英语教学论Chapter1 Language and Language Learning 43页PPT
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Communicative Competence---Hymes
Views on language
• To be able (and to what degree) to know the agreement of language form and grammatical rules (grammaticality / possibility);
• 2. What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated?
Views on language learning
• Process-oriented theories: are concerned with how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.
• E.g. The small girl was bitten by the brown dog. (The dog is brown. /The dog bit the girl. / The girl is small.)
(1) John admires sincerity.
Sincerity is admired by John.
appropriate (adequate, happy, successful) in relation to
a context in which it is used and evaluated;
• 4. whether (and to what degree) something is in fact
• to be able (and to what degree) to know the frequent use of language forms(performance).
Views on language
• 1. whether (and to what degree) something is formally
• 4. Surface Structure:
• refers to the syntactic structure in listening, speaking, reading and writing of using a language.
• 5. Deep Structure:
• refers to the essential and basic feature of linguistic structure which decides the meaning of a sentence, and Chomsky defined that it is “a kind of latent structure” in human beings’ minds and that people cannot sense it directly.
done, actually performed, and what is doing entails.
•
(Hy
mes 1972 : 281)
Views on language learning
• Questions:
• 1. What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning?
• 8. Language is acquired by all people in much the same way—language and language learning
•
--H. D. Brown. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (Third edition),
Conclusion
1.
ended A generative system
formed
phonemes syllables
morphemes rule-governed words
sentences discourses
openwell-
2.Arbitrary signs
vocal signs visual sighs
Views on language
• Functional view: a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner and proposed a syllabus based on communicative functions. The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Learner learn a language in order to be able to do things with it.
• (2) John is eager to please.
•
John is easy to please.
Ambiguities:
• 1. The shooting of the hunters occurred at dawn.
• 2. He fed her dog biscuits. • 3. Visiting relatives can be tiresome. • 4. Flying planes are dangerous.
• to be able (and to what degree) to know how to use and response to different types of speech acts(feasibility);
• to understand(and to what degree) an acceptable language form is appropriate in relation to a context in which it is used and evaluated(appropriateness);
Unit one Language and Language
Learning
School of Foreign Languages, Sichuan Normal University
Views on language
What is Language?
•1. Language is systematic—possibly generative system. •2. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols. •3. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also visual. •4. The symbols have conventionalized meaning to which they refer.
Noam Chomsky’s Transformationalgenerative Grammar (TG) / Universal
Grammar (UG)
1. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
• 2. Linguistic Competence: refers to the internalized system of language rules consisting of phonetics, words, grammar, etc., with which an ideal speaker/hearer can understand sentences and make utterance including those he has never seen or heard or learned before, and distinguish which sentences belong to his native language and which do not.
possible;
• 2. whether (and to what degree) something is feasible
in virtue of the means of implementation available;
• 3. whether (and to what degree) something is
• Condition-oriented theories: emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive and the atmosphere.
• 3. Linguistic Performance refers to the practical use of the language when the ideal speaker/hearer speaks or writes in homogeneous language situation.
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2019., p.5.
Views on language
• Structural View: sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system(phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology); and the system of combining units of meaning for communication(syntax).To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.
conventionalized
C源自文库nclusion
• 3. A communicative tool • 4. Operates in a speech community or
culture • 5. Only human beings have language • 6. Acquisition
Views on language
• Interactional view: considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.
Views on language
• 5. Language is used for communication.
• 6. Language operates in a speech community or culture.
• 7. Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans.