大学英语语法 第六讲 副词

第六讲

副词

一、分类

在意义上, 副词可以分为时间副词( now, late ) , 地点副词( here, up) , 程度副词( very, so) , 频率副词(often , rarely) , 方式副词( fast , easily) , 态度副词(maybe, honestly)和逻辑

连

接副词(hence, however)等。

在功能上, 副词可以分为一般副词( there) , 疑问副词(when) , 连接副词( how, where) , 关系副词( as , why)和解释性副词( namely, for example, i . e . 那就是, e . g . 例如, viz 即)

等。

关系副词引导定语从句, 连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等。本书对

关系副词和连接副词不作区分。

Why she committed suicide is still a mystery . (主语从句)

I..d like to know how she did it . (宾语从句)

This is where you are mistaken . (表语从句)

That is the place where he was ar rested . (定语从句)

Ask her when to open it . 问她什么时候把它打开。(不定式)

二、构成

1 . 大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly 构成, 但注意有变化

1)一般情况

slow →slowly dear →dearly

cool→coolly bad→badly

final →finally exact →exactly

2) -y 结尾的词

happy→happily angry→angrily

..但shy→shyly(或shily) , gay→gayly(或gaily) , dry→dryly(或drily)

3) -le 结尾的词, 省去-e 再加-y

subtle→subtly noble→nobly

single→singly idle→idly

able→ably

.. 但: supple→supplely, sole→solely, pale→palely, vile→vilely, stale→stalely, whole→

wholly

4) -ue 结尾的词, 去掉-e, 再加-ly

t rue→truly due→duly

5) -e 结尾的词, 直接加-ly

complete→completely wise→wisely

wide→widely lone→lonely

loose→loosely definite→definitely

6) -ic 结尾的词, 加-ally

economic→economically historic→historically

新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书

268 第六讲

副

词

t ragic→t ragically phonetic→phonetically

automatic→automatically democratic→democratically

fantastic→fantastically energetic→energetically

fanatic→fanatically

.. 但: public→publicly, political→politically

7) -ly 结尾的词, 去掉-y, 加-ily

melancholy→melancholily manly→manlily chilly→chillily

8) -ll 结尾的词, 只加-y

full→fully dull→dully

9)其他词类+ -ly 构成的副词

first (序数词)→firstly over(介词)→overly

most (不定代词)→mostly according(现在分词)→accordingly determined(过去分词)→determinedly matter-of-fact(短语)→matter-of-factly

kind-hearted(形容词)→kind-heartedly ill-natured(形容词)→ill-naturedly

marked(过去分词)→markedly lingering(现在分词)→lingeringly

2 . 有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成的, 意为“向..”

forward( s) , backward( s) , downward ( s ) , northward ( s) , upward( s ) , stationward ( s ) , leftward( s) , homeward( s) , onward( s) , inward( s)

3 . 有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise 构成的, 表示位臵、方向、状态、有关等意义sidewise, clockwise, crabwise, money-wise, saleswise, taxwise, lengthwise, educationwise,

weatherwise, corkscrew-wise

Note: ①有少数副词加后缀-ways , -long, -ling( s)构成。例如:

sideways, lengthways , headlong, sideling( s)

②有些副词是加a-, here-, there-, where-构成的。例如:

away, ashore, aside

herein( in this) , hereby, hereafter

therein( in that) , thereby, thereafter

wherein( in which 或in what ) , whereby, whereon

4 . 某些以名词+ -ly 构成的词和其他结构的词, 既可作副词, 也可作形容词

下面名词+ -ly 构成的词既是副词又是形容词:

1) hourly

Their average hourly earnings are 20 yuan . 他们每小时的收入是20 元。(形容词) The guards shifted hourly . 卫兵每小时换一次岗。(副词)

2)weekly

a weekly payment of 100 yuan每周100 元的报酬(形容词)

They met weekly . 他们每周碰一次面。(副词)

3)yearly

a yearly meeting 年会(形容词)

The interest is normally paid once yearly . 利息通常每年付一次。(副词)