people have captured my imagination with their captivating folklore and spiritual beliefs. One particular aspect that intrigues me is the concept of "Hai Lai A Mu" – a mystical realm that holds a sacred place in Ami cosmology.According to traditional Ami beliefs, the universe is divided into three realms: the upperworld (Kadawan no Tao), the middleworld (Kavavangan), and the underworld (Hai Lai A Mu). While the upperworld is associated with deities and the middleworld is the realm of humans, it is the underworld, Hai Lai A Mu, that has piqued my curiosity.Hai Lai A Mu is not merely a physical location; it is a spiritual realm where the souls of the deceased reside. The Ami people believe that when someone dies, their soul embarks on a perilous journey to this otherworldly destination, navigating through treacherous paths and facing numerous obstacles along the way.One of the most fascinating aspects of Hai Lai A Mu is its intricate and multifaceted nature. It is said to be a vast and complex realm, divided into several layers or levels, each with itsown unique challenges and inhabitants. The first level, known as "Kafurangan," is believed to be a sort of purgatory where souls linger for a period before proceeding to the deeper realms.As the souls descend further into Hai Lai A Mu, they encounter various entities and guardians that test their resolve and worthiness. One such entity is the fearsome "Kaka'ay," a mythical being with a dog-like appearance that guards the entrance to the next level. Only those souls deemed worthy by Kaka'ay are allowed to pass, while others are trapped in an endless cycle of reincarnation.Deeper within Hai Lai A Mu lies the realm of "Kalibuan," a place of eternal darkness and despair. It is here that the souls of those who have committed grave sins or led exceptionally wicked lives are said to reside, suffering eternal torment and anguish. In contrast, the souls of the virtuous and righteous are believed to ascend to the highest level of Hai Lai A Mu, known as "Kalal'ayan," a paradise-like realm of eternal bliss and harmony.The journey through Hai Lai A Mu is not a solitary one, as the Ami believe that the souls are guided and protected by their ancestors and spiritual guardians. These ancestral spirits, known as "Anitu," play a crucial role in aiding the souls on their journey, providing them with guidance, protection, and wisdom.The concept of Hai Lai A Mu is deeply ingrained in Ami culture and traditions, shaping their beliefs, rituals, and practices. One such tradition is the "Ilisin," a complex funeral ceremony that spans several days and involves various rituals and offerings to ensure the safe passage of the deceased's soul to Hai Lai A Mu.During the Ilisin, the Ami community gathers to honor the deceased and provide them with the necessary provisions for their journey. Offerings such as food, betel nuts, and other symbolic items are placed in the grave or on an altar, ensuring that the soul has sustenance and protection on its way to the underworld.The rituals and ceremonies surrounding Hai Lai A Mu are not merely solemn affairs; they are also occasions for celebration and community bonding. The Ami believe that the souls of the deceased continue to watch over and guide their living relatives, and these rituals serve as a way to maintain a strong connection between the two realms.As a student of anthropology, delving into the concept of Hai Lai A Mu has been a profound and enriching experience. It has opened my eyes to the depth and complexity of Amicosmology and has deepened my appreciation for the cultural diversity that exists within Taiwan's indigenous communities.The belief in Hai Lai A Mu is not merely a relic of the past; it is a living, breathing tradition that continues to shape the Ami's worldview and provide them with a sense of meaning and purpose. As I continue my studies, I am reminded of the importance of preserving and understanding these rich cultural heritage, for they offer invaluable insights into the human experience and our collective quest for understanding the mysteries of life and the afterlife.。

西北民大纪录片观后感1500字

西北民大纪录片观后感1500字英文回答：In the documentary "Northwest Minzu University," we explore the rich tapestry of cultures and traditions that converge at this esteemed institution located in the heart of China's northwest. Through the lens of its vibrant student body, we witness the intricate interplay of ethnicity, identity, and aspirations.The university is a microcosm of China's diverse population, with students hailing from various ethnic groups, including Tibetans, Hui, Uyghurs, and Kazakhs. Each group brings its unique heritage and cultural practices to the campus, creating a vibrant and dynamic learning environment.One of the most striking aspects of the documentary is the emphasis on preserving and promoting minority cultures. We see students engaging in traditional dances, music, andstorytelling, showcasing the richness of their respective traditions. The university provides a platform for these cultures to flourish, fostering a deep sense of pride and identity among its students.However, the documentary also highlights the challenges faced by ethnic minority students in a rapidly modernizing China. Many students come from remote and impoverished areas, struggling with linguistic barriers and cultural differences. The university addresses these challenges through targeted support programs and mentorship initiatives, helping students navigate the complexities of higher education.At the heart of the documentary is the personal stories of the students. We follow their journeys as they navigate the challenges of university life, embrace their cultural heritage, and dream of a brighter future. Their aspirations and struggles resonate with viewers, highlighting the universal themes of overcoming adversity and finding one's place in the world.Overall, "Northwest Minzu University" is a compelling and insightful documentary that provides a glimpse into the vibrant and diverse world of China's ethnic minorities. It sheds light on the challenges and aspirations of these communities, while also celebrating the rich cultural traditions that they embody.中文回答：影视作品《西北民族大学》帶領我們走入位於中國西北腹地的這座高等學府，探索多元文化與傳統在此交織共融的豐富圖景。

