企业价值评估模型研究综述分析
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一、企业价值的概念(concepts about firm value)
(一)企业价值的定义(Definition of firm value) 1. 内在价值(Intrinsic value):
E CF1 E CF2 E CF3 V 2 3 1 r 1 r 1 r E CFT
Black-Scholes 期权定价模型(Option pricing model)(1973)。
期权定价模型的在企业价值评估中的应用
(application of option pricing model in corporate valuation)
1.企业价值=资产价值(有形资及无形资产)+期权价值(投资 机会) Firm value = value of assets + value of option (investment opportunity) 2.企业价值=业务价值(已拥有的业务项目)+创新价值(拓展 新业务) Firm value = value of current business + value of new business 3.企业价值=股权价值(看涨期权)+债权价值 Firm value = value of equity (call option) + value of debt
It Et Dt
Dt Dt Ft
V
E 0 t 1
Et
t
t 1
It
t
(5)非持续经营假设前提下: (Non-going concern assumptions)
i n V Di 1 r Vn 1 r i 1 n
(The most likely price under market value conditions )
市场价值条件:(1)买者和卖者的地位是平等的, 彼此都有获取足够市场信息的机会和时间;(2) 买卖双方的交易都是在自愿的、理智的条件下进 行的,不受任何强迫和压制。
market value conditions:(1) the position of buyers and sellers are equal, and both of them have chance and time to acquire market information; (2) the transactions are voluntary and rational without external coercion and repression.
企业全部资产(total assets):标的资产 (underlying asset),看涨期权(call option)
期权的执行价格=负债D(exercise price of option=debt) 到期日企业价值VF 股东收益=max{0,VF-D}
股权价值=看涨期权价值 Value of equity =value of call option
(abnormal earnings model or residual income model)
干净盈余关系(Clean surplus relation ):
Bt Bt 1 Et Dt
超常收益(abnormal earnings or residual income):
At Et rBt 1
(1) 年金法(annuity method): P=A/r
其中(where),
i i A Di 1 r 1 r i 1 i 1 n n
(2)分段法(segmentation method): 假设n年以后保持Dn不变:
有效市场中(efficient market): 市场价值=公允价值=内在价值=市场价格 Market value=fair value =intrinsic value =market price
5.账面价值:根据会计准则确认的资产价值 Book value: total asset value recognized by accounting standards 7.企业价值评估中使用的价值类型: Value type in corporate valuation 市场价值与非市场价值 Market value and non market value 市场价值以外的价值: 投资价值,持续经营价值, 清算价值等。 non market value: investment value, going concern value , liquidation value
企业价值=股权价值+债务价值
firm value= value of debt + value of equity
股权价值=企业价值-债务价值
value of equity =firm value - value of debt
5.实物期权模型(real option model)
期权是指一种选择权合约,它是指持有者在未来 一段时间内以一定的价格购买或出售某项金融资 产(股票、汇率、利率等)的权利。 (An option is a contract giving the holder the right to buy or sell a given stock at certain price , subject to various conditions. )
(Dividends remain unchanged after year n)
n
Dn i n V Di 1 r 1 R r i 1
假设从 (n+1)年起的后段,企业预期年现 金股利将按一固定比率(g)增长,则分段 法的公式可写成:
V
E 0
1 b gE0
g
(4)收益价值模型 (Income value model)
It Et Dt Ft
Ft
——发行新股弥补投资所需资金或将剩余 资金用于购回普通股(funds by issuance of
new shares for investment or redemption of stocks)
Dn (r g ) i n V Di 1 r 1 r (r g ) i 1
(Dividends grow by a fixed rate, g, after year n) n
(3)固定分配率股利折现模型
(Fixed distribution rate cash flow discount model) 令现在时刻为t=0,每股收益为E0,再投资收益率为常数ROE, 收益留存率为b(1-b为股利分配率),g = 1+b*ROE T=0: present time E0: earnings per share ROE: constant reinvestment return b: retaining rate of the income g = 1+b*ROE
3.公允价值(fair value ):
财务会计:在公平交易中,熟悉情况的交易双 方自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿的金额。
Financial accounting: the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction
6.经济附加值模型(EVA model)
EVA=EBIT(1-T)-Capital*WACC
F
E EVA1 E EVA2 V Capital 2 1 WACC 1 WACC
E EVAT
1 WACC
T
7.超常收益模型
At:超常收益(abnormal earnings) Et:净利润(net earnings) Bt-1:期初所有者权益(beginning equity) r:股权资本成本(cost of equity capital)
3.股权自由现金流量折现模型
(Free cash flow to equity discount model)
FCFE1 FCFE2 FCFE3 V 2 3 1 r (1 r ) (1 r )
E 0
FCFE NI Depamort CE WC D
其中, FCFE=可供分配的现金流量(free cash flow to equity ) NI = 净利润(net income) Dep = 折旧(depreciation) CE = 资本性支出(capital expenditure) △WC= 营运资本的变化量(change of working capital)
1 r
T
CF:现金流量( cash flow)
2.现金股利折现模型
(Cash dividend discount model)
基本公式(basic model):
E Dt 1 E Dt 2 Vt 2 1 r 1 r E Dt
△D=债务净增加额(发行新债-偿还旧债)
4.企业自由现金流量折现模型
(Free cash flow to firm discount model)
FCFF3 FCFF1 FCFF2 V 2 3 1 WACC (1 WACC ) (1 WACC )
F 0
FCFF EBIT (1 x) Dep CE WC
1 r
T
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2. 企业价值=负债价值+股权价值 =负债价值 + 优先股价值 + 普通股价值
firm value= value of debt+ value of equity =value of debt +value of preferred stocks +value of common stocks
企业价值评估
Corporate Valuation
中国山东大学管理学院 袁明哲
Dr. Mingzhe Yuan, Professor, Management School, Shandong University, China
第一讲(Part I)
企业价值评估的基本模型 (Basic models of corporate valuation)
1 r
D:现金股利(含股票回购及清算股利)
cash dividend (including redemption of stock and liquidation dividend)
现金股利折现模型的变形
transformations of cash dividend discount model
资产评估:在特定时期、地点和条件约束下的 公平交换价值。
Valuation: the fair exchange value, in a particular period, place and under constraints conditions
4. 市场价值(market value): 市场价值是在符合市场价值定义的条件下,市场 上能够合理形成的最可能价格。
二、企业价值评估的基本模型
(Basic models of corporate valuation)
1. 现金流量折现模型 (discounted cash flow model)
E CF1 E CF2 E CF3 V 2 3 1 r 1 r 1 r E CFT