现在分词、过去分词和动名词的用法

现在分词和过去分词的用法
一、现在分词
（一）现在分词的定义：
现在分词（Present Participle）(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，由动词原形+ing形式组成。

具有双重性，一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，可以表示主动或正在进行的动作，是非谓语动词的一种。

（二）现在分词的功能与用法：
1. 作定语
单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。

一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。

e.g. a running boy→ a boy who is running
the girl standing there → a girl who is standing there
例如：
The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not specific qualifications.
A. requiring
B. to be required
C. being required
D. to have required
2. 作补语
只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补:
1）感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to
look at
2）使役动词：have get catch leave set
注意：要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）。

eg. I saw him singing now.
Don’t have the students studying all day.
注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。

3. 作表语
(1) 分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种是过去分词作表语，究竟是用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。

一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去
分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。

所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是－ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用－ed形式。

这类词常见的有：
interesting 使人感到高兴— interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的— excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的— delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的— disappointed感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的— encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的— pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的— puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的— satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的— surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如：Traveling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果让学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

4. 作状语
现在分词作状语多表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式、伴随等。

思考题1：请将下列句子中的现在分词短语转化为相应的状语从句：Walking in the street, I saw him. (时间状语)
Working hard, you will succeed. （条件状语）
Being ill, she stayed at home. （原因状语）
Having failed many times, he didn’t lose heart. （让步状语）
His parents died, leaving him an orphan. （结果状语）
Please answer the question using another way. (方式状语)
He entered the classroom, taking a book in his hand. （伴随状语）
注意：有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在：
generally speaking一般来说Judging from/by 由……判断出
strictly speaking 严格来说roughly speaking 大致来说
narrowly speaking 狭义上说broadly speaking 广义上说
（三）现在分词的独立主格
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。

前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。

独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。

独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。

e.g. Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．（it在句中指代的是”天气”）
Weather permitting, we will go outing this weekend.
思考题2：请将以上两个句子中的独立主格结构改为相应的状语从句。

（四）现在分词的时态与语态：
现在分词的一般式:
(1) 现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。

如：
She sat there reading a novel.
(2) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作有时在谓语动词的动作之前发生。

如：
Going into the room，he shut the door. 走进房间，他就关上了门。

现在分词的完成式:
现在分词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。

Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.
做完作业后，这个小女孩开始看电视。

现在分词的被动式:
现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。

(1) 现在分词的一般被动式。

如：
The building being built is our library.
(2) 现在分词的完成被动式。

如：
Having been told many times, he still did not know how to do it.
（人家）已经告诉他多少次了，他还是不知道怎么做。

思考题3：请将下列两个句子中的现在分词短语改为相应的定语从句或状语从句。

1. The question being discussed is of great importance.
2. Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.
例如：
1.________in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait
B. Have waited
C. Having waited
D. To have waited
2.According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week ______TV.
A. to watch
B. to watch
C. watching
D. watch
3.The flu is believed _______ be viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing
B. being caused
C. to be caused
D. to have caused
4.The flowers ______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell
B. smelling
C. smelt
D. to be smelt
5.Don’t leave the water ______ while you brush your teeth.
A. run
B. running
C. being run
D. to run
6.They see you as something of a worrier, ______ problems which don’t exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them.
A. settling
B. discovering
C. seeing
D. designing
答：选C 解析：根据句意“他们把你看成是一个杞人忧天的人，常常考虑一些并不存在的问题，为那些尚未发生的事情而烦恼。

”可知，只有see才有“考虑”之意。

settle 解决；discover发现；design设计。

7.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left.
A. to tell
B. to be told
C. telling
D. told
8.You were silly not _____ your car.
A. to lock
B. to have locked
C. locking
D. having locked
9.The man insisted _______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
A. find
B. to find
C. on finding
D. in finding
10.The old man, _______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work
B. working
C. to have worked
D. having worked
参考答案：1—10 CCCBB CBBCD
二、过去分词
（一）过去分词的概念
过去分词只有一种形式，没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是
已完成的动作。

过去分词在句中可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。

过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者。

（二）过去分词的功能与用法
（1）作定语
过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。

被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
（2）作表语
过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken. 这个玻璃杯是破的。

作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。

注意：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：
The glass was broken by my little brother. 这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的（3）作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
注意：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：
I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。

（4）作状语
过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。

为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：
Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.
Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该
结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。

）
三、现在分词与过去分词的区别
（一）语态不同
现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。

an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演说
the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众
（二）时间关系不同
现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：
the changing world正在发生的世界；
the changed world已经起了变化的世界。

四、动名词
（一）动名词的句法功能
动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。

动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。

1. 作主语: 可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。

eg. Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)
Saying is easier than doing.
动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：
It is no use (good) + 动名词：做某事没有用
e.g. It's no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)
There is no + 动名词(= It is impossible to do sth.)
e.g. There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）
2.作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别。

e.g. His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句为SVC结构) 可改为：Collecting stamps is his hobby.
Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时，此句为SVO结构)
不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.
3. 作宾语
A. 作及物动词的宾语[enjoy, mind, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, pratise, suggest, keep(on), miss]
e.g. (2005年上海卷32 ) He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk _____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose
B. losing
C. to be lost
D. being lost
答案为B
有些动词（attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。

通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。

e.g. I like swimming but I don't like to swim in winter.
动词prefer后面接不定式作宾语时，句子结构与接动名词作宾语是不一样。

e.g. I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.
I prefer driving to riding.
思考题：请翻译以上两个句子。

有些动词，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。

e.g. When asked by police, he said that he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______.
A. to arrive, leaving
B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving
D. arriving, to leave 在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语：
动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语）
e.g. I think it no use telling them.
We think it no good inviting to him.
B. 作介词的宾语
e.g.The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour ______ his notes.
A. bringing up
B. referring to
C. looking for
D. trying on
be used to doing 习惯于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote one's life to doing 致力于做；spent time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做…而自豪；be tired of doing 对做…感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做；go on doing 继续做（原来的事）；keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做…怎么样；think of doing 考虑做；be interested in doing 对做…感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；be
busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做…而不做…
e.g. Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes.
A. turning up
B. putting up
C. making up
D. showing up
4. 作定语
动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。

swimming pool waiting room walking stick
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping
5. 作同位语
e.g. That's the queen's full-time job, laying eggs. 这就是蚁后的专职工作--产卵。

(二)．动名词的逻辑主语
①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格，即形容词性物主代词。

e.g. Do you minding my smoking here?
②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时，很少用所有格，而用普通格。

e.g. He was awakened by someone knocking the door.
There's no need for that being done.
③逻辑主语是名词时，用所有格，但是如果名词为无生命物体时，则用普通格。

e.g. Mary's laughing made Tom angry.
There is no hoping of the factory making profit.
④在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。

e.g. (2005年安徽卷34) I really can't understand _____ her like that.
A. you treat
B. you to treat
C. why treat
D. you treating
(三). 动名词的完成式、一般式被动和完成式被动。

e.g. After having finished his work, he went home.
He attended the meeting without being asked.
She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.。