2021年北京市民族学校高三英语期中试题及参考答案

2021年北京市民族学校高三英语期中试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AKate Humble: Books that changed my lifeKate Humble is a writer and broadcaster specializing in science, wildlife and rural affairs. Together with her husband site runs Humble by Nature, a rural skills education centre on working farm near Monmouth intheWyeValley.Winnie the Poohby A A MilneMy father used to read this to me when I was very young — he used different voices for all the animals. The characterization (角色设定) was so clever; we all know someone just like each inhabitant of the HundredAcre Wood: gloomy Eeyore; thick but loyal Pooh; enthusiastic Tigger.A A Milne was masterful in exploring the way they got along together, opening my eyes to how society really works.Last Chance to Seeby Douglas Adams and Mark CarwardineThis book tells of the authors, adventures as they set out to find the rarest of animals, those on the edge of extinction.Their travels are rather exciting and they share a wonderful humour, which really appealed to me. Yet underpinning (支撑) everything is the realization that we can't just sit back and allow species to disappear. PicturePalaceby Paul TherouxI've always loved Theroux's travel writing, but this novel took my breath away. The words aren't long or complicated but, fromthat first paragraph, his writing grabs you by the nose hairs and drags you along. I had an art teacher who told me, “You're only an artist when you've found your own style, not when you're copying someone else, and Theroux represents this.”1. Why did the author mention the characterization ofWinnie the Pooh?A. To indicate the book has realistic values.B. To show how adorable the characters are.C. To persuade people to learn from the characters.D. To prove the writer is good at creating characters.2. What didLast Chance to Seestrike into Kate's heart?A. Curiosity.B. Responsibility.C. Exploration.D. Devotion.3. Which writer does Kate Humble like for his original writing?A. A A Milne.B. Douglas Adams.C. Mark Carwardine.D. Paul Theroux.BOn the night of September 19, 1961, Betty Hill and her husband Barney were driving home through the White Mountains from Niagara Falls. They were travelling on anearly deserted two-lane highway when Betty noticed a steady light in the sky that was getting bigger and brighter.She thought it was a planet or a star. Barney, stimulated at her excitement, said it was probably just a wandering aeroplane. Whatever it was, it appeared to be following them.They stopped their car for a closer look. What they said happened next, changed their lives. The flying object was noiseless. It appeared to be spinning. It was as big as a jet but shaped like a pancake.So formed the tale of Betty Hill, a New Hampshire social worker who, with Barney, a postal worker, claimed to be kidnapped by aliens, who were from outer space, on a moonlit night about 60 years ago.After reluctantly going public with her experience, Hill, who died of cancer at her New Hampshire home, aged 85, became a celebrity on the UFO circuit and was known as the “first lady of UFOs”.Intriguingly, at the time of the incident, the Hills remembered nothing except that they had spied a strange object in the sky. Later, troubled by nightmares and other stress-related pains, the couple underwenthypnosis(催眠) where the full story came out with the aid of Boston psychiatrist Benjamin Simon, an expert in medical hypnosis.On their night of contact the Hills arrived homeat 5 a.m., unable to account for two lost hours. They were also confused by the odd marks on their telescopes, deep signs on the tops of Barney’s best shoes, Betty’s torn dress and strange circular markings on their car that made the needle of a compass jump wildly.After seeing them for six months, the psychiatrist concluded the Hills’ lost memory about the hours they lost on that night in 1961 “appeared to involve an amazing experience on the part of both of the Hills”. Whether theexperience had been fantasy or reality, Simon could not say, but he said he was convinced they had not been lying. He guessed that it had been a kind of shared dream.Reports of aliens capturing humans and taking them aboard oddly shaped spacecraft were “comparatively rare” before 1975. After a movie, “The UFO Incident”, about the Hills came out, however, such stories increased.4. When they saw the strange object in the sky, Barney and Betty Hill ______________.A. were astonished at its strange flight and noiseB. regarded it as just a wandering car following themC. realized immediately what the danger it might causeD. showed curiosity in discovering what it really was5. The word “Intriguingly” in paragraph 6 most probably means “______________”.A. RidiculouslyB. TemporarilyC. RemarkablyD. Mysteriously6. The Hills later sought the help of a psychiatrist because ______________.A. they had lots of secrets in their lives after the strange experienceB. their lives were greatly disturbed by the unexpected experienceC. they wanted to share their unforgettable experience with the expertD. they hoped to forget completely what had happened to them7. This article was written in order to ______________.A. describe an unusual event to the readersB. convince readers of the existence of UFOsC. record how people were caught by aliensD. warn people of the dangers the UFOs causeCRock and pop hitmaker Jim Steinman, who wrote and composed music for Meat Loaf, Bonnie Tyler, Celine Dion, and more, died Monday in Danbury, Connecticut. He was 73. Steinman's brother Billconfirmed that the cause of death was kidney (肾) failure.A statement posted on Steinman's Facebook page read, “It's with a heavy heart that I can confirm Jim's passing. There will be much more to say in the coming hours and days as we prepare to honor this giant of a human being and his glorious legacy.”Steinman's wholly unique career found him working as a composer, lyricist, and producer for many artists in a variety of styles. According to a biography on his website, the records he's worked on have sold more than 190 million copies worldwide. He was nominated (提名) for four Grammys, and won Album of the Year for his work on Dion's 1996 smash,Falling Into You.Steinman began his career in a musical theater while in college, writing and starring in a rock musical calledThe Dream Engine, which gained the attentionof New York theatrical producer Joe Papp. After graduating, Steinman worked at the Public Theater (which was established by Papp). In 1973, Yvonne Elliman recorded Steinman's song “Happy Ending”, which became Steinman's first commercially released tune. That same year, the Public Theater staged his musicalMore Than You Deserve.One of the actors who auditioned forMore Than You Deservewas Meat Loaf, and he and Steinman soon struck up a close personal and professional relationship. The two began working on Meat Loaf's solo album,Bat Out of Hell, in the early 70s, but it wouldn't be released until 1977. It wasn't until about one year later — after Meat Loaf performed onSaturday Night Live— that the album became a hit.“There is no other songwriter ever like him,” Meat Loaf said. “I can never repay him. He has been such an influence, in fact, the biggest influence on my life, and I learned so much from him that there would be no way I could ever repay Mr. Jim Steinman.”8. What caused Jim Steinman's death?A. A hit on the head.B. A kidney problem.C. A failed operation.D. A lack of blood supply.9. What is the correct order of the following events?a. Meat Loaf performed onSaturday Night Live.b. Jim released his first commercial tuneHappy Ending.c. Jim and Meat Loaf released the albumBat Out of Hell.d. Jim starred in a rock musical calledThe Dream Engine.e. Jim's musicalMore Than You Deservewas put on show.f. Jim won Album of the Year for his work onFalling Into You.A. dbecafB. dbcfaeC. fdcaebD. fbceda10. Why was Jim Steinman important to Meat Loaf?A. Because Jim was an extraordinary songwriter.B. Because Jim allowed him not to repay his debt.C. Because Jim was influential in the music industry.D. Because Jim gave him friendship and career support.11. What do we learn about Jim Steinman?A. He mainly focused his career on acting in musicals.B. He is a well-known and widely respected musician.C. His closest friends were Bill, Papp and Meat Loaf.D. He won four Grammys in the course of his career.DYou’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part ofVon Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明）a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒）from a truck all atonce.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.12. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Introducing eco-friendly products.C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D. Reducing garbage on the beach.13. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.B. To explain why they are useful.C. To voice his views on modern art.D. To find a substitute for them.14. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?A. Calming.B. Disturbing.C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic SafetyB. Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC. Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

