第四讲 公共管理中的领导：理论与实践11

(三)关于领导含义的深层思考
• 是特定的角色还是分享影响的过程？ • 影响的目的是什么？ • 理性的影响还是感情的影响？
Specialized Role vs. Shared Influences Process
• Specialized Role of being a formal leader • Leaders and Followers present • May be a leader and follower Shared influence process of leadership Everybody shares leadership responsibilities An informal social system
Definitions of Leadership cont.
• What is Leadership(Peter F. Drucker) • "Leadership is not magnetic personality/that can just as well be a glib tongue. It is not making friends and influencing people /that is flattery. Leadership is lifting a person's vision to higher sights, the raising of a person's performance to a higher standard, the building of a personality beyond its normal limitations."
Leadership innovation direction do right things Management stability efficiently do things right
Leadership vs. Management cont..
Contrary View: view leading and managing as
一.领导的定义
– 斯托格狄尔(R.M.Stogdill)：领导是对一个组织起来 的群体为确立目标和实现目标所进行的活动施加影 响的过程。 – 孔兹(Koontz，1959)：领导是影响人们使之跟随着 去完成某一共同目标，是一门促使其部属充满信心， 满怀热情地完成他们的任务的艺术。 – 舒马洪(Schermerhorn,1988)：这是人际相互影响中 的一个特例，在这种特例中，个人或群体会仿照领 导者的指示去行动。
Type of Influence
• Enthusiastic Commitment • Indifferent compliance & reluctant obedience Definition of Leadership should not predetermine the answer to effective leadership
第四讲 公共管理中的领导:理 论与实践
讨论
1.What is Leadership? 2.What is Your Decision?
---Story one: how to use the money, for welfare of staff or infrastructure ? ---Story two: what to do if u receive a terrorist call of bombing the school house ?
Reason vs. Emotion
Reason Most definitions emphasize rational cognitive process
Emotion
Importance of emotion is being recognized as a basis of influence Today researchers emphasize emotion more than rationale
Purpose of Influence Attempts
Perfect World: Leadership occurs only
when followers are influenced to do what is ethical or beneficial to organization Real World: Leadership may include selfish behaviors such as trying to gain personal benefits at followers expense. Preferred view includes all attempts regardless of purpose
unique/distinct process, but view leaders and managers a different people Simplistic Stereotypes labeling leaders and managers don’t advance our understanding of leadership Especially since manager = occupational title
Reason vs. Emotion cont...
Newer perspective assumes that only value & based influence can account for exceptional achievements of followers
Leadership vs. Management
(四)领导者与管理者
Leader
Do the right things
Formal or Informal power
Manager
Do things right Formal power Daily operation, Monitor
Vision, Change, Future
(五)领导的影响方式
• A person can be a leader with out being a manager • A person can be a manager without being a leader
Leadership vs. Management cont..
Some researchers contend that the two are qualitatively different
(一)领导的定义
– 小唐纳利(Donnelly,Jr.,1978)：领导是一个人向其它 人施加影响的过程。 – 霍根(Hogan,1994)等：领导实际上是劝服其它人在 一定时期内放弃个人目标，而去追求对群体责任和 利益至关重要的组织目标。 – 大桥武夫（1980）：领导是发挥集团内成员的全部 力量，通过代表全体成员的集体意志，完成集团所 规定的目标，是为实现该目标而令其成员努力进步 的动力。 – 卢盛忠等（1984）和俞文钊（1988）领导是指引和 影响个人或组织，在一定条件下实现目标的过程。
(二)共同之处
• 均清楚地将领导与领导者两个概念区分 开来。 • 均强调领导是一个“影响的过程”，可 以说“影响”是理解领导中心涵义的基 础。
Definitions of Leadership cont
Leadership are those who consistently make effective contributions to social order and who are expected and perceived to do so ( Hosking, 1988) Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful direction) to collective effort, and cause willing effort to be expected to achieve purpose (Jacobs & Jaques, 1990) Leadership is the ability to step outside the culture… to start evolutionary change process that are more adaptive (Schein, 1992)
Attitudes of followers towards… leaders organization goals
Leadership Effectiveness cont... Final Style of Measurement
Leader’s contributions to group progress (followers and outside observers)
• 约克的观点:
• • • • • • • • • • ---合法的要求 ---制约的服从 ---强迫 ---理性的说服 ---理性的信任 ---鼓舞的诉求 ---教导 ---个人认同 ---改变情景 ---决策认同
Definitions of Leadership cont.
• what is leadership? • leadership is the ability to lead a group of people to reach some goal. it's about command, allocate resource, coordinate, and control. • I think the following qualities are essential: • 1.honest. ability to earn respect&trust, it's all interpersonal.trust is the basic of a health relationship. a leader should also have teamwork spirit.honest • 2.intelligence. have big picture in mind. knows the priority of different issues. and knows how to take full advantage of all resources. • 3.passion. self-motivated and can motivate other people. • 4. excute. determination.
Leadership Effectiveness
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
The definition of leadership used: Determines the effectiveness of the leader
Leadership Effectiveness cont... Next style of measurement
Definitions of Leadership cont.
Leadership is the process of making sense of what people are doing together so that people will understand and be committed(Drath & Palus, 1994) Leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and creating the environment within which things can be accomplished (Richards & Engle, 1986)