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和下线起伏度Qc。据此作出句子语调起伏度图型。图中语句的时长采用归一的方法。
（石锋等 2008）
陈述句跟疑问句语调对比（王萍等2009）
（一）音高起伏度的计算
一般疑问句有两个特征：调域提高和调域扩展。

调域提高：句调域上线和下线的整体抬高，各词调域上线和下线的提升。调域扩展：表现为上线的提高和下线的降低，特别是句末词调域的最大化扩展，常常达到句调域的跨度。（王萍等2009）起伏度数据可以将不同年龄和性别的发音人语句、不同语气和口气类型的语句、不同语言或方言的语句放置在同一空间中进行量化比较。

四种语气句末中线分布图
单调群
双调群
三调群
（五）日语语调的起伏度分析
日语词调的有核与无核带进句子语调成为语调核。四位日本关东发音人用陈述语气说出例句。通过实验测算音高数据，进行统计作图。无核调组与有核调组，“无+无、有+有”都出现自然音高下倾。有核调跟无核调组合就会出现较大的调域起伏变化。 “有+无” 会出现调域上限陡降；“无+有” 会有调域下限的陡降。结果都是有核调域更宽，无核调域更窄。英语是重音语言；日语是词调语言；汉语是字调语言。不同类型的语言具有语调的共性。与汉语语调研究相互促进。可以建立语调类型研究领域。（根本晃 2009）

一、语调和词调的区分
语言学的成分（linguistic）语调和词调的区分。词汇层：英语的词重音和汉语的字音声调是负载词义的，跟语调不同，是词汇层面的内容成分。不能随语调改变，要在语流中保持稳定。代数和、橡皮带、大波和小浪。（赵元任1929，1935，1959）语调层：语调是大系统中的一个子系统。语调问题在音高方面是调域问题。（参见沈炯1985；吴宗济 1996 ）语调是一个综合体，也需要划分层次。这是一个立体的层级系统。（石锋等 2010）声调的起伏格式在语调上的贡献就是构建调域的上限和下限，实现它的调域负担。词重音也是如此。

焦点句语调音高格局图
(陈怡 2009)
（二）时长停延率的计算

停延率是相对时长的计算：
Dx = （Sx + Gx ）／
（D为某单字停延率； Sx 为该音节时长； Gx为该音节后的停顿时长；为本句音节的平均时长。）
这种相对时长有可比性，更具语言学的意义。如果一个字音的D>1，就是发生了音段延长。不同声调及不同发音人的表现具有一致性，对停延没有明显影响；韵律边界前的字音都有延长；句首词末字多为最长；句中词的中字多为最短。句末词的动宾结构首字单音动词少量延长。句末并没有更（一）音高起伏度的计算

语调音高的量化分析指标是起伏度。
起伏度依据语句中各韵律词调域上线和下线的百分比数据计算，用Q值表示，计算方法是：
Qx＝Ｋx－Ｋx1
（其中，x1,2,3,……是韵律词在语句中位次序列数；Ｋ是群调域的相同位置的百分比数值。）
可以分别计算词调域上线起伏度Qa、中线起伏度Qb

（三）内部音量比的计算
焦点句调群音量比（田野 2009）
赵树庆毕业后到教育部
去声句焦点1
去声句焦点2
去声句焦点3
去声句焦点4
（四）英语语调的起伏度分析
从宏观角度分析英语单调群、双调群和三调群语调起伏的变化规律。四位母语发音人所说出的陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹四种语气的语句语调表现具有共性特征。调域特征的判定: 1.相对位置：句首-句末-焦点之间。句中浮动。 2.宽窄三等： 50左右为中，大于为宽，小于为窄。 3.高低四级：疑问句＞感叹句＞祈使句＞陈述句疑问句最高；感叹句较高；祈使句较低；陈述句最低。（郭嘉 2010）

五、语调格局分析
语调格局的音高表现是语句调型曲线的起伏格式及各韵律词调域的宽窄和相互的位置关系。（石锋 1999）单句型的语调格局即以同一个发音人所说的同样语气和结构的语句为样品作出的量化模型。组合型的语调格局分析同一个人所说的一组语句，即句群格局。聚合型的语调格局考察同一个人所说的几种典型语气的语句或者不同语义结构的语句，即句型格局。量化的语调格局数据可以进行人际和语际之间的对比和统计。

一、语调和词调的区分
说话时的音流分层---韵律分层：一、非语言学成分（nonlinguistic）哭、笑、咳嗽、哈欠、清嗓子…… 二、副语言学成分（paralinguistic）喜、怒、哀、乐、犹豫、果断…… 三、语言学的成分（linguistic）词汇层、语调层所谓语流,同时是音位流、音节流、词语流, 这正是各种语言学手段具体有声的表现。（沈炯1999）语调形式是综合的。音高、音长、音强、有时还会用到音质。纵横交织，纠缠相混。语调的共现叠加成分：语调分析独特之处。
语音的能量是跟音强相对应的。表示语音能量的幅度积计算公式为：某段语音的幅度积＝平均振幅×时长幅度积转换为相对化的音量比，算法为：音量比（E值）＝后字幅度积 / 前字幅度积在语句中，可分别计算调群音量比和单字音量比：调群音量比 = 某调群幅度积 /调群幅度积平均值单字音量比 = 某单字幅度积 /单字幅度积平均值音量比使音强具有可比性。（梁磊 2008；田野 2009）

（二）时长停延率的计算

不同声调语句四位发音人的停延率平均值数据：
（二）时长停延率的计算
每位发音人不同声调语句的停延率平均值数据：
（二）时长停延率的计算

强调焦点句的停延率表现：（孙颖 2009)
五组语句单字停延率总体分析
自然焦点所标示的曲线上的圆点代表音节的取值点。
（三）内部音量比的计算
西北民族大学
2011.11.21.
Exploration on Intonation Pattern
语调格局研究
石锋南开大学语言所
语调格局研究
一、语调和词调的区分
二、
五、语调格局分析六、语言的心理和生理机制的探索七、结语
一、语调和词调的区分
语音是语言的物质外壳。什么是语言？所有的词汇、句法、语义、语用、包括属于副语言学的情感等等，这些都要通过语音表现出来。语音的负担太重了啊，但是没有办法，不通过语音表现出来我们怎么知道，怎么能听得懂。你知道我心里想什么，我不讲出来大家怎么会知道？所以我们不管心里怎么想，都要适当地讲出来，言为心声。音段和超音段的不可分离性。音质不能独立存在。语流（音流）的层次。超音段成分的韵律层次。